Kinetic Molecular

Model of Solids
and Liquid
LC: Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids

a. Define solids and liquids.

b. Explain the properties of liquids and solids through
kinetic molecular model.
c. Recognize the importance of solids and liquids.
Kinetic Molecular Model of Solids and Liquids

The kinetic molecular model explains the

properties of solids and liquids in terms of the
intermolecular forces of attraction and the kinetic
energy of the individual particles.

Intermolecular forces pull the particles

together, while kinetic energy keeps the particles at
a distance and/or moving around.
Kinetic Molecular Model of Solids and Liquids

To put this model in another perspective,

consider a few drops of blue food color added to a
glass of water. The blue color slowly goes down the
glass of water, spreads out, and ultimately colors
the entire water blue.
This happen because both the particles of
water and the food color are constantly moving due
to their kinetic energy.
Kinetic Molecular Model of Solids and Liquids

How does the model explain how

liquids and solids behave?
 Kinetic Molecular Model of Solids and Liquids
Characteristics of Solids and Liquids
Solid Liquid
• Has definite shape • Has no definite shape
• Does not flow • Flows and takes the shape of its
• Virtually incompressible container
Properties • Expands when heated, but to a • Very difficult to compress
lesser extent than liquids and • Slightly expands when heated
gases

• Strongly attracted to each other • Weakly attracted to each other,

• Vibrates a little, but not much breaks their interaction easily
Particles compared to liquids and gases • Vibrates and moves more than
• Vibrates faster when heated those in a solid
• Moves faster when heated
Intermolecular
Forces of
Attraction
LC: Differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.

a. Define intermolecular forces.

b. Differentiate the four types of intermolecular
forces.
c. Give the importance of these forces.
 Guide Questions:

1. What are the different forces of

attraction?
2. How is intermolecular force defined
by the nature of particles?
 Intermolecular Forces of
Attraction
They exist between particles of
substances and they are collectively
known as van der Waals forces.
 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

1. Dipole-Dipole Forces
Dipole-dipole forces exist between polar
molecules. Polar substances, such as hydrogen
chloride (HCl), are those that possess a permanent
dipole moment attributed to the difference in
electronegativities of their component atoms and
how these atoms are arranged in space.
 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

2. Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-
dipole interaction that exists only in molecules that
contain a hydrogen atom bonded to a small, highly
electronegative atom such as N, O, or F.
 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

3. Ion-Dipole Forces
Ion-dipole force acts between an ion and a
polar molecule. Such is the case for the aqueous
solution of sodium chloride, where Na⁺ and Cl ⁻
ions are dispersed amidst polar water molecules.
Cations interact more strongly with dipoles than
anions of the same magnitude of charge since they
are smaller.
 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

4. London Dispersion Forces

London dispersion forces, or simply
dispersion forces, are intermolecular forces of
attraction that exist between all atoms and
molecules. Moreover, these are the only forces
acting in nonpolar molecules.
The size of a molecule can affect the London
dispersion force between two molecules.
 Activity 1: Give Me My Identity

What type of intermolecular force will act in the

following substances? Justify your answer.

1. sulfur dioxide (SO2)

2. nitrogen gas (N2)
3. hydrogen flouride (HF)
 Activity 1: Give Me My Identity

What type of intermolecular force will act in the

following substances? Justify your answer.

1. carbon dioxide(CO2)
2. neon(Ne) gas
3. magnesium chloride (MgCl2) dissolved in water
 Intermolecular
Forces & Properties
of Liquids
 LC: Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the
effect of intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension,
viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization.
Intermolecular Forces & Properties of Liquids

Surface Tension
It is the property of a liquid to resist an
external force and thus assume a lesser surface
area. This is attributed to the strong attractive and
cohesive forces between and among the molecules,
particularly at the surface of the liquid.
Intermolecular Forces & Properties of Liquids

Viscosity
It is the resistance of a liquid to flow. It is
loosely referred to as the thickness or thinness of a
liquid. A glassful of water is relatively faster to
pour than a glassful of oil or honey. Thus, water is
described as less viscous or thinner than oil and
honey.
Intermolecular Forces & Properties of Liquids

Vapor Pressure
The vapor pressure of a substance is the
pressure exerted by its vapor when in equilibrium
with its solid or liquids. This means that when a
liquid or a solid substance is made to evaporate in
a closed container, the gas exerts a pressure above
the liquid.
Intermolecular Forces & Properties of Liquids

Boiling Point
The boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to
the external or atmospheric pressure.
The boiling point of a liquid is influenced by
the strength of its intermolecular forces.
Intermolecular Forces & Properties of Liquids

Heat of Vaporization
Molar heat of vaporization is the amount of
heat required to vaporize one mole of a substance
at its boiling point. The application of heat disrupts
the intermolecular forces of attraction of the liquid
molecules and allows them to vaporize.
Intermolecular Forces & Properties of Liquids

How is the strength of intermolecular

forces related to the properties of a
substance?
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