General Chemistry I
1ST QUARTER REVIEWER
SEM 1 2022
M1: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTY is a property of matter
that is measured without changing a
substance`s chemical identity.
● INTENSIVE PROPERTY is a physical
property of matter that is
independent of the amount of a
substance.
○ Malleability
○ Ductility
○ Flammability
○ Solubility
○ Boiling Point
○ Freezing Point
○ Brittleness
○ Taste
● EXTENSIVE PROPERTY is a physical
property of matter that depends on
the amount of the substance.
○ Mass
○ Volume (Length, Width,
Height)
CHEMICAL PROPERTY is a property of a matter
that is measured only by changing the
substance`s identity.
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES:
● ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS - can
transmit the flow of energy.
● ELECTRICAL INSULATORS - prevent the
flow of energy.
● ACIDITY - low pH is acidic and high
pH is alkaline.
● FLAMMABILITY - the presence of
carbon means more flammable.
● REACTIVITY - the tendency to
undergo a chemical reaction by itself
or with other materials.
● MALLEABILITY - to be pressed,
hammered, and rolled into thin.
● DUCTILITY - to be stretched under
stress and converted into thin wires.
● SOLUBILITY - to be dissolved in a
given substance.
● BOILING POINT - the temperature at
which liquid changes into a gas.
● MELTING POINT - the temperature at
which solid changes into a liquid.
● POLARITY - way at which atoms form
a covalent bond.
● ELASTICITY - ability to return to its
original shape after being stretched.
● CORROSIVENESS
M2: CONSUMER’S PRODUCT
ALCOHOL-BASED - 80% ethanol, 0.725%
glycerol, and 0.125% hydrogen peroxide.
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are
flammable.
ALCOHOL-FREE - 75% 2-Propanol, 0.725%
glycerol, 0.125% hydrogen peroxide.
TYPES OF MASKS:
● N95 - reduces user’s exposure to
microscopic airborne particles,
viruses, and bacteria.
● SURGICAL FACE MASK - fluid resistant
and provides protection against large
droplets, splashes of hazardous fluids,
and respiratory emission.
● FABRIC MASK - does not provide any
protection against exposure to fluids.
TYPES OF GLOVES:
● LATEX - best protection against
viruses.
● NITRILE - protection against
blood-borne pathogens and latex
free.
● VINYL - standard protection when
handling most chemicals.
SOAPS AND DETERGENT - it reduces water’s
surface tension. This allows getting closer to
the dirt particles in our skin and clothes.
● Saponification is where soap is
produced in the reaction of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium
hydroxide (POH) with animal fats or
vegetable oils.
SOURCES: SDO Pasig Modules
General Chemistry I
1ST QUARTER REVIEWER
SEM 1 2022

● Surfactants carried the cleansing down at the bottom of the mixture.

action between the linking of water
and dirt by soap.

● Sodium soap - hard soap; Potassium

soap - softer soap
Gravity Filtration is one of the
TOOTHPASTE - it has two (2) active types of filtration that is used
ingredients, both have 0.2 - 0.3 composition: in chemical laboratories. The
fluid that passes through the
● SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) - keeps the filter is called the filtrate.
teeth clean and replaces the lost
calcium and phosphorus in the
process called remineralization.
● TRICLOSAN (C₁₂H₇CL₃O₆) - antifungal
and antibiotic preventing gingivitis. Distillation is where a
mixture of two miscible
liquids with a sufficient
difference in their boiling
M3: SEPARATION TECHNIQUES OF MATTER
points.

Magnetic separation Paper Chromatography

separates demonstrates the
components of a separation of colored inks. It
mixture by using a is used to separate the
magnet to attract components of the mixtures
magnetic materials based on their differential
and detach the interactions with two
nonmetallic chemical or physical
materials. phases: a mobile phase and
a stationary phase.
Evaporation is used
in homogeneous
M4: ATOMS AND THEIR ISOTOPES
mixtures; it typically
involves heating the
mixture until no more NUCLEUS - central portion of atoms.
liquid remains and
what is left is the ● SUBATOMIC PARTICLES: protons and
residue. electrons, also known as nucleons.
● Protons (+), Neutrons, Electrons (-)

Decantation is ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = number of protons =

allowing a mixture of number of electrons in a neutral atom
solid and liquid or two
immiscible liquids to MASS NUMBER (A) = number of protons +
settle and separate number of neutrons
using their differences
in densities. ISOTOPES - are alternative “versions” of
elements that have a different atomic mass
but the same atomic number. Scientists
divide isotopes into two main types:
Sedimentation is radioactive and stable.
involved in this
technique where ● composed of the same element;
heavy particles settle similar to each other because they

SOURCES: SDO Pasig Modules

General Chemistry I
1ST QUARTER REVIEWER
SEM 1 2022

have the same atomic number which

makes them share the same protons
and differ in mass number and
number of neutrons.
RADIOACTIVE DECAY - the process by which
an unstable nucleus rearranges itself.
M7 - M8: NAMING AND CHEMICAL
FORMULA (COVALENT, ACID, AND BASES)
BINARY COVALENT/MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
– composed of two different elements; a
nonmetal and another nonmetal.

● Metallic element is written first,

followed by the more nonmetallic
M5 - M6: NAMING AND CHEMICAL
element with its name ending
FORMULA (IONIC COMPOUND)
changed to the suffix –ide.
● Numerical prefixes to specify number
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS composed of ions of atoms of each element.
of two different elements one of which is a
metal and the other a non-metal.

1. Write the unbalanced formula.

Remember that the metal is first and
the non-metal is second.

2. Place the charges of each element on

top of the appropriate symbol.

3. Bring the numbers (without the signs)

down of the subscript positions by
crossing over.
Number Prefix
TERNARY/TERTIARY IONIC COMPOUNDS are
composed of three or more elements with 1 mono
one type of cation and one type of anion
involved. The cation, the anion, or both, is a 2 di
polyatomic ion.
3 tri
1. Write the unbalanced formula. Place
brackets around any polyatomic ions 4 tetra
that are present.
5 penta
2. Write the charges of each ion above
it. Cross over, and write the subscripts. 6 hexa

REMEMBER: 7 hepta

● Ous - Ic system (suffixes) 8 octa

○ Represent the lower and
higher charges respectively. 9 nona

● Suffix - ate: for the one with more

10 deca
oxygen atoms.
● Suffix - ite: for the one with less
oxygen atom. BINARY ACIDS - comprised of hydrogen and
● Several anions are polyatomic and one other nonmetallic element.
are named based on the atomic
constituents and the suffix –ide. ● Write the symbol of hydrogen and the
polyatomic anion involved.

SOURCES: SDO Pasig Modules

General Chemistry I
1ST QUARTER REVIEWER
SEM 1 2022

Remember that hydrogen is always

written first.

REMEMBER:

● If anion ends in -ide: prefix hydro +

root of anion nonmetal + suffix -ic +
word acid. (e.g. hydrogen chloride =
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF A COMPOUND
hydrochloric acid)
● Oxyanion ends in -ate: suffix -ic is
attached to the root word of the anion
name. (e.g. hydrogen sulphate =
sulphuric acid) Rules for Calculating the percentage by
● Oxyanion ends in -ite: suffix -ous is mass:
attached to the root of the anion
name. (e.g. hydrogen sulphite = 1. Write down the chemical formula of
sulphurous acid) the substance correctly.
2. Find its molecular or formula mass.
BASES – substances that increase OH- ions in 3. Express the total mass of each
an aqueous solution. element as a percentage of the
molecular mass or formula mass.
● Name the monoatomic cation first 4. The sum of all the percentages must
then the polyatomic anion, usually by be 100
the word hydroxide.

M11: EMPIRICAL FORMULA FROM PERCENT

COMPOSITION
M9 - M10: MOLAR MASS AND PERCENTAGE
COMPOSITION
It is the simplest ratio of one atom to another
in the compound.
MOLE OR MOL - a special unit to describe a
particular amount of substance that contains Molecular formula: H₂O₂
as many entities such as atoms, molecules, Empirical formula: HO (2:2 = 1:1)
and ions.
STEPS IN DETERMINING EMPIRICAL FORMULA
MOLAR MASS - the mass in grams of 1 mole of FROM PERCENT COMPOSITION:
that substance, a property expressed in units
of grams per mole (g/mol). Example: Ascorbic acid contains 40.92% C,
4.58% H, and 54.50% O by mass. What is the
● FORMULA MASS AND MOLECULAR empirical formula of ascorbic acid?
MASS - for ionic or electrovalent bond
and covalently bonded compounds
respectively. I. Convert grams to moles:
○ It is the sum of the atomic
masses of all the atoms
present in a chemical
formula.

HOW TO COMPUTE:

MM = Number of atoms X Atomic weight

II. Convert to whole numbers by
subscript ÷ smallest subscript.
1. Then add the total mass of all the
elements present in the formula.

SOURCES: SDO Pasig Modules

General Chemistry I
1ST QUARTER REVIEWER
SEM 1 2022
III. Convert the remaining subscript with
decimal to the whole number by trial
and error. (Multiply it by any number
until the whole number is obtained)
CH₄O → C₃H₄O₃
* Since multiplying 1.33 by 3 gives us an
integer 4, we will multiply all subscripts by
3.
M12: TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
SYNTHESIS REACTION - two or more reactants
(usually elements) combine or join together
to form a compound.
General Formula: A + B → AB
A and B represent elements or compounds.
DECOMPOSITION REACTION - a compound
breakdown into two or more products
General Formula: AB → A + B
A and B represent elements or compounds.
SINGLE REPLACEMENT REACTION - replace
one element from a compound with another
element.
General Formula: AB + C → AC + B
A + BC → B + AC where A is a metal, or
A + BC →C + BA where A is a non-metal
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION - the
elements between two compounds react
together to form two new compounds.
General Formula: AB + CD → AD + CB
NEUTRALIZATION REACTION - type of double
replacement.
General Formula: HX + M OX → MX + H2O
Where X and M are elements
COMBUSTION REACTION - occurs when a
compound or element reacts with oxygen to
release energy and produce an oxide.
General Formula: CxHy + O2→ CO2 + H2O
Where x and y represent integers.
M15 - 17: STOICHIOMETRY
MOLE RELATIONSHIPS:
● Mass to mole:
Mole = Mass (grams) X 1 mole / mass
(grams)
○ Element - atomic mass
○ Compound - molar mass
● Mole to mass:
Mass (g) =Number of moles X mass
(g) / 1 mole
Avogadro's number:
1 mole = 6.02 X 10²³ atoms
1 mole = atomic mass
LIMITING REAGENT - refers to a reactant that
is first used or consumed in the reaction since
the maximum amount of the target product
depends on how much amount of this
reactant was originally present.
EXCESS REAGENT - refers to a reactant
present in amounts greater than what is
required to react with the quantity of the
limiting reagent
M15 - 17: STOICHIOMETRY - PERCENT YIELD
THEORETICAL YIELD - amount of desired
product formed which is calculated when all
of the limiting reactants is fully consumed in
the reaction based on
stoichiometric calculation.
ACTUAL YIELD - the amount of product
actually obtained in a laboratory is always
SOURCES: SDO Pasig Modules
General Chemistry I
1ST QUARTER REVIEWER
SEM 1 2022

less than but can never be greater than the 2). If the Kelvin temperature of a gas
theoretical yield. is decreased, the volume of the gas
decreases. (P and n are Constant)

FORMULA: V₁T₂ = V₂T₁ OR V₁/V₂ = T₁/T₂

V1 is the initial volume of the system.

GAS LAWS (BOYLE AND CHARLE)
Gas laws are a group of laws that govern the
behavior of gases by providing relationships
between the following:
V2 is the final volume of the system.
T1 is the initial temperature of the system in
Kelvin.
T2 is the final temperature of the system in
Kelvin.

● The volume occupied by gas.

● The pressure exerted by a gas on the
walls of its container.
● The absolute temperature of the gas.
● The amount of gaseous substance
(or) the number of moles of gas.

BOYLE’S LAW

● Pressure - Volume is inversely

proportional at a constant
temperature.
● At a constant temperature, meaning
the molecules move at the same
speed, increasing the volume must
decrease the pressure because the
particles have to move farther to
reach the sides. And decreasing the
volume must then increase the
pressure.
● Higher volume = lower pressure,
Lower volume = higher pressure

P1V1 = k (initial pressure * initial volume)

P2V2 = k (final pressure * final volume)

FORMULA ∴ P1V1 = P2V2

CHARLE’S LAW

● Volume – Temperature are directly

proportional.
● Charles' Law gives the relationship
between volume and temperature if
the pressure (P) and the amount of
gas (n) are held constant:

1). If the Kelvin temperature of a gas is

increased, the volume of the gas
increases. (P and n are Constant)

SOURCES: SDO Pasig Modules