Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

General Chemistry 2
Third Quarter-Module 2
Phase Changes

Writer: Shynne Izza F. Clemente

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the concepts and ideas in Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course.

Learning Competencies:
 Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107)
 Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the components of a phase diagram;
2. interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide;
3. construct and interpret a heating curve for water; and
4. demonstrate how heat energy can be used to raise the temperature of
substance and weaken intermolecular forces to cause a phase change.

What I Know
Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1.What is the homogeneous part of a system in contact with other parts of the
system and is separated by well-defined boundaries?
A. Fluid C. Gas
B. Phase D. Solid
2. What is/are the attractive force/s between molecules?
A. Intermolecular Forces C. Melting
B. Phase Changes D. Vaporization
3. A phase diagram shows the relationship between?
A. Pressure, volume, and the three phases of matter
B. Temperature, pressure, and the three phases of matter
C. Temperature, volume, and the three phases of matter
D. Pressure, volume, and surface area

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4. Where is the point on the phase diagram where the substance exists as solid,
liquid, and gas?
A. Critical Pressure C. Supercritical Fluid
B. Critical Point D. Triple Point
5. On a phase diagram, the temperature and pressure at which the phase
boundary between the liquid and gas ceases to exist. What is it called?
A. Pressure C. Supercritical fluid
B. Critical Point D. Triple Point
6. What is the phase of the substance that goes beyond the critical point?
A. Super gas C. Super liquid
B. Supercritical fluid D. Super solid
7. What is the energy that is not released during these phases?
A. Condensation C. Freezing
B. Deposition D. Sublimation
8. Which of the following is an example of sublimation?
A. Dry Ice C. Frost forming on the ground
B. Melting of an ice cube D. Droplets on your can of soda
9. Which of the following cannot be obtained using a phase diagram?
A. Purity of materials
B. Equilibrium solid solubility
C. Temperature range for solidification
D. Melting temperatures of various phases
10. Which of the following is TRUE about the phase diagram of Carbon dioxide?
A. Carbon dioxide cannot be a solid.
B. Carbon dioxide has no state changes.
C. Carbon dioxide is liquid at room temperature.
D. Carbon dioxide does not exist as a liquid at 1 atm.

Use the phase diagram below for questions 11-12.

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11. What does point O denotes?
A. Boiling Point C. Melting Point
B. Critical Point D. Triple Point
12. What does point A denotes?
A. Boiling Point C. Melting Point
B. Critical Point D. Triple Point

A pure solid substance is heated as indicated in the diagram below. Use the
heating curve for questions 13-15.

Heating Curve
140
F
120
Temperature (°C)

100 D
80 E
60
40 B
20
C
0
A
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time (min)

13. What line segment represents the solid state?

A. Line AB C. Line CD
B. Line BC D. Line DE
14. At what line segment is the substance vaporizing?
A. Line AB C. Line CD
B. Line BC D. Line DE
15. What phase change occurs at line segment BC?
A. Boiling C. Freezing
B. Condensing D. Melting

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 Lesson Phase Changes

What’s In

Figure 1. Phase Changes Diagram

The discussions on previous modules have given us an overview of the

properties of the three phases of matter: gas, liquid, and solid. Phase changes,
transformations from one phase to another, occur when energy (usually in the form
of heat) is added or removed from a substance. Phase changes are physical changes
characterized by changes in molecular order; molecules in the solid phase have the
greatest order, and those in the gas phase have the greatest randomness. When
sufficient heat is absorbed by a solid, it either melts or sublimes depending on the
nature of the solid. If heat is absorbed by a liquid, a temperature will be reached at
which the liquid vaporizes. When the substance changes from solid to liquid, the
process is melting, and when it changes from liquid to gas, the process is
vaporization. Temperature against time or heat can be plotted to show the heating
curves. On the other hand, temperature and energy change can be plotted to show
the cooling curves of a substance.
A substance can exist in all of the different states depending on temperature
and pressure. A phase diagram shows what phases are present in a given
temperature and pressure. It also shows an intersection point, also known as the
triple point, at which the substances exist as solids, liquids, and gases all at the
same time. The phase diagram also shows the critical point, the end point of the
pressure-temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its
vapor can co-exist.

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 What’s New
Activity 1
Refer to the following phase diagram of a certain substance to answer the following
questions.

1. In what phase is the substance at 50 °C and 1 atm pressure?

2. At what pressure and temperature conditions will all three phases of the
substance be present?
3. What is the normal melting point of the substance?
4. What phase(s) will exist at 1 atm and 70 °C?

What Is It
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a
substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It gives the
possible combinations of pressure and temperature at which certain physical state
or states a substance would be observed. Each substance has its own phase
diagram. A typical phase diagram is shown below.

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 Figure 2. General Phase Diagram

Phase diagram shows the three regions labeled as solid, liquid, and gas
phases. Within a given region, only a single phase is stable, but along the lines that
separate the regions, two phases are in equilibrium at a given temperature and
pressure.
The solid and liquid regions are separated by the melting curve of the
substance. Melting curve represents the change in melting of the solid with
increasing pressure. The melting point at 1 atm is the normal melting point.
The solid and gas regions are separated by the sublimation curve, which
represents the change in the vapor pressure of the solid as it sublimes at different
temperature.
The liquid and gas regions are separated by the vapor-pressure curve, which
ends at the critical point, the point that corresponds to the critical temperature and
pressure of the substance. Beyond the critical point, the liquid and gas phases are
indistinguishable from each other, and the substance is a supercritical fluid.
The lines separating the three phases intersect at a single point, the triple
point, which is the only combination of temperature and pressure at which all three
phases can coexist in equilibrium.

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The Phase Diagram for Water

Figure 3. Phase Diagram for Water

The point of intersection of the three lines, triple point, for water occurs at a
very low pressure, 0.006 atm and at 273.2 K temperature. This is the only condition
when water exists as liquid, gas, and solid all at the same time at equilibrium. The
normal melting and boiling points of water are found by determining where the 1
atm pressure line crosses the solid-liquid, and then the liquid-vapor equilibrium
lines. The normal melting point of water is 273 K (0 °C), and its normal boiling point
is 373 K (100 °C). The critical temperature of water is 647 K (374°C) and its critical
pressure is 218 atm.

The Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide

Figure 4. Phase Diagram for Carbon dioxide

Notice that the triple point of the carbon dioxide is at 5.2 atm and is well above
1 atm, indicating that the carbon dioxide cannot exist as a liquid under ambient
pressure conditions. At 1 atm pressure, carbon dioxide will sublime at a temperature
of 197.5 K (-75.5 °C). This is the reason why solid carbon dioxide is often known as
"dry ice." There is no liquid carbon dioxide under normal conditions- only the solid
or the vapor.

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Heating and Cooling Curves of a Substance

Figure 5. Heating Curve

Shows the transformation from solid to liquid to gas when heat is added

Melting and vaporization require the absorption of heat. This graph shows an
increase in temperature as the substance changes from solid to liquid and then to
gas. Starting with a solid, as heat is added, temperature also increases. At melting
point, temperature remains constant, and this is the temperature where the solid is
being converted to liquid. At this point, both solid and liquid coexist. When all of the
solid has been converted to the liquid state, temperature again rises as heat is
continuously added. When the liquid is being converted to its vapor, temperature
again remains constant; this is called the boiling point. When all of the liquid has
been converted to vapor, temperature rises again.

Figure 6. Cooling Curve

Shows the transformation of gas to liquid and then to solid with continuous release of heat
The second graph shows a cooling curve. It starts with a high temperature
where the substance is present in the gas phase. As heat is released, temperature
decreases until the point where the gas is being converted to liquid and the
temperature remains constant. When all of the gas has been converted to the liquid

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state, temperature decreases again until a temperature is reached where the liquid
is being converted to the gaseous state. At this point, temperature remains constant
and both the solid and liquid coexist. This is called the freezing point. When all of
the liquid has been converted to solid, the temperature decreases again.

Activity 2. Heating and Cooling Curve of Water

Label the parts of the heating and cooling curve of water.

5 7

1 3

What’s More
Activity 3. Interpreting a Phase Diagram
Answer the following questions given the phase diagram of methane, CH4, below.

Phase Diagram for Methane

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 1. What are the approximate temperature and pressure at the critical
point?
2. What are the approximate temperature and pressure at the triple
point?
3. Is methane a solid, liquid, or gas at 1 atm and 0 ºC?
4. What phase(s) will exist at point 1?
5. If solid methane at 1 atm is heated while the pressure is held
constant, will it melt or sublime?

What I Have Learned

Activity 4
Identify the word/s being described in the following sentence.
1. It is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance
under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
2. It is the transformation of matter from one state to another that
involves the absorption or evolution of heat.
3. It is the pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.
4. It corresponds to the critical temperature and critical pressure of the
substance.
5. It is a substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical
temperature and pressure.
6. The point on a phase diagram at which the three states of matter
coexist.
7. Pressure at normal melting and boiling points
8. The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between
liquid and solid states
9. The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between
gaseous and liquid states
10. The curve on a phase diagram which represents the transition between
gaseous and solid states

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 What I Can Do

Activity 5
Illustrate the phase diagram of a substance given with the following points: a
triple point at 0.70 atm and 80 ºC; a normal freezing point at 100 ºC; a normal
boiling point at 350 ºC; and a critical point at 1.6 atm and 810 ºC. For this,
complete the following:
1. Roughly sketch the phase diagram, using units of atmosphere and degree
Celsius. Label the area 1, 2, and 3, and points T and C on the diagram.
2. Describe what one would see at pressures and temperatures above 1.25 atm
and 300 ºC.
3. Describe the phase changes from 100 ºC to 200 ºC at 1.5 atm.
4. What exists in a system that is at 1 atm and 100 ºC?
5. What exists in a system that is at 1 atm and 325 ºC?

Assessment
Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What is the phase change from liquid to solid called?
A. Boiling C. Melting
B. Condensation D. Freezing
2. What is the phase change from gas to liquid called?
A. Boiling C. Melting
B. Condensation D. Freezing
3. What two phases does sublimation concern?
A. Gas and Solid C. Liquid and Solid
B. Gas and Liquid D. Gas and Plasma
4. What is the point on phase diagram at which all phases can exist in
equilibrium?
A. Critical Point C. Supercritical Point
B. Equilibrium Point D. Triple Point
5. What is the phase of the substance that is above the temperature and pressure
of the critical point?
A. Critical Fluid C. Supercritical Fluid
B. Equilibrium Fluid D. Triple Fluid
6. What is the pressure at normal boiling and melting point?
A. 1 atm C. 3 atm
B. 2 atm D. 4 atm

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7. What are the three areas on the phase diagram?
A. Gas, Water, Solid C. Metal, Metalloids, Non-metals
B. Gas, Liquid, Solid D. Temperature, Time, Pressure
8. Which of the following characterizes the critical point?
A. At the critical point, both liquid and solid phase coexist.
B. At the critical point, solid, liquid and gas phase coexist.
C. At the critical point, liquid and gas phase coexist together.
D. At the critical point, liquid and gas phase have unequal density.
9. Energy is released during these phases except?
A. Condensation C. Freezing
B. Deposition D. Sublimation
10. Which of the following is TRUE about the phase diagram of Carbon dioxide?
A. Carbon dioxide cannot be a solid.
B. Carbon dioxide has no state changes.
C. Carbon dioxide is liquid at room temperature.
D. Carbon dioxide does not exist as a liquid at 1 atm.

Use the phase diagram for Neon below for questions 11-12.

Phase Diagram for Neon

11. What phase is Neon at 40 Kelvin and 1 atm?

A. Gas C. Solid
B. Liquid D. Supercritical fluid

12. What is the approximate value for normal melting point of Neon?
A. ≈16 K C. ≈40 K
B. ≈24 K D. ≈45 K

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A pure solid substance is heated as indicated in the diagram below. Use the
heating curve for questions 13-15.

13. What line segment represents the liquid state?

A. Line A C. Line C
B. Line B D. Line D
14. What phase change occurs at line B?
A. Boiling C. Freezing
B. Condensing D. Melting
15. What phase change occurs at line D?
A. Boiling C. Freezing
B. Condensing D. Melting

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 Additional Activities

Based from the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide, answer the following
questions and justify your answers:
1. You have ice at 263 K (-10.0 °C) and 1.0 atm. What could you do to make
the ice sublime?
2. A sample of dry ice (solid CO2) is cooled to 173 K (-100.0 °C), and is set
on a table at room temperature (298 K; 25 °C). At what temperature is the
rate of sublimation and deposition the same (assume that pressure is held
constant at 1 atm)?

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 References

(1) Brown, T. L., LeMay, E. H., Bursten, B. E., Murphy, C. J., & Woodward, P. M.
(2010). Chemistry: The Central Science (12th ed., pp. 438, 445). Pearson College
Div.
(2) Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry (10th ed., pp. 489-498). McGraw-Hill Education.
(3) Petrucci, R., Harwood, W., & Herring, F. (2007). General Chemistry: Principles
and Modern Applications (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
(4) Ayson, M. F., De Borja, R. S., & Ysrael, M.C. (2016). General Chemistry 2
Textbook for Senior High School (pp. 17-20). Vibal Group Inc.
(3) Chemguide.co.uk,. (2016). Phase diagrams of pure substances. Retrieved from
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/phaseeqia/phasediags.html
(4) Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu,. (2013). Phase Diagrams – Chemwiki. Retrieved from
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/
Phases_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Diagrams

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 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Shynne Izza F. Clemente (MHS)
Editors: Russel S. Berador (SEHS)
Emily G. Santos (PSDS)
Reviewer: Jessica S. Mateo (EPS – Science)
Language Editor: Kristine Joyce G. Montejo (SSSNHS)
Illustrator: Shynne Izza Clemente (MHS)
Layout Artist: Christine Ann G. Faraon (BNHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

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