SENIOR HIGH ACADEMIC REVIEWERS FOR EXAMINATIONS

GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Grade 12 || FINAL EXAMINATION || May 2022
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Page 1 of 22
General Physics

ELECTRIC FORCES AND ELECTRIC FIELDS - Neutral objects contain equal number of
positive and negative.
ELECTROSTATICS - SI Unit: Coulomb (C)
- Electric charges at rest - Named after Charles-Augustine de Coulomb
- The study that involves charges, force
between them and their interaction with ELECTRON
materials. - It is the smallest observable unit of electric
charge. (e = 1.602 x 10-19 C)
GREEKS (AROUND 700 BC) - Nature’s basic carrier of negative charge.
- They found that amber, when rubbed, - Gaining or losing electrons is how an object
became electrified and attracted pieces of becomes charged.
straws and feathers
PROTON
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN - Nature’s basic carrier of positive charge is the
proton
- Protons do not move from one material to
another because they are held firmly
in the nucleus.

ROBERT A. MILLIKAN

- pioneered the study in electricity and named

the two kinds of electric charge as positive and
negative.

ELECTRIC CHARGE

- He showed that the electron has a charge of

-e and the proton has an equal and opposite
charge of +e
- Known for the Millikan-Oil Drop Experiment

LAW OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

- Transfer of negatively charges particles

(electrons) form the atoms and molecules of
materials is called charging.
- Built up electric charges discharges through
any conducting surface in a form of spark.
- Two types of electric charges: positive and
negative Charges

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General Physics

- “Like charges repel and opposite charges - Charging by conduction, charging by

attract.” induction, triboelectric charging

LAW OF CHARGE CONSERVATION CHARGING BY CONDUCTION

- “The total electric charge of an isolated
- A charged object (the rod) is
system is conserved.”’
placed in contact with
- Charge isn’t created when two neutral another object (the sphere)
objects are rubbed together; rather, the - Some electrons on the rod
objects become charged because negative can move to the sphere
charge is transferred from one - When the rod is removed,
object to the other. One object gains a the sphere is left with a
negative charge while the other loses and charge
- The object being charged is
equal amount of negative charge and hence
always left with a charge
is left with a net positive charge. having the same sign as
the object doing the
CONDUCTOR charging,
- Materials that do not conduct electricity well.
- Good and poor depending on properties of CHARGED BY INDUCTION
materials.
- Electric charges move freely in response to an - When an object is
connected to a
electric force
conducting wire or pipe
buried in the earth, it
INSULATOR is said to be grounded.
- Materials that do not conduct electricity. - A neutral sphere has
- Good and poor depending on properties of equal number of electrons
and protons
material.
- A negatively charged
- Typical materials: glass, plastic, cloth rubber rod is brought near
an unchanged sphere
SEMICONDUCTOR - The charges in the sphere
are redistributed
- Some of the electrons in
the sphere are repelled
form the electrons in the
rod
- The region of the sphere
nearest the negatively
charged rod has an
excess of positive charge
because of the migration
of electrons away from this
location.
- Electrical properties are somewhere between
- A grounded conducting wire is connected to
those of insulators and conductors the sphere.
- Can usually be found in electronic devices. - Allows some of the electrons to move from the
- Examples are Silicon and Germanium sphere to the ground.
- The wire to ground is removed, the sphere is left
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGING with an excess of induced
- Giving a static charge to an object positive charge
Page 3 of 22
General Physics

- The positive charge on the sphere is evenly

distributed due to the repulsion
between the positive charges
- Charging by induction requires no contact with
the object inducing the charge

TRIBOELECTRIC CHARGING
- Charging in which materials become
electrically charged after they are
separated from a different material in which they
were in contact
- Series ranks materials based on tendency to
gain and lose electrons

CHARLES COULOMB
- He is the scientist who experimentally
established the fundamental law of electric
force between two stationary charged particles.

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General Physics

COULOMB’S LAW
- Coulomb shows that an electrical force has the
following properties:
1. It is directed along the line joining the two
particles and inversely proportional
to the square of the separation distance, r,
between them.
2. It is proportional to the product of the
magnitudes of the charges, |q1| and
|q2| on the two particles
3. It is attractive if the charges are of opposite
signs and repulsive if the charges
- Two point charges are separated by a distance
have the same signs.
r
|𝑞1 𝑞2 | - The unlike charges produce an attractive force
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒 between them
𝑟2
- The force on q1 is equal in magnitude and
𝑁𝑚 2 opposite in direction to the force on q2
Where 𝑘𝑒 = 8.99 × 109 𝐶2
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
Note: - The resultant force on any one charge equals
the vector sum of the forces
- Charges can be in the 𝜇𝐶 range exerted by the other individual charges that are
- Remember that force is a vector quantity present
- Coulomb’s law applies only to point charges. *Find the electrical forces between pairs of
charges separately
1 *Then add the vectors. Remember to add the
𝑘𝑒 =
4𝜋𝜖0 forces as vectors
𝐶2
𝜖0 = 8.85 × 10−12 (permittivity of free space) SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
𝑁𝑚 2
A 7.5-nC charge is located at 1.80 m from a 4.20-
1 |𝑞1 𝑞2 | nC charge. Find the magnitude of the
𝐹=
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 electrostatic force that one particle exerts on the
other. Is it repulsive or attractive?
VECTOR NATURE OF ELECTRIC FORCES

- Two point charges are separated by a distance

r
- The like charges produce a repulsive force
between them
- The force on q1 is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the force on q2.

Page 5 of 22
General Physics

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Consider three point charges at the corners of a

triangle where 𝑞1 = 6.00 𝑛𝐶, 𝑞2 = −2.00 𝑛𝐶, and
𝑞3 = 5.00 𝑛𝐶.

(A) Find the components of force 𝐹23 exerted by

𝑞2 on 𝑞3
(B) Find the components of force 𝐹13 exerted by
𝑞1 on 𝑞3
(C) Find the resultant force on 𝑞3 in terms of
magnitude and direction

Page 6 of 22
General Physics

ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND CAPACITANCE - Device used in a variety of electric circuits,

such as to tune the frequency of radio receivers,
MICHAEL FARADAY eliminate sparking in automobile ignition systems,
or store short-term energy for rapid release in
electronic flash units.

- Known for his study of electromagnetism.

- The unit of capacitance, which is Farad, was
also named after him.
- Although Faraday didn't invent the capacitor,
he did experiments that determined that the
material in between the capacitor's plates had ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
an effect on the quantity of charge on the
capacitor's plates.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
- Provides a complete, closed path for electricity.
- Closed path of some sort around which electric
current circulates.
- Most popular leaded type for values greater
than about 1 microfarad, having one of the
Simple electric circuits:
highest levels of capacitance for a given
volume.
- Constructed using two thin films of aluminum
foil, one layer being covered with an oxide layer
as an insulator.
- An electrolyte-soaked paper sheet is placed
between them and then the two plates are
wound around one another and then placed
into a can.
Other Examples: - Electrolytic capacitors are also polarized, which
means they can only be placed one way round
in a circuit.

TANTALUM CAPACITOR

MAIN PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

1. Load (examples: resistor, LED, light bulb)
2. Connecting wires
3. Source (example: battery)

CAPACITOR - Made up of tantalum pentoxide.

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General Physics

- Just like an aluminum electrolytic capacitor, a

tantalum capacitor is polarized, which means it
has a positive and negative terminal.
- Their main advantage (especially over
aluminum capacitors) is that they are smaller,
lighter, and more stable.
The SI unit of Q is Coulomb (C) and the SI unit of
ΔV is Volt (V), thus, the SI unit of capacitance (C)
is C/V (reads as Coulomb per Volt)
1 C /V is also equivalent to 1 Farad (F) or that is,

CERAMIC CAPACITOR 𝐶
1 = 1𝐹
𝑉

Farad (F) is the derived SI unit of capacitance

(C), named after the English physicist Michael
Faraday.

Note that a Farad is very large so we will often

- Uses a ceramic dielectric such as titanium acid see microFarad (µF) or picoFarad (pF) as units of
barium. capacitance.
- Most widely used capacitors around, just like
electrolytic capacitors.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Determine the amount of charge stored on
POLYESTER CAPACITOR
either plate of a capacitor (3.0µF) when
connected across a 12-volt battery.

Given:
C = 3.0µF = 3x10-6F
ΔV = 12V

unknown:
- Composed of metal plates with polyester film Q
between them, or a metalized film is deposited
on the insulator. solution:
- Commonly known as Mylar capacitors C = Q/ΔV
Q = C*ΔV
CAPACITANCE Q = 3x10-6 F x 12V
- The ratio of the magnitude of the charge on Q = 3.6x10-5 C
either conductor (plate) to the magnitude of the
potential difference between the conductors
(plates).
- The ability of a component or circuit to collect
and store energy in the form of an electrical PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR
charge.

Mathematically,

𝑄
𝐶=
∆𝑉

where:
C is capacitance
Q is the magnitude of the charge on either
conductor/plate
ΔV is the magnitude of the potential difference
between the conductor/plates
Page 8 of 22
General Physics

A parallel-plate capacitor has an area of 2.00 x

10 -4 m2 and a plate separation d=1.00x10-3 m. (a)
Find its capacitance. (b) How much charge is on
the positive plate if the capacitor is connected
to a 3.00 V battery?

Given:
A = 2.00x10-4 m2
d = 1.00x10-3 m

Unknown:
(a) C
(b) Q

Solution:
(a)
𝐴
𝐶 = 𝜀𝑜
𝑑
F (2.00x10−4 m2 )
- Consists of two parallel plates with equal area, 𝐶 = 8.85x10−12
m (1.00x10−3 m)
A. 𝐶 = 1.77x10−12 F or 1.77 pF
- The two plates are separated by a distance d.
- The plates also carry equal and opposite (b)
charges. C = Q/ΔV
- When connected to the battery, the charge is Q = CΔV
pulled off from one plate and transferred to the Q = 1.77x10-12 * 3V
other plate. The transfer of charge stops when Q = 5.31x10-12 C
∆𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ∆𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 .
APPLICATION OF CAPACITORS
Note: The capacitance of a device depends on
the geometric arrangement of the conductors. 1. Camera Flash
Furthermore, the capacitance depends on the
material used between the plates. This insulating
material that is inserted between the two plates
of capacitors is called dielectric.

The formula used in solving the capacitance of a

parallel-plate capacitor whose plates are
separated by air is:

𝐴
𝐶 = 𝜀𝑜 - The flash attachment on a camera uses a
𝑑
where: capacitor. A battery is used to charge the
C is capacitance (F) capacitor and the energy stored in the
𝜺𝒐 is the absolute permittivity of free space with a capacitor is released when the button is pushed
constant value of 8.85x10-12 F/m to take a picture. The charge is delivered very
A is the area of one plate of the capacitor (m 2) quickly, illuminating the subject when more light
d is the distance between two plates (m) is needed.

2. Computers

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Page 9 of 22
General Physics

The positive terminal of the battery is at a higher

potential and is represented by the longer
vertical line in the battery symbol.

CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL CONNECTION

Computers use capacitors in many ways. Some

keyboards use capacitors at the bases of the
keys. When the key is pressed, the capacitor
spacing decreases, and the capacitance
increases. The key is recognized by the change
in capacitance.

3. Defibrillators

When fibrillation occurs, the heart produces a

rapid, irregular pattern of beats. A fast discharge
of electrical energy from a capacitor through
the heart can return the organ to its normal beat
pattern.
CAPACITORS IN CIRCUITS
 A circuit is a collection of objects
usually containing a source of
electrical energy (such as a battery)
connected to elements that convert
electrical energy to other forms.
 A circuit diagram can be used to show
the path of the real circuit.
- The left plate of each capacitor is connected
to the positive terminal of the battery by a
conducting wire, so the left plates are at the
same potential.
- In the same way, the right plates are also at the
same potential because they are both
connected to the negative terminal of the
battery. This means that capacitors in parallel
both have the same potential difference ΔV
across them.

The symbols that are commonly used to

represent a capacitor in a circuit are the
following:

Don’t confuse either of these symbols with the

circuit symbol for battery (or any other source of
direct current) as shown below:

Page 10 of 22
General Physics

- The figure above shows the circuit diagram for

the parallel connection. This is also called a
schematic diagram.

When the capacitors are first connected in the

circuit, electrons are transferred from the left
plates through the battery to the right plates, The equivalent capacitance of the two
leaving the left plates positively charged and the capacitors connected in parallel is shown below:
right plates negatively charged. The flow of
charge stops when the voltage across the
capacitors equals the voltage of the battery, at
which time the capacitors have their maximum
charges. If the maximum charges on the two
capacitors are Q1 and Q2, respectively, the total
charge, Q, stored by the two capacitors is equal
to the sum of the charges on each capacitor,
or: Q = Q1 + Q2.

EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCE OF TWO

CAPACITORS IN A PARALLEL CONNECTION

This formula is derived from the formula for

capacitance which is,
If we extend this treatment to three or more
capacitors connected in parallel, the equivalent
capacitance is found to be

The equivalent capacitance of a parallel

The charge on the equivalent capacitor is: combination of capacitors is larger than any of
the individual capacitances.

FORMULAS IN A PARALLEL CONNECTION

Substituting these relationships into the equation  Potential Difference (ΔV)

Q = Q1 + Q2 gives The potential difference across each capacitor is
the same and equal to the voltage of the
battery.

Mathematically,

Canceling out, we obtain

Please take note that the terms potential

difference and voltage have the same meaning.
Page 11 of 22
General Physics

A voltage across a device, such as a capacitor, Step 1: Let us draw first the equivalent circuit
has the same meaning as the potential diagram and then, label each capacitor.
difference across the device.

 Electric Charge or Charge (Q)

The total charge, Q, is equal to the sum of the

charges on the capacitors.

Mathematically,

 Equivalent Capacitance (Ceq)

The capacitors can be replaced with one

capacitor with a capacitance of Ceq.

For parallel capacitors, Step 2:

(a) Solve the equivalent capacitance.

For capacitors in parallel connection,

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Four Capacitors Connected in Parallel

(a) Determine the capacitance of the single

capacitor that is equivalent to the parallel Then, draw the equivalent circuit with a single
combination of capacitors shown in the figure. capacitor as shown in this figure.
(b) Find the charge on the 12.0-µF capacitor and
(c) the total charge contained in the
configuration.

Step 3:

(b) Find the charge on the 12.0-µF (C3) capacitor

by using the formula

Solution:
Page 12 of 22
General Physics

From this formula, we derived, CAPACITORS IN SERIES CONNECTION

For a series combination of capacitors, the

magnitude of the charge must be the same on
all the plates. Regardless of how many
capacitors are in series or what their
capacitances are, all the right plates gain
charges of -Q and all the left plates have
charges of +Q (a consequence of the
conservation of charge).

Step 4: After an equivalent capacitor for a series of

capacitors is fully charged, the equivalent
(c) Find the total charge contained in the capacitor must end up with a charge of -Q on its
configuration by using the formula right plate and a charge of +Q on its left plate as
shown in the circuit diagram below.

We already solved Ceq from step 2, and ΔV is

the same as the potential difference across the
battery.

Applying the definition of capacitance to this

circuit, we have

where ΔV is the potential difference between

the terminals of the battery and Ceq is the
equivalent capacitance. Since it can be applied
B. CAPACITORS IN SERIES CONNECTION to each capacitor, the potential differences
across them are given by

Also remember that in series connection, the

potential difference across any number of
capacitors (or other circuit elements) equals the
sum of the potential differences across the
In a series configuration, the capacitors are
individual capacitors. Thus,
connected end-to-end.

Page 13 of 22
General Physics

The charge on each capacitor is the same and

equal to the charge on the equivalent
capacitor. Mathematically,
where ΔV1 and ΔV2 are the potential differences
across capacitors C1 and C2 (a consequence of
the conservation of energy).

Substituting equations 1 and 2 to equation 3, we

obtain Note: Each capacitor will store the same amount
of electrical charge, Q on its plates regardless of
its capacitance. This is because the charge
stored by a plate of any one capacitor must
have come from the plate of its adjacent
capacitor.

 Equivalent Capacitance (Ceq)

Cancelling Q , we arrive at the following
relationship: The capacitors can be replaced with one
capacitor with a capacitance of Ceq.

For series capacitors,

If this analysis is applied to three or more

capacitors connected in series, the equivalent
capacitance is found to be
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Four Capacitors Connected in Series

Four capacitors are connected in series with a

This equation implies that the equivalent
capacitance of a series combination is always
smaller than any individual capacitance in the
combination.
battery as shown in the figure. (a) Calculate the
capacitance of the equivalent capacitor. (b)
Compute the charge on the 12-µF capacitor. (c)
Find the voltage drop across the 12-µF capacitor.

FORMULAS IN A SERIES CONNECTION

 Potential Difference (ΔV)

The potential difference across the equivalent

capacitor is equal to the sum of the potential
differences across each capacitor.

Mathematically, Solution:

Step 1: Let us draw first the equivalent circuit

diagram and then, label each capacitor.

 Electric Charge or Charge (Q)

Page 14 of 22
General Physics

Step 4:

(c) Find the voltage drop across the 12-µF

capacitor (C3) by using the formula

Step 2:

(a) Solve the equivalent capacitance.

For capacitors in series connection,

CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY

Complex Capacitor Combinations

1. Combine capacitors that are in series

or in parallel, following the derived
formulas.
2. Redraw the circuit after every
combination.
3. Repeat the first two steps until there is
only a single equivalent capacitor.
Then, draw the equivalent circuit with a single
4. Find the charge on the single
capacitor as shown in this figure.
equivalent capacitor, using C=QΔV
5. Work backward through the diagrams
to the original one, finding the charge
and voltage drop across each
capacitor along the way. To do this,
use the following collection of facts:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Equivalent Capacitance

(a) Calculate the equivalent capacitance

between a and b for the combination of

Page 15 of 22
General Physics

capacitors shown in the figure. All capacitances

are in microfarads.

(b) If a 12-V battery is connected across the

system between points a and b, find the charge
on the 4.0-µF capacitor in the first diagram and
the voltage drop across it.

We now reduce the circuit by replacing the

combination of C2 and C3 to Ca. and by
replacing the combination of C4 and C5 to Cb.

Thus, the circuit becomes

Solution:

(a) Equivalent Capacitance

For letter (a), we will solve the equivalent

capacitance by circuit reduction until all 6
capacitors become 1 equivalent capacitor.
Follow these three steps.

Step 1:

We assign Ca as the equivalent capacitor to the

combination of C2 and C3.

We assign Cb as the equivalent capacitor to the Step 2:

combination of C4 and C5.
We assign Cc as the equivalent capacitor to the
combination of C1 and Ca.

We assign Cd as the equivalent capacitor to the

combination of Cb and C6.

Page 16 of 22
General Physics

(b) Charge on the 4.0-µF capacitor and voltage

drop across it

Note that the potential difference between

points a and b is equivalent to 12V

Let’s start by solving the charge on the 4.0-µF

(C1) capacitor.

We now reduce the circuit by replacing the

combination of C1 and Ca to Cc. and by
replacing the combination of Cb and C6 to Cd.

Thus, the circuit becomes

Step 1:

Compute the charge on Cc. The capacitor Cc is

the combination of the capacitors C1 and
Ca which are connected in series. So the charge
on Cc is the same as the charge on C1 and
Ca or Qc = Q1 and Qa

Step 3:

We can now calculate the equivalent

capacitance of the whole circuit by combining
Cc and Cd.

Cc and Cd are connected in parallel and their

equivalent capacitance is

Cc is equivalent to 2𝜇𝐹 as shown in this diagram,

The equivalent circuit with a single capacitor is

shown in this figure.

Page 17 of 22
General Physics

and to solve for its charge, we will use the

formula, Where 𝑘𝑒 = 8.99 × 109
𝑁𝑚 2
𝐶2
Q=CΔV
1
The voltage difference or ΔV across Cc is 𝑘𝑒 =
4𝜋𝜖0
equivalent to 12V because Cc and Cd are
connected in parallel with the battery between 𝐶2
𝜖0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝑁𝑚2 (permittivity of free space)
points a and b. Remember that in parallel
connection, ΔV = ΔV1 = ΔV2 …
1 |𝑞1 𝑞2 |
𝐹=
so, 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2

CAPACITANCE

𝑄
𝐶=
∆𝑉

𝐶
1 = 1𝐹
𝑉

PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR

𝐴
𝐶 = 𝜀𝑜
𝑑
Now let’s solve the voltage drop across the 4.0-
µF (C1) capacitor.
EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCE OF TWO
Step 2: CAPACITORS IN A PARALLEL CONNECTION

Substituting these relationships into the equation

Q = Q1 + Q2 gives

Canceling out, we obtain

SUMMARY (LIST OF FORMULAS)

The equivalent capacitance is found to be
COULOMB’S LAW

|𝑞1 𝑞2 |
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟2
Page 18 of 22
General Physics

FORMULAS IN A PARALLEL CONNECTION FORMULAS IN A SERIES CONNECTION

 Potential Difference (ΔV)  Potential Difference (ΔV)

 Electric Charge or Charge (Q)  Electric Charge or Charge (Q)

 Equivalent Capacitance (Ceq)  Equivalent Capacitance (Ceq)

CAPACITORS IN SERIES CONNECTION

CAPACITORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY

Complex Capacitor Combinations

1. Combine capacitors that are in series or in

parallel, following the derived formulas.
2. Redraw the circuit after every
combination.
3. Repeat the first two steps until there is
only a single equivalent capacitor.
4. Find the charge on the single
equivalent capacitor, using C=QΔV
5. Work backward through the diagrams
to the original one, finding the charge
and voltage drop across each
capacitor along the way. To do this,
use the following collection of facts:

Page 19 of 22
General Physics

PRACTICE SET a. computer

b. pulse oximeter
1. Who pioneered the study in electricity and c. defibrillator
named the two kinds of electric charge as d. infusion pump
positive and negative?
7. Which of the following is true about
a. Benjamin Franklin capacitors in series circuits?
b. Robert Millikan
c. Charles Coulomb
d. Michael Faraday a.

2. “Like charges repel and opposite charges

attract.”

b.
a. Law of Charge Conservation
b. Law of Electric Charges
c. Faraday’s Law
d. Coulomb’s Law c.

3. Built up electric charges discharges through

any conducting surface in a form of what? d.

a. fire SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

b. transistors
c. capacitors A parallel-plate capacitor has an area of 3.50 x
d. spark 10 -4 m2 and a plate separation d=0.35x103 m. (a)
Find its capacitance. (b) How much charge is on
the positive plate if the capacitor is connected
4. What is the other name for Mylar capacitors? to a 7.00 V battery?

a. polyester capacitor SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

b. ceramic capacitor A 8.4-nC charge is located at 2.10 m from a 4.20-
c. tantalum capacitor nC charge. Find the magnitude of the
d. aluminum electrolytic capacitor electrostatic force that one particle exerts on the
other.
5. Which of the following is a unit for
capacitance? SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Determine the amount of charge stored on
either plate of a capacitor (4.5 µF) when
a. Coulomb
connected across a 24-volt battery.
b. Tesla
c. Farad
d. Newton

6. A fast discharge of electrical energy from this

device through the heart can return the organ to
its normal beat pattern.

Page 20 of 22
General Physics

PRACTICE SET ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS a. computer

b. pulse oximeter
1. Who pioneered the study in electricity and c. defibrillator
named the two kinds of electric charge as d. infusion pump
positive and negative?
7. Which of the following is true about
a. Benjamin Franklin capacitors in series circuits?
b. Robert Millikan
c. Charles Coulomb
d. Michael Faraday a.

2. “Like charges repel and opposite charges

attract.”

b.
a. Law of Charge Conservation
b. Law of Electric Charges
c. Faraday’s Law
d. Coulomb’s Law c.

3. Built up electric charges discharges through

any conducting surface in a form of what? d.

a. fire SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

b. transistors
c. capacitors A parallel-plate capacitor has an area of 3.50 x
d. spark 10 -4 m2 and a plate separation d=0.35x103 m. (a)
Find its capacitance. (b) How much charge is on
the positive plate if the capacitor is connected
4. What is the other name for Mylar capacitors? to a 7.00 V battery?

a. polyester capacitor Given:

b. ceramic capacitor A = 3.50 x 10 -4 m2
c. tantalum capacitor d = 0.35x10-3 m
d. aluminum electrolytic capacitor
Unknown:
(a) C
5. Which of the following is a unit for (b) Q
capacitance?
Solution:
a. Coulomb (a)
𝐴
b. Tesla 𝐶 = 𝜀𝑜
𝑑
c. Farad F (3.50 x 10−4 m2 )
d. Newton 𝐶 = 8.85x10−12
m (0.35x10−3 m)
−12
𝐶 = 8.85x10 F or 8.85 pF
6. A fast discharge of electrical energy from this
device through the heart can return the organ to (b)
its normal beat pattern. C = Q/ΔV
Q = CΔV
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General Physics

𝑄 = 8.85x10−12 𝐹 (7.00 𝑉) Should you have questions/concerns/in

Q = 6.20x10-11 C need of help in understanding a topic,
please do not hesitate to send us a
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
message through the SHS ICOR Form. We
A 7.5-nC charge is located at 1.80 m from a 4.20-
nC charge. Find the magnitude of the are more than willing to extend a helping
electrostatic force that one particle exerts on the hand to every Angelenean. Goodluck and
other. May the Good Lord reward us always.

A 8.4-nC charge is located at 2.10 m from a 4.20-

nC charge. Find the magnitude of the ICOR Form Link: https://bit.ly/ICORforSHS
electrostatic force that one particle exerts on the
other. P.S. Non-academic related questions will
also be entertained.
Given:
q1 = 8.4 nC = 8.4 x 10-9 C ______________________________________________
q2 = 4.2 nC = 4.2 x 10-9 C
r = 2.10 m MAY THE GOOD LORD
Unknown: REWARD US ALWAYS!
|𝐹 |

Solution:
|𝑞1 ||𝑞2 |
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟2
𝑁𝑚 2 |8.4 x 10 − 9 C ||4.2 x 10 − 9 C|
𝐹 = 8.99 × 109
𝐶2 (2.10 m)2
−8
𝐹 = 7.19 × 10 𝑁

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Determine the amount of charge stored on
either plate of a capacitor (4.5 µF) when
connected across a 24-volt battery.

Given:
C = 4.5 µF = 4.5 x10-6F
ΔV = 24V

unknown:
Q

solution:
C = Q/ΔV
Q = C*ΔV
Q = 4.5x10-6 F x 24V
Q = 1.08x10-4 C

______________________________________________
A reminder from the Senior High School
Student Council:

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