Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces -  are forces of attraction between

unlike charges, partially positive and negative dipoles, that
occur between two molecules.
They differ from bonds in that they are not as strong and
occur between two adjacent or neighboring molecules and
not within the molecule itself. They do form, just like bonds,
due to the attraction of opposite charges.
 TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
 
1.1a London dispersion forces are weak intermolecular forces and are considered van der Waals
forces.Temporary dipoles can occur in non-polar molecules when the electrons that constantly orbit the nucleus
occupy a similar location by chance. Temporary dipoles can induce a dipole in neighboring molecules, initiating an
attraction called a London dispersion force.
Non-polar molecules has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed. In other words, the
electrical charges of nonpolar molecules are evenly distributed across the molecule. Example: CCl4
 
1.1b Dipole- dipole forces – forces of attraction between oppositely charged ends of polar molecules. The
strength of the dipole-dipole force is dependent on the polarity of the molecule. Occur only between polar
molecules, that attract the positive end of one molecule to the negative end of another adjacent molecule. Polar
Molecules a chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the covalently bonded atoms is
not even. Some chemical species, such as chains of carbon molecules, Example: CHCl3

 
;
 
Molecule A ----------------- Molecule
1.1C Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a
covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom
covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very
electronegative atom.
Exercises No.1
 
Draw the following substances. Then, identify what type of intermolecular forces present in pure
samples of the following substances:

SO2 SCO
H2O PCl3
CH2Cl2 SO3
1.2 Effect of intermolecular forces on these properties:
Stronger intermolecular forces will also result in a higher
physical properties such as higher melting or boiling points, which require
breaking molecules apart. ... Since a higher vapor pressure means that it is
easier to vaporize a compound, this means that lower intermolecular
forces leads to a higher vapor pressure. Intermolecular forces control how well
molecules stick together. This affects many of the measurable physical
properties of substances:
 1.2a Melting and Boiling Point
Higher the intermolecular forces between the liquid particles, harder it is for it to escape into
the vapor phase, ie., you need more energy to convert it from liquid to the vapor phase, in other
words, higher its boiling point. he more electrons a molecule has, the greater the intermolecular
attractions. Also, a larger size increases the London dispersion forces. The increased attraction of the
molecules to each other means that more energy is needed to separate them from each other. Hence,
the boiling point increases.
 1.2b Viscosity
V iscosity increases as intermolecular interactions or molecular size
increases. ... Viscosity decreases rapidly with increasing temperatures because the
kinetic energy of the molecules increases, and higher kinetic energy enables the
molecules to overcome the attractive forces.
Viscosity is a measure of how well substances flow.
Stronger intermolecular forces → higher viscosity.
Surface Tension
Stronger intermolecular forces will produce greater surface tension . The intermolecular
forces present in a sample of water are hydrogen bonds . ... If the hydrogen bonds are removed
or disrupted, the surface tension will decrease.
• Surface tension is a measure of the toughness of the surface of a liquid
• Stronger intermolecular forces → higher surface tension.
Vapor Pressure
Strong intermolecular forces produce a lower rate of evaporation and a lower vapor
pressure. Weak intermolecular forces produce a higher rate of evaporation and a higher vapor
pressure. As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases.
• This is a small amount of gas that is found above all liquids. Refer to our lesson about vapor
pressure to learn about it.
• Stronger intermolecular forces → Lower vapor pressure.
Exercises NO.2
Answer the following Questions:
1. What happens to the melting and boiling points of water as pressure is decreased?
2. How are boiling points affected by intermolecular forces?
3. Define surface tension and viscosity. How do intermolecular forces affect these properties (i.e., as
intermolecular forces increase, what happens to each property?)
TERMINOLOGIES
 
• Intermolecular forces-  are electrostatic in nature and include van der
Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Molecules in liquids are held to other molecules
by intermolecular interactions, which are weaker than the intramolecular interactions
that hold the atoms together within molecules and polyatomic ions.
• Polar Molecule is a chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between
the covalently bonded atoms is not even.
• Non-polar molecules has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are
formed. In other words, the electrical charges of nonpolar molecules are evenly
distributed across the molecule.
THANK
YOU