REVIEW PREVIOUS LESSON

ACTIVITY A.Picture Analysis:

Guess the picture relating to the topic on Properties of Substances.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 OBJECTIVES:
Describe the general types of
intermolecular forces.
S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17

Explain the effect of inter-

molecular forces on the prop-
erties of substances.
S11/12PS-IIId-e-19
Intermolecular Forces
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCE

-are attractive forces that act

between molecules or atoms
of pure substances. These are
accountable for the properties
of substances.
3 GENERAL TYPES OF INTER-
MOLECULAR FORCES (IMF)
• Van Der Waals Forces
– Dipole-dipole
– Dipole-induced Dipole
– Dispersion Forces
(London Dispersion
Forces)
2. Ion-dipole Interaction

3. H-bonding
• Van der Waals Forces

Van der Waals forces, after the

Dutch chemist Johannes Van
der Waals (1837- 1923) consist of
dipole-dipole interaction,
dipole-induced dipole interaction,
and dispersion forces.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces

A. Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules

Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

11.2
 B. Dipole-Induced Forces

Dipole-induced dipole interaction,

just like the dipole-dipole forces,
depends on the presence of polar
molecules. The other molecule
needs not to be a polar one.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
C. Dispersion Forces – van der Waals forces/London
forces (weakest)
Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules

ion-induced dipole interaction

dipole-induced dipole interaction

11.2
Dispersion forces (London dispersion
forces), were named after the German
physicist Fritz London (1900-1954).
The electron cloud of a neutral sub-
stance can be normally distributed
around the nucleus. At any given time,
the electron distribution may be uneven
resulting in an instantaneous dipole.
This temporary dipole will then influ-
ence the neighbouring atoms through
attractive and repulsive forces.
2. Ion-dipole Interaction

-results from the attraction be-

tween either a cation (+) or
an anion (-) with permanent
polar molecules. The ions will
be attracted to the opposite
charges present in the dipole
resulting to this type of attrac-
tion.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces

2. Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

Ion-Dipole Interaction

11.2
11.2
3.Hydrogen- bonding Interaction
-H-bonding is a special type of
dipole-dipole interaction between
the H-atoms in a polar bond. It
requires that the H-atoms in the
molecules be bonded with more
electronegative atoms such as O,
N, or F to form H-bonds with
other molecules.
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
1. Hydrogen Bond (strongest)
The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction be-
tween the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond
and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. IT IS NOT A BOND.
A H… B or A H… A
A & B are N, O, or F

11.2
 Hydrogen Bond

11.2
 What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between
each of the following molecules?

HBr

HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are

also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.

CH4

CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.

11.2
ACTIVITY B.
Effect Of Inter-
molecular
Forces On The
Properties Of
Substances.
 Properties of Liquids

Surface tension is the amount of energy required to stretch

or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.

Strong inter-
molecular
forces

High sur-
face ten-
sion

11.3
 An example of surface tension
is capillary action. It is the abil-
ity of liquid molecules to move
against gravity. The forces bring-
ing about capillary action are co-
hesion (intermolecular attraction
between like molecules) and ad-
hesion (an attraction between
unlike molecules.
 Properties of Liquids

Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules

Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules

Adhesion

attracted to glass

Cohesion

attracted to each other

11.3
 Properties of Liquids

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

Strong inter-
molecular
forces

High vis-
cosity

11.3
Boiling Point and Melting Point

Boiling point depends on

the equilibrium vapour
pressure exerted by the
liquid or solid above the
liquid or the solid.
There are substances that boil at a
lower temperature and some at a
higher temperature. These tempera-
tures depend on the vapour pressure
exerted by the liquids or solids.
Vapour pressure, on the other hand,
depends on the intermolecular forces
present in the substances. When the
intermolecular forces are strong, the
vapour pressure is low.
As a consequence, boiling will oc-
cur at a higher temperature be-
cause more energy is needed to
break the intermolecular bonds for
the substance to change into
vapour. Water, for example, ex-
hibits strong H-bonds such that
vaporization needs more energy to
change the liquid to vapour
This is also true for acetone. Ace-
tone is a polar molecule so dipole-
dipole forces hold the molecules
together. Dipole-dipole forces are
stronger than London dispersion
forces, so, it needs more energy to
break the bonds in acetone than in
methane. As a consequence,
methane boils at a lower tempera-
ture than acetone.
Melting Point
This condition is also true for
melting point. The ease with
which bond breaks affects
the melting points of sub-
stances. The greater inter-
molecular forces there are
among molecules the higher
is their melting point.
Solubility

Solubility is the ability of a

substance (solid, liquid, or
gas) to dissolve in a given
substance (solid, liquid, or
gas).
The rule “Like dissolves like” ap-
plies to solubility. This means
that the kind of substances being
dissolved should exhibit the
same properties or should be
compatible for them to form solu-
tions.
Water is considered as a
universal solvent because
of its ability to dissolve al-
most everything. Water is
highly polar and has the
ability to form H-bonds with
polar substances
Water is considered as a
universal solvent because
of its ability to dissolve al-
most everything. Water is
highly polar and has the
ability to form H-bonds with
polar substances
Activity C: Complete the concept map with the types and ef-
fects of intermolecular forces on the physical properties of mat-
ter. Write in the last boxes if the boiling and melting points and
viscosity will be either high or low. Copy the concept map.