INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

OF ATTRACTION
Learning Objectives:

1. describe the types of intermolecular

forces present in substances, and

2. identify the types of intermolecular

forces existing between and among
substances.
Answer this….
✘ what will happen when the paper clip is
carefully placed on the surface of the
water.
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMF)

What determines if a
substance is a solid,
liquid, or gas?
The strengths of intermolecular forces are generally
weaker than either ionic or covalent bonds.

(to separate molecules)

+
- + -

(to break bond)

Intermolecular Forces
 Intermolecular Forces
✘ This force holds
the molecule
together which
can be attractive
or repulsive
Types of IMF
✘ Dipole – Dipole
✘ Dispersion Force

✘ Ion – Dipole Force

✘ Hydrogen Bond
Johannes Diderik van Der Waals
✘ was born on November 23,
1837 in Leyden Netherlands
✘ noted the non-ideality of real
gases and attributed it to the
existence of intermolecular
forces.
Dipole - Dipole
✘ attractive force
existing between
polar molecules
( molecules that
exhibit dipole
moment).
Dipole-dipole forces: (polar molecules)
Dipole - Dipole
✘ there is unequal
sharing of electron
between H and Cl
atoms forming dipole
moment
Dipole - Dipole
 London Dispersion Force
London dispersion forces: (instantaneous dipole moment)
( also referred to as van der Waal’s forces)

“electrons are shifted to overload one side of an atom or

molecule”.
London Dispersion Force
✘ the weakest attractive force that are formed
due to the temporary dipoles induced in non-
polar molecules.

✘ this force is also known as the induced-dipole

dipole attraction.
polarizability: the ease with which an atom or
molecule can be distorted to have an instantaneous
dipole. “squashiness”

In general big molecules

are more easily polarized
than little ones.

little Big and

“squashy”
London Dispersion Force
Hydrogen Bond
✘ a special type of dipole-dipole
interaction between the
hydrogen atom in a polar
molecule and the highly
electronegative atoms (NOF) in
another molecule.
Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen bonding: cases of very strong
dipole-dipole interaction (bonds involving H-F,
H-O, and H-N are most important cases).
+H-F- --- +H-F-
Activity 3

✘ In a whole sheet of paper,

create your own concept map
indicating the differ rent
intermolecular forces
Hydrogen bonding is a weak to moderate attractive force that
exists between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very
small and highly electronegative atom and a lone pair of
electrons on another small, electronegative atom (F, O, or N).
 Effects of
Intermolecular Forces
on Properties of
Substances
Learning Objectives:
✘ Identify the intermolecular forces present in each of the given
substances.
✘ Compare the strengths of intermolecular forces in pairs of
substances.
✘ Predict which among the given substances will exhibit higher
boiling, melting, and freezing points, viscosity, surface tension,
and solubilities.
✘ Explain the effects of intermolecular forces on the properties
of substances.
Factors affecting the strength
of intermolecular forces
among molecules
Surface Tension
✘ Surface tension is
the energy, or work,
required to increase the
surface area (measure of
the total area occupied) of
a liquid due to
intermolecular forces.
Surface Tension
✘ This is the amount of energy required to
stretch the surface area of liquids.
✘ Liquids with high intermolecular forces tend
to have high surface tensions.
✘ The stronger the intermolecular forces
possessed by molecules, the higher is the
surface tension of the substance.
Surface Tension

✘ Molecules within a
liquid are pulled
equally in all directions
by intermolecular
forces.
Surface Tension
Viscosity
✘ This is a measure of a
liquid’s resistance to
flow.
✘ The greater the
viscosity of a liquid, the
more slowly it flows.
Viscosity
Boiling Point and Melting Point
✘ Boiling point and melting point depends on
the equilibrium vapor pressure exerted by the
liquid or solid substances..
✘ This means that the rate of vaporization is
equal to the rate of condensation of the
substance in a closed container.
Boiling Point and Melting Point
Solubility

✘ Solubility is the ability of a substance

(solid, liquid, or gas) to dissolve in a given
substance (solid, liquid, or gas).
✘ “Like dissolves like”
 Solubility

✘ Water particles break

some intermolecular
forces with other
water molecule and
begin to form new
ones with the sugar
molecules.
Quiz
1. What type of intermolecular forces are due to the attraction
between temporary dipoles and their induced temporary
dipoles?
A. Metallic bond
B. London dispersion
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Ionic bond
Quiz
2. What type of intermolecular forces holds water
together?
A . Hydrogen bond
B. Dispersion force
C. Dipole –dipole interaction
D. Covalent bond
Quiz
3. What are the forces of attraction and repulsion
between interacting molecules?
A. Attractive forces
B. Repulsive forces
C. Intermolecular forces
D. Intramolecular forces
Quiz
4. Deviation of real gas behavior from ideal gas is
discovered by
A. Newland
B. Avogadro
C. Van der Waals
D. Boyle
Quiz
5. London force is also known as ______
A. Dispersion force
B. Van der Waals
C. Hydrogen bonding
D. Covalent bonds
Quiz
6. HCL is an example of
A. Dipole-induced dipole
B. London interaction
C. Dipole-dipole interaction
D. Hydrogen bonding
Quiz
7. Which of the following interaction occurs
between a permanent dipole and neutral
molecule?
A. Dipole-dipole
B. Dipole – induced
C. Van der Waals
D. Ionic atrraction
Quiz
8. It is the energy, or work, required to increase
the total area occupied of a liquid due to
intermolecular forces
A. Surface area
B. Surface tension
C. Surface interaction
D. Surface attraction
Quiz
9. A change of a solid or liquid substance
to the gaseous phase is known as
A. Condensation
B. Vaporization
C. Evaporation
D. Polarization
Quiz

10. Which of the following is true about

viscosity of a substance
A. A liquid with low viscosity is thick and flows
quickly
B. A liquid with low viscosity is thin and flows
quickly.
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