Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY
Jose L. Briones St.,Mandaue City

GENERAL TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Physical Science
(QUARTER 3 WEEK 3)

SELF-LEARNING MODULE

1
 What I Need to Know

Content Standards:
1. General types of intermolecular forces
2. Intermolecular forces on the properties of substances

Performance Standard:
Perform the activity and explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the
properties of substances

Learning Outcome

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
At the end of the section, you should be able to:
➢ Describe the general types of intermolecular forces S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17
➢ Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances S11/12PS-IIId-e-
19

OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces.
2. Give the type of intermolecular forces in the properties of substances.
3. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances.

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 What I Know
PRETEST
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. The following are intermolecular forces of attraction EXCEPT
A. Covalent bond B. Dipole-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion
2. It is the weakest intermolecular attraction which is formed due to temporary dipole.
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion
3. Which of the following will most likely form a hydrogen bond?
A. HCl B. HI C. HF D. H2
4. What type of intermolecular forces of attraction that holds Cl2 --- Cl2 molecules together?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Ion-dipole C. Hydrogen Bond D. London Dispersion
5. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe Hydrogen bonding? Hydrogen bond is…
A. a bond between hydrogen and the highly electronegative atoms N, O, F
B. a bond formed between a partial positive hydrogen in a polar molecule and a slightly negative
atom in another molecule
C. a very strong dipole-dipole interaction
D. the weakest form of intermolecular force
6. The following atoms participate in hydrogen bonding EXCEPT
A. C B. F C. O D. N
7. Dissolving sodium chloride in water results to what type of intermolecular interaction?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
8. What type of intermolecular force of attraction is present as indicated by the arrow below?

H Cl H Cl
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London dispersion
9. The type of intermolecular force which is a result of unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a
partially positive and partially negative end is called_________
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ionic bond D. London Dispersion
10. Which intermolecular forces of attraction exist in H2S ----- H2S?
A. Dipole-dipole, London forces C. Ionic, London dispersion
B. Hydrogen bond, London dispersion D. London – Londo

What’s In
Do you still remember your lessons in Grade 9 where you learned that atoms chemically
combined to form compound? The chemical attractions that held the atoms together in a compound
are referred as intramolecular forces. These forces of attractions exist between atoms. In water for
example, the atoms of hydrogen chemically combined with the atoms of oxygen to form water
molecule.
This simple activity will help you recall what you understood about Lewis electron dot structure and
polarity of molecules. The polarity of substances will guide you in identifying the intermolecular forces
present between and among molecules.

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Directions:
1. Use a clean sheet of paper to answer this part.
2. Copy the table and fill up with the correct information.
3. Show the direction of the dipole moment for each molecule.
Substance LEDS Shape Polarity
1. CCl2F2
2. N2
3. CH4
4. H2O
5. CO
Polarity of molecules based on the LEDS

What’s New!
Activity 1:
Using the illustrations below, describe what happens in each of the attractions between substances
by completing each sentence with the correct words. Tell what kind of attractive forces keep the
substances together.
1.

This attraction happens between polar molecules. The charges align so that the ________________
pole of one molecule is attracted to the ____________ end of the
other molecule. Kind of interaction: __________________

2.

The ____________ sodium ion is attracted to the partially ___________ end of water
molecules. Kind of attraction: ____________________

3.
A __________ ion or __________ approaches a neutral nonpolar substance. This
results to a distortion of the substance and leads to the development of positive
and negative poles. Kind of attraction: _______________

4.

A permanent _____________ approaches a neutral nonpolar substance resulting to a

__________________ dipole. Kind of attraction: __________________

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5.

The partially- __________ oxygen of one water molecule is ___________ to the partially-
__________ hydrogen of the other water molecule. Kind of attraction:

Activity 2: Identify the intermolecular forces present among the following species.
a. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and another SO2

b. Sodium ion (Na+) and Formaldehyde (CH2O)

c. Carbon dioxide (CO2) with another CO2

d. Ammonia (NH3 and H2O)

e. Fe2+ and O2

5
 What is It?

Activity 1:
Atoms are held together in molecules by strong intramolecular forces, like
covalent and ionic bonds. On the other hand, other forms of attractive forces
are present to keep these molecules together giving rise to the different
states of matter, which, then exhibit their own bulk properties such as boiling,
melting, and freezing points, and viscosity among others.
There are three general types of intermolecular forces (IMF), namely,
van der Waals forces, ion-dipole interaction, and H-bonding.
Van der Waals forces, after the Dutch chemist Johannes van der
Waals (1837-1923) consist of dipole-dipole interaction, dipole-induced dipole
interaction, and dispersion forces. Dipole-dipole attraction is present among
polar molecules. Through constant movement, the charges of the molecules
align in such a way that the positive (+) end of one molecule is attracted to
the negative (-) end of the other molecule. This happens due to the shift of
electron density towards the more electronegative element in the molecule
resulting to (+) and (-) ends. The measure of this electron shift is known as
dipole moment, represented by crossed arrow,
Dipole-induced dipole interaction, just like the dipole-dipole forces,
depends on the presence of polar molecules. The other molecule needs not
be a polar one. The partial charges present in the dipole cause the
polarization or distortion of the electron distribution of the other molecule.
This gives rise to regions of partial (+) and (-) poles. This induced dipole will
then be attracted to the original polar molecules, resulting to dipole-induced
dipole attraction.
Dispersion forces (London dispersion forces), were named after the
German physicist Fritz London (1900-1954). The electron cloud of a neutral
substance can be normally distributed around the nucleus. At any given
time, the electron distribution may be uneven resulting to an instantaneous
dipole. This temporary dipole will then influence the neighbouring atoms
through attractive and repulsive forces. Eventually, the substances will gain
instantaneous dipoles, too. Attraction between opposite charges will happen
among the species present. These are true for ion-induced dipole and
induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.
Ion-dipole interaction results from the attraction between either a cation
(+) or an anion (-) with permanent polar molecules. The ions will be attracted
to the opposite charges present in the dipole resulting to this type of
attraction.H-bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the
H-atoms in a polar bond. It requires that the H-atoms in the molecules be
bonded with more electronegative atoms such as O, N, or F to form H-bonds
with other molecules.
All interacting substances exhibit the presence of London dispersion
forces in addition to other forces of attraction among them.

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Activity 2: Intermolecular forces (IMF) present among species
Polar substances exhibit dipole-dipole interaction due to the presence of
(+) and (-) ends of the molecules. In the exercise above, sulphur dioxide (SO 2)
has polar ends that will participate in the dipole-dipole forces of attraction.
With the presence of an ion (cation or anion), the charged ends of
polar molecules will be attracted to the dipole. This is true in the case of Na+
and formaldehyde. The positive (+) sodium ion will be attracted to the
partially-negative oxygen in formaldehyde, resulting to an ion-dipole
interaction.
For the third example, CO2 is a nonpolar substance. It is a linear
molecule and the electron shift at the right of C is balanced by the electron
shift to the left. This produces no net shift in electron density so no net
charged is produced. For nonpolar molecules, only dispersion forces are
present.
In both NH3 and H2O, the hydrogen atoms are bonded to more
electronegative atoms, nitrogen and oxygen, respectively. This permits them
to form H-bonds with other molecules with the same condition. Thus, H-bond
is present between NH3 and H2O.
Ion-induced dipole forces of attraction are present among Fe 2+ ions
together with oxygen molecules. The charge in iron will distort the electron
distribution in O 2 resulting to temporary poles in oxygen. The oppositely-
charged particles, Fe2+ and partially-negative end of O2 will then be attracted
to form the above-mentioned force of attraction.
In all of the examples above, London dispersion forces are also present.

There are three types of intramolecular forces namely: (1) Ionic bond formed when
there is transfer of electrons and is usually formed between a metal and non-metal; (2)
Covalent bond is a bond formed when there is sharing of electron. This type of bond
exists between two non-metal atoms. There are two types of covalent bonds. A polar
covalent bond (formed when there is unequal sharing of electrons between two
combining atoms, and non-polar covalent bond (formed by equal sharing of electrons);
and (3) metallic bond is formed between positively charged atoms in which the free
moving electrons are shared forming a crystal lattice.
The forces of attraction that holds together sugar and water molecule in a mixture is
another type of attraction called intermolecular force. These forces of attraction exist
between molecules which hold them together.
Going through this module will help you understand the different intermolecular
forces of attraction that exists between molecules. You will also learn from this module
that the type of intermolecular forces present in the substance is responsible for its
properties.
Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules, atoms, or ions.
Intermolecular forces of attraction are weaker than intramolecular in terms of energy
involved however; intermolecular forces are responsible for the properties of molecules.
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 The intermolecular forces explain why substance exists as solid, liquid or gas at room
temperature. The following are the types of intermolecular forces.

Ion-dipole Interaction
An ion-dipole interaction is the force of interaction that exists between charged
particles called ions and a polar molecule. When NaCl dissolves in water, NaCl dissociates to
form Na+ ion and Cl- ion. Since water is a polar molecule, it has a partial positive end and partial
negative end. Thus, the Na+ ion from the NaCl molecule will attract the partially negative end of
the water molecule, while the Cl- ion of NaCl will also attract to the partially positive end of the
water molecule (Figure 1).

Ion-dipole

:
:

Fig. 1. Ion-dipole Interaction

Dipole-Dipole Interaction
Dipole- dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar molecule like
HCI. The unequal sharing of electrons between Hydrogen and Chlorine atoms in HCl creating a
partially positive pole in H and partially negative pole in Cl and is referred as DIPOLE (Figure 2).

Hδ+ Clδ- Hδ+ Clδ-

Dipole-dipole

Fig. 2. Dipole-dipole interaction

In dipole-dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent dipoles attract each other in
way that the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of the other molecule.
Hydrogen Bond
The bond that exists between water molecules is Hydrogen bond (Fig.3). It is a special
kind of dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen which is a polar molecule and a highly
electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond, the highly
electronegative element F, O, N causes the hydrogen to become strongly positive.

8
 Hδ+ Hδ+
: Oδ- : Oδ-
: :
Hδ+ Hδ+
H-bond

Fig.3. Hydrogen bond in water

The ability of water to form H-bond relates to its ability as a universal solvent. H-bond
prevents the water from evaporating quickly into the atmosphere. It also causes ice to float in
water since at freezing temperature, water molecules tend to form a crystal lattice as it expands.

London Dispersion Forces- is present in all molecules. It is the weakest intermolecular force
which is formed due to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule. The strength of the
dispersion forces increases as the molecular weight of the substance increases.
Surface Tension – is a property of the surface of the water caused by the cohesive forces
(intermolecular forces) between molecules which allows liquid to create a thin film on its surface.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the stronger the surface tension. The H-bond in
water produces a high surface tension in water; thus, allowing the paper clip floats in water.
Substance with weaker intermolecular forces will have lower surface tension.
Boiling Point – is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the
external pressure (Chang, 2015).
Melting Point – is the temperature at which a substance begins to change from solid to
liquid.
In general, substance with stronger intermolecular force (IMF) will have higher boiling
point than substance with a weaker intermolecular forces. The strong intermolecular force of the
substance holds the molecules tightly thus making the bond hard to evaporate and boil.
Viscosity – is the property of substance resistance to flow. In general, stronger IMF
means high viscosity.
Vapor pressure – is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous
or vapor state, and it increases with temperature. A liquid with weak intermolecular forces will
evaporate easily thus, has a higher vapor pressure while liquid with strong IMF will not easily
evaporate thus will have lower vapor pressure.

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 What’s More
Independent Activity 1
Let me FLOAT!!!
Materials:
• Glass
• Water
• Powdered pepper (paminta)
• Liquid detergent
• dropper
Procedure:
1. Fill the glass with about three-fourth full of water.
2. Sprinkle a pinch of powdered pepper (paminta) on the surface of the water. Observe.
Did the pepper floats in water? _____________________________
3. Put a drop of liquid detergent on the surface of the water. Observe.
What happen to the pepper as you put a drop of liquid detergent to the water?
_____________________________________________________

What’s More
Independent Assessment 1
I.FIND ME
Find and encircle the words in the puzzle.

D I P O L E D I P O L E R A P A V
S U R F A C E T E N S I O N A R I
B R V I N T R A M O L E C U L A R
O P H Y D R O G E N B O N D R L S
I L O N D O N D I S P E R S I O N
L A P R N O N P O L A R B O N P B
I V A P O R P R E S S U R E R R F
N S M E L T I N G P O I N T T A O
G U T B R C O V A L E N T B O N D
P O N I C B O N D F O R W A R D C
O A N M E I O N D I P O L E S O E
I B V I S C O S I T Y S P O T M S
N C I N T E R M O L E C U L A R R
T T V I O N I C B O N D A L E S T

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 Boiling Point Intramolecular Non-polar
Covalent bond Ion-dipole Polar
Dipole-Dipole Ionic bond Surface Tension
Hydrogen Bond London Dispersion Vapor Pressure
Intermolecular Melting point Viscosity
II. Fill in the blanks.
Unscramble the letter to tell what property is being described in the statement.
1. _____________ (Bilniog pniot) is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a
liquid is equal to the external pressure (Chang, 2015).
2. ______________ (Vcisitoy) measures how well the substance flow.
3. ______________ (Sfrucae tnsioen) measures the toughness of the surface of the liquid.
4. ______________ (Mltineg pniot) is the temperature at which a substance changes from
liquid to gas.
5. ______________ (Vopar perussre) is the small amount of gas that can be found above
all liquid?

What’s More

Independent Activity 2
In this activity will let you understand the effect of attractive forces to viscosity of a
substance.
Materials Needed:
- a tablespoon of sample liquids (water, oil, condensed milk, chocolate syrup)
- timer
Procedure:
1. Get one tablespoon of each liquid.
2. Get ready with the timer.
3. Pour liquid one at a time and record the time it takes the liquid to hit the ground. Record
your observation.
4. Repeat if needed.
Guide Questions:
1. Which liquid flow freely to the ground? ____________________
2. What would be the reason why some liquid some liquid flow freely while others did not?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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 What’s More

Independent Assessment 2
1. Identify the possible intermolecular force attraction in the following:

a. NaCl ------ H2O _________________________________

b. NH3 ------ NH3 _________________________________
c. H2S ------- H2S _________________________________
d. O2 ------- O2 _________________________________
e. HCl ------ HCl _________________________________
f. CH3OH ------ CH3OH _________________________________
g. H2 ---------- H2 _________________________________
h. Na2S ------ HCl _________________________________
i. Br2 ------- Br2 _________________________________
j. H2O ----- H2O _________________________________
2. Arrange the following compounds (H2O, H2S, Br2, NaCl) in increasing….
a. Boiling Points ________________________________________
b. Melting Points ________________________________________
c. Surface Tension ________________________________________
d. Vapor Pressure ________________________________________
e. Viscosity ________________________________________

What I Have Learned

1. What are the general types of intermolecular forces?

2. Describe the following in your own words.

a. van der Waals forces
a. 1 dipole-dipole interaction
a. 2 dipole-induced dipole interaction
a. 3 dispersion forces
b. ion-dipole interaction
c. H-bonding

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 3.List down the intermolecular forces present in each species.
a.HBr
b.CS2
c.C2H6
d.CH3COOH
e.Br2

What I Can Do
Knowledge of concepts is not enough for a learning experience to be meaningful. We should
also understand how the concepts we learned on intermolecular forces can be applied to real
life situation to get the most out of what we learned. Let us look at this simple situation that will
help us realize the advantage of fully understanding intermolecular concepts.
Situation:
Storage of different substances at home needs careful attention. Alcohol, acetone, and hair
sprays, even gasoline should be taken care of to avoid fire. Where should these substances be
stored? Why do we need extra precaution in keeping them at home? Relate your answer to
intermolecular forces.

Assessment
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. What type of bond exists between oxygen (O2) molecules?
B. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
C. Dipole-dipole D. London Dispersion
2. It is the weakest intermolecular attraction which is formed due to temporary dipole.
A. Dipole-dipole B. ion-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion
3. Which of the following substances will exhibit dipole-dipole intermolecular forces?
A. N2 B. CH3OH C. CO2 D. H2S
4. The following atoms participate in hydrogen bonding EXCEPT
A. C B. F C. O D. N
5. Dissolving sodium chloride in water results to what type of intermolecular interaction?
A. Dipole-dipole C. Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion
6.Which of the following intermolecular forces has the highest boiling point?
A. Dipole- Dipole C, Ion-dipole
B. Hydrogen Bond D. London Dispersion
7. The type of intermolecular forces of attraction that exist in all molecules is
A. Covalent bond C. Hydrogen bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion forces
8. Substance with _________ intermolecular forces will have _________ vapor pressure.
13
 A. stronger, lower C. weaker, lower
B. stronger, higher D. weaker, the same
9. At which temperature would you expect water to have the greatest vapour pressure?
A. 100o B. 75o C. 9o D. 0o
10.Which of the following compounds most likely have the lowest boiling point?
A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. C5H12

Glossary
• Intramolecular forces are forces that holds atom together in a molecule.
• Intramolecular forces are forces between molecules. Ion-dipole, dipole-dipole,
Hydrogen bond and London Forces or Van der Waals Forces.
• Ion-dipole is the force of interaction that exists between charged particles called ions
and a polar molecule.
• Dipole-dipole interaction is the force of attraction that exists in polar molecule. In
dipole-dipole interaction, the molecules with permanent dipoles attract each other in
way that the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of the other
molecule.
• Hydrogen bond- is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction where Hydrogen bond
to highly electronegative elements Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen. In Hydrogen bond,
the highly electronegative element F, O, N causes the hydrogen to become strongly
positive.
• London Dispersion Forces- is the weakest intermolecular force which is formed due
to temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule.
• Intermolecular forces affect the properties of substance such as boiling point, melting
point, surface tension, vapor pressure, and viscosity. In general, the stronger the
intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point, melting point, surface tension and
viscosity of the substance. However, in terms of vapor pressure, the stronger the
intermolecular the substance has the lower its vapor pressure.
• It also follows that, the larger the molecule, the stronger the intermolecular force it
has.
• The relative strength of intermolecular forces is shown in figure 4 below:

London Dipole- Hydrogen Ion – dipole Ionic bond

Dispersion dipole bond interaction
Forces interaction
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES INTRAMOLECULAR

Weakest Strongest

Fig. 4. Relative strength of intermolecular forces

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25,
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