MODULE A

CHEMISTRY

Contents:
(a) Common mistakes
(b) Commands Task
Answering effectively
(c) Sample questions.

Strive for excellence

Noorhaida Sukardi
Smk Bedong 2012

EXCELLENCE IN LEARNING CHEMISTRY

Suggestions for candidates are as follows:
(a) Read the instructions and questions carefully before responding
so as to fully understand the requirement of the questions.

(b) (i) Candidates’ answers should be short and precise especially

for structured items.
(ii) As for the essay questions, a more detailed answer is required
instead of giving points only.

(c) Candidates are advised to show all the steps involved in the
calculations given in the question and also with the correct units.

(d) When drawing diagrams, candidates must ensure that the

diagram is neatly drawn, functional, clear and labeled.

(e) When answering essay questions, candidate should read

through both option items given in each section carefully and decide
only one question that the candidate is confident to perform well.
Answering all the essay questions given is not advisable as candidates
will not have sufficient time for planning the best response to the
requirement of the essay questions.

(f) When describing procedure for experiment, candidates are

advised to follow the sequence of the procedure.

(g) Candidates are advised to include labeled diagrams in their

description of experiment so as to avoid losing marks just in case the
materials and apparatus are not mentioned in the procedure.

(h) Candidates are also advised to name the substances unless the
question requires that formula should be given.

(i) Candidates should look out for key words used in the question
such as describe an observation, describe how you would carry out
and compare and explain and etc.
(j) Candidates are advised to know how to write correct and balance
chemical equations, ionic equations and half equations

Incomplete / Inaccurate statements or phrases:

False / wrong Correct

Sodium donates electron. Sodium atom donates one electron

Stable electron / arrangement // Octet electron arrangement // 8 valence

Stable electron arrangement electrons
Duplet electron arrangement

Rate of reaction described as fast or slow Fast reaction – high rate of reaction
Slow reaction – low rate of reaction

Hydrochloric acid is a stronger acid than Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while
ethanoic acid. ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

The smaller the size of substance the bigger The smaller the size of the substance the
the surface area bigger is the total surface area.

An ionic compound can conduct electricity An ionic compound can conduct electricity in
the molten state / aqueous solution

Number of hydrogen ions is high Concentration of hydrogen ions is high

Rate of reaction is the speed when reactants Rate of reaction is the change of reactants to
change to products products per unit time.

An alkali is a substance that contains An alkali is a substance that produces

hydroxide ions hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

An acid is a substance that contains An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen

hydrogen ions. ions when dissolved in water.

Chlorine is situated in Group seventeen Chlorine is situated in Group 17

Sodium is in group I , period three Sodium is in group 1, period 3

A chloride ion has three shells // A chloride ion has three shells filled with
Chloride ions has three electron shells electrons.

Neutron number Nucleon number

Proton number
Electron number Number of neutrons
Number of electrons
Electron shells

When the temperature is increased, the When the temperature is increased, the
frequency of collisions increases frequency of collisions between the named
particles also increases

e.g named particles:

Zinc atom and hydrogen ions

Function of salt bridge or porous pot or To allow the movement of ions through it
U-tube :
To complete the circuit

Attractive forces between molecules are Attractive forces between molecules are
small / lower / higher weak / strong

Copper attracted to the cathode Copper ions attracted to the cathode

The ions in the electrolyte can move The ions in the electrolyte can move freely /
mobile

Voltmeter / ammeter moved Needle / pointer of voltmeter / ammeter

moved

No reaction No observation / No changes

COMMON MISTAKES
No Statements Marks Correct statements
.
1 SI units
(a) Calculate the average rate of reaction for the
production of 60 cm3 carbon dioxide in 120 seconds
[1] 0
Rate of reaction = 60 / 120 = 0.5 cm3 seconds-1
(b) Heat = 1200 Joules 0
(c) 40.0 gram 0

2 Spellings
Common elements / compounds All
(a) Pottassium , (b) Amonium (c) Carbon dioksida 0
marks
Chemical process:
(a) Harber process (b) Diffussion (c) Estefication

Confusing words: filtrate , filter , residue, filtration

(a) Mixture is filtrate
(b) Undergo filteration
(c) Filter the solution
(d) Heat until dry
(e) Wash the crystal
Short forms
(f) Add ammonia aq
(g) Hydrogen ion is lower than sodium ion in the ECS
Names / Formulas
(h) Nacl , Zinc(II) oxide, Sodium (I) oxide
Chlorine ions , Oxygen ion

3
Missing key words
(a) Frequency of collision increases // 0

Frequency of collision between particles increases 0

1
number of effective collision increases

(c) stable electron arrangement of the chloride ion 0

(d) Chlorine has electron arrangement is 2.8.7 0

ANSWERING MORE EFFECTIVELY: UNDERSTANDING COMMAND WORDS

No Command Examples
words
1 Name (a) Name one electrolyte. 1
[ only
names is
accepted] (b) Name one non electrolyte 1

(a) State the ions responsible for the acidic property of an acid. 1
2 State
[ names of (b) State one physical property of an acid
formulas 1
accepted]
(c) State one chemical property of an acid

1
4 State one (a) Zinc strip is immersed in copper(II) sulphate solution. 1
observation
[ only
observation
accepted] (b) Zinc powder is put in sulphuric acid solution
1

5 State the Copper(II) carbonate is heated strongly . 1

colour
changes Lead(II) carbonate is heated strongly.

6 Compare (a) Compare and contrast hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid. 2
and
contrast
(b) Compare one physical property of an ionic compound to a 1
covalent compound.

1 Diagram 1 shows the flow chart for the chemical changes that occurs to a carbonate salt, P.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan carta alir bagi perubahan kimia yang berlaku pada suatu garam
karbonat, P.

I II
P ZnO + CO2 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O

Diagram 1

Based on the Diagram 1,

(a) Name salt P?
Namakan garam P?

……………………………………...........…………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) (i) State the colour of zinc oxide, ZnO during process I.
Nyatakan warna bagi zink oksida, ZnO semasa proses I.

Hot Cold
Panas Sejuk

[2 marks]

(ii) The carbon dioxide gas, CO2 released in process I is bubbled into the lime water.
State the observation.
Gas karbon dioksida, CO2 yang terbebas dalam proses I dialirkan ke dalam air
kapur. Nyatakan pemerhatian.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) Zinc oxide, ZnO is dissolved in the nitric acid, HNO3 in process II.
Zink oksida, ZnO dilarutkan dalam asid nitrik, HNO3 dalam proses II.

(i) Name the type of reaction in process II.

Namakan jenis tindak balas dalam proses II .

……………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(ii) State the colour of the salt solution produced.

Nyatakan warna larutan garam terhasil.
 ……………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(iii) Write chemical equation for the reaction.

Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindakbalas itu.

…………………………………….……………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(d) Describe a method to confirm cation in salt P.
Huraikan satu kaedah untuk mengesahkan kation dalam garam P.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]

2. (a) Diagram 2.1 shows the set-up of apparatus of a chemical cell.

Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan susunan radas sebuah sel kimia.

V
Salt bridge
Titian garam

Copper plate Zinc plate

Copper(II) sulphate solution

Zinc sulphate solution

Diagram 2.1

(a) Name the process that takes place at the copper electrode?

Redoxs [1]

(b) State the function of the salt bridge.

 To complete the circuit
[1]

(c) Name a chemical substance that can be used as a salt bridge.

Sodium chloride [1]

(d) State the direction of the flow of electron.

From negative to positive electrode. [1

(e) Write the half equation for the reaction occurred at electrode Zinc.

Zn + 2e Zn2+ [2 ]

(f) State the colour change for copper(II) sulphate solution. Explain your answer.

Blue to colourless.

Cu2+ ion is becoming less. [2]

Diagram 2.2 shows a redox reaction between bromine water and iron(II) sulphate
solution.

Larutan ferum(II) sulfat

Diagram 2.2

(i) State observation for the reaction.

Nyatakan pemerhatian bagi tindakbalas tersebut.

Green to brown //
Brown to colourless
 [1]

(ii) What is the change in the oxidation number of bromine?

Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bagi bromin?

0 to 1 [1]

(iii) Name the substance which was oxidized.

Namakan bahan yang dioksidakan.

FeSO4
[1]

3. An experiment is conducted to study the heat of displacement for reaction

between copper(II) sulphate and excess zinc powder.
50.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution is poured into a polystyrene
cup and the initial temperature is recorded. The excess zinc powder is added to
the same polystyrene cup. The mixture is stirred slowly and the highest
temperature is recorded.

Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphatesolution = 28.5 oC

Highest temperature of mixture = 33.5 oC

[Relative atomic mass : Cu=64; S=32; O=16; Zn= 65;

Specific heat of the solution: 4.2 J g-1oC-1]

(a) Based on this experiment, state the meaning of heat of displacement.

.....................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................
[1 ]

(b) Why zinc in the form of powder is used in this experiment?

…………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in this experiment.

..................................................................................................................... [2 ]

Based on the experiment, calculate

 (d) The heat released
H = 50 x 4.2 x 5 J // 1050 J [1]

(e) The number of mole of copper(II) sulphate solution.

[1 ]

n = 0.5 x 50 // 0.025
1000

(f) The heat of displacement in this reaction

[2 ]
H = 1050
0.025
= - 1050 = - 42000 Jmol-1
0.025

(g) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction [2]

1 Essay:

Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.

It is able to conduct electricity molten or dissolved in water.
Describe how you prove that this statement is correct. [6 marks]

2 You are required to prepare: dry lead(II) chloride salt.

State the chemicals used in this preparation.
Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt.
In your description, include the equation involved.

[10 marks]