CHM 138 BASIC OF CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT 1:

BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Name Matrix no
IMRAN AIMAN BIN IBRAHIM 2022816932
NUR BATRISYIA BINTI MUHAMMAD AIDIL 2022616748

Date of experiment:
25/10/2022

Date of report submission:

02/11/2022

Lecturer’s name:
Puan Nurul ‘Ain Binti Jamion
TITLE
Experiment 1: Basic Laboratory Techniques

INTRODUCTION
Basic laboratory techniques must be disclosed and known by the student for
their knowledge to operate with apparatus and handle materials while doing
experiment. Mistakes and errors can happen during an experiment. Basically, in
the experiments in the chemistry laboratory we need to follow procedures
carefully so as to reduce errors and mistakes when observing or operating tools
to obtain the best results.
a) Volumetric flask
A volumetric flask is a type of laboratory glassware used to prepare solutions.
A volumetric flask is a flat bottom bulb with an elongated neck calibrated to
hold a set volume at a mark on the neck. The flask may also be called a
graduated flask or measuring flask because its mark specifies a precise volume
measurement.
b) Pipette
A pipette a is small piece of apparatus which typically consists of a narrow tube
into which fluid is drawn by suction (as for dispensing or measurement) and
retained by closing the upper end. Volumetric pipettes are specifically calibrated
to have the single graduation that delivers and transfers the accurate
measurement of fixed volume. Volumetric pipettes use mL as the unit of
measurement and are available with different fixed volumes. The measurements
can range from 1mL, 10 mL, 25mL up to 50mL.
c) Burette
A burette is used to dispense small volumes of liquid called aliquots, or
sometimes gas, with high accuracy. It consists of a long glass tube with a valve
at one end to control the flow of liquid. Burettes serve essentially the same
purpose as a pipette. he volume markings on the side of the burette are called
graduations. They measure the volume of liquid, in mL, the burette contains.
Most burettes will hold 50mL of liquid, and the scale used is generally 0.1mL.
Both burettes and pipettes measure volumes of liquid; but a pipette is smaller,
only measures a single volume, and is often used for transferring a specific
volume of liquid.

OBJECTIVES
This lab will introduce the basic laboratory equipment and skills needed for
accurate and precise quantitative analysis.

APPARATUS
i. Analytical balance
ii. Burette
iii. 25mL pipette
iv. 25mLvolumetric flask
v. 50mL beaker
vi. Thermometer
vii. Pipette filler
viii. Retort stand
ix. Burette clamp
x. Dropper

Chemical
i. Distilled water

PROCEDURE

Calibration of Volumetric Flask

1. A 25mL volumetric flask cleaned and dried then accurately weighed
using analytical balance. The mass of empty volumetric flask recorded
2. Distilled water added until the calibration mark (a dropper used to add the
last few drops of distilled water) and weighed again (the same balance
used). The mass of distilled water and volumetric flask recorded.
3. The temperature of distilled water recorded.
4. From the table 1, the actual volume of volumetric flask determined.
Calibration of Pipette
1. A 25mL beaker cleaned and dried then accurately weighed using
analytical balance. The mass of empty beaker recorded.
2. A 25mL cleaned and rinsed with distilled water.
3. The pipette filled with distilled water using the procedures that
have been discussed in the introduction part.
4. The distilled water drained into the beaker and weighed again. The
mass of distilled water and beaker recorded.
5. Step 1-4 repeated one more time and the temperature of distilled
water recorded.
6. From the table 1, the actual volume of volumetric flask
determined.
Calibration of Burette
1. A 25mL beaker cleaned and dried then accurately weighed using
analytical balance. The mass of empty beaker recorded.
2. The burette cleaned and rinsed using distilled water and the burette filled
in with the distilled water until the zero mark.
3. 5mL of the water drained from the burette into the beaker and weighed as
soon as possible. The mass recorded.
4. Step 3 repeated by draining water from the burette until the following
burette reading became 10mL, 15mL and 20mL. The mass recorded
every time after adding 5ml of water.
5. The temperature of distilled water recorded.
6. From the table 1, the actual volume for every addition of 5mL of distilled
water determined.
Table 1: Density of Water (g/mL) at Various Temperatures (℃)
Temperature (℃) Density of water (g/mL)
22 1.0032
23 1.0034
24 1.0037
25 1.0039
26 1.0042
27 1.0045
28 1.0047
29 1.0050
30 1.0053
35 1.0059
DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 1
BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
CALCULATIONS:
a) Determine the actual volume of the volumetric flask based on
calculation.
b) Determine the actual volume of the pipette based on the calculation
for experiment (i) and experiment (ii).
c) Determine the actual volume of distilled water (in mL) for each 5 mL
burette reading based on calculation.

ANSWERS:
a) Find the actual volume of volumetric flask
Volume = Mass/Density
Volume = 24.8428/1.0042
Volume = 24.7389 ML

b) Find the actual volume of the pipette

Volume = Mass/Density
I. Volume = 24.7239/1.0042

Volume = 24.6205 ML

II. Volume = 24.8984/1.0042

Volume = 24.7943 ML

c) Find the actual volume of distilled water (in mL) for each 5 mL
burette
READING OF BURETTE (ML) VOLUME OF WATER (ML)
0-5 4.3103
5-10 4.9193
10-15 5.0230
15-20 4.9590
DISCUSSION
The findings of this experiment different from what the theory mentioned. The
volume for volumetric flask is disclosed to the right volume which is 24.8428
but still not achieve the actual volume which is 25mL.The volume for pipette is
slightly different from the theory but the value is still close which is 24.6205
mL for the first attempt and 24.7943 mL compare to the theorical volume was
25mL for pipette. The volume of the burette quite different form right volume
which was less than 5mL even though the volume of water removed was 5mL.
For instance, when the reading 0-5 mL the volume of water is much different
from 5mL which is 4.3101mL. This cause the parallax error where eyes were
not perpendicular to the reading measurement level and it affects the accuracy
of the measurement and result.

CONCLUSION
The laboratory equipment that had been used on this experiment need to
observe carefully for the accurate and precise measurement or result. Using
some calculation, we can get the accuracy of the data to compare with our data
that obtained through observation. We need to follow the laboratory procedure
in order to get the correct result of experiment and reduce parallax error and
mistakes.

QUESTIONS
1. How do you overcome or reduce the problem of random error and
systematic error while doing experiment?
2. In what situation do you use a volumetric flask, conical flask, pipette,
and graduated cylinder? Explain your answer from the accuracy
aspects of these apparatus.
3. Explain how to read burette. What are the factors to be considered
while using the burette?
ANSWERS
1. To overcome error while doing experiment by taking repeated
measurement, routinely calibrating equipment, comparing values against
standards and also make sure the eye is perpendicular to the object while
observe and read the measurement to reduce parallax error.

2. A Volumetric flask is used in laboratories for measuring exact volumes of

liquids and preparation of solutions or mixtures. Conical flasks are used
for storage of liquids. Pipette is used for transferring solution from one
flask to another. They are used for general purposes.

3. We must read the liquid level using the bottom of the meniscus which is a
curve surfaces that existed at the top of the liquid level. The eyes must be
perpendicular to the scale of burette to avoid an error.

REFERENCES
Anne Marie Helmenstine, PhD. (August 04, 2018), Volumetric Flask Definition
in Chemistry. Retrieved from:
1. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-volumetric-flask-605783
Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, (September 29, 2022),
“Pipette”. Retrieved from:
2. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pipette#learn-more
Science Equip, (August 25, 2021), Why is using a volumetric pipette considered
more accurate in a Science-Lab? Retrieved from:
3. https://www.scienceequip.com.au/blogs/news/why-is-using-a-
volumetric-pipette-considered-more-accurate-in-a-science-
lab#:~:text=Volumetric%20pipettes%20are%20specifically%20c
alibrated,available%20with%20different%20fixed%20volumes.
Paul Heney, (August 26,2020), What is a burette? Retrieved from:
4. https://www.rdworldonline.com/what-is-a-burette/
Gail Marsella, (February 02, 2022) study.com, What is a burette? Retrieved
from:
5. https://study.com/learn/lesson/burette-measurement-use-
function.html