Microwave Resonators

Contents
• Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits
• Q-factor (unloaded and loaded)
• Bandwidth
• Transmission Line Resonators
• Waveguide resonators
 Introduction
A resonator is a device or circuit that
exhibits resonance
In an electrical circuit, resonance
condition occurs at a frequency
when capacitive and inductive
reactances become equal in
magnitude and electric energy
oscillates between electric field of a
capacitor and magnetic field of an
inductor.
Microwave resonators are used in a
variety of applications:
• Filters
• Oscillators
• Tuned amplifiers
• Frequency meters
At frequencies near resonance, a
microwave resonator can be
modeled as series or parallel RLC
lumped element electric circuit
The basic properties of series and
parallel RLC circuits are reviewed
first.
 Series RLC Circuit
For the series RLC circuit shown in the
𝐼 𝑅 𝐿
figure:
1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 − 𝑗 +
𝜔𝐶 𝑉 𝐶
1
= 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 1 − 2 −
𝜔 𝐿𝐶
𝑍𝑖𝑛
𝜔02
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 1 − 2
𝜔 𝑅𝑒(𝑍𝑖𝑛 ) 𝐼𝑚(𝑍𝑖𝑛 )

1 𝑅
where 𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶
0 𝜔 0 𝜔0 𝜔
 Series RLC Circuit
𝑍𝑖𝑛 (𝜔) = 𝑅 2 + 𝜔 2 𝐿2 1 − 𝜔02 Τ𝜔 2 2 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝜔

An important parameter of the resonant circuit

is its 𝑄 which is defined as:
𝑅Τ0.707
average energy stored 𝑅
𝑄=𝜔
average power dissipated
1 𝜔 Τ 𝜔0
𝑊𝑚 + 𝑊𝑒
𝑄=𝜔
𝑃loss
At resonance, 𝑊𝑚 = 𝑊𝑒
The 𝑄 of a resonator itself disregarding the external loading effect is called the
unloaded 𝑄 and denoted by 𝑄0
 Series RLC Circuit
2𝑊𝑚
Therefore, 𝑄0 = 𝜔0 𝜔2 − 𝜔02
𝑃loss
2𝐿 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝐼 𝐿 𝜔2
𝑄0 = 𝜔0 2 = 𝜔0
𝐼 𝑅 𝑅 In the vicinity of resonance,
1
Since 𝜔0 2 = 𝜔2 − 𝜔02 =
𝐿𝐶 𝜔 − 𝜔0 𝜔 + 𝜔0 ≈2𝜔∆𝜔
1
𝑄0 = For small ∆𝜔,
𝜔0 𝑅𝐶
2𝜔∆𝜔
𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 ≈ 𝑅 + 𝑗2∆𝜔𝐿
𝜔2
Let us now study the behavior of the
input impedance of a series RLC 𝑗2∆𝜔𝑅𝑄0
resonator near its resonance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈𝑅+
𝜔0
 Series RLC Circuit
Let us now consider half power fractional bandwidth of the resonator
1 1 𝑉 2 1 𝑉 2
We have 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼∗ = 𝑍 Therefore, 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = R
2 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝑖𝑛 2 𝑍𝑖𝑛
𝑉2
When 𝜔 = 𝜔0 , 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅 and 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ‫𝜔=𝜔ۂ‬0 =
2𝑅
2 𝑅 1
When 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑅2 that is 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ‫𝜔=𝜔ۂ‬0
0.707 2
𝑗2∆𝜔𝑅𝑄0 2 2 4∆𝜔2 𝑅 2 𝑄02
From 𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ 𝑅 + , 𝑍𝑖𝑛 =𝑅 + = 2𝑅2
𝜔0 𝜔02

2∆𝜔 2 1 2∆𝜔 1
⇒ = Therefore, fractional bandwidth =
𝜔0 𝑄02 𝜔0 𝑄0
 Parallel RLC Circuit
For the parallel RLC circuit shown in the figure: 𝐼
1 1 +
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = =
1
+
1
+ 𝑗𝜔𝐶 1 𝑗 𝑉 𝑅 𝐿 𝐶
𝑅 𝑗𝜔𝐿 − 1 − 𝜔 2 𝐿𝐶
𝑅 𝜔𝐿
−
2
1 1 − 𝜔 𝐿𝐶
+ 𝑗
𝑅 𝜔𝐿 𝑍𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 2 2
1 1 − 𝜔 2 𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑖𝑛
+
𝑅 𝜔𝐿 𝐼𝑚 𝑍𝑖𝑛
𝑅
𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑖𝑛 attains its maximum value 𝑅 at the
resonance frequency
𝜔
0 𝜔0 𝜔 0 𝜔0
1
𝜔0 = 𝐿𝐶
 Parallel RLC Circuit
For such parallel RLC circuit
𝑅 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝜔
𝑄0 = 𝜔0 𝑅𝐶 =
𝜔0 𝐿
Near resonance 𝜔 = 𝜔0 + ∆𝜔 𝑅
−1
1 1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 + 0.707𝑅
𝑅 𝑗𝜔𝐿
−1
1 1
= + 𝑗𝜔0 𝐶 + 𝑗∆𝜔𝐶 +
𝑅 𝑗 𝜔0 + ∆𝜔 𝐿 1 𝜔 Τ 𝜔0
−1
1 1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = + 𝑗𝜔0 𝐶 + 𝑗∆𝜔𝐶 +
𝑅 𝑗𝜔0 𝐿 1 + ∆𝜔Τ𝜔0

When ∆𝜔Τ𝜔0 ≪ 1 we can use the approximation 1Τ 1 + ∆𝜔Τ𝜔0 ≈ 1 − ∆𝜔Τ𝜔0

−1
1 1 ∆𝜔
𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ + 𝑗𝜔0 𝐶 + 𝑗∆𝜔𝐶 + −
𝑅 𝑗𝜔0 𝐿 𝑗𝜔02 𝐿
 Parallel RLC Circuit
−1
1 1 ∆𝜔
𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ + 𝑗𝜔0 𝐶 + 𝑗∆𝜔𝐶 + − 2
𝑅 𝑗𝜔0 𝐿 𝑗𝜔0 𝐿
−1
1 𝑗∆𝜔
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = + 𝑗∆𝜔𝐶 + 2
𝑅 𝜔0 𝐿
−1
1 𝑅
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = + 𝑗∆𝜔𝐶 + 𝑗∆𝜔𝐶 =
𝑅 1 + 𝑗2∆𝜔𝑅𝐶
Since 𝑄0 = 𝜔0 𝑅𝐶,
𝑅
𝑍𝑖𝑛 =
1 + 𝑗2∆𝜔 𝑄0 Τ𝜔0
 Parallel RLC Circuit
∗
1 𝑉 1 𝑉2 1 2 2
1
𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉 = = 𝐼 𝑍𝑖𝑛
2 𝑅 2 𝑅 2 𝑅
1
At resonance 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ȁ𝜔=𝜔0 = 𝐼 2𝑅
2
𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝑖𝑛 2
Therefore, =
𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ȁ𝜔=𝜔0 𝑅2
𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 1 𝑅2 2
For to become , = 𝑍𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ȁ𝜔=𝜔0 2 2
𝑅
From 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = , 2∆𝜔 𝑄0 Τ𝜔0 = 1
1+𝑗2∆𝜔𝑄0 Τ𝜔0
Therefore, fractional bandwidth 2∆𝜔Τ𝜔0 = 1Τ𝑄0
 Loaded Q
The unloaded 𝑄 of a circuit 𝑄0 is the quality factor of the circuit without any
external loading
In practice, external circuitry connected to the resonator will produce loading
effect.
Let the loading of the external circuit be represented by a load resistance 𝑅𝐿
and the Q of the external circuit by 𝑄𝑒 .
Let 𝑄𝐿 be the 𝑄of the loaded circuit.
𝐿 1 𝑅+𝑅𝐿 1 1
For series RLC circuit 𝑄𝐿 = 𝜔0 Therefore, = = +
𝑅+𝑅𝐿 𝑄𝐿 𝜔0 𝐿 𝑄0 𝑄𝑒
Similarly, for a parallel RLC circuit 𝑅 and 𝑅𝐿 are in parallel and
𝑅𝑅𝐿 1 𝜔0 𝑅+𝑅𝐿 𝐿 1 1
𝑄𝐿 = Therefore, = = +
𝜔0 𝑅+𝑅𝐿 𝐿 𝑄𝐿 𝑅𝑅𝐿 𝑄𝑒 𝑄0
 Transmission Line Resonators
Transmission line sections of various lengths and
terminations (open or short) can be used as a
resonator. 𝑙
Let us consider a lossy transmission line of length 𝑙 𝛼 𝛽 𝑍0
terminated to a short circuit at one end. The
transmission line is low loss with very small value of
attenuation constant 𝛼
𝑍𝑖𝑛
The transmission line has characteristic impedance 𝑍0
At 𝜔 = 𝜔0 𝑙 = 𝜆Τ2
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 tanh 𝛾𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 tanh 𝛾𝑙
 Transmission Line Resonators
For 𝑍𝐿 = 0 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 tanh 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑍0 tanh 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 𝑙
tanh 𝛼𝑙+𝑗 tan 𝛽𝑙
Therefore, 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
1+𝑗 tan 𝛽𝑙 tanh 𝛼𝑙
Since we have considered a low loss line, 𝛼𝑙 ≪ 1
tanh 𝛼𝑙 ≈ 𝛼𝑙
𝜔𝑙 𝜔0 𝑙 ∆𝜔𝑙
𝛽𝑙 = = +
𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑝
𝜆 𝜔0 𝑙 2𝜋𝑓0 𝜆
Since 𝑙 = at 𝜔 = 𝜔0 , = =𝜋
2 𝑣𝑝 𝜆𝑓0 2
 Transmission Line Resonators
𝜔0 𝑙 ∆𝜔𝑙 𝜔0 𝑙
Now, 𝛽𝑙 = + and =𝜋
𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑝
∆𝜔𝜋 ∆𝜔𝜋 ∆𝜔𝜋
Therefore, 𝛽𝑙 = 𝜋 + and tan 𝛽𝑙 = tan 𝜋 + ≈
𝜔0 𝜔0 𝜔0
∆𝜔𝜋
tanh 𝛼𝑙+𝑗 tan 𝛽𝑙 𝛼𝑙+𝑗 𝜔
0
Hence, 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 ≈ 𝑍0 ∆𝜔𝜋
1+𝑗 tan 𝛽𝑙 tanh 𝛼𝑙 1+𝑗𝛼𝑙
𝜔0
∆𝜔𝜋
Therefore, 𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ 𝑍0 𝛼𝑙 + 𝑗
𝜔0
Comparing with a series resonant circuit for which
𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ 𝑅 + 𝑗2∆𝜔𝐿
 Transmission Line Resonators
𝜋𝑍0
𝑅 = 𝑍0 𝛼𝑙 and 𝐿 =
2𝜔0
1 2
Capacitance 𝐶 can be found from 𝐶 = =
𝜔02 𝐿 𝜋𝜔0 𝑍0

𝜔0 𝐿 𝜋
Unloaded 𝑄 of the resonator 𝑄0 = =
𝑅 2𝛼𝑙
 Transmission Line Resonators
Let us now consider another transmission line resonator which
consists of a short-circuited transmission line of length 𝜆Τ4 .
𝜆
𝑙= at 𝜔 = 𝜔0
4
tanh 𝛼𝑙+𝑗 tan 𝛽𝑙
We have 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
1+𝑗 tan 𝛽𝑙 tanh 𝛼𝑙
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by −𝑗 cot 𝛽𝑙
1 − 𝑗tanh 𝛼𝑙 cot 𝛽𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
tanh 𝛼𝑙 − 𝑗 cot 𝛽𝑙
 Transmission Line Resonators
Let 𝜔 = 𝜔0 + ∆𝜔
𝜔0 𝑙 ∆𝜔𝑙 𝜋 𝜋∆𝜔
𝛽𝑙 = + = +
𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑝 2 2𝜔0
𝜋∆𝜔 𝜋∆𝜔
Therefore, cot 𝛽𝑙 = − tan ≈ −
2𝜔0 2𝜔0
1−𝑗tanh 𝛼𝑙 cot 𝛽𝑙
We have 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
tanh 𝛼𝑙−𝑗 cot 𝛽𝑙
𝜋∆𝜔
1+𝑗 𝛼𝑙 2𝜔 𝑍0
0
Therefore, 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝜋∆𝜔 ≈ 𝜋∆𝜔
𝛼𝑙+𝑗 2𝜔 𝛼𝑙+𝑗 2𝜔
0 0
 Transmission Line Resonators
𝑍0 1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ =
𝜋∆𝜔 𝛼𝑙 𝜋∆𝜔
𝛼𝑙 + 𝑗
2𝜔0 𝑍0 + 𝑗 2𝜔0 𝑍0
For a parallel RLC circuit near resonance,
𝑅 1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 ≈ = 1
1+𝑗2∆𝜔𝑅𝐶 +𝑗2∆𝜔𝐶
𝑅
𝑍0 𝜋
Therefore, 𝑅 = and 𝐶 =
𝛼𝑙 4𝜔0 𝑍0
𝜋
𝑄0 = 𝜔0 𝑅𝐶 =
4𝛼𝑙
 Waveguide Resonators
At higher microwave frequencies transmission line
resonators have relatively low value of 𝑄.

Since open ended waveguide can radiate

significantly, waveguide resonators are usually short
circuited at both ends forming a cavity.
Rectangular cavity

Electric and magnetic energy is stored within the

cavity enclosed.

Cylindrical cavity
Dissipation of power takes place on the waveguide
walls as well as in the dielectric material filling the
cavity if the dielectric is lossy.
 Waveguide Resonators
Coupling to cavity resonator may be done using a small aperture or a probe or a
loop.

Aperture coupling
Probe coupling

Loop coupling
 Resonant Frequencies of Rectangular Cavity
We first find the resonant frequencies 𝑌
of the cavity assuming it to be 𝑏
lossless.
0
𝑎 𝑋
The unloaded 𝑄 of the cavity is then
determined considering small amount
of loss on the waveguide walls as well 𝑑
as in the dielectric material.
𝑍
 Resonant Frequencies of Rectangular Cavity
For TEmn or TMmn mode 𝑌
𝑏

𝐸𝑡 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑒Ԧ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐴+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑚𝑛 𝑧 + 𝐴− 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑚𝑛 𝑧 0
𝑎 𝑋

Transverse variation Amplitudes of forward

and backward wave
𝑑
where,
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑍
𝛽𝑚𝑛 = 𝑘2 − −
𝑎 𝑏
 Resonant Frequencies of Rectangular Cavity
𝑌
𝐸𝑡 = 0 at 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴+ = −𝐴−
𝑏
𝐸𝑡 = 0 at 𝑧 = 𝑑
0
𝑎 𝑋
∴ 𝐸𝑡 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑑 = −𝑒Ԧ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐴+ 2𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑚𝑛 𝑑 = 0

For 𝐴+ ≠ 0
𝑑
𝛽𝑚𝑛 𝑑 = 𝑙𝜋 where 𝑙 = 1,2,3 …
∴ For a rectangular cavity, the wave number 𝑍
2 For 𝑏<𝑎<𝑑 , the dominant
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑙𝜋 𝜆𝑔
𝑘𝑚𝑛𝑙 = + + resonant mode is TE101 and 𝑑 =
2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑
for TE10 mode.
 Unloaded Q of TE10𝑙 mode
For TE10𝑙 mode we can write the field We have seen that for TE10 mode
components as follows:
𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐴+ sin 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝐻𝑧 = 𝐴10 cos 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
𝐴+ 𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑎 𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑥 = − sin 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐴10 sin 𝑒
𝑍TE 𝑎 𝜋 𝑎
𝑗𝜋𝐴+ 𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑗𝛽𝑎 𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑧 = cos 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝐻𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝑒
𝑘𝜂𝑎 𝑎 𝜋 10 𝑎
𝐻𝑦 = 𝐸𝑥 = 0
−𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑎
∴ 𝐴10 = 𝐴+
𝜋 ∵ 𝜔𝜇 = 𝑘𝜂
+𝜋
𝜋 𝑗𝐴
⇒ 𝐴10 = 𝑗𝐴+ =
𝜔𝜇𝑎 𝑘𝜂𝑎
 Unloaded Q of TE10𝑙 mode
𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐴+ sin 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑎
+
𝐴 𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑥 = − sin 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑍TE 𝑎
+
𝑗𝜋𝐴 𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑧 = cos 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑘𝜂𝑎 𝑎

2𝐴+ 𝜖 𝜖𝑎𝑏𝑑
Substituting 𝐸0 = ,
we get
𝑗 𝑊𝑒 = න 𝐸𝑦 𝐸𝑦∗ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐸0 2
𝜋𝑥 𝑙𝜋𝑧 4 𝑉 16
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 sin sin
𝑎 𝑑
𝑗𝐸0 𝜋𝑥 𝑙𝜋𝑧
𝐻𝑥 = − sin cos At resonance,
𝑍TE 𝑎 𝑑
𝑗𝜋𝐸0 𝜋𝑥 𝑙𝜋𝑧
𝐻𝑧 = cos sin 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑊𝑚
𝑘𝜂𝑎 𝑎 𝑑
 Unloaded Q of TE10𝑙 mode
Case I. The dielectric is perfect but cavity walls are slightly lossy

The power loss on the conducting walls can be found as

𝑅𝑠 Surface resistivity
𝑃𝑐 = න 𝐻𝑡 2 𝑑𝑠 of metallic walls
2 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
𝜔𝜇0
𝑅𝑠 =
2𝜎
The conductor loss can be found as
𝑅𝑠 𝐸02 𝜆2 𝑙 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑑 𝑙 2 𝑎 𝑑
𝑃𝑐 = + 2+ +
8𝜂2 𝑑2 𝑎 2𝑑 2𝑎
2𝜔0 𝑊𝑒
𝑄𝑐 =
𝑃𝑐
 Unloaded Q of TE10𝑙 mode
Case II. The dielectric is lossy but cavity 𝑄𝑑 with lossy dielectric but perfectly
walls are perfectly conducting. conducting wall is

𝜖 = 𝜖 ′ − 𝑗𝜖 ′′ = 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 1 − 𝑗 tan 𝛿 𝜖 ′ 𝑎𝑏𝑑
2𝜔 𝐸0 2 𝜖 ′ 1
𝑄𝑑 = 16 = ′′ =
𝑎𝑏𝑑𝜔𝜖 ′′ 𝐸0 2 𝜖 tan 𝛿
Power dissipated within the dielectric volume 8
is
1 𝜔𝜖 ′′
𝑃𝑑 = න 𝐽Ԧ . 𝐸 𝑑𝑣 =
∗ න 𝐸 2 𝑑𝑣 Unloaded Q of the cavity is
2 𝑉 2 𝑉
−1
1 1
𝑎𝑏𝑑𝜔𝜖 ′′ 𝐸0 2 𝑄0 = +
= 𝑄𝑐 𝑄𝑑
8
 Circular Waveguide Cavity Resonator
Since the dominant mode of circular waveguide
is TE11 , the dominant mode of the circular
waveguide cavity is TE111 .
For TE𝑛𝑚 mode
′ 2
For TM modes, the mode with the lowest cut 𝑝𝑛𝑚
off frequency is TM01 mode. 𝛽𝑛𝑚 = 𝑘 2 −
𝑎
For TM𝑛𝑚 mode
The resonant frequencies of TE𝑛𝑚𝑙 and TM𝑛𝑚𝑙
𝑝𝑛𝑚 2
modes of the circular waveguide cavities can be 𝛽𝑛𝑚 = 𝑘2 −
found as follows: 𝑎

𝐸𝑡 𝜌, ∅, 𝑧 = 𝑒Ԧ 𝜌, ∅ 𝐴+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑛𝑚 𝑧 + 𝐴− 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑛𝑚 𝑧
 Circular Waveguide Cavity Resonator

𝐸𝑡 = 0 at 𝑧 = 0 For the resonant TE𝑛𝑚𝑙 mode

We have
𝐴+ = −𝐴− ′ 2 2
𝑐 𝑝𝑛𝑚 𝑙𝜋
𝐸𝑡 = 0 at 𝑧 = 𝑑 𝑓𝑛𝑚𝑙 = +
2𝜋 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟 𝑎 𝑑
We have
sin 𝛽𝑛𝑚 𝑑 = 0 For the resonant TM𝑛𝑚𝑙 mode

𝛽𝑛𝑚 𝑑 = 𝑙𝜋 where 𝑙 = 1,2,3 … 2

𝑐 𝑝𝑛𝑚 2 𝑙𝜋
𝑓𝑛𝑚𝑙 = +
2𝜋 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟 𝑎 𝑑
 Circular Waveguide Cavity Resonator

𝑄 factor for the cylindrical cavities can be found

in the same manner as in rectangular cavities.

Cylindrical cavity operating at TE011 mode is

often used for frequency meters because of its
higher 𝑄