RLC resonant Circuits

Second order circuits have band-pass or band-reject filter characteristics. This lecture presents the characteristics of
this type of circuits and introduces the definition of interrelated five parameters (o, Qo, BW, 1, 2).
Example 1:
(a) A parallel resonant circuit with fo=800kHz. Assuming the input signal has an amplitude of 1, determine H at
850kHz Q=100. Also determine BW
Sol.
1 1
𝐻 = = = 0.0832
2 2
𝜔 𝜔𝑜 850 800
1+ 𝑄2 1 + 1002
𝜔𝑜 − 𝜔 800 − 850

850 800
∅= − tan−1 𝑄 − = −85.3°
800 850
𝜔𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐵𝑊 = = 160𝜋 = 80𝐻𝑧
𝑄 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Practice:
1-A parallel RLC with 8k, 40mH, and 0.25sec. determine:
 Q,
 BW
 The cutoff frequencies.

2-A high-frequency parallel RLC resonant circuit has o of 10MRad/sec and BW =200kRad/sec. Determine Q and L if
C=10pF.

Summary of the definitions of Q:

 Q is the ratio of the inductor (and capacitor) current amplitude to the source current amplitude at resonance.
 Q is 2 times the ratio of the energy stored to the energy dissipated at the resonant state.
 Q is the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth.
 Other RLC resonant circuits and Bode Plots
The first part of this lecture focuses of on deriving the filter parameters for any circuit focusing on internal
resistance and the effect of loading.

1. Including the effect of stray resistance

Practically energy storage components (inductors and capacitors) are not ideal as the elements models suggest. The
inductor, for instance, has resistance associated with its wire. The capacitor has stray wire resistance and dielectric leakage
conductance. Accordingly, idealized model –as studied in the last lecture- may cause significant error. Including stray and
shunt resistors spoils the simple parallel and series RLC configurations studied earlier. This section studies the resonant state
of any combination of second order RLC circuits focusing on the effect of non-ideal elements.
In this section we are going to consider –as common example- the effect of the inductor internal resistance on the parallel
RLC circuits, as shown in Fig. 1. For this circuit we are going to derive the filter parameters using two methods as follows.

rL

Ii C R Vo
L

Fig. 1
The direct method
The direct method depends on the definition of the resonant state as the state at which the transfer function (H(j)) is real
number (at resonance the imaginary part =0).
For the circuit shown in Fig. 1: 𝑉𝑜
𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = = 𝑍𝑒𝑞
𝐼𝑜
1
𝑍𝑒𝑞 =
𝑌𝑒𝑞
1 1
𝑌𝑒𝑞 = + + 𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝑅 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑅 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑌𝑒𝑞 =
𝑅 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 + 𝑗𝜔 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿
𝑌𝑒𝑞 =
𝑅𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝑅𝜔𝐿
𝑍𝑒𝑞
𝑅𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝑅𝜔𝐿
=
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔 2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 + 𝑗𝜔 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 − 𝑗𝜔 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿
×
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔 2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 − 𝑗𝜔 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿
𝑍𝑒𝑞
𝑅𝑟𝐿 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 + 𝑅𝜔2 𝐿 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗 𝑅𝜔𝑟𝐿 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 − 𝑗𝑅𝑟𝐿 𝜔 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿
=
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔 2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 2 + 𝜔𝐿 + 𝜔𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿 2
The imaginary part of 𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑋𝑒𝑞
−𝑅𝑟𝐿 𝜔 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅𝜔𝐿 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔2 𝑅𝐿𝐶
𝑋𝑒𝑞 =
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔 2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 2 + 𝜔 2 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿 2
At resonance 𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 0
ሶ 𝐿 𝜔𝑜ሷ 𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅ሶ 𝜔𝑜ሷ 𝐿 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑅 − 𝜔𝑜 2 𝑅𝐿𝐶 = 0
−𝑅𝑟
−𝑟𝐿 𝐿 − 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿 2 + 𝐿𝑟𝐿 + 𝐿𝑅 − 𝜔𝑜 2 𝑅𝐿2 𝐶 = 0
𝜔𝑜 2 𝑅𝐿2 𝐶 = 𝐿𝑅 − 𝐶𝑅𝑟𝐿 2
𝜔𝑜 2 𝐿2 𝐶 = 𝐿 − 𝐶𝑟𝐿 2

2
𝐿 + 𝐶𝑟𝐿 2 1 𝑟𝐿 2
𝜔𝑜 = = −
𝐿2 𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝐿2

𝟏 𝒓𝑳 𝟐
𝝎𝒐 = −
𝑳𝑪 𝑳𝟐
At this point, if we want to carry on the analysis to find other parameters using symbolic parameters, we will face tedious
analytical manipulations. This process can be mitigated if we use numerical –rather than symbolic- parameters. Example 1
shows complete analysis.
Example 1: Determine the following parameters of the circuit shown in Fig. 2: 𝜔𝑜 , 𝑄, 𝐵𝑊, 𝜔𝑐1 , 𝜔𝑐2

Sol.
Fig. 2
From the analysis above

1 𝑟𝐿 2 1 64
𝜔𝑜 = − = − = 41,761 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐿𝐶 𝐿2 5 × 10−10 25 × 10−8
To determine Q:
 Determine H(o),
 Determine the Energy stored and Energy Dissipated at resonance.
 Find Q
 1
𝐻 𝜔𝑜 = \\ 𝑅𝑙 + 𝑗𝜔𝑜 𝐿 \\𝑅𝑠
𝑗𝜔𝑜 𝐶
We substitute the numerical values of the components and o
𝐻 𝜔𝑜 = 55.56∠0°
𝑉𝑜 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 = 𝐼𝑖 × 𝐻 𝜔𝑜 = 0.04 × 55.56∠0°
𝑉𝑜 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 = 2.22∠0°𝑉
The current in the L branch:
2.22∠0°
𝐼𝐿 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 = ≅ 0.1∠ − 69°𝐴
8 + 𝑗0.5𝑚 × 41761
The energy dissipated in Rs

𝑉𝑜2 1 2.222 2𝜋
𝑊𝑅𝑠 = = = 1.4859𝜇𝐽
𝑅𝑠 𝑓0 500 41 761
1 2𝜋
𝑊𝑅𝑙 = 𝐼𝐿 2 𝑅𝑙 = 0.01 × 8 × = 12.036𝜇𝐽
𝑓0 41 761

To Determine the energy stored assume (the arbitrary angle of the supply current=0), or:
𝑖𝑠 = 40 2cos(41761𝑡)
Gives 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 = 0 = 3.14𝑉
 The energy stored in the capacitor at (t=0) is:
1
𝑤𝑐 𝑡 = 0 = × 10−6 × 3.142 = 4.9298𝜇𝐽
2
at t=0, the current in the inductor;
𝑖𝐿 𝑡 = 0 = 0.1 2 cos −69 = 0.0507𝐴
The corresponding inductor current:
1
𝑤𝐿 𝑡 = 0 = × 0.5 × 10−3 × (0.0507)2 = 0.642𝜇𝐽
2
𝑤𝐿 + 𝑤𝐶 5.5718
𝑄 = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋 =
𝑤𝑅𝑠 + 𝑤𝑅𝑙 13.52
𝜔𝑜 41761
The cutoff frequencies: 𝐵𝑊 = = = 16,132𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄 2.59
2
1 16132
𝜔1 = 41761 1 + − = 36700𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2.59 2

2
1 16132
𝜔1 = 41761 1 + + = 52830𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2.59 2
Equivalent-circuit method
As an alternative method for analysis, we are going to replace the series 𝑟𝐿 𝐿 branch with the equivalent parallel
resistance and inductance as explained in Fig. 3. After that the circuit of Fig. 1 becomes a pure parallel RLC resonant circuit.

rL

rp Lp
L

The series branch impedance is: Fig. 3

𝑍 = 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
And the equivalent admittance:
1 𝑟𝐿 − 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑌= =. 2
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑟𝐿 + 𝜔𝐿 2
1 1
𝑌= +
𝑟𝑝 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑝
Gives:

𝑟𝐿 2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
𝑟𝑝 = 𝑟𝐿

𝑟𝐿 2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
And 𝜔𝐿𝑝 = 𝜔𝐿

𝑟𝐿 2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
𝐿𝑝 =
𝜔2𝐿
The resonant frequency of the circuit shown in Fig. 4 (which is the circuit configuration after replacing the series branch by its parallel equivalent) satisfies the
equation:

1 𝜔𝑜 2 𝐿
𝜔𝑜2 = =
𝐿𝑝 𝐶 2
𝐶𝑟𝐿 + 𝐶𝜔𝑜 2𝐿2
2 rL
𝜔𝑜2 𝐶𝑟𝐿 + 𝐶𝜔𝑜 4𝐿2 = 𝜔𝑜 2 𝐿

Divide by 𝜔𝑜2 Ii C R Vo
L
𝐶𝑟𝐿 2 + 𝐶𝜔𝑜 2 𝐿2 =𝐿

𝐶𝜔𝑜 2 𝐿2 =𝐿 − 𝐶𝑟𝐿 2
𝐿 − 𝐶𝑟𝐿 2 1 𝑟𝐿 2
𝜔𝑜 2 = = −
𝐶𝐿2 𝐿𝐶 𝐿2

1 𝑟𝐿 2 Ii rp Lp C R Vo
𝜔𝑜 = − Where 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟𝑝 \\𝑅
𝐿𝐶 𝐿2
𝑄 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝜔𝑜 𝐶
2-Cascaded Filters
Many electronic systems are arranged as cascaded stages as shown in Fig. 5.

V1 H1(j) V2
H2(j) V3 H3(j) V4

Fig. 5

If we assume that the transfer functions are not affected by loading, the transfer function of the cascaded system:

H(jω)=V4V1=V2V1×V3V2×V4V3=H1×H2×H3
 3- Bode Plots
Bode plot is a tool used to draw the variation of the transfer function (H) with the frequency. Bode diagram
has two graphs drawn on the same frequency scale; (i) |H(j)| and (j) therefore it is also known as the
gain and phase plot. Bode Plot is drawn using a semi-log graph paper as shown in Fig. 6.

The base-10 log axis is used as a frequency axis. The cycle of

the frequency axis is called a decade. The graph paper shown in
One Decade
Fig. 6 has 4 decades therefore its maximum frequency is 104
the minimum frequency.
The amplitude of transfer function (A) in Bode plots is draws
using logarithmic unit know as dB (for decibel or deci-Bell),
where:
𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = 20 log( 𝐻 )
In this section we will show how to draw the Bode diagram of a
LPF and HPF.

Fig. 6