Signals and Systems

EC205

Ananya Bonjyotsna
Tezpur University
Basic Operations on Signals
Operations performed on Dependent Variables

1. Amplitude Scaling

2. Addition

3. Multiplication

4. Differentiation

5. Integration

1 12
Operations performed on Independent Variables

1. Time Scaling

2. Time Reversal/Reflection/Reverse

3. Time Shifting

2 12
Operations on Dependent Variable

Amplitude scaling
Let x(t) denote a continuous-time signal. Then the signal y(t)
resulting from amplitude scaling applied to x(t) is defined by
y(t) = cx(t), c = scaling factor
The signal x(t) is multiplied by c at each instant of time.
Examples: Amplifier, voltage Similarly for discrete-time signal,
y[n] = cx[n]

3 12
Addition
Let x1 (t) and x2 (t) denote a pair of continuous-time signals. Then
the signal y(t) obtained by the addition of x1 (t) and x2 (t) is
defined by
y(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t)
For eg: Audio mixer; which combines music and voice signal
Similarly,

y[n] = x1 [n] + x2 [n]

4 12
Multiplication
Let x1 (t) and x2 (t) denote a pair of continuous-time signals. Then
the signal y(t) obtained by the multiplication of x1 (t) and x2 (t) is
defined by
y(t) = x1 (t)x2 (t)
For eg: AM radio signal; multiplication of audio signal and carrier
signal. Similarly,

y[n] = x1 [n]x2 [n]

5 12
Differentiation
Let x(t) denote a continuous-time signal. Then the signal y(t)
obtained by differentiating x(t) is defined by
d
y(t) = dt x(t)
For eg: Voltage across Inductor

Integration
Let x(t) denote a continuous-time signal. Then the signal y(t)
obtained by integrating x(t) is defined by
∫t
y(t) = −∞ x(τ )dτ
For eg: Voltage across Capacitor

6 12
Integration and differentiation do not exist for discrete-time
signals.
But difference and accumulation operations exists.
For eg: a difference equation can be written as,
y[n] = x[n] − x[n − 1]

For eg: an accumulation operation

∑ is given as,
y[n] = nk=−∞ x[n]

These operations do not represent differentiation or integration

but they are used similarly.

7 12
Operations performed on Inde-
pendent Variable
Operations performed on Independent Variable

Time Scaling
Let x(t) denote a continuous-time signal. Then the signal y(t)
obtained by a factor ’a’ is defined by
y(t) = x(at)
If a > 1, the signal y(t) is a compressed version of x(t)
If 0 < a < 1, y(t) is an expanded version of x(t)
Similarly, for discrete-time signal
y[n] = x[kn], k > 0
which is defined on for integer values of ’n’.

8 12
Time Reversal/ Reverse/ Reflections
Let x(t) denote a cont-time signal.
Let y(t) denote the signal obtained by replacing time ’t’ with ’-t’,
that is
y(t) = x(−t)
The signal y(t) represents a reflected version of x(t) about t = 0
Similarly,
y[n] = x[−n]

9 12
Time Shifting
Let x(t) denote a cont-time signal. Time-shifted version of x(t) is
defined by
y(t) = x(t − t0 )
where t0 is the time shift.
If t0 > 0, the waveform of y(t) is obtained by shifting x(t) toward
right, relative to time axis.
If t0 < 0, the waveform of y(t) is obtained by shifting x(t) toward
left, relative to time axis.

10 12
Rules for Time shifting, Time scaling and Time Reversing
For eg: y(t) = x(−at − b) of a given x(t)
1st Step: Perform Time-shifting on x(t) i.e. x(t-b). Say v(t)=x(t-b)

2nd Step: Perform Time-scaling on v(t) to get v(at)=x(at-b)

3rd Step: Perform Time-reversal on v(at) to get v(-at)=y(t).

11 12