EC19303-SIGNALS AND

SYSTEMS
Objectives:

• To understand the basic properties of Signals & Systems and the

various methods of classification
• To learn Fourier transform, Laplace Transform & Z- transform with
their properties
• To learn the characteristics of CT and DT LTI systems using Laplace
Transform & Z- transform
 Introduction to Signals

signal: function of one or more variables that conveys information about some
(usually physical) phenomenon
for function f (t1, t2, . . . , t n ), each of { t k } is called independent variable,
function value itself referred to as dependent variable
examples of signals:
voltage or current in electronic circuit
position, velocity, and acceleration of object
forces or torques in mechanical system
flow rates of liquids or gases in chemical process
digital image, digital video, digital audio
stock market index
Independent variables enclosed in parentheses for continuous-time signal (e.g.,
x(t)) and brackets for discrete-time signal (e.g., x[n])
Examples of Signals
Stock Market data as signal (time series)

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SYSTEM:
Entity that processes one or more input signals in order to produce one or more
output signals
 Examples of signals and systems
Voltage and current as functions of time in an electrical circuit are
examples of signals.
A circuit is itself an example of a system (T), which responds to
applied voltages and current

currents.

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Systems
Why Study Signals and Systems?

•Engineers build systems that process/manipulate signals

•need formal mathematical framework for study of such systems
•can use framework to ensure system meets required specifications
(performance, safety)
 Classification of Signal

Signal Continuous time signal: A signal that is defined for every

instants of time is known as continuous time signal.
Continuous time signals are continuous in amplitude and
continuous in time
Analog Digital

CT DT

Discrete time signal: A signal that Digital signal: The signals that are discrete in time and
is defined for discrete instants of quantized in amplitude is called digital signal
time is known as discrete time
signal. Discrete time signals are
continuous in amplitude and discrete
in time. It is also obtained by
sampling a continuous time signal.
Step signal Parabolic
signal

Ramp signal
Unit Pulse signal Properties of Impulse signal:

Property 1:

Impulse signal
Property 2:
Sinusoidal signal

Cosinusoidal signal is defined as 𝑥(𝑡) =𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛺𝑡+𝛷) Sinusoidal signal is defined as 𝑥(𝑡) =𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛺𝑡+𝛷)
Exponential signal

Real Exponential signal is defined as 𝑥(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑡 where A is amplitude.

Depending on the value of ‘a’ we get dc signal or growing exponential signal or decaying exponential signal
Complex exponential signal is defined as 𝑥(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒𝑠𝑡
where 𝐴 is amplitude,
s is complex variable and
𝑠=𝜎+𝑗Ω
𝑥(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒𝑠𝑡
=𝐴𝑒(𝜎+𝑗Ω)t
=𝐴𝑒𝜎𝑡𝑒𝑗Ω𝑡
=𝐴𝑒𝜎𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω𝑡+𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω𝑡)
𝑤h𝑒𝑛 𝜎=+𝑣𝑒, 𝑡h𝑒𝑛
𝑥(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒𝜎𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω𝑡+𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω𝑡),
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑥𝑟(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒𝜎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑖(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒𝜎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω𝑡
𝑤h𝑒𝑛 𝜎=-𝑣𝑒, 𝑡h𝑒𝑛
𝑥(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒 - 𝜎𝑡(𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω𝑡+𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω𝑡),
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑥𝑟(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒 - 𝜎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠Ω𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑖(𝑡) =𝐴𝑒 - 𝜎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω𝑡
 ∞
  2
Evaluate the following integrals 3. ∫ (𝑡 −3 ) 𝛿 ( 𝑡 −3 ) ⅆ 𝑡
−∞

  5 When t=3--δ(0)=1
1.∫ 𝛿 ( 𝑡 ) sin 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 ⅆ 𝑡
0

When t=0, δ(t)=1

∞
 
4 . ∫ [ 𝛿 (𝑡 ) cos 𝑡 + 𝛿 ( 𝑡 ) sin 𝑡 ] ⅆ 𝑡
−∞

  ∞ When t=0, δ(t)=1

−𝑡
2. ∫ 𝛿 ( 𝑡 +3 ) ⅇ ⅆ 𝑡
−∞ 1.Cos 0 + 1.Sin 0=1

∞
When t=-3--δ(0)=1   − 𝑗 Ω𝑡
5 . ∫ 𝛿 (𝑡) ⅇ ⅆ𝑡
−∞
When t=0, δ(t)=1
Discrete-Time Signals
• A Discrete-time signal x(n) is a function of an independent integer variable n. The signal x(n) is
not defined for non- integer values of n.

We can represent a discrete-time signal different ways;

1. Graphical representation
2. Functional representation
3. Tabular representation
4. Sequential representation
2. Functional representation 1. Graphical representation

3. Tabular representation
n … -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 …

x(n) … 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 …

4. Sequential representation

x(n)={0,0,0,1,4,1,0,0}

The time origin (n=0) is indicated by the symbol

Step signal Pulse signal (Rectangular pulse function)

Unit Ramp signal Unit Impulse signal

Sinusoidal signal
Cosinusoidal signal is defined as 𝑥(𝑛) =𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑛) Sinusoidal signal is defined as 𝑥(𝑛) =𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑛)
Exponential signal
Real Exponential signal is defined as x[n]  C * n
CASE (I) α > 1 e.g. x[n]  2 *1.1n

Camplitude
 CASE (II) 0   
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x[n]  C * n x[n]  2 *
0.9n
 CASE (III) -1    0

x[n]  C * n x[n]  2 * (-0.9)n

CASE (IV) α < - 1 e.g. x[n]  2 *(-1.1)n

Camplitude
CASE (V) α = 1 e.g. x[n]  2 *(1.1)n

Camplitude
Discrete-Time Complex Exponential

x[n]  C n ,

where C and  are in general complex numbers. Alternatively we

can express the sequence in the following form : -
x[n]  Cen , where   e  .

Although this form is similar to the continuous - time exponential signal

we have described previously, the former form is perferred when dealing
with the discrete - time sequence.
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x[n]  C * where   1 e.g.
n x[n]  2 *(1.1)n
x[n]  C * n where 0    x[n]  2 * (0.9)n
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