Practical-1

Aim: To study signal representation.

Theory: Signal
Signal is a time varying physical phenomenon which is intended to convey information.
OR
Signal is a function of time.
OR
Signal is a function of one or more independent variables, which contain some information.
Example: voice signal, video signal, signals on telephone wires etc.

1.Unit Step Function

Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as u(t) = {10t⩾0t<0{1t⩾00t<0

● It is used as best test signal.

● Area under unit step function is unity.

2.Unit Impulse Function

Impulse function is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as δ(t) = {10t=0t≠0{1t=00t≠0

∫∞−∞δ(t)dt=u(t)∫−∞∞δ(t)dt=u(t)
 δ(t)=du(t)dtδ(t)=du(t)dt

3.Ramp Signal
Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as r(t) = {t0t⩾0t<0{tt⩾00t<0

∫u(t)=∫1=t=r(t)∫u(t)=∫1=t=r(t)
u(t)=dr(t)dtu(t)=dr(t)dt
Area under unit ramp is unity.

4.Parabolic Signal
Parabolic signal can be defined as x(t) = {t2/20t⩾0t<0{t2/2t⩾00t<0

∬u(t)dt=∫r(t)dt=∫tdt=t22=parabolicsignal∬u(t)dt=∫r(t)dt=∫tdt=t22=parabolicsignal
⇒u(t)=d2x(t)dt2⇒u(t)=d2x(t)dt2
⇒r(t)=dx(t)dt⇒r(t)=dx(t)dt

5.Signum Function
Signum function is denoted as sgn(t). It is defined as

sgn(t) = 1 {t>0
=0 {t=0
=-1 {t<0
 sgn(t) = 2u(t) – 1(property of unit step signal)

6.Exponential Signal
Exponential signal is in the form of x(t) = eαteαt.
The shape of exponential can be defined by αα.
Case i: if α = 0 →→ x(t) = e0 = 1

Case ii: if α < 0 i.e. -ve then x(t) = te−αt. The shape is called decaying exponential.

Case iii: if α > 0 i.e. +ve then x(t) = eαt. The shape is called raising exponential.
7.Rectangular Signal
Let it be denoted as x(t) and it is defined as

8.Triangular Signal
Let it be denoted as x(t)

9.Sinusoidal Signal
Sinusoidal signal is in the form of x(t) = A cos(w0±ϕw0±ϕ) or A sin(w0±ϕw0±ϕ)

Where T0 = 2πw02πw0

10.Sinc Function
It is denoted as sinc(t) and it is defined as sinc(t)=sinπtπt
for t=±1,±2,±3...
11.Sampling Function
It is denoted as sa(t) and it is defined as
sa(t)=sint
for t=±π,±2π,±3π...

Conclusion: hence we studied representation of basic signals such as unit

step,ramp,rectangular,exponential,sine,cosine etc signals in continuous and discrete forms using matlab
software.