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TO SIGNALS AND
SYSTEMS
PGT 205 1
Signals and Systems.
1.1 What is a Signal ?
1.2 Classification of a Signals.
1.2.1 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
1.2.2 Even and Odd Signals.
1.2.3 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals.
1.2.4 Deterministic and Random Signals.
1.2.5 Energy and Power Signals.
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Cont’d…
1.4 Elementary Signals.
1.4.1 Sinusoidal Signal.
1.4.2 Step Function.
1.4.3 Ramped Function.
1.4.4 Impulse Function.
1.4.5 Properties of the Impulse
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Cont’d…
By definition, signal is a function of one or more variable, which conveys
information on the nature of a physical phenomenon.
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1.2 Classifications of a Signal.
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1.2.1 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time
Signals.
Continuous-Time (CT) Signals
Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 1.12 (p. 17)
1.2.2 Even and Odd Signals.
A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be an even signal if
In summary, an even signal are symmetric about the vertical axis (time origin)
whereas an odd signal are antisymetric about the origin.
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Example 1.1: Even and Odd Signals.
Find the even and odd components of each of the following signals:
(a) x(t) = 4cos(3πt)
Answer:
ge(t) = 4cos(3πt)
go(t) = 0
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1.2.3 Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals.
Periodic Signal.
A periodic signal x(t) is a function of time that satisfies the condition
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1.2.4 Deterministic and Random
Signals.
Deterministic Signal.
A deterministic signal is a signal that is no uncertainty with
respect to its value at any time.
The deterministic signal can be modeled as completely specified
function of time.
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Energy Signal
The signal energy of a CT signal,
x(t), is
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1.3.1 Time Scaling.
Time scaling refers to the multiplication of the variable by a real
positive constant.
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1.3.2 Reflection and Folding.
Let x(t) denote a continuous-time signal and y(t) is the signal
obtained by replacing time t with –t;
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Example 1.2: Reflection.
Given the triangular pulse x(t), find the reflected version of x(t) about
the amplitude axis (origin).
Solution:
Replace the variable t with –t, so we get y(t) = x(-t) as in figure below.
Figure 1.14: Shift to the Left. Figure 1.15: Shift to the Right.
Q: How does the x(t) signal looks like?
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Example 1.3: Time Shifting.
Given the rectangular pulse x(t) of unit amplitude and unit duration.
Find y(t)=x (t - 2)
Solution:
t0 is equal to 2 time units. Shift x(t) to the right by 2 time units.
a) x(t -1)
b) x(2t)
c) x(-t)
x(t)
-1 3
Figure 1.17
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Solution: x(t)
(a) x(t -1) (b) x(2t)
x(t-1)
2
2
t t
0 4 -1/2 3/2
(c) x(-t)
x(-t)
t
-3 1
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Example 1.5: Continuous Signal.
A continuous signal x(t) is shown in Figure 1.17a. Sketch and label each
of the following signals.
a) x(t)= u(t -1)
b) x(t)= [u(t)-u(t-1)]
c) x(t)= δ(t - 3/2)
Solution:
Figure 1.17a
(a) x(t)= u(t -1) (b) x(t)= [u(t)-u(t-1)] (c) x(t)=d(t - 3/2)
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Example 1.5: Discrete Time Signal.
A discrete-time signal x[n] is shown below,
Sketch and label each of the following signal.
x[n]
0 1 2 3 n
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Cont’d…
(a) A discrete-time signal, x[n-2].
❑ A delay by 2
x[n-2]
0 1 2 3 4 5 n
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Cont’d…
(b) A discrete-time signal, x[2n].
Down-sampling by a factor of 2.
x(2n)
0 1 2 3 n
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Cont’d…
(c) A discrete-time signal, x[-n+2].
x(-n+2)
-1 0 1 2 n
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Cont’d…
(d) A discrete-time signal, x[-n].
❑ Time reversal
x(-n)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 n
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Exercises .
A continuous-time signal x(t) is shown below, Sketch and label each
of the following signal
x(t)
0 4 t
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1.4 Elementary Signals
1.4.1 Sinusoidal Signal.
1.4.2 Step Function.
1.4.3 Ramped Function.
1.4.4 Impulse Function.
1.4.5 Properties of the Impulse
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1.4.1 Sinusoidal Signals.
A general form of sinusoidal signal is
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1.4.2 Step Function.
The discrete-time version of the unit-step function is defined
by,
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The Unit Step Function
Precise Commonly-Used
Graph Graph
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1.4.3 The Unit Ramp Function.
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Q.1
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A.1
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Q.2
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A.2
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A.2
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Q.3
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A.3
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A.3
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Q.4
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Q.5
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A.5
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A.5
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Q.6
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Q.6
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Q.6
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Q.6
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Q.6
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Q.7
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Q.7
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Q.7
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Q.9
Find the signal energy of
these signals.
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1.5 What is a System ?
A system can be viewed as an interconnection of operation that
transfer an input signal into an output signal with properties
different from those of the input signal.
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Cont’d…
Real life example of system;
(i) In automatic speaker recognition system; the system is to extract
the information from an incoming speech signal for the purpose of
recognizing and identifying the speaker.
(ii) In communication system; the system will transport the the
information contained in the message over a communication
channel and deliver that information to the destination.
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1.6 Properties of Systems.
The properties of a system describe the characteristics of the
operator H representing the system.
Basic properties of the system;
1.6.1 Linearity
1.6.2 Time Invariance.
1.6.3 Memory.
1.6.4 Causality.
1.6.5 Stability.
1.6.6 Linear Time Invariant Systems
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1.6.1 Linearity.
A system is said to be linear in term of the system input
(excitation) x(t) and the system output (response) y(t) if it satisfies
the following two properties.
1. Superposition
The system is initially at rest. The input is x(t)=x1(t), the
output y(t)=y1(t). So x(t)=x1(t)+x2(t) the corresponding
output y(t)=y1(t)+y2(t).
2. Homogeneity/Scaling
The system is initially at rest. Input x(t) result in y(t). The
system exhibit the property of homogeneity if x(t) scaled by
constant factor a result in output y(t) is scaled by exact
constant a.
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1.6.2 Time Invariance.
A system is said to be time invariant if the time delay or time
advance of the input signal leads to an identical time shift in the
output signal.
The Time invariance system responds identically no mater when
the input signal is applied.
Figure 1.33: (a) Time-shift operator St0 preceding operator H. (b) Time-shift operator
St0 following operator H. These two situations are equivalent, provided that H is
time invariant
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Time Invariance.
□ If an excitation causes a response and delaying the
excitation simply delays the response by the same amount
of time, regardless of the amount of delay, then the system
is time invariant
Note that v(t) depends not just on i(t) at one point in time t.
Therefore, the system that relates v to i exhibits memory.
The system is said to be memoryless if its output signal depends
only on the present value of the input signal.
Example: The resistive divider network
Therefore, vo(to) depends upon the value of vi(to) and not on vi(t)
for t = to. 76
Example 1.6: Memory and Memoryless System.
Below is the moving-average system described by the input-output
relation. Does it has memory or not?
(a)
(b)
Solution:
(a) It has memory, the value of the output signal y[n] at time n depends
on the present and two pass values of x[n].
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1.6.4 Causality.
Causal.
A system is said to be casual if the present value of the output signal
depends only on the present or the past values of the input signal.
The system cannot anticipate the input.
Noncausal.
In contrast, the output signal of a noncausal system depends on
one or more future values of the input signal.
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Causality
Causal or noncausal?
Solution:
Noncausal; the output signal y[n] depends on a future value of the
input signal, x[n+1]
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1.6.5 Stability.
A system is said to be bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO)
stable if and only if all bounded inputs result in bounded outputs.
The output of the system does not diverge if the input does not
diverge.
For the resistor, if i(t) is bounded then so is v(t), but for the
capacitance this is not true. Consider i(t) = u(t) then v(t) = tu(t)
which is unbounded.
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1.6.6 Linear Time Invariant Systems.
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Example:
(i) memoryless
□
(ii) time invariant
(iii) linear
(iv) causal
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