EEE424 Electronics 2

EEE424 Electronics 2

Analog Electronics
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Common Op-Amp Circuits

Inverting amplifier
Noninverting amplifier
Unity follower
Summing amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Inverting/Noninverting Amplifiers

Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier

 EEE424 Electronics 2
Unity Follower
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Summing Amplifier

Because the op-amp

has a high input
impedance, the
multiple inputs are
treated as separate
inputs.
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Integrator

The output is the

integral of the input;
i.e., proportional to the
area under the input
waveform. This circuit
is useful in low-pass
filter circuits and sensor
conditioning circuits.
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Differentiator

The differentiator
takes the derivative
of the input. This
circuit is useful in
high-pass filter
circuits.
 EEE424 Electronics 2

This is an adding circuit

Since

𝑉 1− 0 𝑉 1 𝑉2 𝑉3
𝑖1= = 𝑖2= 𝑖3 =
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑖 𝑓 =𝑖1 +𝑖2 +𝑖3
𝑖𝑓
𝑖1 Rf
𝑉1 R1
𝑖2
_
𝑉2 R2
𝑖3 +
𝑉3 R3

−𝑉 ( ) ( )𝑉( )
0 −𝑉 𝑜 =𝑖 𝑓 𝑅𝑓 =( 𝑖1 +𝑖2 +𝑖3 ) 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
−𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 1 +𝑉 2 +𝑉 3
𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑜
And if you make all resistors equal values
( )
𝑜
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
−𝑉 𝑜= + + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 −𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 1 +𝑉 2+V 3
 EEE424 Electronics 2

( ( ) )
𝑅2
𝑉 1− 𝑉 2
𝑉 𝑉 𝑅 2=
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2
𝑅2
+¿=𝑉 2 ( 𝑅2
𝑅1+ 𝑅 2 )
=𝑣 ¿ ¿ 𝑅1

𝑖1=
𝑉 1 −𝑉 2 (𝑅2
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 ) (
𝑉 𝑅 2= 𝑉 1 −𝑉 2 ( 𝑅2
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 )) 𝑅2
𝑅1
𝑅1
R2
𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 − 𝑉 𝑅 2
R1
𝑉1 _
𝑉2 +
R1
R2
𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 2 ( 𝑅2
𝑉
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2𝑜
− 𝑉 )(
1 − 𝑉 2
𝑅2
(
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 )) 𝑅2
𝑅1
 EEE424 Electronics 2

𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 2 ( 𝑅2
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2)(
− 𝑉 1− 𝑉 2
𝑅2
(
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 )) 𝑅2
𝑅1

𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 2 ( 𝑅2
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2) ( ) (
− 𝑉1
𝑅2
𝑅1
+𝑉 2
𝑅2
𝑅1+ 𝑅 2 )( )𝑅2
𝑅1

𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 2 ( 𝑅2
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2) (
+𝑉 2
𝑅2
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 )( ) ( )
𝑅2
𝑅1
− 𝑉1
𝑅2
𝑅1

𝑉 𝑜= 𝑉 2
( ( 𝑅2
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 ))( 1+
𝑅2
𝑅1) ( )
−𝑉 1
𝑅2
𝑅1

𝑉 𝑜=𝑉 2 ( 𝑅2
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 )( 𝑅1+ 𝑅 2
𝑅1 ) ( ) ( ) ( )
−𝑉 1
𝑅2
𝑅1
=𝑉 2
𝑅2
𝑅1
−𝑉 1
𝑅2
𝑅1
=( 𝑉 2 −𝑉 1 )
𝑅2
𝑅1
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Adder circuit without inversion

RB
_
RA
+ 𝑉𝑜
𝑉1 RA
𝑉2 RA
𝑉3 RA
𝑉𝑥
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Adder circuit without inversion 𝑣= ( 26.67

10 𝑘 )
20 𝑘

20k
26.67
𝑖=
10 𝑘
10k _ 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =80 𝑚𝑉

+ 𝑉𝑜
10𝑚𝑉 10k ( 10 − 𝑉 𝑥 ) ( 20 −𝑉 𝑥 ) ( 50− 𝑉 𝑥 )
+ + =0
10 𝑘 10 𝑘 10 𝑘
20𝑚𝑉 10k
( 10 − 𝑉 𝑥 ) + ( 20 −𝑉 𝑥 ) + ( 5 0 − 𝑉 𝑥 )
50𝑚𝑉 10k 10 𝑘
=0

80
𝑉𝑥 1 0+20+50 − 3 𝑉 𝑥 =0 𝑉 𝑋=
3
 EEE424 Electronics 2

RB
RA _
+ 𝑉𝑜
𝑉1 RA
So do it symbolically now
𝑉2 RA
𝑉3 RA
𝑉𝑥
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Adder circuit

RB
_
RA
+ 𝑉𝑜
𝑉1 RA
𝑉2 RA
𝑉3 RA
𝑉4 RA
𝑉5
𝑉𝑥
RA
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Adder circuit

RB
RA _
+ 𝑉𝑜
𝑉1 RA ( 𝑉 1 −𝑉 𝑥 ) ( 𝑉 2 − 𝑉 𝑥 ) ( 𝑉 3 −𝑉 𝑥 )
+ + =0
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐴
𝑉2 RA
𝑉 1 +𝑉 2+𝑉 3
𝑉 𝑋=
𝑉3 RA 3

𝑉𝑥
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Inverting current amplifier

R1

_
+ R2

RL
 EEE424 Electronics 2

𝑣 1+ 𝑣 2=0 𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑅 1+𝑖2 𝑅 2=0

𝑖2=𝑖 𝑅𝐿

𝑖1 𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑅 1+𝑖𝑅𝐿 𝑅 2=0

R1
𝑣1
𝑖𝑖𝑛
_ 𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑅 1=− 𝑖𝑅𝐿 𝑅 2

+ R2 𝑣2 𝑖 𝑅𝐿 𝑅1
=−
𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑅2

𝑣 𝑅𝐿
RL
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Inverting current amplifier – may be even easier with some figures

Since this is a current source, it would be usual to have low values of resistance – so I have
changed the strange values used in the lecture.

10 Ω

_
+ 5Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑛 =200 𝑚𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑛 =− 400 𝑚𝐴

RL=12 Ω
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Inverting current amplifier – may be even easier with some figures

AND FINALLY, how I wish I had drawn it (but didn’t change simply because – as I keep
saying – I need you to be able to analyse the circuit, not remember it)

10 Ω

_
+ 5Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑛 =200 𝑚𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑛 =− 400 𝑚𝐴

RL=12 Ω
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Non-Inverting current amplifier

_
+ R2
R1
RL
 EEE424 Electronics 2
𝑖𝑖𝑛 =𝑖1

𝑣 1=𝑣2 𝑖1 𝑅 1=𝑖2 𝑅 2

𝑖1+ 𝑖2=𝑖 𝑅𝐿

𝑖2=𝑖 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑖1 𝑖1 𝑅 1= ( 𝑖 𝑅𝐿 −𝑖1 ) 𝑅 2

𝑖1 𝑅 1=𝑖 𝑅𝐿 𝑅 2 −𝑖1 𝑅 2

_ 𝑖1 𝑅 1+𝑖1 𝑅 2=𝑖𝑅𝐿 𝑅 2

𝑖𝑖𝑛
+ R2 𝑣2 𝑖 𝑅𝐿 𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2
=
𝑖1 𝑖1 𝑅2
R1
𝑣1 𝑣 𝑅𝐿
RL
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Non-Inverting current amplifier – again with some numbers

_
+ 5Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑛 =600 𝑚𝐴
10 Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑛 =200 𝑚𝐴
RL = 12 Ω
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Find the output voltage as a function of the two input voltages.

𝑅 2 𝑅3
=
𝑅1 𝑅 4

𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑖3 𝑖4 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
R1 R2 R3 R4
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4

_ _
𝑉𝐴
+ 𝑉𝐵
+
 EEE424 Electronics 2
0 −𝑉 𝐴 − 𝑉 𝐴 𝑖1=𝑖 2
𝑖1= =
𝑅1 𝑅1

𝑅 2 𝑅3 −𝑉 𝐴
𝑅2
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1=𝑉 𝐴 − 𝑣 2=𝑉 𝐴 +𝑉 𝐴
= 𝑣 2=𝑖 2 𝑅 2= 𝑅2 𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑅 4 𝑅1

𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵
𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑖3 𝑖4 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
R1 R2 R3 R4
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4

_ _
𝑉𝐴
+ 𝑉𝐵
+

( )
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉 𝐴+𝑉 𝐴 −𝑉 𝐵 𝑉 𝐴 +𝑉 𝐴 −𝑉 𝐵
𝑣3 𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑖3 = = 𝑖3 =𝑖4 𝑣 4 =𝑖4 𝑅 4= 𝑅4
𝑅3 𝑅3 𝑅3
 EEE424 Electronics 2

( )
𝑅2
𝑉 𝐴 +𝑉 𝐴 −𝑉 𝐵
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 −𝑣 4 𝑅1
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2= 𝑉 𝐵 − 𝑅4
𝑅3

𝑅 2 𝑅3
=
𝑅1 𝑅 4
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 − ( ) ( )( ) ( )
𝑅4
𝑅3
𝑉 𝐴−
𝑅4
𝑅3
𝑅2
𝑅1
𝑉 𝐴+
𝑅4
𝑉
𝑅3 𝐵

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑖3 𝑖4
R1 R2 R3 R4
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4

_ _
𝑉𝐴
+ 𝑉𝐵
+

( )
𝑅2
𝑉 𝐴 +𝑉 𝐴 −𝑉 𝐵
𝑅1
𝑣 4 =𝑖4 𝑅 4= 𝑅4
𝑅3
 EEE424 Electronics 2

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 − ( )
𝑅4
𝑅3
𝑉 𝐴 −𝑉 𝐴 +
𝑅4
𝑉
𝑅3 𝐵 ( )
𝑅 2 𝑅3
=
𝑅1 𝑅 4
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 − ( ) ( )( ) ( )
𝑅4
𝑅3
𝑉 𝐴−
𝑅4
𝑅3
𝑅2
𝑅1
𝑉 𝐴+
𝑅4
𝑉
𝑅3 𝐵

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑖3 𝑖4
R1 R2 R3 R4
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4

_ _
𝑉𝐴
+ 𝑉𝐵
+

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 − ( )
𝑅4
𝑅3
𝑉 𝐴 −𝑉 𝐴 +
𝑅4
𝑅3 ( )
𝑉 𝐵 =𝑉 𝐵 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3 (
− 𝑉 𝐴 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3 ) ( )
 EEE424 Electronics 2
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 1+ ( 𝑅4
𝑅3 )
−𝑉 𝐴 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3( )
𝑅 2 𝑅3
=
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2= ( 𝑉 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐴 ) 1+ ( 𝑅4
𝑅3 )
𝑜𝑟 ( 𝑉 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐴 ) 1+
𝑅1
𝑅2 ( )
𝑅1 𝑅 4

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑖3 𝑖4
R1 R2 R3 R4
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4

_ _
𝑉𝐴
+ 𝑉𝐵
+

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 − ( )
𝑅4
𝑅3
𝑉 𝐴 −𝑉 𝐴 +
𝑅4
𝑅3 ( )
𝑉 𝐵 =𝑉 𝐵 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3 (
− 𝑉 𝐴 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3 ) ( )
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Note about the derivation done in class. It was 100% correct, but I didn’t see that I simply
needed to insert the relationship between the variables. And differences in blue text.

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1=𝑉 𝐴 − 𝑣 2=𝑉 𝐴 ( 1+

𝑅2
) 𝑖3 =𝑖4 =
𝑣3
=
(
𝑉 𝐴 1+
𝑅2
𝑅1 )
−𝑉𝐵
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅3
𝑅 2 𝑅3
=
𝑅1 𝑅 4 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑖3 𝑖4
R1 R2 R3 R4
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4

_ _
𝑉𝐴
+ 𝑉𝐵
+

( ( ) )
𝑅2

( ( ) )
𝑅2 𝑉 𝐴 1+ −𝑉 𝐵
𝑉𝐴 1+ −𝑉 𝐵 𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2= 𝑉 𝐵 − 𝑅4
𝑣 4 =𝑖4 𝑅 4= 𝑅4 𝑅3
𝑅3
 EEE424 Electronics 2

( ( ) )
𝑅2
𝑉 𝐴 1+ −𝑉 𝐵
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2= 𝑉 𝐵 −
𝑅1
𝑅3
𝑅 4=𝑉 𝐵 − 𝑉 𝐴 1+
( (
𝑅2
𝑅1
−𝑉 𝐵 ) )( )𝑅4
𝑅3

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐴 1+ ( 𝑅2
𝑅1 )( ) ( )
𝑅4
𝑅3
+𝑉 𝐵
𝑅4
𝑅3

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 1+ ( 𝑅4
𝑅3) (
−𝑉 𝐴 1+
𝑅2
𝑅1 )( )𝑅4
𝑅3

This was the last line written on the board – and I spent some time looking at it for a mistake.

But all I had to do was assume the relationship given;

𝑅 2 𝑅3
=
𝑅1 𝑅 4 (
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3)−𝑉 𝐴 1+(𝑅3
𝑅4 )( )
𝑅4
𝑅3
 EEE424 Electronics 2

(
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3 ) (
−𝑉 𝐴
𝑅4 𝑅3 𝑅4
+ ×
𝑅3 𝑅 4 𝑅3 )

(
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=𝑉 𝐵 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3 )
−𝑉 𝐴 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3( )

(
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2= ( 𝑉 𝐵 −𝑉 𝐴 ) 1+
𝑅4
𝑅3 )
As required
 EEE424 Electronics 2

𝑖1=−
40 𝑚𝑉
10 𝑘
=𝑖2
𝑣 3=20 −120=−100 𝑚𝑉 𝑣 4 =100 ( )
40
30
=133.3 𝑚𝑉

100
𝑣 2=− 80 𝑚𝑉 𝑖3 = =𝑖 4
30 𝑘

𝑣 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1=120 𝑚𝑉 𝑣 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2=20 −133.3=− 113.3𝑚𝑉

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑖3 𝑖4
10k 20k 30k 40k
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4

_ _
40 𝑚𝑉 + 20𝑚𝑉 +

Again – this is much simpler with values (and show this in a spreadsheet too)
 EEE424 Electronics 2

Adder circuit

RB
_
RA
+ 𝑉𝑜
𝑉1 RA
𝑉2 RA
𝑉3 RA
𝑉4 RA 𝑉 1 +𝑉 2+𝑉 3 +𝑉 4 +𝑉 5

𝑉5
𝑉𝑥 𝑉 𝑋=
5
RA
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Active Low Pass Filters
An active low-pass filter (LPF) is a type of analog circuit using active components,
typically an amplifier that passes low frequency components and attenuates high
frequency components
1
𝐻 𝐿𝑃 1 ( 𝜔 )=𝐾
𝑗𝜔
+1
𝜔0
𝜔→0 |𝐻 ( 𝜔 )|=𝐾
𝜔→∞ |𝐻 ( 𝜔 )|=0

1
𝐻 𝐿𝑃 2 ( 𝜔 )=𝐾
( )
2
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔 1
+ +1
𝜔0 𝜔0 𝑄
𝜔→0 |𝐻 ( 𝜔 )|=𝐾
𝜔→∞ |𝐻 ( 𝜔 )|=0
 EEE424 Electronics 2
Transfer Function Analysis

1
𝐻 𝐿𝑃 2 ( 𝜔 )=𝐾
( )
2
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔 Maximum passband flatness
+ +1
𝜔0 𝑄 𝜔0 Q
An immediate passband-to-stopband transition
 EEE424 Electronics 2
From Passive to Active LPF

High Input Impedance Low Output Impedance

+
-
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 <𝑉 𝑖𝑛
 EEE424 Electronics 2
First-order LPF with gain K
𝑅𝑎
Op-amp 𝑉 𝐴= 𝑉𝑜
𝑅 𝑎+ 𝑅 𝑏

𝑉 𝐴 −𝑉 𝑖
Node A +𝑠𝐶 𝑉 𝐴 =0
𝑅

𝑅𝑏
1+ 1 1
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑎 𝜔 0= 𝑅=
=𝐻 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑖 1+ 𝑠𝑅𝐶 𝜔0 𝐶

𝐾 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑏 =𝑅 𝑎 ( 𝐾 − 1 )
𝐻 𝐿𝑃 1 ( 𝜔 )= 𝐾 =1+
𝑗𝜔 𝑅𝑎
+1
𝜔0