Circuit Theory 1

회로 이론 1

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Professor Mannan Saeed Muhammad
College of Information and Communication Engineering

EEE2011 2023-06-02
first-order
RL circuit

first-order
RC circuit
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1st Order Differential Equations/systems

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• General form: 𝑎1 + 𝑎0 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑡 ➔ + 𝐴0 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑡) ➔ + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

• Laplace transform: 𝑠𝑌 𝑠 + 𝐴0 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑈 𝑠 ➔ 𝑠𝑌 𝑠 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑈(𝑠)

• Characteristic Equation: 𝑠 + 𝐴0 = 0 ➔ 𝑠 + 𝑃 = 0

• Solution: 𝑠 = −𝐴0 ➔ 𝑠 = −𝑃

• Roots
– Real 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡

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2nd Order Differential Equations/systems

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• General form: 𝑎2 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎0 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑡 ➔ + 𝐴1 + 𝐴0 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑡) ➔ + 2𝜁𝜔𝑛 + 𝜔𝑛2 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

• Laplace transform: s2 𝑌 𝑠 + 𝑠𝐴1 𝑌 𝑠 + 𝐴0 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑈 𝑠 ➔ 𝑠 2 𝑌 𝑠 + 2𝜁𝜔𝑛 𝑠𝑌 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑛2 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑈(𝑠)

• Characteristic Equation: 𝑠 2 + 𝑠𝐴1 + 𝐴0 = 0 ➔ s2 + 2𝜁𝜔𝑛 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑛2 = 0

𝐴 𝐴21 −4𝐴0 2𝜁𝜔𝑛

2
2𝜁𝜔𝑛 2 +4𝜔𝑛
• Solution: 𝑠1,2 = − 1 ± ➔ 𝑠1,2 = − ± = 𝜁𝜔𝑛 ± 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛2 + 𝜔𝑛2 = 𝜁𝜔𝑛 ± (𝜁 2 + 1)𝜔𝑛2
2 2 2 2

𝐴21 −4𝐴0 2𝜁𝜔𝑛 2 +4𝜔𝑛

2
• Discriminant Λ 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛2 + 𝜔𝑛2 (𝜁 2 + 1)𝜔𝑛2
4 2

• Roots
– Real/double/same Λ=0 critically damped 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑒 −𝜏𝑡 + 𝑚2 𝑡𝑒 −𝜏𝑡
– Two real roots Λ>0 over damped 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑒 𝑠1 𝑡 + 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑠2 𝑡
– Complex Λ<0 under damped 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑚1 𝑒 −(𝜁𝜔𝑛 )𝑡 cos Λ 𝑡 + 𝑚2 𝑒 −(𝜁𝜔𝑛 )𝑡 sin Λ𝑡
▪ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃

• 𝜁:damping ratio 𝜔𝑛 :natural/resonate frequency Λ :damped frequency 𝜁𝜔𝑛 : Neper frequency

The neper frequency is a concept related to the neper unit that is commonly used in signal processing and communication engineering. It is defined as the frequency at which the power of a signal has been attenuated by
one neper (i.e., a factor of e) due to transmission through a system or medium.

The neper frequency is also known as the e-folding frequency or the 3 dB frequency, because a one-neper attenuation corresponds to a reduction in power by a factor of e, which is approximately equal to a reduction in
amplitude by 3 dB.
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Natural and step responses

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A circuit used to illustrate the natural response of a

parallel RLC circuit.

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A circuit used to illustrate the step response of a parallel

RLC circuit.

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A circuit used to illustrate the natural response of a

series RLC circuit.

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A circuit used to illustrate the step response of a series

RLC circuit.

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Example

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Example

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Example

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A circuit used to describe the step response of a parallel

RLC circuit.

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The circuit : t→ .

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Example

400Ω
24𝑚𝐴

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A circuit used to illustrate the natural response of a series

RLC circuit.

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Example

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A circuit used to illustrate the step response of a series RLC

circuit.

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Example

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Practice Problem

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Two integrating amplifiers connected in cascade.

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Example

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Cascaded integrating amplifiers with feedback resistors.

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
G1 + G2 G3
𝐺2
𝑇1 =

𝑇 =𝑇 =𝑇3 𝐺3
𝐸 𝐷
𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇1 𝐺3
1 − 𝐺2 𝐻1

H 21
3
1 − 𝑇2 𝐻3
H2

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