MATHEMATICS COURSE

AE 2101 METEMATIKA TEKNIK 1

LINEAR SPACES
Scopes

1. Euclidean Space En
2. Vector Space
3. Axiom
4. Subspace of Linier Space
5. Dependent and Independent Set
6. Bases and Dimension
7. Components
8. Inner Product, Norms

http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/linear_algebra/chpt3.pdf

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Definition

A linear space/ vector space

▪ a collection of objects
called vectors
▪ It may be added together
and multiplied ("scaled") by
numbers, scalars .
▪ Scalars : real numbers, complex
numbers, rational numbers, or
generally any field.
▪ The operations of vector addition
and scalar multiplication must
satisfy certain requirements,
called axioms

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Definition

The concept of vector space can be be explained in

two folds:
• arrows in the plane
v+w

2.W; v+2w

• ordered pairs of numbers

(x1 , y1) + (x2 , y2) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
a (x , y) = (ax, ay)

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Linear Spaces Axiom

• A vector space over a field F is a set V together

with two operations that satisfy the eight axioms
Axiom Meaning
Associativity of addition u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w
Commutativity of addition u+v=v+u
There exists an element 0 ∈ V, called the zero
Identity element of addition
vector, such that v + 0 = v for all v ∈ V.
For every v ∈ V, there exists an element −v ∈ V,
Inverse elements of addition called the additive inverse of v, such thatv + (−v)
= 0.
Compatibility of scalar multiplication with field
a(bv) = (ab)v
multiplication
1v = v, where 1 denotes the multiplicative
Identity element of scalar multiplication
identity in F.
Distributivity of scalar multiplication with respect to
a(u + v) = au + av
vector addition
Distributivity of scalar multiplication with respect to
(a + b)v = av + bv
field addition

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Dependent and Independent sets

Coordinate spaces

a vector space can be composed of n-tuples (sequences of

length n) of elements of F

(a1, a2, ..., an), where each ai is an element of F

Function spaces
Functions from any fixed set Ω to a field F also form vector
spaces, sum of two functions f and g is the function (f + g) given
by
(f + g)(w) = f(w) + g(w)

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Dependent and Independent sets

Vector space F[x] can given by polynomial functions

f(x) = r0 + r1x + ... + rn−1xn−1 + rnxn, where the coefficients r0, ..., rn are in F

Linear equations

Systems of homogeneous linear equations are closely tied to

vector spaces

a + 3b +c = 0
 Ax = 0 
4a + 2b + 2c = 0

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Real n-Euclidean Space 𝑬𝒏

Definition 1

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Real n-Euclidean Space 𝑬𝒏

Definition 2

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Example of Euclidean space

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Real n-Euclidean Space 𝑬𝒏

Definition 3

Definition 4

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Example of Euclidean space

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Real n-Euclidean Space 𝑬𝒏

The axioms

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Example of Euclidean space

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Vector Space

• The structure of Euclidean space is important for

other space in applied mathematics.
• For example, consider mass-spring arrangement.

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Real Vector Space

Definition 1

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Real Vector Space

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Real Vector Space

• Important !

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Example of Real Vector Space

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Example of Real Vector Space

Example 2. Now 𝐸 𝑛 is a vector space

Theorem

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Example of Real Vector Space

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Example of Real Vector Space

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Example of Real Vector Space

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Example of Real Vector Space

• Example 6

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Example of Real Vector Space

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Complex Vector Space

Definition 1

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Complex Vector Space

Definition 2

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Subspace of Linear Space

Definition:

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Subspace of Linear Space

Theorem

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Subspace of Linear Space
Example 1

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Subspace of Linear Space
Example 2

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Dependent and Independent Set of Vectors

• Definition 1

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Dependent and Independent Set of Vectors

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Dependent and Independent Set of Vectors

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Dependent and Independent Set of Vectors

Definition 2

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Dependent and Independent Set of Vectors

• Example 3

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Dependent and Independent Set of Vectors

• Example 4

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Dependent and Independent sets

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Dependent and Independent sets

• A set S of elements in a linear space V is called

dependent if there is a finite set of distinct
element in S, say x1,x2,x3……,xk and a
corresponding set of scalars c1,c2,c3,……,ck
not all zero, such that

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Dependent and Independent sets

Normed vector spaces and inner product spaces

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Dependent and Independent sets

Fourier analysis
Resolving a periodic function into a sum
of trigonometric functions forms a Fourier series

Fourier expansion of an L2 function f is

The coefficients am and bm are called Fourier coefficients of f,

and are calculated by the formulas[

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