Presentation on

Vector space, Subspace and Basis

by
Avishek Goswami (P21CE006)
Anjali Pandey (P21CE007)
Grace Dorathy Laloo (P21CE008)
Mostafa Dada (P21CE009)
for
MA701 (Advanced Engineering Mathematics)
Under the guidance of
Dr. Adarsha Kumar Jena & Dr. Tikaram Subedi
Department of Mathematics,

National Institute of Technology Meghalaya

Table of contents
• Vector space
• Postulates for vector space
• Vector subspace
• Examples of vector space and subspace
• Linear combination of vectors
• Linearly dependent and linearly independent vectors
• Span of vectors
• Examples of span of vectors
• Basis
• Examples of basis

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Vector Space
Vector + Scalar

 Vector : is an element of a vector space that have a magnitude and direction.

 Scalar: is an element of a field which used to define a vector space, it is has a magnitude
without a direction.

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 Vector Space

• A vector space is collection of “V” vectors and two operators ( + , . ).

+ Vector Addition operation
. Scalar Multiplication operation
That hold the two main axioms:
• u+v€V
• a.v€V

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Vector Space
(+,.) operations

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 Vector Space

• 
• Vector Space can be a polynomial at degree at most n

• Vector Space can be a Matrix (m,n)

• Vector Space can be 1

• Vector space can be over R or C (complex numbers i)

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 Postulates for vector space

•Properties:
 

Let V be a non empty set.

 uV, v V u+v V
 u+v = v+u
 (u+v)+w = u+(v+w)
 u+0 = u = 0+u
 u+(-u) = 0 = (-u)+u

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 Postulates for vector space
• 
For IR, u,vV:

u V
 ()u = u + u
 (u + v) = u +
 u = u)
 I=

Then I is called a vector space over IR.

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 Vector Subspace
• Vector Subspace is part/Subsets of Vectors of Vector Space

• So the Axioms that apply for Vector space also apply for Vector subspace.

• W€V

• u + v € W but (closure under Vector addition)

• a . v € W but (closure under Scalar Multiplication)

• 0€W

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 Examples of vector space
• 
1. Check whether the vector V = is a vector space or not?

Soln. Taking (2, 0, 1), (8, 0, 2) V

Now, (2, 0, 1) + (8, 0, 2) = (10, 0, 3) = -36 V

i.e. the additive vector (10, 0, 3) does not belong to V.

Therefore set V is not a vector space.

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 Examples of vector space
• 
2. Check whether the set V = is a vector space or not?

Soln. Taking (1,1,2), (2,5,0) V

(1,1,2) + (2,5,0) = (3,6,2)

So, (3-6)2 = -6 0

The closure property is not satisfied.

V is not a vector space.

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 Examples of vector subspace

• 
1. Let V(R) be a vector space of complete real continuous functions. Then show that the
solution of the set W of the differential equation 2= 0, where y = f(x), is the subspace of V.

Soln. Here, W =
Where, y = f(x)
Since above is a linear differential equation of second degree, so it must have two
solutions, say,

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 Examples of vector subspace
•   all a, b R,
For
We have, a+b W
Now,
2
= a(2+ 2) + b(2+ 2)
= a.0 + b.0
=0
Therefore W is a subspace of V.

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 Examples of vector subspace
•  Let a,b,c be fixed elements of field R. Show that W =
2.

Soln. Let,
,
and u= (), v = () such that
a= 0 and a= 0
Now, () + ()
= (+) + (+) +(+)
The above equation should satisfy

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 Examples of vector subspace
•   we have,
Here
a(+)+b(+)+c(+)
= ()+ ()
= .0 + .0
=0
i.e.
W is a subspace over R.

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 Examples of vector subspace

•  To check whether its a vector subspace over W =

3.

Soln. Let us take A = and B = ,

Then A, B and det(A) = 0 = det(B)
Again, A+B = and det(A+B) = 1
Hence (A+B) W.

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Linear combination of vectors

 
Given a vector space V over ℝ having elements , , ,………,

and scalars , , ,……, ∈ ℝ ,

then, is called a linear combination of vectors , ,……,

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Linear Dependent & Linear Independent Vectors

• Linear
  Dependent V (LD): Let V(F) be a vector space. A finite set {α 1, α2,…., αn} of
vectors of V is said to be linearly dependent if there exists scalar a 1, a2,……., an Є F, not
all of them 0 (some of them may be zero) such that
a1α1 + a2α2 + a3α3 + …….. + anαn = 0
• Linear Independent V (LI): Let V(F) be a vector space. A finite set of vectors of V is said
to be linearly independent if every relation of the form
a1α1 + a2α2 + a3α3 + …….. + anαn = 0
ai Є F, ai = 0 for each
• An infinite set of vectors of V is said to be linearly independent if its every finite subset is
linearly independent, otherwise it is linearly dependent.

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Linear Independent & Linear Dependent Vectors

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 Span of set of vectors
• If
  S= is a set of vectors in the vector space V, then the span of S is the set of all possible
linear combinations of the vector in S.
Span (S) =

(the set of all linear combinations of vectors in S)

• Here, S is said to be the spanning set of the vector space V if every element of V can be
written as linear combination of element of S.

• If S= is a set of vectors in the vector space V, then

a) Span (S) is a subspace of V
b) Span(S) is the smallest subspace of V that contains S.
(every other subspace of V that contains S must contain span (S)).
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Method to check span of V
•1.   Choose an arbitrary vector in

2. Express as a linear combination of

3. If the system of the equation in the above equation is consistent for all choice of b then
vectors , , …, spans V

4. If it is inconsistent for some choice of , vector does not span V.

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Examples of span of set
 
1. 2

2. Let = (1, 2, 0), = (3, 1, 1), and = (4, −7, 3).

Determine whether w belongs to .
Soln: We have to check if there exist such that . This
vector equation is equivalent to a system of linear
equations:

r1 = −5
r2 = 3

Thus .
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 Basis
 • Let be a vector space over ℝ or ℂ and .
Now if, S spans V (i.e. span (S)= V) and Linearly
Generating sets Basis
S is linearly independent independent
Then, S is called a basis of V sets
• A standard basis, also called a natural basis, is a special orthonormal vector
basis in which each basis vector has a single nonzero entry with value 1.
Example:
1. The standard basis for R3 is : , ,
2. The standard basis of is

 Note:
1. Any two basis of a vector space contains the same number of elements.
2. The number of vectors in a basis for a vector space V is called the dimension of V,
denoted by dim(V).
3. Also, it can be shown that every set of linearly independent vectors in V has size
at most dim(V). Standard basis

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 Examples of basis
• 
Example 1. The set of the ordered pairs of real numbers is
a vector space for the following properties:
component-wise addition
,
and scalar multiplication
,
where is any real number. A simple basis of this vector
space, called the standard basis consists of the two
vectors and , since, any vector of may be uniquely
written as
.
Any other pair of linearly independent vectors of , such as
and , forms also a basis of .
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Examples of basis
•Example
  2. In R3, every vector has the form where a,b,c are real numbers.
R3 is spanned by the set , , since a + b + c =
Clearly, a + b + c = if and only if a=b=c=0. Hence, the set is a linearly independent set
that spans R3 and is therefore a basis for R3.
But the set , , , is not a basis for R3 even though it spans R3 since it is not a linearly
independent set.

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 THANK
YOU

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