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Vector Analysis
 Application of Vector in Real life
Vector is useful in wide range of our real life.
Few Application of Vector:
Force, Torque and Velocity
Military Usage
Projectile
In gaming
In Cricket
Avoiding Crosswind
Basic Electrical law, electrical circuit, Mesh analysis, etc.

FORCE, TORQUE, VELOCITY: For calculating every vectorial unit we need

vector. For example in a moving car the tire has mass It has also initial and final
velocity, acceleration and gravitational reaction, friction forces and due to rotation
it has torque. For getting the result we need vector.
MILITARY USAGE : A cannon is any piece of artillery that uses gun power or
other usually explosive based propellants to launch a projectile. Cannon vary in
caliber, range mobility rate of fire angle of fire and firepower. Different forms of
cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees depending on their
intended use on the battlefield. For this vector is must to use.
VECTOR IN GAMING : In Games, vectors are used to store positions directions
and velocities. The position vectors indicates how far the object is the velocity
vector indicates how much time it will take or how much force we should give and
the direction vector indicates in which way we should apply the force.
PROJECTILE: In Sports like basketball, baseball vector is used unconsciously by
the players. Ultimately they shot the target or throw the ball at a direction with an
angle which is done by the knowledge of vector.
IN CRICKET: In cricket if a batsman hit a ball shot there will be three possibility
like catch out or drop before the fielder or maximum. It depends on the batsman in
which angle he shots and how much the velocity when he hits the bal.
 Vector
The physical quantities are divided into two groups (i) Scalar (ii) Vector
Scalar: A scalar is a quantity having magnitude but no direction. Example: mass,
length, time, temperature, volume, density work, etc.
Vector: A vector is a quantity having magnitude and direction. Example: force,
velocity, acceleration, displacement etc. A vector is represented by an arrow ( )
showing the direction, the magnitude of the is indicated by the length of the arrow.

O (Initial Point/ Origin P (Terminal Point/ Terminus

A vector is represented by a letter with an arrow over it 𝑎 and its magnitude is

denoted by 𝑎
Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity is called unite vector. Unite vector
of any vector 𝑎 is denoted by 𝑎
a a a a a a

𝐴
𝐴=𝑎+𝑎+𝑎+𝑎+𝑎+𝑎 ⇒𝑎 =
6
Equal Vector: If two vectors are equal in magnitude and direction (parallel) and
same sense (arrow).
Opposite Vector: If two vectors are equal in magnitude and direction (parallel) and
opposite sense (arrow).
Null Vector: A vector whose magnitude is zero is called null vector.
 VECTOR ALGEBRA
Two basic operations with vectors:
a)Vector addition b) Scalar multiplication
Vector addition (Triangular Laws of Vector addition) :Consider vectors, 𝐴 and
𝐵.The sum or resultant of 𝐴 and 𝐵, is a vector formed by placing the initial point
of 𝐵 on the terminal point of 𝐴 and then joining the initial point of 𝐴 to the
terminal point of 𝐵. The sum is written by 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵

Scalar Multiplication: Let 𝐴 be any vector and m be any given scalar, m𝐴 denotes
the m times of the vector in the direction of 𝐴. The length or modulus is given by
𝑚𝐴 = 𝑚 𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴
Rectangular unit vector: In three dimension, the unit vectors along
the positive direction of 𝑋, 𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 axis are called rectangular unit
vectors. These are represented by 𝑖, 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 respectively. Rectangular
unit vectors are perpendicular on each others.

(x, y, z)

If (x, y, z) is a coordinate of a point in a plane then it is denoted by

𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘
The magnitude 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
Problem: Show that the vectors 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘, 𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘, 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 4𝑘 form
the sides of a right angled-triangle. C
Solution: Let 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘 𝐴𝐶
𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐶 = 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 4𝑘

A 𝐴𝐵 B
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘 + 𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘 = 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 4𝑘
Hence 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐶 form a triangle.
Now we have to prove that ∆𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶is right angled triangle.
𝐴𝐵 = (2)2 +(−1)2 +(1)2 = 6
𝐵𝐶 = (1)2 +(−3)2 +(−5)2 = 35
𝐴𝐶 = (3)2 +(−4)2 +(−4)2 = 41
2 2 2
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 6 + 35 = 41 = 𝐴𝐶
Problem: Find the magnitude and unit vector along the sum or resultant vectors
2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 4𝑘, 3𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 7𝑘, 5𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘
Solution:
Given, 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 4𝑘
𝐵𝐶 = 3𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 7𝑘
𝐴𝐶 = 5𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘
Now the resultant vector is 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐶 = 10𝑖 + 𝑗 + 8𝑘

Now 𝑅 = (10)2 +(1)2 +(8)2 = 165

𝑅 10𝑖:𝑗:8𝑘
So 𝑅 = =
𝑅 165
 HW
1. Find the magnitude and unit vector along the sum or resultant
10𝑖:3𝑗:8𝑘
vectors 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 5𝑘, 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 6𝑘 , 5𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘 Ans:
173
2. Show that the vector 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘, 𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘 , 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 4𝑘 form
the sides of a right angled-triangle
 Vector Product
Scalar Product: The dot or scalar Product of two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 is denoted by𝐴 ∙ 𝐵
and defined as the multiplication of the magnitude of 𝐴 and 𝐵 and cosine of the
angle between them.
Mathematically 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 Scalar or Dot product is a scalar quantity.
 Scalar product is commutative i.e. 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴
If two vectors are perpendicular then, 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 0
Geometrically, Scalar product is the product of a vector and the length of the
projection of the other vector in the direction of the first vector.
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⇒ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴. 𝑂𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 B
O
𝑂𝑁
⇒ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴. 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐵
⇒ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴. 𝑂𝑁 N
⇒ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓𝐴 (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝐵)
Important Dot/Scalar Product:
𝑖∙𝑖=1 𝑖∙𝑗=0
𝑗∙𝑗=1 𝑗∙𝑘 =0
𝑘∙𝑘 =1 𝑘∙𝑖=0

Problem: If 𝐴 = 𝐴1 𝑖 + 𝐴2 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝑘 and 𝐵 = 𝐵1 𝑖 + 𝐵2 𝑗 + 𝐵3 𝑘 then show that

𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴1 𝐵1 + 𝐴2 𝐵2 + 𝐴3 𝐵3
Solution:
Given, 𝐴 = 𝐴1 𝑖 + 𝐴2 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝑘
𝐵 = 𝐵1 𝑖 + 𝐵2 𝑗 + 𝐵3 𝑘
Now
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = (𝐴1 𝑖 + 𝐴2 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝑘) ∙ (𝐵1 𝑖 + 𝐵2 𝑗 + 𝐵3 𝑘 )
⇒ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 + 𝐴1 𝐵2 𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 + 𝐴1 𝐵3 𝑖 ∙ 𝑘 +
𝐴2 𝐵1 𝑗 ∙ 𝑖 + 𝐴2 𝐵2 𝑗 ∙ 𝑗 + 𝐴2 𝐵3 𝑗 ∙ 𝑘 +
𝐴3 𝐵1 𝑘 ∙ 𝑖 + 𝐴3 𝐵2 𝑘 ∙ 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝐵3 𝑘 ∙ 𝑘
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴1 𝐵1 + 𝐴2 𝐵2 + 𝐴3 𝐵3
Problem: Find the projection of 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘 on 4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘
Solution:
Let 𝐴 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘
𝐵 = 4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘 ∙ 4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘 = 19
𝐵 = (4)2 +(−4)2 +(7)2 = 9
Now the projection of 𝐴 on 𝐵 is 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
We know 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴 ∙𝐵 19
𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
𝐵 9
Problem: Find the angle between 2𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 3𝑘 and 12𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 3𝑘
Solution:
Let 𝐴 = 2𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝐵 = 12𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 3𝑘

𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 2𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 3𝑘 ∙ 12𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 3𝑘 = 19
𝐴 = (2)2 +(6)2 +(3)2 = 7
𝐵 = (12)2 +(−4)2 +(3)2 = 13
We know
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴 ∙𝐵 9
⇒𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
𝐴 𝐵 91
9
⇒𝜃 = cos ;1
91
 HW

1. Find the projection of 4𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 on 2𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 2𝑘

2. Find the value of 𝑎 if a𝑖 + 2 + 3𝑘 and −𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑎𝑘 are
perpendicular. Ans: a=-5
3. Find the angle between 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 3𝑘 and 𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 3𝑘
4. Find (a𝑖 + 2 + 3𝑘 ) ∙ (−𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑎𝑘 ) if a=1
Thank you so Much