COORDINATE

GEOMETRY
Coordinate – A number that identifies a position
relative to an axis.
Geometry is the word formed by two Greek
words:
Geo means earth.
Metron means measurement.
Geo-metron means to measure the earth.
Coordinate geometry is a branch of mathematics
that deals with measurements, properties, and
relationships of points, lines, angles, surface and
solid.
CARTESIAN AND POLAR COORDINATES
The form( x, y ) of locating points is called the
Cartesian coordinate. For example (1, 2)
y

.(1, 2)
x y
The form (r ,  ) is called polar r . (r ,  )
coordinates.

 here must be in radians.
x
 y
sin θ  or y  r sin  ...(1)
r
x
cos θ  or x  r cos  ...(2)
r
Squaring (1) and (2) results
x y r .
2 2 2

Dividing (1) by (2) results

 y
  tan  
1
...(1)
x
Q1. Find the polar coordinates of the point
(i) (1, 2) (ii) (- 1, 2).

Q2. Write in Cartesian form the given coordinates  3, . 
 3
Solutions
Q1. (i)  5 , 0.35  (ii)  
5 , 0.65 Q2.
3 3
 ,
2 2

3

GRADIENT/SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE
Consider the figure
Slope y  y y
 2 1  tan 
y x2  x1 x
(x , y )
If is the angle of inclination
2 2

of the line from x-axis then the

(x , y ) 
of

1 1

slope m of the line is given by

x
m  tan 
Consider these lines
l4
y Let m stand for
l2 slope.
m  0 for l1.
m  0 for l2 .
m  0 for l3 .
i.e. m  0 for a horizontal line.
m   (undefined) for l4 .
x i.e. slope is undefined for a vertical line.
0
l3
l1
The equation of the line has the form y  mx  c
where m = slope , c  y  intercept
 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
y
  1  180   2  180
or    2  1
 tan   tan ( 2  1 )

1
2
x
0
tan θ 2  tan 1
tan  
1  tan 1 tan  2
m2  m1

1  m1m2
where m2  tan  2  slope of l2 .
m1  tan 1  slope of l1.
  m2  m1 
  tan 1

1 m m 
 ... ( 2)
 1 2 

Q3. Find the angle between the lines y  x  4

y  2 x  3.
and
( Ans : 108.430 or 71.57 0 )

lPARALLEL LINESl1
y
1 l 2

l2 . is
parallel to
tan 1  tan  2  m
1 2 x Two parallel lines have
the same slope.
Q4. Find the equation of the straight line which
passes through the point (1, 4) and is parallel to
the line 3 x  y  6  0.

PERPENDICULAR LINES
Let l1 : y  m1  c and l2 : y  m2 x  c.
be perpendicular lines i.e. they
meet at 90 0.
l1 l2 m1-m2
So,  tan 900  
1  m1m2
 1  m1m2  0.
 m1m2  1.
N

If line l1with slope m1 and line l 2with slope m2

are perpendicular then
m1m2  1 ... (3)

Q5. Find the equation of the line drawn through

point of intersection of y  3 x  1  0 and y  4 x  2,
which is perpendicular to 2 y  4 x  1  0.
 SHORTEST DISTANCE
Perpendicular distance from a point to the line is
the shortest measured from the point to the line.
l1
d1 is the shortest
distance from l1 to
d2 the point P ( x, y ) .
d1
d3 P ( x, y )
Consider the figure

B ( x2 , y 2 ) Let B ( x2 , y2 ) be the point on

line L where the line segment
d from P meets line L.

P( x1 , y1 ) Q ( x2 , y1 )

0
L : ax  by  c  0.
We want to find d, the distance from the line L to
the point P( x1 , y1 ) .
d is given by
ax1  by1  c
d ... (4)
a b
2 2
Proof
Q. Find the perpendicular distance from the
point (2, 1) to the line x  3 y  1.

LINE SEGMENT DIVISION

Let the end points of a line segment be P1 ( x1 , y1 )
and P2 ( x2 , y2 ) .
P2 ( x2 , y2 )

P1 ( x1 , y1 )
(i) Suppose a point Q( x, y ) divides the line segment
P1 P2 in the ratio m1 : m2 .
P1Q m1
i.e. 
QP2 m2 P2 ( x2 , y2 )

Q ( x, y )
S ( x2 , y )

From the figure

R( x, y1 )
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) P1 RQ ~ QSP2 ( AA)
P1 R P1Q

QS QP2
 x  x1 m1 m1 x2  m2 x1
 x
x2  x m2 m1  m2

m1 y2  m2 y1
Similarly, y
m1  m2

Therefore, when Q( x, y) divides internally the line

segment with end points P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 )
in a ratio m1 : m2 then coordinates of point Q( x, y)
are given by
m1 x2  m2 x1 , y  m1 y2  m2 y1
x
m1  m2 m1  m2
... (5)
Q5. Find the coordinate of a point which divides
internally the line joining points (1, 3) and
(-2, 4) in the ratio 2:3.
Ans:  1 17 
 , 
 5 5
EXTERNAL DIVISION
Suppose a point Q(x, y) divides externally the
line segment P1 P2 in the ratio m1 : m2
Q ( x, y )
P2 ( x2 , y2 )
M ( x, y 2 )

P1 ( x1 , y1 ) R ( x2 , y1 )
 P1 RP2 ~ P2 MQ
e

P1 R P1 P2

P2 M P2Q
x2  x1 P1Q  P2Q

x  x2 P2Q
m1
P2Q  P2Q
m2

P2Q
m1  m2

m2
m2 ( x2  x1 )  (m1  m2 )( x  x2 )
 m1 x2  m2 x
 x
m1  m2
Similarly,
m1 y2  m2 y1
y
m1  m2

Q ( x, y ) P1 P2
If point divides externally the line segment with
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) P2 ( x2 , y2 ) m1 : m2
coordinates and in a ratio then
m x m x, m y m y
x 1 2 2
y 1 2 2 1
m1  m2 m1  m2
Q6. The point P( x, y ) divides externally the line
segment AB in the ratio AP : BP . Find the point
P(x, y) if AP : BP is 1:3 and the point A and B
are (2, 4) and (6, 8) respectively.
Ans: (0, 2).
THE EQUATIONS TO THE BISECTORS OF THE ANGELS
BETWEEN TWO GIVEN LINES

P ( x, y )
D
 l2 : a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
d3 d4 C

B d1
R ( x, y )
d2 l3
l4
0 A  l1 : a1 x  b1 y  c1  0
From the figure points P( x, y ) and R( x, y ) are on
angle bisectors.
If a point is on the angle bisector; then the point
is equidistant from the sides of the angle.
Distance d1 = Distance d 2 .
Distance d 3 = Distance d 4 .
Thus, the equations to the bisectors of the angles
between two lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and
l2 : a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are given by

a1 x  b1  c1 a2  b2  c2

a b
2
1 1
2
a b
2
2
2
2
Q7. Find equations of the angle bisectors
between the lines 3 x  4 y  5  0 and
12 x  5 y  7  0 .

Q8. Find equation of obtuse angle bisector

between the lines x  y  6  0 and
7 x  y  4  0.

Q9. Find equations of acute angle bisector

between the lines 4 x  3 y  4  0 and
y  x  4.
Q10. If P ( x, y ) lies on the interval A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 )
such that AP : PB  a : b, with a and b
positive, show that

bx1  ax2 by1  ay2

x and y 
ba ba
Q11.

Q12.
Q13.
Q14.

Q15.
Q16.
.
Q17.

Q18.

Q19.

Q20.

Ans:
 y CIRCLES
Definition
P ( x, y ) A circle is a
locus or path of
o r x a point which
 moves such that
(  a ,  b)
its distance
from a fixed
point is
constant.
The fixed point is called the centre and the
constant distance is the radius.
By distance formula
r  ( x  a )  ( y  b)
2 2 2

On expanding we get

x  y  2ax  2by  a  b  r  0
2 2 2 2 2

Let a 2  b 2  r 2  c.
The equation of the circle becomes

x  y  2ax  2by  c  0
2 2
Q21. Find the equation of the circle whose centre
is (– 2, 3) and has radius 4 units.

Q22. Find the centre and the radius of the circle

given by the equation

x  y  4y  0
2 2
 INTERSECTION OF CIRCLES
1. Internal touch
From the figure
r2 d  r r. 2 1
 
d r1 r2  radius of the larger circle.
r1  radius of the smaller circle.
d  distance beween radii of circles.
Two circle are said to touch internally if the
distance between their centres is equal to the
difference between their radii.
2. External touch

r1 From the figure

r2
 
d  r1  r2
d

Two circle are said to touch externally if the

distance between their centres is equal to the sum
of their radii.
Q23.

3. Orthogonal circles
From the figure
r1 r2 d r r
2
1
2
2
2

 
  f1 ,  g1  d   f2 ,  g2 
Two circles are said to
be orthogonal if their
radii are perpendicular to each other.
The figure shows
d    f1  f 2     g1  g 2   r1  r2
2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2
Expanding and inserting r1  f1  g1  c1
2 2 2
and r2  f 2  g 2  c2 the above equation
becomes
2 f1 f 2  2 g1 g 2  c1  c2
This is orthogonality condition of two circles.
Q24. Show that the circles x  y  2 x  4 y  1  0
2 2

and x 2
 y 2
 6 x  10 y  25  0 touch
externally.
Q25. Show that the circles x 2  y 2  6 x  4 y  2  0
and x  y  8 x  2 y  22  0 are orthogonal.
2 2

Q26. Do the circles with equations

( x  3)  ( y  2)  10
2 2 and ( x  6) 2
 ( y  1) 2
 40
touch?
Q27. Do the circles with equations
( x  4) 2  ( y  2) 2  9 and ( x  5) 2  ( y  2) 2  4
touch?
Q27. In the diagram below, the point C (1, 4) is the
point of contact of the two circles.
Given the radius of the larger circle is twice
the size of the radius of the smaller circle,
find the equation of the smaller circle.

B ( x, y )

C (1, 4)

A(5, 0)

( x  1) 2  ( y  6) 2  8.
Ans:
EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL TO A CIRCLE
A tangent to a circle is a line which touches that
circle at only one point.
A normal to a circle at a given point on a circle is
a line which is perpendicular to the tangent of a
circle at that point. Tangent line

A tangent is
perpendicular to the
radius that joins the
Normal line
centre of a circle to
the point of
tangency.
Q28. Find the equations of tangent and normal to
the circle x  y  5 x  y  4  0 at (1, 0) .
2 2

Q29.
Q30.

x  y  8 x  4 y  7  0.
2 2
Q31.

wrwr
wr
Ans:

COMMON CHORD OR COMMON TANGENT

A chord of a circle is a straight line segment whose
endpoints both lie on the circle.
The infinite line extension of a chord is a secant line, or
just secant.
A chord that passes through a circle's center point is
the circle's diameter.
Q32.

Ans:
 CONIC SECTIONS
The curves circle, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola
are known as conic sections.
A conic section is a locus of a point which moves
such that its distance from a fixed point bears a
constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line.
The fixed point is called a focus.
The fixed line is called a directrix.
The constant ratio is called an eccentricity.
FP
 e.
If PM
P
 M e  1, the conic is a paraboala.
e  1, the conic is an ellipse.
e  1, the conic is a hyperbola.
F  Fixed point e  0, the conic is a circle.
Fixed line
 PARABOLA
A parabola is formed at the intersection of a
plane and a cone when the plane is parallel to
one side of the cone.

A generator (or element) of the cone

is a line lying in the cone, and all
generators of a cone contain the
point V, called the vertex of the
cone.
A parabola is the set of all points whose distance
from a fixed point equal to the distance from a
fixed line.
For a parabola,
Distance from a fixed point
 1 i.e. e  1
Distancefrom afixed line
y
FP
 1 or FP  PM
PM
M P ( x, y ) ( x  a)  y  ( x  a)
2 2 2

Simplifying we get,

O F (a, 0) x y 2  4ax This is called

the standard
equation of a parabola.
x  a
The point halfway between the focus and the
directrix is called the vertex of the parabola.

Q33. Find the equation of a parabola with focus

(  a , 0) x  a.
(i) focus and directrix
(0, b) y  b.
(ii) focus and directrix
x 2  2 y.
Q34. Find the focus and directrix of the parabola
Q35. Find the equation of the parabola y  b.whose
focus is (2, 0) and directrix y  8x
2

Q36. Find the point on the parabola where

(i) the tangent (ii) the normal
2 x  y  1.
is parallel to the line
A line which joins any two pints on a parabola is
called a chord.
A chord which passes through a focus is called a
focal chord.
For the parabola y 2  4ax , x-axis is called the
axis of symmetry.
The focal chord perpendicular to the axis of
symmetry is called the latus rectum.
y
chord Latus rectum

Axis of symmetry
x
0 F (a, 0) Focal chord
Q37. Find the length of a latus rectum of the parabola
y  4ax.
2

Q38. Given y  8( x  1) 2 What

 2. direction
does this parabola open? Find focus and
directrix equation.
1
39. x  ( y  5) 2  2. are the coordinates of
What
4
the focus?

40. y  2( x  3) 2 What

6. is the equation of the
directrix?
 39and the vertex is at ( 8,  10)
41. The focus is at   8, 
 4 
  What is the equation of the parabola?
Ans : ( x  8) 2  y  10
Q42. What is the vertex of the parabola
y  2( x  3) 2  4.

Q43. Find the focus, vertex and directrix of the

parabola x 2  4 x  8 y  4  0.
Q44. (a) Find focus, vertex and directrix of the
parabola y  2 x  3 x  5.
2

(b)Find the equation of the parabola with

 65  63
focus   1,   and directrix y   32 .
 32 
 ELLIPSE
An ellipse is the locus of points whose distances to a
fixed point and to a fixed line are in a constant ratio less
than 1.
For ellipse, Distance of a point from the fixed point
 e  1.
Distance of a point from the fixed line

 
OR
Ellipse is the locus of a point which moves such
that the sum of distance to the two given points is
constant.
The point C(0, 0), where the axes of symmetry meet, is
called a centre.
The diameter through the foci is called a major axis.
The diameter through the centre perpendicular to the
major axis is called a minor axis.
The points A1 ( a, 0) and A2 ( a, 0) are vertices and points
B1 (0, b) and B2 (0,  b) are co-vertices.
B1 (0, b)
Each endpoint of major axis
is the vertex of the ellipse.

A2 C A1
( a, 0) (0, 0) (a, 0)

Each endpoint of minor axis is

the co-vertex of the ellipse. B2 (0,  b)
Given that the vertices of ellipse are ( a, 0) .Show
that the foci are the points ( ae, 0) and the
a
equations of the directrices are x   .
e
Solution y
B1 (0, b)

F2 ( f , 0) F1 ( f , 0)
N 2 (n, 0) A2 ( a, 0)
 o  N 1 ( n, 0)
A1 (a, 0)
x

B2 (0,  b)
By definition,
F1 A1 F1 A2
 e and e
N1 A1 N1 A2

a f
 e or a  f  ne  ae ... (1)
na

a f
 e or a  f  ne  ae ... (2)
na
a
Eqn (1)  eqn (2) gives a  ne or n  shown.
e
Eqn (2)  eqn (1) gives f  ae shown.
Consider the figure

PS
 e or PS 2  e 2 PM 2
PM
2
a 
( x  ae)  y  e   x 
2 2 2

e 
On simplifying we get,
2 2
x y
 2 1
a 2
a (1  e )
2

The equation of the ellipse is given by

 
2 2
x y
2
 2  1, where b  a 1  e
2 2 2

a b
with centre (0, 0), foci ( ae, 0) and directrices
a
x .
e
Q45. Find the eccentricity, the foci and the
directrices of the ellipse x  4 y  100.
2 2

Ans: Foci are (5 3,0)

20
Directrices x   .
3

Q46. Find the foci and directrices of the ellipse

(i) 4 x 2  9 y 2  36 (ii) x 2  16 y 2  25
 SUMMARY
A. The standard form of the equation of an
ellipse
with centre (0, 0) and major axis parallel
y to the
x-axis is 2 2 b
x y
2
 2 1  a 0 a
x
a b  b
Horizontal
ellipse with
centre (0, 0)
Where
ab
•
2a.
• The length of the major axis is
( a, 0).
• The coordinates of the vertices are
• The length of the minor axis is 2b.
• The coordinates of the co-vertices are (0,  b).
• The coordinates of the foci are (  ae, 0), where

b  a 1 e .
2 2
 2

B. The standard form of the equation of an ellipse with
centre (0, 0) and major axis parallel to the y-axis is
y
2 2 Vertical
b
x y ellipse with

2
 2
 1 centre (0, 0)
a b
 a a

 b
• ba
• The length of the major axis is 2b.
• The coordinates of the vertices are (0,  b).
• The length of the minor axis is 2a.
• The coordinates of the co-vertices are ( a, 0).
• The coordinates of the foci are (0,  be), where
2 2

a  b 1 e . 2

Q47. What is the standard form of the equation of
the ellipse that has vertices ( 8, 0) and foci
( 5, 0) ? x2 y2
Ans :   1.
64 39
Q47. What is the standard form of the equation of
the ellipse that has vertices (0,  8) and foci
(0,  5 ) ?

Q48. Give the equation in standard form of the ellipse

centered at the origin with a focus at (0, 2) and
vertex at (0, 3). x2 y2
Ans.  1
5 9
Q49. Give the equation in standard form of the ellipse
centered at the origin with a focus at (5, 0)and
vertex at
(8, 0).
 Standard Forms of The Equations of an Ellipse with
Centre ( h, k ).

I. Standard forms of the equations of an ellipse with

centre ( h, k ) and major axis parallel to the x-axis is

 x  h 2

 y  k
2
1 y ( h , k  b)
a2 b2 

(h  a, k ) (h, k ) ( h  a, k )

(h  ae, k )
  
(h  ae, k )
x
0


( h, k  b )
Where,
• ab
• The length of the major axis is 2a.
• The coordinates of the vertices are (h  a, k ) .
• The length of the minor axis is 2b.
• The coordinates of the co-vertices are ( h, k  b) .
• The coordinates of the foci are (h  ae, k ) .
where b 2  a 2 1  e 2  .
• The directrices at x  h  a .
e
II. Standard forms of the equations of an ellipse with
centre ( h, k ) and major axis parallel to the x-axis is
( h, k  b )
 x  h 2

 y  k
2
1

2 2
a b

(h, k  be)

( h  a, k )    ( h  a, k )
( h, k )

0
 (h, k  be)


( h , k  b)
Where,
•ba
• The length of the major axis is 2b.
• The length of the minor axis is 2a.
• The coordinates of the vertices are (h, k  b).
• The coordinates of the co-vertices are (h  a, k ).
• The coordinates of the foci are ( h, k  be).
where a 2  b 2 1  e 2  .
• The directrices at y  k  b .
e
Q50. What is the standard form of the equation of the
ellipse that has
(a) vertices ( 2,  8) and (2, 2); foci (2,  7)
( x  2) 2
( y  3)
2

and (2, 1). Ans :

9

25
1

(b) vertices (3, 3) and (5, 3) ; foci (1  2 3 , 3)

and (1  2 3 , 3) ? ( x  1) 2 ( y  3) 2
Ans :  1
Solution 16 4
The x-coordinates of the vertices and foci are the same so
the major axis is parallel to the y-axis.
Thus, the equation of ellipse is represented in the form

 x  h 2

 y  k
2
 1 where b  a
2 2
a b
Centre  (h, k )
The centre is half way between the vertices(2 ,  8)
and (2 , 2).
  2  2  8  2 
(h, k )   ,   (2,  3).
 2 2 

The length of the major axis is 2b.

The length of major axis = Distance between the
y-coordinates of the vertices.
2a  2  ( 8)
i.e.
 10
a  5 so a 2  25.
Foci  (h, k  be)
(h, k  be)  (2, 1)
(h, k  be)  (2,  7)
Using k  be  1 and k  3 (From center coordinates k  3 )
we get
 3  be  1 or be  4
Thus a 2  b 2 (1  e 2 )  b 2  (be) 2
 25  16
9
 The required equation is
( x  2) ( y  3)
2 2
 1
9 25
Q51. Write the equation of the ellipse that has
(i) a centre at (5, – 6), a focus at (8, – 6),and
a vertex (–2, – 6)? Ans : ( x  5) 2  ( y  6) 2  1.
49 40

(ii) a centre at (– 6 , 5), a focus at (– 6, 8), and

a vertex (-6, -2)?
( x  6) 2 ( y  5) 2
Ans :   1.
40 49
 HYEPERBOLA
For a locus described be a hyperbola it’s required e  1.
y

M  P ( x, y )

(  a , 0) (a, 0)
     
F2 ( ae, 0) 0 D
F1 (ae, 0) x

a a
x x
e e
 PF1
e
PM
PF 2  e 2  PM
2
 a
( x  ae)  y  e  x  
2 2 2

 e
Simplifying we get,
2 2
x y
2
 2 1
a b
Where b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)
 Asymptote of a hyperbola
An asymptote is a line which touches a curve at
infinity. y

x
O

Asymptote
From the equation of the hyperbola
2 2
x y
2
 2 1
a b
We’ve  a2 
b
y x1  2 
a  x 

When x   , y   x.
b
a
b
The lines y   x are asymptotes for the hyperbola.
a
Definitions
The transverse axis is a line segment that passes
through the center of the hyperbola and has
vertices as its endpoints.
Note: The foci lie on the line that contains the
transverse axis.
The conjugate axis is perpendicular to the
transverse axis and has the co-vertices as its
endpoints.
The center of a hyperbola is the mid-point of both
the transverse and conjugate axes, where they
intersect.
Note: Every hyperbola has two asymptotes that
pass through its center.
The central rectangle of the hyperbola is centered
at the origin with sides that pass trough each
vertex and co-vertex.
The central rectangle is a useful tool for graphing
the hyperbola and its asymptotes.
SUMMARY A. The standard form of the hyperbola equation
with center (0, 0) and the transverse axis on
y the x-axis is 2 2
x y
2
 2 1
(0, b) a b

Where b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)

   
( ae, 0) ( a, 0) o (a, 0) (ae, 0) x

b a
y x   The directrices are x  
a (0,  b) e

 The length of the T.A is 2a. b

y x
 The length of the C.A is 2b. a
 The coordinate of the vertices are ( a, 0).
 The coordinate of the co - vertices are (0,  b).
 The coordinate of the foci are ( ae, 0).
 B. The standard form of the hyperbola
equation with center (0, 0) and the
b
y x transverse axis on the y-axis is
a
y y2 x2
 2 1
 (0, be) b 2
a
 Where a  b (e  1)
2 2 2
(0, b)
  
(  a , 0) o (a, 0) x  The length of the T.A is 2b.
  The length of the C.A is 2a.
(0,  b)
 (0,  be) b
y x
a
 The coordinate of the vertices are (0,  b).
 The coordinate of the co - vertices are ( a, 0).
 The coordinate of the foci are (0,  be). b
 The directrices are y  
e
Q52. Identify the vertices and foci of the hyperbola with
equation y2 x2
  1.
49 32

Ans. Vertices (0,  7) ; foci (0,  9)

Q53. Identify the vertices and foci of the hyperbola with

equation
x2 y2
  1.
(a) 9 25 (  3, 0) 
 34 , 0 
Ans. Vertices ; foci

y2 x2
 2 1
2
80 39 (0,  80) (0,  89)
(b) Ans. Vertices ; foci
 Rectangular Hyperbola
Definition
A rectangular hyperbola is a one in which its asymptotes
are perpendicular to each other.
y
If the two asymptotes are
perpendicular then
b  b
      1
0 x a  a
ab
The equation of the rectangular
becomes
y x y x x2  y2  a2
Asymptotes of a rectangular hyperbola are
y  x
Applying a  b in the equation
b  a (e  1) or a  b (e  1)
2 2 2 2 2 2

results
e 2

 the foci of rectangular hyperbola are  a 2, 0  or

0, b 2 
 General Remarks on Hyperbola
The standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with
center (h, k) and transverse axis parallel to the x-axis is
b
y
a
( x  h)  k
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
y
2
 2
1
a b
( h, k  b )
 Where b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)
(h  ae, k ) ( h, k ) (h  ae, k )
 (h a, k )     The length of the T.A is 2a.
( h  a, k ) x
0
 The length of the C.A is 2b.

( h, k  b )  The equation of asymptptes are
b
b
y   ( x  h)  k
y   ( x  h)  k .
a a
 The coordinate of the vertices are (h  a, k ).
 The coordinate of the co - vertices are (h, k  b).

 The coordinate of the foci are (h  ae, k ).

 The standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with
center (h, k) and transverse axis parallel to the y-axis is
( y  k ) 2 ( x  h) 2
(h, k  ae)
2
 2
1
 b a

( h, k  b )
(h  a, k )   ( h  a, k )
where a 2  b 2 (e 2  1).
( h, k )
0
 a  The length of the T.A is 2b.
( h, k  b) y   ( x  h)  k
b
 The length of the C.A is 2a.

(h, k  ae)  The equation of asymptptes are
a a
y
b
( x  h)  k
y   ( x  h)  k .
b
 The coordinate of the vertices are (0, k  b).
 The coordinate of the co - vertices are (h  a, 0).
 The coordinate of the foci are (h, k  be).
Q54. The equation of the hyperbola that has
center at 2(8, 3), a focus at (13, 3) and a vertex (4, 3)
( x  C ) ( y  D) 2

is 2
 2
 1. Find A, B, C and D.
A B

Q55. What is the standard form of equation of the

hyperbola that has
(a) vertices at (1, -2) and (1, 8) and foci at (1, -10)
( y  3) ( x  1) 2
2

and (1, 16)? Ans.  1

25 144

(b) vertices (0, -2) and (6, -2) and foci at (-2, -2) and
(8, -2)?
Solution Q55(b)
The y-coordinate of the vertices and foci are the same, so
the transverse axis is parallel to the x-axis. Thus, the
equation of the hyperbola will have the form
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
2
 2
1
a b
The center (h, k) is halfway between the vertices (0, -2)
and (6, -2).
Applying the mid-point formula, we’ve
 0  6  2  (2) 
(h, k )   ,   (3,  2)
 2 2 

The length of the transverse axis is 2a , is bounded by the

vertices.
So, 2a  0  6  The distance between the x - coordinate of the vertices.
The coordinates of the foci are ( h  ae, k ) and ( h  ae, k ).
So (h  ae, k )  (8,  2)

(h  ae, k )  (2,  2)
h  ae  8 or ae  5.
b 2  (ae) 2  a 2  25  9  16
Substituting the values found for h, k , a 2 and b 2 in the
standard form of the equation we have
( x  3) 2 ( y  2) 2
  1.
9 16
Q56. An ellipse has its foci at the points (-1, 0) and (7, 0)
and its eccentricity is 1. Find its Cartesian
2
equation. Ans.
( x  3)

2
y
1
2

64 48

Q57. An ellipse has foci on the y-axis and its

centre at the origin. The distance between the foci
is 6 and the major axis is of length 10. Find the
eccentricity, the Cartesian equation and the
equations of the directrices of this ellipse.
x2 y2
Ans.  1
16 25
25
y
3
Q57. Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to
2  2 
2
the ellipse   1 at  2, 3 5  .
x y
9 4  

Q58. Write down the equation of the ellipse with

(a) centre (0, 1), major axis vertical and of length 8,
minor axis of length 4. Ans : 4 x 2  ( y  1) 2  16.

Also find the coordinates of the foci and the

equations of the directrices of the ellipse.
 
5, 0 ; x  
9 5
5
(b) centre (2, 0), major axis horizontal and of length
, eccentricity 1 . Ans : 3( x  2) 2
 4 y 2
 12 a 2
4a 2
Also find the coordinates of the foci and the
equations of the directrices of the ellipse.
Ans : (2  a, 0) ; x  2  4a
Q59. Find the coordinates of the centre, the length of the
axes and the eccentricity of the ellipse
2
(a) x 1
 ( y  1) 2  1. Ans : (0, 1) ; 4, 2 ; 3
4 2
8 3
Ans : (0, 0) ; 2, ;
(b) 16 x 2  25 y 2  400. 1
5 5
Ans : ( 2, 0 ) ; 8 , 4 ; 3
(c) x 2  4 x  4 y 2  12. 2
1
(d) b ( x  a)  a ( y  b)  a b , a  b
2 2 2 2 2 2 Ans : ( a , b ) ; 2 a , 2 b ;
a
a b2 2

Q60. An ellipse has its centre at the origin and its foci on
the x-axis. The distance between the foci is 3cm
and the distance between the directrices is 12cm.
Find the eccentricity and the length of the major
axis. Hence find the Cartesian equation of the
ellipse. 1
Ans : ; 6 ; 3 x 2  4 y 2  27
3
Q61. Find the equation of the ellipse with
(a) focus at (3, 4), the corresponding directrix is the
1
line x  y  1 and the eccentricity is 2 .
Ans : 7 x 2  7 y 2  46 x  62 y  2 xy  199  0.
(b) the set of points that are three times as far from
the x axis as they are from the point (0, 2).
Ans : 9 x 2  8 y 2  36 y  36  0.

Q62. Find the values of c if y  3x  c is a tangent to the

ellipse x 2  4 y 2  4.
Find the coordinates of the points of contact.
Q63. Prove that the line 3 y  2 x  5 touches the ellipse

x2
 y 2  1.
4
Q64. Find the equation of the tangents to the circle
x 2  y 2  25 from the point (7, 1).  Ans : 4 x  3 y  25  0.
3 x  4 y  25  0.

Q65. Find the length of the tangent to the circle

 x2 + y2 = 12, drawn from the point (5, 6). Ans: 7units

Q66. Find the equation of the tangents to the circle

 x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y = 0 from the point (2,
Ans : 4 x 11).
3 y  25  0.
3 x  4 y  50  0.

67. (a) Find the equation of the circle whose centre is

(3, 6) and which passes through the point
(– 1, 1).
(b) Find the equation of the circle if the ends of a
diameter are (0, 7) and (– 1, 0).
68. (a) Find the equation of the circle which passes
through the points (1, 2), (2, 2) and (4, -1).
(b) Find the equation of the circle whose radius is 7
and concentric with the circle x 2
 y 2
 8 x  6 y  11  0.
(c) Find the equation of the circle if two of it’s
diameter are x+4y=5 and 7x-y=6 and whose radius
is 7 .
69. (a) Find the equation of the circle which passes
through the points (1, 3), (2, 3) and whose centre
lies on the line 2 x  3 y  1  0.
(b) Show that the line 5 x  2 y  25  0 passes through
the focus of the parabola y 2  2 x.
70. (a) Find the equation of the line which passes
through (5, - 6) and the focus of the parabola
x 2  12 y.

(b) Find focus, directrix and length of latus rectum of

the parabola
(i) y 2  36 x (ii) 4 x 2  y (iii) 5 x 2  2 y.

80. (a) Find the equation of the parabola with focus (5, 0)
and directrix x  5.
(b) Find the equation of the parabola with vertex
(0, 0) and focus (0, 10).
81. If the ends of the latus rectum of a Parabola are
(3, 10) and (3, -10) and vertex is (0, 0) find the equation

of the Parabola.
82. (a) Find the equation of the parabola which is
symmetric about the y-axis vertex origin and which
passes through the point (-3, 5).
(b) Find the equation of the parabola which is
symmetric about the x-axis vertex origin and which
passes through the point (6, 4).

83. Find the length of major axis, minor axis and latus
rectum2 of the ellipse y 2
16 x  y 2  16 x2   1.
(a) (b) 9
84. If the major axis of an ellipse is three times it’s minor
axis, find the eccentricity.