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Let 0 1
BB a11 a12 · · · a1n CC
B CC
A=B
a21 a22 · · · a2n
BB CC
B@ ··· ··· ··· ··· CA
am1 am2 · · · amn
which is an m×n matrix whose n columns correspond to [T (ui )]B ′ . The m×n
matrix A is called the coordinate matrix of T ∈ L(U, V) with respect to the
pair (B, B ′ ) . We can denote it as [T ]BB′ .
Compute
Theorem 0.1.1. Let T ∈ L(U, V), and let B = u1 , u2 , · · · , un be basis for U and
B ′ = (v1 , v2 , · · · , vm ) be basis for V. The action of T on u ∈ U is given by matrix
multiplication between their coordinates. That is
T (u ) = m
j i=1 αij vi , then
0 1 0 1
B x1 C BB α11 α12 ··· α1n CC
B
B C
C B CC
[u]B = B C =B
x2 α21 α22 ··· α2n
B
B .. C
C and [T]BB′ BB .. .. .. CC
B
@ . C
A B@ . .
...
. CA
xn αm1 αm2 · · · αmn
In other words, the coordinates of T(u) with respect to B ′ are the terms
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学位论文
0P 1 0 10 1
B j α1j xj C BB α11 α12 ··· α1n CC BB x1 CC
B P
B j α2j xj C
C BB CC BB CC
=B C α21 α22 ··· α2n x2
[T(u)]B′ B
B .. C
C = BB .. .. .. CC BB .. CC = [T]B,B [u]B .
′
B
@P . C
A B@ . .
...
. CA B@ . CA
j αmj xj αm1 αm2 · · · αmn xn
After the basis for linear space V and W are fixed, the coordinate matrix
of linear transformation T is uniquely determined. Through this way, we
have established a one-to-one correspondence between matrix and linear
transformation. Meanwhile, we can use matrix A to study linear transfor-
mation T .
If the matrix of linear transformation T under basis α1 , α2 , · · · , αn is A,
then we have the following conclusion:
(1) The coordinates of the basis of R(T ) correspond to the maximal linearly
independent set of column vector sets of A.
(3)
dim(R(T )) = rank(A),
Solution:Choose the natural basis of R2×2 : E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 , then
0 −2 0 −2 2 0 0 2
T (E11 ) = , T (E12 ) = , T (E21 ) = , T (E22 ) =
0 0 0 0 2 −2 0 0
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So the matrix of T in E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 is
0 1 0 1
B
B
0 0 2 0 CC BB 1 1 0 −1 CC
B −2 2 CCC ∼ BBB 0 CC
A=B
−2 0 0 1 0
B
B CC
B 0 C CA BB@ 0 CA
@ 0 0 2 0 0 0
0 0 −2 0 0 0 0 0
You can get , rank(A) = 2,(0, −2, 0, 0)T ,(2, 0, 2, −2)T is a maximal
linearly
in-
0 −2
dependent group of column vector group of A, so dim(R(T )) = 2, ,
0 0
2 0
is a set of basis of R(T ). The fundamental solution of Ax = 0 is
2 −2
−1 1 1 0
(−1, 1, 0, 0)T ,(1, 0, 0, 1)T , so dim(N (T )) = 2, , is a set of
0 0 0 1
basis of N (T ).
Theorem 0.1.2. (1) If T, L ∈ L(U, V), and if B and B ′ are bases for U and V,
then
[kT]BB′ = k[T]BB′ for scalars k.
(2) If T ∈ L(U, V) and L ∈ L(V, W), and if B, B ′ , and B ′′ are bases for U, V,
and W, respectively, then LT ∈ L(U, W), and
(3) If T ∈ L(U, U) is invertible in the sense that TT−1 = T−1 T = I for some
T−1 ∈ L(U, U), then for every basis B of U
T−1 B
= [T]B−1
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Solution:For
Take the base of W2 : 1, cos x, sin x, cos 2x, sin 2x, then
Find (1) The matrices of T + S,T S under the basis E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 .
Solution:(1) The matrices of T and S under the basis E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 can be
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obtained as follows:
0 1 0 1
B
B
1 1 0 0 CC BB 1 0 0 0 CC
B1 CC B 0 0 C
A=B CC , B = BBB CC
−1 0 0 1 0
B
B
B CA B@ −2 0 C CA
@0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 −1 0 −2 0 0
So, the matrices of T + S and T S under the basis E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 are:
0 1 0 1
B
B
2 1 0 0 CC BB 1 1 0 0 CC
B 1 CC B 1 0 C
A+B =B CC , AB = BBB CC
0 0 0 −1 0
B
B
B CA B@ −2 0 C CA
@ −2 0 1 1 −2 0
0 −2 1 −1 −2 2 0 0
0 1
BB x1 CC
B x2 CC
T −1 (X) = (E11 , E12 , E21 , E22 )A−1 BBB CC
B@ x3 CA
x4
x1 + x2 x1 − x2 x3 + x4 x3 − x4
= E11 + E12 + E21 +
2 2
2
2 E22
1 x1 + x2 x1 − x2 x1 x2 1 1 1
= = .
2 x3 + x4 x3 − x4 x3 x4 2 1 −1
Further, it is known that a linear space can take different basis. What is
the relationship between the matrix of linear transformation under different
bases? We will discuss in the following.
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and
T (α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ) = (α1 , α2 , · · · , αn )A,
(α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ) = (β1 , β2 , · · · , βn )P −1 ,
So
We obtain
B = P −1 AP.
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1 0 1
η1 = (−1, 1, 1),η2 = (1, 0, −1),η3 = (0, 1, 1) is 1 1 0 ,find the matrix
−1 2 1
of T under the basis ε1 ,ε2 ,ε3 ;
3) Known a basis α1 = (−1, 0, 2),α2 = (0, 1, 1),α3 = (3, −1, 0), T (α1 ) =
(−5, 0, 3), and T (α2 ) = (0, −1, 6),T (α3 ) = (−5, −1, 9), find matrices of T under
ε1 ,ε2 ,ε3 and α1 ,α2 ,α3 .
T (ε1 ) = T (1, 0, 0) = (2, 0, 1), T (ε2 ) = T (0, 1, 0) = (−1, 1, 0), T (ε3 ) = T (0, 0, 1) = (0, 1, 0).
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So we have
−1 1 0 1 0 1 −1 1 −1
T (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) = (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 −1
−1 1 −1 2 1
1
1 0 1
−1 1 −2
= (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) 2 2 0 .
3 0 2
−1 1 −2
The matrix of T under the basis ε1 , ε2 , ε3 is 2 2 0 。
3 0 2
−5 0 −5
3) For T (α1 , α2 , α3 ) = (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) 0 −1 −1 ,
3 6 9
−1 0 3
(α1 , α2 , α3 ) = (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) 0 1 −1 ,
2 1 0
So
−1
−1 0 3
T (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) = T (α1 , α2 , α3 ) 0 1 −1
2 1 0
−1
−5 0 −5 −1 0 3
= (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) 0 −1 −1 0 1 −1
3 6 9
2 1 0
−5 0 −5 −1/7 −3/7 3/7
= (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) 0 −1 −1 2/7 6/7 1/7
−1/7 1/7
3 6 9
2/7
−5 20 −20
1
= (ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) −4 −5 −2 ,
7
27 18 24
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The matrix of T under the basis ε1 , ε2 , ε3 is
−5 20 −20
1
−4 −5 −2 .
7
27 18 24
Also
−1
−1 0 3 −5 0 −5
T (α1 , α2 , α3 ) = (α1 , α2 , α3 ) 0 1 −1 0 −1 −1
2 1 0
3 6 9
−1 −3 3 −5 0 −5
1
= (α1 , α2 , α3 ) 2 6 1 0 −1 −1
7
−1 1
2
3 6 9
2 3 5
= (α1 , α2 , α3 ) −1 0 −1 ,
−1 1 0
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β = k1 (−α1 + α2 ) + k2 (−α1 + α3 )
and
So W is an invariant subspace of T .
Solution:Let
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Let
V0 = {0}, V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 , V1 ⊕V2 , V1 ⊕V3 , V1 ⊕V4 , V2 ⊕V3 , V2 ⊕V4 , V1 ⊕V2 ⊕V3 , V1 ⊕V2 ⊕V4 = V
– 12 –