Mhtcet Maths Hints and Solutions

Textbook
Chapter No.
03 Trigonometry - II
Hints
tan A  tan B
8. tan (A + B) =
Classical Thinking 1  tan A tan B
ns
a 1
1. cos (A + B) =  cos A cos B +  sin A sin B 
= a  1 2a 1
But, cos (A + B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B a 1
1 
  = 1,  =  1 a  1 2a  1
2a 2  a  a  1
io
2. cos 105 = cos (60 + 45) =
2a 2  2a  a  1  a
= cos 60 cos 45  sin 60 sin 45
2a 2  2a  1
1 3 =
at
= 2a 2  2a  1
2 2

= 1 = tan
3. cos 38 cos 8 + sin 38 sin 8 4
= cos (38  8) = cos 30 
1
lic  A+B=
4
4. ( 3 cos 23  sin 23)
4 1
9. cot(A B) =
1
= (cos 30 cos 23  sin 30 sin 23) tan (A  B)
ub
2 1  tan A tan B
 =
3 1 tan A  tan B
…  cos30 , sin 30 
 2 2  1 tan A tan B
= +
P
1 1 tan A  tan B tan A  tan B

= cos (30 + 23) = cos 53
2 2 1 1
= 
tan A  tan B cot B  cot A
5. tan 15 = tan (45  30)
et
1 1
1 = +
1 x y
= 3
1
1 10. Since, cos2 A  sin2 B = cos (A+B). cos (A B)
rg
3
 cos2 48  sin2 12 = cos 60. cos 36
 tan A  tan B 
…  tan(A  B)   5 1
 1  tan A tan B  =
1
 
2  4 
Ta
3 1 3 1
= 
3 1 3 1 5 1
=
=2 3 8
cos10o  sin10o 1 tan10 cos 2 15o

1
6. = cot 15  1
2 o 2 o
cos10o  sin10o 1  tan10 11. = sin 215 o
cot 15  1
2 o
cos 15
= tan (45 + 10) 1
sin 2 15o
…[ tan 45 = 1] cos 2 15o  sin 2 15o
= = cos (30)
= tan 55 cos 2 15o  sin 2 15o
cos8  sin8 1  tan8 [ cos2 A  sin2 B = cos (A + B) cos (A  B)]
7. =
cos8  sin8 1  tan8 3
=
= tan (45  8) = tan 37 2
1

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

12. tan (945) = tan [(945)]  3
22. sin sin = sin 18. sin 54
=  tan [(2  360 + 225)] 10 10
=  tan (225) = sin 18. cos 36
=  tan 45 …[ sin(90  ) = cos ]
…[ tan (180 + ) = tan ] 5 1 5 1
= .
=1 4 4
1
    =
13. tan  sin     cos     4
2  2  
= tan  cos  sin  23. sin 10 + sin 20 + sin 30 + …+ sin 180
= sin2  + sin (180 + 10) + sin (180 + 20) + …
ns
+ sin(180 + 180)
14. sin ( + ) sin (  ) cosec2
1 =0 …[ sin (180 + ) =  sin ]
=  sin  sin 
sin 2 
= –1 24. (cos 1 + cos 179) + (cos 2 + cos 178)
io
+ … + (cos 89 + cos 91)
15. cos A + sin (270 + A)  sin (270  A)
+ (cos 90 + cos 180)
+ cos(180 + A)
= 1 …[ cos (180  ) =  cos ]
at
= cos A  cos A + cos A  cosA = 0
16. tan A + cot (180 + A) + cot (90 + A) 1 1

+ cot(360  A) 25. tan (A + B) = 2 3 = 1
= tan A + cot A  tan A  cot A = 0
lic 1 1
1 .
2 3
cos(90  )sec( ) tan(180  )  A + B = 45
17.
sin(360  )sec(180  )cot(90  )  2A = 90  2B
ub
(  sin )(sec )( tan )  cos 2A = sin 2B …[ cos (90  ) = sin ]
=
(sin )(  sec ) tan 
= –1 26. Since, A + C = 180 and B + D = 180
 cos A + cos B = cos (180  C) + cos (180  D)
 7   3  =  (cos C + cos D)
P
18. sec   A  = sec  2   A 

 2   2  …[ cos (180  ) =  cos ]
 3 
= sec   A
 2  27. Since, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
et
=  cosec A  A + C = 180
 A = 180  C
19. sin 15 + cos 105
 cos A = cos (180  C) =  cos C
rg
= sin 15 + cos (90 + 15)

 cos A + cos C = 0 …(i)
= sin 15  sin 15 …[ cos(90 + ) =  sin ]
Also, B + D = 180
=0
 cos B + cos D = 0
Ta
…(ii)
20. cos 7 + cos  = cos (8  ) + cos  Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
= cos (  ) + cos  cos A  cos B + cos C  cos D = 0
…[ 8 = (given)]
28. sin2 25 + sin2 65 = sin2 25+ sin2 (90  25)
=  cos  + cos 
= sin2 25 + cos2 25
=0
…[ sin(90  ) = cos ]
cot 54 tan 20
21. + =1
tan 36 cot 70
cot (90  36) tan 20 7   
= + 29. sin = sin     = sin
tan 36 cot (90  20) 8  8 8
=1+1 …[ cot (90  ) = tan ] 5  3  3
sin = sin     = sin
=2 8  8  8
22

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

 3 5 7 37. 1 + cos2 2A = (cos2 A + sin2 A)2
 sin2 + sin2 + sin2 + sin2
8 8 8 8 + (cos2 A  sin2 A)2
  3  = 2 (cos A + sin4 A)
4
= 2 sin 2  sin 2 
 8 8    
38. 1  2 sin2     = cos   2 
   4  2 
= 2 sin 2  cos 2 
 8 8 …  cos 21  2sin 2 
 3   
…  sin  sin     cos  =  sin 2
 8 2 8 8
39. cosec A – 2 cot 2A cos A
=2
1 2cosAcos2A
= 
30. cos 2 = 2 cos2   1 sin A sin 2A
= 1  2 sin2  1 2cosAcos2A
ns
= 
1  tan 2  sin A 2sin Acos A
=
1  tan 2  1  cos 2A 2sin 2 A
= = = 2 sin A
31. sin 4 = 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin A sin A
io
= 2.2 sin cos (1  2 sin2 ) sin   sin 2 sin   2sin  cos 
40. =
= 4 sin (1  2 sin2 ) 1  sin 2  1  cos   cos2 2cos 2   cos 
sin (1  2cos )
32. Given, sin A + cos A = 1 =
at
cos (1  2cos )
Squaring on both sides, we get
(sin A + cos A)2= 1 = tan 
 1 + sin 2A = 1 41. 2 + 2 cos 4 = 2 (1 + cos 4)
 sin 2A = 0
lic = 4 cos2 2 …(i)
33. sin  cos  =
1
(sin 2)  2  2  2cos 4 = 2  2cos 2 …[From (i)]
2
= 2 1  cos 2 
Since,  1  sin 2  1
ub
1 1 1 = 4cos 2 
  ≤ (sin 2) ≤
2 2 2 = 2 cos 
1 
 Largest value is . 1  tan 2
2 1  t2
P
42. = 2 = cos 
1+ t 2 2 
3
sin 2 20 o
1  tan
34. cos 20 cos 40 cos 80 = 2
23 sin 20o
et
sin160o A 3
= 43. Given that, tan =
8 sin 20o 2 2
sin (180 20) 2 A
= 1  cos A 2cos 2 A
8sin 20  = = cot2
rg
1  cos A 2sin 2 A 2
1
= 2
8 2
2 4
=  =
2tan  1  tan 
Ta
3
2
9
35. tan 2 = , cos 2 =
1  tan 
2
1  tan 2 
1  t2  1  cos 
 tan 2 + sec 2 =
2t
+ 44. cos   = 
1 t 2
1  t2 2 2
…[ tan  = t(given)]  3   3 
…       
 2 2 2 4
(1  t) 2 1 t
= =  3 
(1  t)(1  t) 1  t Now, cos  =  1  sin 2  …   
 2 
36. (sec 2A+ 1) sec2A 9 4
 1  tan 2 A  2 =  1 = 
=  1 (1 + tan A) 25 5
 1  tan A 
2
4
2(1  tan 2 A)  1
= = 2 sec 2A  cos =  5 =  1
1  tan 2 A 2 2 10
3


A 1  cos A  3π   3π 
sin   53. cos  + x  – cos   x 
A
tan   =   =  4   4 
2 2
45.
 2  cos  
A 1  cos A
   3π 3π   3π 3π 
2 2  4 +x+ 4 x  4 x 4 x
= 2 sin    sin  
1  cos A  2   2 
=    
1  cos A
 3π 
 1  cos  = 2 sin   sin(– x)
46. tan2 =  4 
2 1  cos 
 
tan   tan    = – 2 sin    sin x
= …  cos  tan  (given)  2 4
tan   tan   tan  
π
sin  sin  = – 2 cos   sin x

ns
4 
cos  cos 
=
sin  sin  = – 2 sin x

cos  cos  54. (sin 50  sin 70) + sin 10
sin  cos   sin  cos 
io
= = 2 cos 60 sin (10) + sin 10
sin  cos   sin  cos 
1
sin(  ) = – 2. sin 10 + sin 10
= 2
sin(  )
at
=0
1
47. Given, tan A  55. cos 52 + cos 68 + cos 172
2
= (cos 52 + cos 172) + cos 68
 tan 3A =
3tan A  tan 3 A
1  3tan 2 A
lic = 2 cos 112 cos 60 + cos 68
1 1 = cos 112 + cos 68
3.  12  1
= 2 8 = = 2 cos 90 cos 22
ub
1 2
1  3. =0
4
11 56. {sin ( +  – ) + sin ( +  – )}
=
2 + {sin ( +  – ) – sin ( +  + )}
P
48. Given that, cos 3 =  cos  +  cos3  = 2 sin  cos (  ) + 2 sin ( ) cos ( + )
But, cos 3 = 4 cos3   3 cos  = 2 sin  [cos ( )  cos ( + )]
  (, ) = (3, 4) = 2 sin  . 2 sin  sin 
et
1 = 4 sin  sin  sin 

49. We have, x + = 2 cos 
x sin 3x  sin x 2 cos 2 x sin x
3 57. =
1  1  1
Now, x3 + 3 =  x    3 x 
cos 2 x cos 2 x
rg
x  x  x = 2 sin x
= (2 cos )3  3(2 cos )
= 8 cos3   6 cos  sin 5 x + sin 3x 2sin 4 x cos x
58. =
Ta
= 2 (4 cos3   3 cos ) = 2 cos 3 cos 5 x + cos 3x 2cos 4 x cos x

= tan 4x
50. cos 5 – sin 25 = sin (90  5)  sin 25
= sin 85 – sin 25 cos 7A + cos 5A 2 cos 6A cos A
59. =
= 2 cos 55 sin 30 sin 7A  sin 5A 2 cos 6Asin A
= cos 55
= cot A
51. cos 57 + sin 27 = cos 57 + cos (90  27)
sin 70  cos 40 sin 70o + sin 50o
= cos 57 + cos 63 60. =
= 2 cos 60 cos 3 cos70  sin 40 cos 70o + cos 50o
= cos 3 2 sin 60o cos 10o
=
2 cos 60o cos10o
52. cos 18 – sin 18 = cos 18 – cos 72
= 2 sin 45 sin 27 = tan 60
= 2 sin 27 = 3
44


π  1
sin 3A  cos   A  = [cos 2A – cos 90]
61.  2  = sin3A  sin A 2
cos A + cos(π + 3A) cosA  cos3A 1
= cos 2A
2cos 2Asin A 2
=
2sin 2Asin A
π  π 
= cot 2A 68. 4 sin  + θ  sin   θ 
3  3 
sin 3  sin 5  sin 7  sin 9
 
= 2  2sin  + θ  sin   θ  
62. π π
cos3  cos5  cos 7  cos9
 3  3 
(sin 3  sin 9)  (sin 5  sin 7)
=  π π  π π 
(cos3  cos9)  (cos5  cos 7) = 2 cos  + θ   θ   cos   θ +  θ  
 
3 3 3  3  
2sin 6 cos3  2sin 6 cos 
ns
=   2π  
2cos 6 cos3  2cos 6 cos  = 2 cos 2  cos   
  3 
2sin 6θ (cos3θ + cosθ)
= = 2 cos 2 + 1
2cos 6θ (cos3θ + cosθ)
io
= tan 6 69. sin 18 sin 70 + sin 16 sin 36
1
sin( x  y ) a  b = [2 sin 18 sin 70 + 2 sin 16 sin 36]
63. = 2
sin( x  y ) a  b
at
1
= [cos 52 – cos 88 + cos 20 – cos 52]
By componendo and dividendo, we get 2
sin ( x  y )  sin ( x  y ) (a  b)  (a  b) 1
= = [cos 20 – cos 88]
sin ( x  y )  sin ( x  y ) (a  b)  (a  b)
2sin x cos y 2a
lic 2
1
 = = [ 2 sin 54 sin 34]
2
2cos x sin y 2b
= sin 54 sin 34
tan x a
ub
 =
tan y b 70. sin 10 sin 30 sin 50 sin 70
1 1
64. 2 sin 3x cos 2x = sin (3x + 2x) + sin (3x – 2x) = . ( 2 sin 10 sin 50) sin 70
2 2
= sin 5x + sin x 1
P
= (cos 40  cos 60) sin 70

5π π  5π π   5π π  4
65. 2 sin cos = sin  +  + sin    1
12 12  12 12   12 12  = (2 sin 70 cos 40  sin 70)
8
et
π π
= sin + sin 1
2 3 = (sin 110 + sin 30  sin 70)
8
3 2+ 3
=1+ = 1 1
(sin 70 +  sin 70)
rg
2 2 =
8 2
66. cos 75 cos 15 …[ sin(180  A) = sin A]
1
= [2 cos 75 cos 15] 1
Ta
2 =
1 16
= [cos (75 + 15) + cos (75 – 15)]
2 71. cos 20 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80
1 1 1
= [cos 90 + cos 60] = . (2 cos 40 cos 20) cos 80
2 2 2
1 1
= = (cos 60 + cos 20) cos 80
4 4
67. sin (45 + A) sin (45 – A) 1
= (cos 80 + 2 cos 20 cos 80)
1 8
= [2 sin (45 + A)sin (45 – A)]
2 1
= (cos 80 + cos 100 + cos 60)
1 8
= [cos (45 + A – 45 + A)
2 1
= …[ cos(180  A) = cos A]
– cos (45 + A + 45 – A)] 16
5


72. sin (A + B) = sin ( – C) = sin C 8 
2. cos  = and 0 <  <
73. cosec A (sin B cos C + cos B sin C) 17 2
2
= cosec A sin (B + C) 8
 sin  = 1   
= cosec A sin (180 – A)  17 
= cosec A sin A 15
=1 =
17
74. sin2  + sin2   sin2  cos (30 + ) + cos (45  ) + cos (120  )
= sin2  + sin ( – ) sin ( + ) = cos 30 cos   sin 30 sin  + cos 45 cos 
= sin2  + sin ( – ) sin ( – ) + sin45 sin  + cos 120 cos  + sin 120 sin 
= sin  [sin  + sin ( – )]  3 1 1 1 1 3
= cos       sin     
= sin  [ sin ( + ) + sin (  )]  2 2 2  2 2 2 
ns
= 2 sin  sin  cos   3 1 1  15  3 1 1 
8
=    +    
75. cos2 A + cos2 B – cos2 C 17  2 2 2  17  2 2 2 
1 1
= (1 + cos 2A) + (1 + cos 2B) 23  3 1 1 
  
io
2 2 =
1
17  2 2 
– (1 + cos 2C)
2 3
3. Given, cos (A  B) =
at
1 1
= + (cos 2A + cos 2B – cos 2C) 5
2 2  5 cos A cos B + 5 sin A sin B = 3 …(i)
1 1 Also, tan A tan B = 2
= + (1 – 4 sin A sin B cos C)
2 2  sin A sin B = 2 cos A cos B …(ii)
= 1 – 2 sin A sin B cos C
lic From (i) and (ii), we get
76. tan (A + B) = tan(180 – C) 1 2
cos Acos B  and sin A sin B =
tan A + tan B 5 5
 = – tan C
ub
1  tan A tan B    
 tan A + tan B = – tan C (1 – tan A tan B) 4. Let f (x) = sin  x +  + cos  x +  . Then,
 6  6
 tan A + tan B = – tan C + tan A tan B tan C
   1   1 
 tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C f (x) = 2 cos  x +   sin  x + 
  6 2  6  2 
P
77. Since, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

       
tan A  tan B  tan C = 2 cos  x +  cos  sin  x +  sin 
 =1   6  4  6  4
tanA tan B tan C
et
  
78. cos A = cos B cos C = 2 cos  x +  
 6 4
 cos ( – B – C) = cos B cos C
 – cos (B + C) = cos B cos C …[ cos (A  B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]
rg
 – cos B cos C + sin B sin C = cos B cos C  

= 2 cos  x  
 2 cos B cos C = sin B sin C  12 
1  
 cot B cot C = Since,  1  cos  x   1
Ta
2  12 
 
Critical Thinking  f (x) is maximum, if x  = 0 i.e., if x =
12 12
1. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B 5. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
16  12  4 144
1   1
= 1 1 1 1
25  13  5 169 = 1 + 1
10 5 5 10
3  12  4  5 
   
= 1 4 1 9
5  13  5  13  = +
10 5 5 10
…[ A lies in first quadrant and 1 5
= (2 + 3) =
B lies in third quadrant] 50 50
16 1
= =
65 2
66


  
 sin (A + B) = sin  =–  =  +
4 4 4
    
A+B=  sin  + cos  = sin     + cos    
4  4  4
1 1 1 1
1 = sin   cos   cos   sin 
6. We have, sin  = 2 2 2 2
5
2
 1  2
2 = cos  = 2 cos
 cos  = 1    = 2
 5 5
 
 
3 and sin   cos  = sin     – cos    
and sin  =  4  4
5
1 1 1 1
= sin   cos   cos   sin 
ns
2
3 4 2 2 2 2
 cos  = 1   =
5 5 2
= sin  = 2 sin 
 sin ( – ) = sin  cos  – cos  sin  2
3 2 4 1 2
io
=  –  = 1 1
5 5 5 5 5 5 
tan   tan 
= 0.1789 9. tan ( + ) = = 2 3 =1
1  tan  tan  1 1
1 .

at
1 2 3
Now, sin = = 0.7071
4 2 tan (2 + ) = tan [ + ( + )]
Since, 0 < 0.1789 < 0.7071 tan  tan (  )
=
 1  tan  tan (  )
 sin 0 < sin ( – ) < sin
4
lic 1
1

 0 < ( – ) < = 2 =3
4 1
1  .1
2
ub
7. sin (  ) = sin [(  )  ( – )]
= sin(  ) cos(  )  cos(  ) sin(  ) 
10. A+B=
4
= ba  1  b 2 1  a 2

and cos(  ) = cos [(  )  ( – )]  tan (A + B) = tan
P
4
= cos(  ) cos(  ) + sin(  ) sin(  )
tan A  tan B
 a 1  b2  b 1  a 2  =1
1  tan A tan B
 cos2(  ) +2ab sin(  )
et
 tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1

   
2
= a 1  b 2  b 1  a 2 +2ab ab  1 a 2 1 b 2  (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2
2 2
=a +b 11. A + B = 45
rg
sin   cos   tan (A + B) = 1

8. We have, tan    tan A + tan B = 1  tan A tan B
sin   cos 
1 1 1
1
 sin   cos    + =1
Ta
cot A cot B cot A cot B

 tan  = 2
1
 sin   cos    cot A + cot B = cot A cot B  1
2  cot A cot B  cot A  cot B = 1
   cot A cot B  cot A  cot B + 1 = 2
sin  cos  cos  sin
 tan  = 4 4  (cot A  1) (cot B  1) = 2
 
sin  sin  cos  cos
4 4 12. Let x  y = , y  z =  and z  x = ,
  then  +  +  = 0
sin    
 tan  = 
4 +=
   tan ( + ) = tan ( )
cos    
 4 tan   tan 
 =  tan 
  1  tan  tan 
 tan  = tan    
4   tan  + tan  + tan  = tan  tan  tan 
7


tan A + tan 2A 19. cot (45 + ) cot (45  )
13. Since, tan 3A =
1  tan A tan 2A = tan (90  45  ) cot (45  )
  tan 3A  tan 2A  tan A …[ tan (90  ) = cot ]
= tan 3A tan 2A tan A = tan (45  ) cot (45  ) = 1
tan 20o  tan 40o
14. tan (20 + 40) =    3 
1  tan 20o tan 40o 20. tan     tan    
4   4 
tan 20  tan 40
 3=     
1  tan 20 tan 40 = tan     tan       
4  2 4 
 3  3 tan 20 tan 40 = tan 20 + tan 40
     
  tan 20 + tan 40 + 3 tan 20tan 40 = 3 = tan      cot     
4  
4  
ns
 6      
15. tan     tan …  tan       cot  
 15 15  3  2  
6  =1
tan  tan
 15 15 = tan 
io
6  3 21. sin 75 = sin(90  15)
1  tan tan
15 15 = cos 15
6  6  = cos (45  30)
 tan  tan
at
= 3 + 3 tan tan
15 15 15 15 3 1
6  6  =
 tan  tan  3 tan tan = 3 2 2
15 15 15 15
 tan
2
5
 tan
15
π 2
 3 tan tan = 3
5

15
lic 22. cos 105 + sin 105
= cos (90 + 15) + sin (90 + 15)
= cos 15  sin 15
 tan A  tan B  = cos (45  30)  sin (45  30)
16. 2 tan (A  B) = 2  
 1  tan A tan B 
ub
3 1 3 1
= 
 2 tan B  cot B  tan B  2 2 2 2
= 2 
1  (2 tan B  cot B) tan B  2
=
…[ tan A = 2 tan B + cot B] 2 2
P
1
 tan B  cot B  =
=2   2
 2(1  tan B) 
2
cot B(tan 2 B  1) 23. sin 600 cos 330 + cos 120 sin 150
et
=
1  tan 2 B =  sin 60 cos 30  sin 30 cos 60
= cot B = {sin(60 + 30)}
=1
rg
1 1
17. 
tan 3A  tan A cot 3A  cot A 24. Given expression
 sin(660 ) tan(1050 )sec(420 )
  
1 tan A tan 3A
= + =
tan 3A  tan A tan 3A  tan A cos(180  45 )cosec(360  45 ) cos(360  150 )
   
Ta
1 1  sin(7  90  30 ) tan(3  360  30 )sec(360  60 )

= = = cot 2A =
tan 3A  tan A tan 2A ( cos 45 )( cosec 45 ) cos150
1  tan 3A.tan A
cos(30 )(  tan 30 )sec60
=
18. sin  + sin  + sin   sin( +  + ) (  cos 45 )( cosec45 )(  cos30 )
= sin  + sin  + sin   sin  cos  cos  cos30o tan 30o sec60o
=
 cos  sin  cos   cos  cos  sin  cos 45o cosec45o cos30o
+ sin  sin  sin  1
2
= sin (1  cos  cos ) + sin (1  cos  cos ) 3
=
+ sin  (1  cos  cos ) + sin  sin  sin  > 0 1
 2
 sin  + sin  + sin  > sin ( +  + ) 2
sin(     ) 2
 1 =
sin   sin   sin  3
88


  3   30. tan 81  tan 63  tan 27 + tan 9
25. 3 sin 4      sin 4 (3   ) 
  2   = {tan (90  9) + tan 9}
     {tan (90  27) + tan 27}
 2 sin 6      sin 6 (5  )  = (cot 9 + tan 9)  (cot 27 + tan 27)
  2  
= 2 cosec 18  2 cosec 54
= 3{(– cos )4 + (–sin )4}–2(cos6  + sin6 )
…[ tan  + cot  = 2 cosec 2]
= 3(1 – 2 sin2  cos2) – 2(1– 3 sin2  cos2 )
= 3 – 6 sin2  cos2  – 2 + 6 sin2  cos2  =
2

2
=3–2=1 sin18 sin 54
2 2
cos12o  sin12o sin 147o = 
26. + sin18 cos36
cos 12o  sin 12o cos 147o 2 4 2 4
= 
ns
1  tan 12o 5 1 5 1
= + tan 147
1  tan 12o  
5  1  5  1
= tan(45  12) + tan(180  33) = 8 
 5 
2
  12 
= tan 33  tan 33 = 0
io
=4
tan100o  tan125o
27. tan(100 + 125) =
1  tan100o tan125o    
cos 2      sin 2    
at
31.
tan 100o  tan 125o 4   4
 tan 225 =
1  tan100o tan125o    
= cos        cos       
tan100  tan 125
o o  4 4   4 4
1=
1  tan 100o tan 125o
lic 
= cos (  ) cos        

…[ tan (180 + 45) = tan 45 = 1] 2 
= cos (  ) sin ( + )
 tan 100 + tan 125 + tan 100 tan 125 = 1
ub
  5
cot A cot B 32. cos2 + cos2 +cos2
28. . 12 4 12
1  cot A 1  cot B
= cos2 15 + cos2 45 + cos2 75
1
= = cos2 15 + cos2 75 + cos2 45
P
(1  tan A)(1  tan B)

= cos2 15 + sin2 15 +  
2
1
1
=  2
tan A  tan B  1  tan A tan B
…[ cos2  = sin2 (90  )]
et
1
=
1  tan A tan B  1  tan A tan B 1
=1+
  tan(A  B)  tan 225  2
… 
rg
3
 tan A  tan B 1  tan A tan B  =
2
1
=
2 33. 3 tan A  4 = 0
Ta
4
29. +=  tan A =
3
=
4 3
 tan  = tan (  )  sin A =  , cos A = 
5 5
tan   tan 
 tan  =  5 sin 2A + 3 sin A + 4 cos A
1  tan  tan 
= 10 sin A cos A + 3 sin A + 4 cos A
tan   tan 
 tan  =  12  12 12
1  tan  cot  = 10    =0
 25  5 5
   
…      ,    
 2 2  3 1
34. sin 15 = sin (45  30) = = irrational
1 2 2
 tan  = (tan   tan )
2 3 1
cos 15 = cos (45 – 30) = = irrational
 tan  = tan  + 2 tan  2 2
9


1 1
sin 15 cos 15 = (2 sin 15 cos 15) = (2 sin 40 cos 40)
2 2.4sin10o
1 1 1 1
= sin 30 = . = (sin 80)
2 2 2 8sin10o
1 1
= = rational = (cos 10)
4 8 sin 10o
sin 15 cos 75 = sin 15 sin 15 1
= sin2 15 = cot 10
2
8
 3 1
=   1 3 cos10  3 sin10
 2 2  39.  =
sin10 cos10 sin10 cos10
42 3
ns
= = irrational  1 3 
8 2  cos10  sin10 
2 2 
35. sin3  + cos3  = 
sin10 cos10
 sin 2  2sin  30  10 
= (sin  + cos )  cos 2  sin 2  
io
 2  = =4
1
 sin 20
 sin 2   2
= (sin  cos )2 1  
 2 
at
40. tan A < 1 and A is acute.
3  3
 sin  + cos  = 1  1  
3 3
 
4  8   < A <  cos A > sin A
4 4
7 5
=  =
2 8
5 7
16
lic 
1  sin 2A  1  sin 2A
1  sin 2A  1  sin 2A
36. tan   cot  = a and sin  + cos  = b  cos A  sin A    cos A  sin A 
2 2
 (b2  1)2 (a2 + 4) =

 cos A  sin A    cos A  sin A 
ub
2 2
= {(sin  + cos )2  1}2{(tan   cot )2 + 4}

cos A  sin A  cos A  sin A
= (1 + sin 2  1)2(tan 2  + cot2   2 + 4) =
cos A  sin A  cos A  sin A
= sin2 2 (cosec2  + sec2 )
 cos A  sin A    cos A  sin A  = cot A
P
 1 1  =
= 4 sin2  cos2    2   cos A  sin A    cos A  sin A 
 sin  cos  
2
=4 41. sin4  + cos4  = (sin2  + cos2 )2

et
 2 sin2  cos2 
x x x x
37. 8 sin cos cos cos 1
8 2 4 8 =1 (sin 2)2
2
 x x x x
rg
= 4  2sin cos  cos cos Since, 0  sin2 2  1

 8 8 2 4
1 1
 x x x  0 sin2 2  
= 4  sin cos cos  2 2
 4 2 4 
Ta
1 1
…[ 2 sin A cos A = sin 2A]  1 + 0  1  sin 2  1 
2
2 2
 x x x 1
= 2  2sin cos  cos  1  sin4  + cos4  
 4 4 2 2
x x
= 2 sin cos 42. Since,
2 2
sin 2n θ
= sin x cos  cos 2 cos 22  …cos 2n – 1  =
2n sin θ
38. x = cos 10 cos 20 cos 40  π 
sin(  )   2n +1 (given)  2    
n
1 = …
= (2 sin 10 cos 10 cos 20 cos 40) 2n sin   
2 sin 10o   2n   
1 1
= (2 sin 20 cos 20 cos 40) =
2.2 sin 10o 2n
10
10


  3 π  π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π
47. sin sin sin sin sin sin sin
4π   7  
sin 2 .
π 2π 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
43. cos cos cos =  
7 7 7  23 sin  π   π 3π 5π
1
   = sin sin sin
7 14 14 14
8π  5   3   
sin  sin     sin     sin    
= 7  14 14  
14   
π 2
8 sin  π 3π 5π 
7 =  sin sin sin 
 14 14 14 
1  8   
=– …  sin  sin       sin  2
8  7  7 7  6π 4π 2π 
=  cos cos cos 
 14 14 14 
24 π  
…  sin      cos  
π
ns
sin
π 2π 4π 8π 5
44. cos cos cos cos =
π  2  
5 5 5 5 4
2 sin 2
5  π 2π 3π 
=  cos cos cos 
16π  7 7 7 
io
sin
5 2
=
π  π 2π 4π 
16sin =   cos cos cos 
5  7 7 7 
at
 π  3π  4π  4π 
sin  3π +  …  cos  cos       cos 
 5   7  7  7
=
π 2
 2 π
2
16sin  8π 
3
5  sin   sin 
sin
π
lic =  7  =
 23 sin π 
1

7
64  sin π 

5 =– 1    
=  7  7 
π 16
16sin
5 1  8π   π
…  sin  sin      sin 
ub
=
64  7  7 7
2π 4π 8π 16π
45. cos cos cos cos
15 15 15 15 1  cos(2  15)
4 2π 32π 48. cos15 =
sin 2 sin 2
P
= 15 = 15
2π 2π 1  cos30
4
2 sin 16sin =
15 15 2
 2 
et
sin  2  2π
sin 49. 2 cos2   2 sin2  = 1
=  15 
= 15
2 2π  2 cos 2 = 1  cos 2 =
1
= cos 60
16sin 16sin
15 15 2
rg
1  2 = 60   = 30
=
16
50. 2 sin2 x  cos 2 x = 4 sin2 x  1
π 5π 7π and 0  sin2 x  1  0  4 sin2 x  4
Ta
46. k = sin sin sin

18 18 18   1  4 sin2 x  1  3
π π   π 5π   π 7π 
= cos    cos    cos    1 1
 2 18   2 18   2 18  51. Given that, cos  = x 
2 x
π
sin 23
π 2π 4π 9 1
= cos cos cos =
π
x+ = 2 cos 
9 9 9 23 sin x
9 2
1  1
8π  π Now, x2 + = x   2
 x
2
sin sin  π   x
= 9 =  9
= (2 cos )2  2
π π
8 sin 8sin
9 9 = 4 cos2   2 = 2 cos 2
1 1  2 1  1
=  x  2 =  2 cos 2 = cos 2
8 2  x  2
11


52. sec 2 = p + tan 2 57. cos (  ) = cos [ +   ( + )]
 sec 2  tan 2 = p …(i) = cos ( + ) cos ( + )
1
 sec 2 + tan 2 = …(ii) + sin ( + ) sin ( + )
p
= 1 a2 1  b 2 + ab
…[ sec2 2  tan2 2 = 1]
Now, cos 2 (  )  4ab cos (  )
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
1 = 2 cos2 (  )  1  4ab cos (  )
2 sec 2 = p +
 
2
p =2 1  a 2 1  b 2  ab
2p 2p
 cos 2 =  1  2 sin2  = 2
p2  1 p 1  4ab  
1 a 2 1 b 2  ab  1
 p  1
2
2p
 2 sin2  = 1  2  2 sin2  = 2 = 2{(1  a2)(1  b2) + a2b2
ns
p 1 p 1
+ 2ab 1  a 2 1  b 2 }
 p  1
2
 sin  =
2
 4ab ( 1  a 2 1  b 2 + ab)  1
2  p  1
2
= 2 (1  b  a + a2 b2) + 2a2 b2  4a2 b2  1

2 2
io
b
53. Given that, tan x  = 2 (1  a2  b2)  1
a
= 1  2a2  2b2
b b
at
ab ab 1 1
  = a  a
58. Given, tan  =
1
, sin  =
1
a b ab 1
b
1
b
7 10
a a
1 7 3
 sin  = , cos  = , cos  =
=
2
b2
2
=
lic
1  tan 2 x
50 50 10
1 9 4
a2  cos 2 = 2 cos2   1 = 2   1 =
2 2cos x  10  5
= =
ub
sin x2
cos 2 x  1  3  3
1 sin 2 = 2 sin  cos  = 2   =
cos 2 x  10   10  5
54. tan (60 + A) tan (60  A)  cos( + 2) = cos  cos 2  sin  sin 2
sin 60  sin A
2 2
7 4 1 3 28 3
P
= = .   = 
cos 2 60  sin 2 A 50 5 50 5 5 50 5 50
3  1  cos 2A  25 1
  = =
4  2  = 3  2  2 cos 2A
et
= 5 50 2
1  1  cos 2A  1  2  2 cos 2A
    + 2 = 45
4  2 
2cos 2A  1 sec8A  1 1  cos8A cos 4A
= 59. =
rg
.
2cos 2A  1 sec 4A  1 cos8A 1  cos 4A
55. Squaring and adding the given expressions, 2sin 2 4A cos 4A
= 
we get cos8A 2sin 2 2A
x2 + y2 = 1 + 1 + 2 cos (2A  A)
Ta
2sin 4A cos 4A sin 4A

x2 + y 2  2 = 
 = cos A …(i) cos8A 2sin 2 2A
2 2sin 2A cos 2A
Also, cos A + 2 cos2 A 1 = y = tan 8A
2sin 2 2A
 (cos A + 1)(2 cos A  1) = y
tan8A
Putting the value of cos A from (i), we get =
(x2 + y2) (x2 + y2  3) = 2y tan 2A
56. tan2  = 2 tan2  + 1 60. sec 2x  tan 2x =

1  sin 2 x
 1 + tan2  = 2 (1 + tan2 ) cos 2 x
 sec2  = 2 sec2  (cos x  sin x) 2
=
 cos2  = 2 cos2  (cos 2 x  sin 2 x)
 cos2  = 1 + cos 2 cos x  sin x
 sin2  + cos 2 = 0 …[ sin2  + cos2  = 1] =
cos x  sin x
12
12


1  tan x  3 tan2 x + 8 tan x + 3 = 0
=
1  tan x 4  7
  tan x =
tan  tan x 3
= 4
 65. y  z = a(cos2 x  sin2 x) + 4b sin x cos x
1  tan   tan x
4  c(cos2 x  sin2 x)
  = (a  c) cos 2x + 2b sin 2x
= tan   x 
4   1  tan 2 x   2 tan x 
= (a  c)  2 
 2b  2 
 1  tan x   1  tan x 
    1  tan  1  tan 
61. tan      tan     =  1  4b 2 / (a  c)2   2.2b / (a  c) 
4  4  1  tan  1  tan  = (a  c)  2
+ 2b  2
4 tan  1  4b 2
/ (a  c)  1  4b / (a  c) 
2
ns
1  tan 2   2b 
…  tan x= (given) 
 2 tan    a c 
= 2 2 
 1  tan   (a  c){(a  c)2  4b 2 }  8b 2 (a  c)
=
= 2 tan 2 (a  c) 2  4b 2
io
1  t2 24 (a  c)(a  c) 2  4b 2 
62. cos 2 = = (Let t = tan )  yz= =ac
1 t 2
25 (a  c) 2  4b 2
at
2T 3 y≠z …[ a ≠ c]
sin 2 = = (Let T = tan )
1  T2 5
4
y + z = a(cos x + sin x) + c(sin2 x + cos2 x)
2 2
 cos 2 = =a+c
5
Now, sin 4 = 2 sin 2 cos 2
lic 66. a cos 2 + b sin 2 = c
3 4  1  tan 2  
= 2. .  2 tan  
5 5  a 2 
+ b 2 
=c
 1  tan    1  tan  
24
ub
=
25
 a  a tan2  + 2b tan  = c + c tan2 
= cos 2   (a + c) tan2  + 2b tan  + (a  c) = 0
2b 2b
1  tan  + tan  =  =
63. sin x + cos x =  (c  a) ca
P
5
Squaring both sides A
67. For A = 133, = 66.5
1 2
1 + sin 2x =
et
25 A A
 sin  cos  0
24 2 2
 sin 2x =
25 A A
1  sin A  sin  cos …(i)
2 tan x 24 2 2

rg
=
1  tan x
2
25 A A
and 1  sin A  sin  cos …(ii)
 24 tan2 x + 50 tan x + 24 = 0 2 2
 12 tan2 x + 25 tan x + 12 = 0 Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
 (3 tan x + 4) (4 tan x + 3) = 0
Ta
A
2cos  1  sin A  1  sin A
4 3 2
 tan x = or
3 4
y  1 1  sin 
1 68. 
64. cos x + sin x = 1 y 1 sin 
2
 
2
1 
 (cos x + sin x)2 =  cos  sin 
4 y 1  2 2
 =
1 1 y   
2
 1 + sin 2x =  cos  sin 
4  2 2
3  
 sin 2x =  cos  sin
4 1 y
 = 2 2
2 tan x 3 1 y  
 =  cos  sin
1  tan 2 x 4 2 2
13


   49
cos  sin  cos2  =
1 y
 = 2 2  2  50
1 y  
cos  sin  7
2 2  cos  =
     2  5 2
 0    2  0  2  4  72. (cos  + cos )2 + (sin  + sin )2
… 
   = cos2  + cos2  + 2 cos  cos  + sin2 
 cos  sin 
 2 2  + sin2  + 2 sin  sin 
   
1 y
1  tan = 2{1 + cos (  )} = 4 cos2  
 = 2  2 
1  y 1  tan 
A A A
2 2sin 2  2sin cos
1  sin A  cos A 2 2 2
 73. =
ns
 y = tan 1  sin A  cos A 2cos 2 A A
 2sin cos
A
2 2 2 2
4 A A A
69. sin  =  2 sin  sin  cos 
5 2 2 2
=
io
A A A
16 3 2 cos  cos  sin 
cos  = 1  = 2 2 2
25 5
A
3 = tan
 cos  = …[  lies in the 3rd quadrant]
at
2
5
 1  cos  tan A  sec A  1 sin A  1 cos A
Since, cos = 74. =
2 2 tan A  sec A  1 sin A  1  cos A
sin A  (1  cos A)
=±
1 3 / 5
=
1
lic =
sin A  (1  cos A)
2 5
A A A
 1    2sin cos  2sin 2
 cos = …  liesin the 2nd quadrant  = 2 2 2
2 5  2 
ub
A A 2 A
2sin cos  2sin
2 2 2
5
70. Given that, sec  = A A
4 cos  sin
= 2 2
 A A
1  tan 2   cos  sin
P
Since, sec  = 2 2 2

2 2
1  tan    A A
2  cos  sin 
=  2 2
et

  2 A 2 A
1  tan 2   cos  sin
 
5 2 2 2
4 2 1  sin A
1  tan   =
2
rg
cos A
   B
 tan2   = 4 + 4 tan2   2sin 2  
 2 2 1  cos B 2 B
75. tan A = = = tan
2 sin B    
B B 2
Ta
 9 tan   = 1 2sin   cos  

2 2 2
 1  tan 2A = tan B
 tan   = A 1  cos A
2 3 76. cot 
2 sin A
3 4
71. Given, cos    sin  =  1

5 5 Putting A   7  , we get
4 3  2
and cos    sin  = 
1  cos15
5 5  1
cot  7  =
 cos (  ) = cos  cos  + sin  sin   2 sin15
3 4 4 3 24 3 1
=
. + . = 1
5 5 5 5 25 2 2
=
 24 3 1
But, 2cos 2   = 1 + cos ( ) = 1 +
 2  25 2 2
14
14


2 2  3 1 3 1 79. Given that sin  + sin  = a …(i)
= 
3 1 3 1 and cos  + cos  = b …(ii)
Squaring (i) and (ii) and adding, we get
= 6 2 3 4
2 + 2 (sin  sin  + cos  cos ) = a2 + b2
  2 cos (  ) = a2 + b2  2
 1 1  1
77. Since, sin  22  = 2  2 = cos  67  a 2  b2  2
 2 2  2  cos (  ) =
 
2
 1 1  1 
and cos  22  = 2  2 = sin  67  1  tan 2
 2  2 2 = a b 2
2 2
2

 2
  1 

 1 

1  tan 2
 1  cos  22   1  cos  67   2
  2     2   
(a2 + b2) + (a2 + b2) tan2 2
ns
  1  

 1 

2
1  cos 112   1  cos 157    
  2     2    2tan2 = 2  2tan2
2 2
  1 

 1 

4  a 2  b2   
= 1  cos  22   1  cos  67    = tan2
io
 2    
2    a 2  b2 2
  1  

 1 

 4  a 2  b2
1  sin  22   1  sin  67   tan  =
 2     2    2  a 2  b2

at
 
…[ cos (90 + ) =  sin ] Trick : Putting  = = , we get tan =0,
4 2
 1  1  which is given by option (B).
= 1  2  2  1  2 2
 2  2 
lic 80. tan A and tan B are the roots of the equation
 1  1  x2  ax + b = 0.
1  2 2  2  1  2 2  2   tan A + tan B = a and tan A tan B = b
  
a
ub


  1
 
 
1 tan (A + B) =
= 1  2  2  1  2  2  1 b
 4  4  1
Now, sin2 (A + B) = {1  cos 2 (A + B)}
=
 42 2 42 2   2
1  1  tan  A  B  
2
P
16
 sin2 (A + B) = 1  
2  1  tan 2  A  B  
=
 2  2  2  2  =
42
=
1
16 16 8  a2 
 1 2 
1  b  
et
1 
2  sin   cos   sin2 (A + B) = 1  
78. 2  a2 
sin   cos 
1
 1  b  
2

 1 1 
rg
2  2  sin   cos   1  2a 2 
=  2 2   sin2 (A + B) =  2 2
 1 1  2  a  1  b  
2  sin   cos  
 2 2  a2
Ta

  a 2  1  b 
2
2  2 cos    
=  4
   
2 sin     81. fn() =  tan  (1 + sec )(1 + sec 2)
 4  2 
2 1  cos    (1 + sec 4)… (1 + sec 2n )
= , where  =  –     1  cos  
2 sin  4 =  tan    (1+ sec 2)
 2   cos  

2sin 2   (1 + sec 4)… (1 + sec 2n )
= 2
  
   
2sin   cos    sin 2  2cos 2
 
2 2 = 2 (1+ sec 2)
 cos   cos 
      2
= tan = tan    …      
2  2 8  4 (1 + sec 4)… (1 + sec 2n )
15


sin  85. cos 12 + cos 84 + cos 156 + cos 132
= (1 + sec 2)(1 + sec 4)… (1 + sec 2n )
cos  = (cos 12 + cos 132) + (cos 84 + cos 156)
…[ sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A] = 2 cos 72 cos 60 + 2 cos 120 cos 36
1 1
 1  cos 2  = 2 cos72   2   cos36
= tan    (1 + sec 4)…(1+ sec 2 )
n
2 2
 cos 2  = cos 72  cos 36
sin   2cos 2   5 1 5 1
 (1 + sec 4)…(1+ sec 2 )
n
=  = 
cos   cos 2  4 4
= tan 2 (1 + sec 4) …(1 + sec 2n ) 1
=
= tan 2n  2
  2  cos A + cos(240 + A) + cos(240  A)
 f2   = tan  2   = 1
86.
 16   16 
ns
= cos A + 2 cos 240 cos A
   3  = cos A {1 + 2 cos (180 + 60)}
f3   = tan  2   = 1 
 32   32   1 
= cos A 1  2    
   4    2 
f4   = tan  2   = 1
io
 
64  64  =0
    5   87. cot 70 + 4 cos 70
f5   = tan  2   =1
 128   128  cos70o  4sin 70o cos70o
at
=
 option (D) is incorrect. sin 70o
cos 70 + 2 sin 140o
o
82. 3 sin 2 = 2 sin 3 =
sin 70o
 6 sin  cos  = 2 (3 sin   4 sin3 )
Dividing by 2 sin   0, we get
lic =
cos (90o  20o ) + 2 sin(180o  40o )
sin 70o
3 cos  = 3  4 sin2 
 3 cos  = 3  4 ( 1  cos2 ) sin 20 + sin 40o + sin 40o
o
=
 4 cos2   3 cos   1 = 0 sin 70o
ub
1 2 sin 30o cos 10o + sin 40o
 cos  = 1,  =
4 sin 70o
But, 0 <  <  cos10o  sin 40o
=
1 sin 70o
 cos  = 
P
4 sin 80o + sin 40o

=
1 15 sin 70o
 sin  = 1  =
16 4 2sin 60o cos 20o
et
=
83. sin 2A = sin 3A sin 70o
 2 sin A cos A = 3 sin A  4 sin3 A = 3
 sin A = 0 or 2 cos A = 3  4 sin2 A 88. cos 10x + cos 8x + 3 cos 4x + 3 cos 2x
rg
 A = 0 or 2 cos A = 3  4 (1  cos2 A) = (cos 10 x + cos 8 x) + 3 (cos 4 x + cos 2 x)

 A = 0 or 4 cos2 A  2 cos A  1 = 0 = 2 cos 9x cos x + 6 cos 3x cos x
2  4  16 1 5 = 2 cos x (cos 9x + 3 cos 3x)
 A = 0 or cos A = =
Ta
2 4 4 = 2 cos x [cos (3(3x)) + 3 cos 3x]

 A = 0 or 36 …[ 0 ≤ A ≤ 90] = 2 cos x (4 cos3 3x – 3 cos 3x + 3 cos 3x)
= 8 cos3 3x cos x
   2  89. 1 + cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x
84. tan  + tan     + tan     = 3
 3  3  = (1 + cos 6x) + (cos 2x + cos 4x)
= 2 cos2 3x + 2 cos 3x cos x
 tan   3 tan   3 
 tan  +    = 3 = 2 cos 3x (cos 3x + cos x)
 1  3 tan  1  3 tan   = 4 cos x cos 2x cos 3x
8 tan  2 cos x  cos 3x  cos 5x
 tan  + =3 90.
1  3tan 2  = 2 cos x (1  cos 4x)
9 tan   3tan 3  = 2 cos x 2 sin2 2x
 =3
1  3tan 2  = 4 cos x sin2 2x
 3 tan 3 = 3 = 4 cos x (2 sin x cos x)2
 tan 3 = 1 = 16 sin2 x cos3 x
16
16


cos6 x  6cos 4 x  15cos 2 x  10 95. (cos A + cos B)2 + (sin A  sin B)2
91.
cos5 x  5cos3x  10cos x  A + B   A  B 
2
(cos6 x + cos 4 x ) + 5(cos 4 x + cos 2 x ) +10(cos 2 x +1) =  2 cos   cos  

=   2   2 
cos5 x + 5cos3 x +10cosx 2
 A + B   A  B 
2cos x cos5x  10cos x cos3x  10(2cos x  1+1)
2
+  2cos   sin  
=   2   2 
cos5 x + 5cos3x +10cosx
2cos x(cos5 x  5cos3x  10cos x)  AB  2 AB 2  A  B 
= 4 cos2    cos  2   sin  2  
=  2      
cos5 x  5cos3x  10cos x
= 2 cos x  AB
= 4 cos2  
 2 
92. tan 9  tan 27  tan 63 + tan 81
= tan 9  tan 27  cot 27 + cot 9 96. cos2  + cos2 ( + 120) + cos2 (  120)
ns
…[ tan (90  ) = cot ] = cos2  + {cos ( + 120) + cos (  120)}2
= (tan 9 + cot 9)  (tan 27 + cot 27)  2 cos ( + 120) cos (  120)
1 1 = cos2  + {2 cos  cos 120}2
= –  2 {cos2   sin2 120}
sin 9 cos 9 sin 27 cos 27o
o o o
io
2 2 = cos  + cos   2 cos2  + 2 sin2 120
2 2
= – …[ sin 2 = 2 sin  cos ] = 2 sin2 120
sin18 sin54o
o
 sin 54o  sin 18o  3 3

=2 =
at
= 2 o o  4 2
 sin 18 sin 54 
2 cos 36o sin 18o sin (B  A)  cos(B  A)
= 2. 97.
sin 18o sin 54o sin (B  A)  cos(B  A)
4cos36
lic =
sin (B  A)  sin{(90o  (B  A)}
=
cos36 sin (B  A)  sin{(90o  (A  B)}
=4 2sin (A  45o )cos(45o  B)
=
ub
93. sin  + sin 3 + sin 2 = sin  2sin (45o  A)cos(45o  B)
 2 sin 2 cos  + sin 2 = sin  sin (A  45o ) cos A  sin A
= =
 sin 2 (2 cos  + 1) = sin  …(i) sin (45o  A) cos A  sin A
Also, cos  + cos 3 + cos 2 = cos 
P
2 cos 2 cos  + cos 2 = cos  cos (A + B) sin (C + D)

98. =
cos 2 (2 cos  + 1) = cos  …(ii) cos (A  B) sin (C  D)
From (i) and (ii), we get By componendo and dividendo, we get
tan 2 = tan  cos(A + B) + cos (A  B) sin (C + D) + sin (C  D)
et
=
 cos (A  B)  cos (A  B) sin (C  D)  sin (C  D)
 2 cos A cos B 2 sin C cos D
   =
2 2sin A sin B 2 cos C sin D
rg
94. cos x + cos y + cos  = 0  – cot A cot B = tan C cot D

 cos x + cos y = – cos   tan A tan B tan C + tan D = 0
 x y  x y
Ta
99. Given that, cos A = m cos B

 2 cos   cos   = – cos  …(i)
 2   2  m cos A
 =
Also, sin x + sin y + sin  = 0 1 cos B
 sin x + sin y = – sin  By componendo and dividendo, we get
 x y  x y m +1 cos A + cos B
 2 sin   cos   = – sin  …(ii) =
m  1 cos A  cos B
 2   2 
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get  A+B BA
2 cos   cos  
x y x y =  2   2 
2cos   cos    A+B BA
 2   2  = cos  2 sin   sin  
 x  y   x  y  sin   2   2 
2sin   cos  
 2   2  …[ cos (B  A) = cos (A  B)]
 x y  A+B  BA
 cot   = cot  = cot   cot  
 2   2   2 
17


 A + B  m +1  BA 1  π 1  π 1 
 cot  = tan   =  cos   cos + 
 2  m 1  2  4  8 2  8 2 
1  2 π 1  
sin 2A  sin 2 B =  cos   
100. 4  8 2 
sin A cos A  sin B cos B
2 sin (A + B)sin (A  B) 1  2 π  1  π
= =  2 cos 8  1 = 8 cos 4 
sin 2A  sin 2B 8    
…[ sin2A  sin2B = sin (A + B) sin (A  B)] 1 1 2
= × =
2 sin (A + B)sin (A  B) 8 2 16
=
2cos(A  B)sin(A  B)
104. sin12 sin 24 sin 48 sin 84
= tan (A + B) 1
ns
= (2 sin 12 sin 48) (2 sin 24 sin 84)
101. Since, cos  + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2 ) 4
+ …… + cos { + (n  1) } 1
= (cos 36  cos 60) (cos 60  cos 108 )
   n  2
cos    n  1  sin  
 2  2  1 1 1 o
io
 cos 36     sin 18 
o
= =
 4 2  2 
sin
2 1 1 1  1 1 
 2 =  ( 5  1)     ( 5  1) 
at
Here,  = and  = 4 4 2 2 4 
11 11
1
 3 5 7 9 =
 cos + cos + cos + cos + cos 16
11 11 11 11 11
  4    5 
cos    sin  
lic Consider, cos 20 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80
1
 11 11   11  = [cos (60  20) cos 20 cos (60 + 20)]
= 2

sin   1 1 
 11  =  cos 3 (20o ) 
ub
5 5 2 4 
cos sin
11 11  1 
=
 …  cos  cos(60)cos(60 )  cos3
sin  4 
11
P
1 1 1 1
10 = cos 60 =  =
1 sin 11 8 8 2 16
= …[ 2 sin  cos  = sin 2] 
2 sin  option (A) is the correct answer.
et
11
105. sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 sin 80
1
= 3
2 = sin 20 sin (60  20) sin (60 + 20)
2
rg
5A A 3 1
102. 2 sin sin = cos 2 A – cos 3 A = . sin 60
2 2 2 4
= 2 cos2 A – 1 – 4 cos3 A + 3 cos A  1 
…  sin  sin(60)sin(60 )  sin 3
Ta
9  27  3  3  4 
= 2   – 1 – 4   + 3   …  cos A  
 16   64  4  4
3 3
9 27 9 = .
= –1– + 8 2
8 16 4 3
11 =
= 16
16
106. tan 20 tan 40 tan 60 tan 80
π 3π 5π 7π
103. sin sin sin sin = tan 20 tan (60 – 20). 3 . tan(60 + 20)
16 16 16 16
= 3 tan 20. tan (60  20) . tan (60 + 20)
1   3 5 7  
=  2sin sin .2sin sin  = 3 tan 3(20)
4  16 16 16 16 
1  π π  π 3π   …[ tan tan(60  ) tan(60 + ) = tan3]
=  cos 8  cos 4  cos 8  cos 4  
4     = 3. 3=3
18
18


sin 70o sin 20o 110. cos2 (A B) + cos2 B  2cos (A  B) cos A cos B

tan 70  tan 20
o oo
20o = cos2 (A  B) + cos2 B
107. o
= cos70 cos o
tan 50 sin 50
 cos (A  B) {cos (A  B) + cos (A + B)}
cos50o
= cos B  cos (A  B) cos (A + B)
2
sin 70o cos 20o  cos70o sin 20o
cos 70o cos 20o = cos2 B  (cos2 A  sin2 B)
=
sin 50o = 1  cos2 A
cos50o Hence, it depends on A.
sin(70o  20o )cos 50o
=
cos 70o cos 20o sin 50o
111. cos 2 ( + ) = 2 cos2 ( + )  1
2sin 50o cos50o and 2 sin2  = 1  cos 2
= Now, 2 sin2  + 4 cos ( + ) sin  sin 
2cos70o cos 20o sin 50o
ns
2cos50o + cos 2 ( + )
=
cos90o  cos50o = 1  cos2 + 4 cos ( + ) sin  sin 
2cos50o + 2 cos2 ( + )  1
= =2
io
0  cos50o = 2cos ( + )[2 sin  sin  + cos( + )]  cos 2
=  cos 2 + 2 cos( + ) cos (  )
 π  7   3π  5 
108. 1+ cos 1  cos 1+ cos 1  cos  =  cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
at
 8  8  8  8 
= cos 2
 π  π  3π  3π 
= 1+ cos 1  cos 1+ cos 1  cos 
 8  8  8  8  A
lic
…[ cos (  ) =  cos ]
112.
B
= tan 6 tan 42 tan 66 tan 78
(2 sin 66o sin 6o )(2 sin 78o sin 42o )

 π  3  =
= 1  cos 2  1  cos 2  (2 cos 66o cos 6o )(2 cos 78o cos 42o )
 8  8 
ub
π 3π (cos 60o  cos 72o )(cos 36o  cos 120o )
= sin2 sin2 =
8 8 (cos 60o + cos 72o )(cos 36o + cos 120o )
1 π 3π 
2
(cos 60o  sin 18o )(cos 36o + sin 30o )
=  2 sin .sin  =
4 8 8  (cos 60o + sin 18o )(cos 36o  sin 30o )
P
1 π π
2
…[ cos(90 + ) = sin ]
=  cos  cos 
4 4 2
1 5  1  5  1 1 
   
et

=
1
 2 4   4 2
8 =
1 5  1  5  1 1 
 2  4   4  2 
2π 4π 6π 7π   
rg
109. cos + cos + cos + cos

7 7 7 7 95
= =1

1 2π π 4π π 5 1
π 
= 2cos sin + 2 cos sin
7 7 7 7 A=B
Ta
2sin
7
6π π 
+ 2 cos sin  + cos  113. Given,  A =
7 7 2
1  3  5 3 In  ABC, A + B + C = 
= sin  sin  sin  sin
  7 7 7 7 
2sin
7  B+C=
2
5 
 sin   sin  cos  
7  B= –C
2
1
=– –1  
2  cos2 B = cos2   C  = sin2 C
3 2 
=–
2  cos2 B + cos2 C = sin2 C + cos2 C = 1
19


sin C cos B + sin Bcos C cos A cos B cos C
114. cot B + cot C = 119. + +
sin B sin C sin B sin C sin C sin A sin A sin B
sin (B + C) 2 sin A cos A 2 sin Bcos B
= = +
sin Bsin C 2 sin A sin B sin C 2 sin Asin B sin C
sin (180o  A) 2 sin Ccos C
= +
sin Bsin C 2 sin Asin B sin C
sin A
= sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C
sin B sin C =
2 sin A sin B sin C
sin B
Similarly, cot C + cot A = 4 sin A sin B sin C
sin C sin A =
2 sin A sin B sin C
sin C
and cot A + cot B =
ns
sin A sin B =2
 (cot B + cot C)(cot C + cot A) (cot A + cot B) 120. sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
sin A sin B sin C
= . . = 1  cos2 A + 1  cos2 B + sin2 C
sin B sin C sin C sin A sin A sin B
io
= cosec A cosec B cosec C = 2  cos2 A  (cos2 B  sin2 C)
= 2  cos2 A  cos (B + C) cos (B  C)
115. sin 2A + sin 2B  sin 2C
= 2 sin A cos A + 2 cos (B + C) sin (B  C) = 2  cos A [cos A  cos (B  C)]
at
= 2 sin A cos A  2 cos A sin (B  C) = 2  cos A [ cos (B + C)  cos (B  C)]
= 2 cos A [sin A  sin (B  C)] = 2 + cos A.2 cos B cos C
= 2 cos A [sin (B + C)  sin (B  C)]  sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C  2 cos A cos B cos C = 2
lic
…[ sin (B + C) = sin A]
= 2 cos A (2 cos B sin C)  π  π
= 4 cos A cos B sin C 121. cos2 A + cos2  A +  + cos2  A  
 3  3
Trick : Check by assuming A = B = 45 and
ub
1 1   2π  
C = 90 = (1 + cos 2A) + 1 + cos  2A   
2 2   3 
116. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C 1  2π  

= 2 cos (A + B) cos (A  B) + (2 cos2 C  1) + 1 + cos  2A   
2   3 
=  1  2 cos C cos (A  B) + 2 cos2 C
P
…[ cos (A + B) = – cos C] 3 1

= + cos 2A
=  1  2 cos C[cos (A B) + cos (A + B)] 2 2
=  1  4 cos A cos B cos C 1   2π   2π  
et
+ cos  2A +  + cos  2A   
2   3   3 
117. cos 2x + cos 2y – cos 2z
= 2 cos(x + y) cos(x – y) – 2 cos2 z + 1 3 1 2π
= + cos 2A + cos 2A cos
= 2 cos ( – z) cos(x – y) – 2 cos2 z + 1 2 2 3
rg
= 1 – 2 cos z {cos(x – y) – cos(x + y)} …[ cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

= 1 – 2 cos z.2 sin x sin y = 2 cos A cos B]
= 1 – 4 sin x sin y cos z 3 1 1 3
= + cos 2A – cos 2A =
Ta
2 2 2 2
118. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C
= 2 cos (A + B) cos (A  B) + cos 2C 122. We have,
 3π  A B C
= 2 cos   C  cos(A  B) + cos 2C cos2 + cos2 – cos2
 2  2 2 2
 3  1 1 1
…  A  B   C = (1 + cos A) + (1 + cos B) – (1 + cos C)
 2  2 2 2
=  2 sin C cos (A  B) + 1  2 sin2 C 1 1
= + ( cos A + cos B – cos C)
= 1  2 sin C {cos (A  B) + sin C} 2 2
= 1  2 sin C {cos (A  B)  cos (A + B)} 1 1  A B C 
= + 4cos cos sin  1
= 1  4 sin A sin B sin C 2 2  2 2 2 
π A B C
Trick : Check by assuming A = B = C = = 2 cos cos sin
2 2 2 2
20
20


123. sin A + sin B + sin C cos A cos B
+
AB cot A + cot B
= 2 sin
A+B
cos
C
+ 2 sin cos
C 127.  tan A + tan B =  sin A sin B
sin A sin B
2 2 2 2 +
cos A cos B
π C AB
= 2 sin    cos
=  
sin B cos A + sin A cos B 

2 2  2

 sin A.sin B 
C  π  A + B 
+ 2 cos sin    
2  2  2   cos A.cos B 
 
 sin A cos B + cos A.sin B 
C AB C A+B
= 2 cos cos + 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2 =  cot A cot B
C  AB A  B = cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
= 2 cos cos 2  cos 2 
2    A  B  C  , 
ns
… 
C  A B  cot A cot B  cot Bcot C  cot Ccot A  1
= 2 cos  2cos cos 
2  2 2
A B C Competitive Thinking
= 4 cos cos cos
io
2 2 2
12
1. We have, sin  =
sin 2A  sin 2B  sin 2C 13
124.
cos A  cos B  cosC  1
at
 cos  = 1  sin 2 
4 sin A sin B sin C
=

2
A B C  12  5 
1 + 4 sin sin sin  1 = 1   = …  0    
2 2 2  13  13  2
 A A  B B  C C
 2 sin cos  2 sin cos  2 sin cos 
lic and cos  =
3
=  2 2  2 2  2 2 5
A B C
sin sin sin 4 3 
…     
9
2 2 2  sin  = 1  =
2 
ub
25 5 
 θ θ
…  sin θ = 2 sin cos   sin ( + ) = sin . cos  + cos . sin 
 2 2
A B C  12   3   5   4 
= 8 cos cos cos =   +    
 13   5   13   5 
P
2 2 2
36 20 56
125. A + B + C = 180 =  =
65 65 65
A B  C
 cot     cot  90o  
et
15
 2 2  2 2. sin  =
17
A B
cot .cot  1 8   
 2 2 C
= tan =
1  cos  =  …    
rg
B A 2 C 17  2 
cot  cot cot
2 2 2 12
tan  =
 A B  C B A 5
  cot cot  1 cot = cot + cot
 2  12 5  3 
Ta
2 2 2 2  sin  = and cos  = …  

A B C C B A 13 13  2
 cot cot cot = cot + cot + cot 171
2 2 2 2 2 2  sin (  ) = sin  cos   cos  sin  =
221
126. We have,  +  +  = 2 
3. sin  = 3 sin( + 2)
  
   =  sin( +   ) = 3 sin( +  + )
2 2 2
    sin( + ) cos   cos ( + ) sin 
 tan     = tan  = 0 = 3 sin( + ) cos  + 3 cos( + ) sin 
 2 2 2
       2 sin( + ) cos  = 4 cos( + ) sin 
 tan + tan + tan  tan tan tan = 0  sin(   ) 2sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2  =
      cos(  ) cos 
 tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2  tan( + ) + 2 tan  = 0
21


 1 1  9. tan 1 = k cot 2
4. cos 15  sin 15 = 2 cos15 sin15 
 2  tan 1
2  =k
cot 2
= 2 cos (45 + 15)
tan 1  cot 2 k  1
= 2 cos 60  
tan 1  cot 2 k  1
1 1
= 2. = sin 1 sin 2  cos 1 cos 2 k  1
2 2  
sin 1 sin 2  cos 1 cos 2 k  1
1
 sin P =
48 cos 1 cos 2  sin 1 sin 2 k  1
5. cos P =  
7 7 cos 1 cos 2  sin 1 sin 2 1  k
13
 sin Q =
27 cos(1  2 ) k  1
cos Q =  
14 14 cos(1  2 ) 1  k
 cos (P  Q) = cos P cos Q + sin P sin Q
ns
cos(1  2 ) 1  k
 
1 13
= . +
48
.
27 cos(1  2 ) 1  k
7 14 7 14
13  36 1    
= = = cos 60 10. 2 sin     = cos    
io
98 2  3  6  
 P  Q = 60   
 2  sin   cos  cos   sin 
     3 3
at
6. cos   x   cos   x   
4  4  = cos . cos + sin . sin
6 6

= cos cos x  sin  
3 3 1
4  2   cos   = cos  + sin 
 sin

sin x + cos
 
lic
cos x + sin sin x  2 2  2 2
4 4 4  sin  + 3 cos  = 0

= 2 cos cos x  tan  =  3
4
ub
=
2
cos x = 2 cos x 11. cos2 45  sin2 15
2 = cos (45 + 15) .cos (45 – 15)
      …[ cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B) cos(A  B)]
7. cos   = 2 cos  
P
 2   2  = cos 60 cos 30

    3
 cos cos + sin sin =
2 2 2 2 4
et
   
= 2 cos cos  2 sin sin π  π 
2 2 2 2 12. cos2  + θ  – sin2   θ 
    6  6 
 3 sin sin = cos cos
π π  π π 
rg
2 2 2 2 = cos  + θ +  θ  cos  + θ   θ 
  1 6 6  6 6 
 tan tan =
2 2 3 …[ cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B) cos(A  B)]
Ta
 = cos
2π 1
cos 2 = cos 2
8. Since cos   = 0
2 6 2
   
 cos          = 0 13. 6 cos  + 8 sin  = 9 …(i)
 4   4   8 sin  = 9  6 cos 
    Squaring on both sides, we get
 cos     cos    64 sin2 = 81  108 cos  + 36 cos2 
4  4 
 64(1  cos2 ) = 81  108 cos  + 36 cos2 
   
 sin     sin    = 0  100 cos2   108 cos  + 17 = 0
4  4 
17
         cos  cos  =
 cos     cos    = sin     sin    100
4  4  4  4  From (i), 6 cos  = 9  8 sin 
    Squaring on both sides, we get
 cot     cot    = 1
4  4  36 cos2  = 81  144 sin  + 64 sin2 
22
22


 36(1  sin2 ) = 81  144 sin  + 64 sin2  
19. A–B=
 100 sin2   144 sin  + 45 = 0 4
45 
 sin  sin  =  tan (A – B) = tan
100 4
Now, cos( + ) = cos  cos   sin  sin  tan A  tan B
 =1
17 45 28 14 1  tan A tan B
=  = =
100 100 100 50  tan A – tan B – tan A tan B = 1
 sin( + ) = 1  cos 2 ( )  1 + tan A – tan B – tan A tan B = 2
 (1 + tan A) (1 – tan B) = 2
 14 
2
= 1  
 50  20. (1 + tan A) (1  tan B) = 2
1 48 24 y=2
= 2500  196 = =  (y + 1)y + 1 = (2 + 1)2 + 1 = (3)3 = 27
ns
50 50 25
n sin  cos 
14. 2A = (A + B) + (A  B) 21. tan  =
tan(A  B)  tan(A  B) 1 n sin 2 
 tan 2A = n tan 
1  tan(A  B) tan(A  B)  tan  =
io
pq sec2   n tan 2 
= n tan 
1  pq =
1 tan 2   n tan 2 
at

15. 0<,< Now, tan ( ) =
tan   tan 
4
1 tan  tan 
  
0<+< and <–< n tan 
tan  
3
2 4
cos ( + ) =  tan ( + ) =
4
4
lic =
1 tan 2   n tan 2 
 n tan  
5 3 1 tan   
 1 tan   n tan  
2 2
5 5
sin ( – ) =  tan ( – ) =
tan   tan 3   n tan 3   n tan 
ub
13 12
=
 tan 2 = tan [( + ) + ( – )] 1 tan 2   n tan 2   n tan 2 
=
tan ( )  tan (  ) tan  1 tan 2    n tan  1 tan 2  
1  tan (  ) . tan (  ) =
1 tan  
2
P
4 5
 = (1  n)(tan )
63
= 3 12 
4 5 16
1  22. sin 765 = sin (720 + 45)
3 12
et
= sin (4 + 45)

4 3 = sin (2 + 2 + 45)
16. Given, cos( + ) =  tan( + ) =
5 4 = sin 45 …[ sin (2 + ) = sin ]
5 5
and sin(  ) =  tan(  ) =
rg
1
13 12 =
2
Now, tan 2 = tan[( + ) + (  )]
3 5  31   
 23. sin    = sin 10  
Ta
56 3   3
= 4 12 =
3 5 33
1 .  3
4 12 = sin =
3 2
1 1
17. Let  =  + , where tan  = , tan  = 24. cos (270+) cos (90)  sin(270) cos 
2 3
1 1
= sin . sin  + cos  . cos  = 1

 25. Let f(x) = 2 sin 3x + 3 cos 3x
 tan  = tan( + ) = 2 3 = 1   =
1 1 4  5   5   5 
1 .  f   = 2sin    3cos  
2 3
 6   2   2 
cos9 sin 9 1  tan 9o    
18. = = 2 sin  2    3cos  2  
cos9 sin 9 1  tan 9o  2   2
= tan (45 + 9)  
= 2 sin + 3 cos = 2(1) + 3(0) = 2
= tan 54 2 2
23


26. sin 15 = sin(45 – 30) tan 70o  tan 20o
32. tan 50= tan (70  20) =
= sin45.cos30 – cos45.sin30 1  tan 70o tan 20o
 tan 50 + tan 70 tan 20 tan 50
 1   3   1  1  3 1
=          = = tan 70  tan 20
 2  2   2  2  2 2
 tan 50 + tan 50 = tan 70  tan 20
27. tan 75  cot 75 …[ tan 70 = cot 20]
= tan (90  15)  cot 75  2 tan 50 + tan 20 = tan 70
= cot 15 cot 75 33. sec 50 + tan 50
= (2 + 3 )  (2  3 ) =
1
 tan 50
cos50
=2 3 cos 20
ns
=  tan 50
cos 20 cos50
28. sin 1o + sin 2o + … + sin 359o
sin 70
= (sin 1o + sin 359o) + (sin 2o + sin 358o) + … =  tan 50
cos 20 cos50
+ (sin 179o + sin 181o) + sin 180o
io
…[ cos  = sin (90  )]
= (sin 1o  sin 1o) + (sin 2o  sin 2o) + …
sin(50  20)
+ (sin 179o  sin 179o) + sin 180o =  tan 50
cos 20 cos50
at
=0 sin 50 cos 20  cos50 sin 20
=  tan 50
cos 20 cos50
29. 2 sec 2 = tan  + cot 
sin 50 cos 20 cos50 sin 20
2 sin  cos  =   tan 50

cos 2
=
cos 
+
sin 
lic cos 20 cos50 cos 20 cos50
= tan 50 + tan 20 + tan 50
sin 2   cos 2  1 = 2 tan 50 + tan 20
= =
cos  sin  cos .sin 
sin2 17.5 + sin2 72.5
ub
34.
  = sin2 17.5 + [sin (90  17.5)]2
 cos 2 = sin 2  cos 2 = cos   2 
2  = sin2 17.5 + cos2 17.5
  = 1 = tan2 45
 2 =  2  2 + 2 =
P
2 2
35. sin2 (3) + sin2 (6) + sin2 (9) + … + sin2 (84)

+= + sin2 (87) + sin2 (90)
4
= sin (3) + sin (6) + sin2 (9) + …
2 2
et
1  tan 2 cot 62 1  tan 2 cot 62 + cos2 (6) + cos2 (3) + sin2 (90)
30. =
tan152 cot 88 tan (90 62)  cot (90 2) …[ sin (90 – ) = cos ]
1  tan 2 cot 62 tan 62 tan 2 = [sin2 (3) + cos2(3)] + …
rg
= =
 cot 62 tan 2 (1  tan 2 tan 62) + [sin2 (42) + cos2(42)] + sin2 (30)
= tan(62  2) + sin2 (45) + sin2 (60) + sin2 (90)
2
1  1   3
2
=  tan 60 =  3
2
Ta
= (1 + 1 + … + 1) +         + (1)2
 2  2   2 
tan160  tan110
31. 1 1 3
1  (tan160) (tan 110) = 13 +   + 1
4 2 4
tan (180  160)  cot (90  110) 31
=
1   tan(180  160) cot (90  110)  =
2
 tan 20  cot 20
= 36. tan(1o) + tan (89o)
1  ( tan 20)( cot 20)
= tan 1o + cot 1o …[ tan (90o  ) = cot ]
1
  tan 2 1o  1
=  =
11 tan1o
1  2 sec 2 1o 1 2
= = = =
2 tan1o sin1o cos1o sin 2o
24
24


3 1 1
37.  42. (3  4cos 2 cos 4)
sin 20 cos 20 8
1
3 cos 20  sin 20 = (3  4cos 2 2cos 2 2  1)
= 8
sin 20 cos 20
1
 3 1  = (2cos 2 2 4cos 2  2)
2  cos 20  sin 20 8
2 2
=   1
2 = (cos 2 2 2cos 21)
sin 20 cos 20 4
2
1
4cos(20  30) 4cos50 = (cos 21) 2
= = 4
sin 40 sin 40
4sin 40 1
= ( 2sin 2 ) 2 …[cos 2 = 1  2 sin2 ]
ns
= 4
sin 40
1
=4 = (4 sin4 ) = sin4 
4
1
io
38. sin x + cos x =
5 43. 8 cos 2 + 8 sec 2 = 65
 sin x + cos x + 2 sin x cos x =
2 2 1  8 cos2 2 + 8 = 65 cos 2
25  8 cos2 2  65 cos 2 + 8 = 0
at
24 7
 sin 2x =  cos 2x =  (cos 2  8) ( 8 cos 2  1) = 0
25 25
24 Since, cos 2 [1, 1]
 tan 2x =
7
lic  cos 2 =
1
8
39. 25 cos2  + 5 cos   12 = 0
Now, 4 cos 4 = 4(2 cos2 2  1)
 5  25  1200 5  35
 cos  = =   1 2 
50 50 31
= 4  2    1 = 
ub
 cos  =
4   
…     cos  0   8   8
5  2 
44. 5 (tan2 x  cos2 x) = 2 cos 2x + 9
 4 
2
3
 sin  = 1   = Put cos2 x = t
P
 
5 5
1 t 
 24  5  t  = 2 (2t  1) + 9
 sin 2 = 2 sin  cos  =  t 
25
 5 (1  t  t2) = 4t2  2t + 9t
et
40. 3(sin x  cos x) + 6(sin x + cos x)

4 2
 9t2 + 12t  5 = 0
+ 4(sin6 x + cos6 x)  9t2 + 15t  3t  5 = 0
= 3(sin x + cos x  2 sin x cos x)2 + 6 (sin2 x
2 2
 3t (3t + 5)  1 (3t + 5) = 0
rg
+ cos2 x + 2 sin x cos x) + 4(sin6 x + cos6 x)  (3t + 5) (3t  1) = 0

= 3(1  sin 2x)2 + 6(1 + sin 2x) 1 5
t= or t =
3 3
+ 4(1  3 sin2 x cos2 x)
Ta
But t cannot be negative

= 3 + 3 sin2 2x  6 sin 2x + 6 + 6 sin 2x
1
+ 4  3 sin2 2x  t=
3
= 9 + 4 + 3 sin2 2x  3 sin2 2x = 13 1
 cos2 x =
3
41. cos  cos 2  cos 2  cos 2 … cos 2
2 3 n–1

n 1  cos 2x = 2 cos2 x  1
2 sin α cos α cos 2α cos 2 α...cos 2
n 2
α
= 2 1
2n sin α = 1 =
3 3
sin 2(2n 1 )  cos 4x = 2 cos2 2x  1
=
2 sin 
n
 1 
2
= 2   1
(using 2 sin  cos  = sin 2 again and again)  3 
sin 2n  7
= =
2n sin  9
25


1 1
45. x  2cos  50. cot 2 + tan  = + tan 
x tan 2
Squaring on both sides, we get 1  tan 2 
1 = + tan 
x2 + + 2 = 4 cos2  2 tan 
x2
1 tan 2  1
1 = =
 x2 + 2 = 4 cos2   2 2tan  sin 2 
x
1 = cosec 2
 x2 + 2 = 2(2 cos2   1)
x 2x x kx
Now, cot + tan = cosec
= 2 cos 2 3 3 3
1 2x kx
Similarly, xn + = 2 cos n  cosec = cosec
xn 3 3
ns
1 k=2
46. sin 2 + sin 2 = …(i)
2
  
3 51. 2 sin2   cos 2 x  = 1  cos ( sin 2x)
and cos 2 + cos 2 = …(ii)  2  
io
2
   sin 2x 
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get  2 sin2   cos 2 x  = 2 sin2  
(sin2 2 + cos2 2) + (sin2 2 + cos2 2)  2    2 
 cos x = sin 2x  cos x = 2 sin x cos x
2 2
at
1 9
+ 2 (sin 2 sin 2 + cos 2 cos 2) = +
4 4 1
1
 tan x =
 cos 2 cos 2 + sin 2 sin 2 = 2
4 1
 cos (2  2) =
1
lic Now, cos 2x =
1  tan 2 x
1
= 4=
3
4 1  tan x 1 
2 1 5
1 4
 2 cos2 ( – ) – 1 =
4
ub
5  1  tan 2    2 tan  
 cos (  ) =
2 52. a cos 2+b sin 2 = a  2 
+b  2 
8  1  tan    1  tan  
3cos 2  1  b2   2b 
47. cos 2 = 1 2     b 
3  cos 2 = a  a2 + b a 2  …  tan  (given) 
P
 b  1 b   a 
By componendo  dividendo, we get 1 2   
 a   a2 
cos 2 1 3cos 2 1  3  cos 2
=  a 2  b2   2ba 
cos 2  1 3cos 2 1  (3  cos 2)
et
= a 2 
+ b 2 2 
 a b 
2
2cos 2  2  2cos 2  a b 
  a(a 2  b 2 )
2sin 2  4cos 2 4 =
1
(a3
 ab2
+ 2ab2
) =
(a 2  b 2 ) a 2  b2
 cos 2  1  cos 2 2cos 2 
rg
 = = =a
sin 2  2(cos 2 1) 4sin 2 
sin 
2
2sin 
2 53. 2 tan A = 3 tan B
 =  tan2  = 2 tan2 
cos 2  cos 2  3 3
Ta
 tan A  tan B  t [Let tan B = t]

 tan  = 2 tan  2 2
2t 1  t2
2 sin A cos3 A  2 sin3 A cos A sin 2B = , cos 2B =
48. 1 t 2
1  t2
= 2 sin A cos A(cos2 A  sin2 A)
 2t 
= 2 sin A cos A cos 2A  
1 t2 
= 
sin 2B 2t
= sin 2A cos 2A  =
5  cos 2B  1  t 2  4  6t 2
1
= sin 4A 5 2 
2 1 t 
3t
cot x  tan x cos 2 x  sin 2 x sin 2 x t t
49. =  = = 2
cot 2 x sin x cos x cos 2 x 2  3t 2 3t 2
1
2cos 2 x sin 2 x 2
=  =2
sin 2 x cos 2 x = tan (A  B)
26
26


3 pq 1 pq
54. Given, tan x = 58. Given, cosec  =  =
4 pq sin  p  q
4  3 
 cos x =  …   x  By componendo  dividendo, we get
5  2 
1  sin  p  q  p  q
x 
Since, 1 + cos x = 2 cos2 1  sin  p  q  p  q
2
 
2
4 x 
 1 = 2 cos2
5 2  cos 2  sin 2  p
   
 cos2 x
=
1  cos   sin   q
2 10  2 2
x 1  3  x 3   
2
 
 cos =  …   x      
2 10  2 2 2 4 1  tan 2  p  tan 4  tan 2  p
ns
     
cos   cos  1  tan   q 1  tan  tan   q
55. cos  =  2  4 2
1  cos  cos 
  p   q
By componendo – dividendo, we get  tan 2      cot 2    
io
cos   cos   cos   cos  cos   4 2 q  2 2 p
=
cos   1 cos   cos    cos  cos  
  q
 cot    
cos  1  cos   1  cos    4 2
  p
at
cos   1  cos   1  cos  
1 cos  1  cos  1  cos   2 3 4 5
   59. sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4
1 cos  1  cos  1  cos  8 8 8 8 8
 cot2

= cot2

tan2

lic + sin4
6
+ sin4
7
2 2 2 8 8
     3  
 tan2 = tan2 cot2 = sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4
2 2 2
ub
8 4 8 2 8
  
 tan =  tan cot  
2 2 2 + sin4 + sin4
4 8
2  
56. 4cos 4  sin 2 2 + 4cot  cos    …[ sin ( – ) = sin ]
 4 2
P
= 4cos 4  sin 2 cos 2  3   

= 2sin4 + 2sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4
8 8 4 2 4
    
1  cos 2  4  2   1    1 4
et
2  2 3 
2 2
+ 4cot   

 2sin    2sin    (1)
4
= 
 2  2  8  8    2 
= 4cos 2   cos 2   sin 2  
 
 sin 4   
rg
  
+ 2cot  1  cos      2 4
  2  
1    3   1 4 
2 2
= |2cos | + 2cot  + 2cos  =  1  cos   1  cos     1  cos
  3   2  4  4   4 4
…   ,
Ta
= 2cot  
  2 2  
1  1   5  1 
2 2 4
1  
=        
2     
1 1
 2  2   4  2 
57. Putting  =  = in the given expression, we get
4
1 5 1
    = (3)  
cos 2    4 cos   sin   sin   2 4 4
 2  2  4  4
=3

+ 2sin2   = 0
4   1  sin 2
 60.
Put  =  =  3 
in option (A), then cos  2  2  tan    
4  4 

cos 2 = cos = 0 1    3   
2  sin 2  cot  cot    
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. 4  2  2 2 
27


1 2sin  cos   4 mt2  (2m + 4) t + 2 = 0
=
 tan  1   2 mt2  mt  2t + 1 = 0
cos 2  
 1 tan    mt(2t  1)  1(2t  1) = 0
 2  2    (2t  1) (mt  1) = 0
1  cos 2  sin 2 
  2sin  cos     t=
1
or t =
1
4  sin  cos   2 m
 2 2 
1
 cos   sin   If t = , then
2
1  cos  
=   2sin  cos    2 
2
 cos   sin   4  sin  
cos 2   tan  =
2t
=
1
=
4
 cos   sin   1  t2 1  1 3
= 1  cos2 = sin2 4
ns
1
61. Since, tan  + 2 tan 2  + 22 tan 22  + … If t = , then
+ 2n tan 2n +2n+1 cot 2n+1  = cot   n  N m
 2
Here,  = 2m
5 tan  = m = 2
  m 1
io
1
 2 4  1  2 
 tan + 2 tan + 4cot = cot m 
5 5 5 5
4    
at
62. sin A  65. tan    + tan   
5  4 2  4 2
4  
 tan A   …[ 90 < A < 180] 1  tan 1  tan
3 2 2
= 
A
2 tan
2 (Let tan A = P)
lic 1  tan

2
1  tan

2
Now, tan A =
2 A 2
1  tan   
2

2
2 1  tan    1  tan 
 2  2
ub
4 2P =
 = 2 
3 1  P2 1  tan
2
 4P2  6P  4 = 0
 2  
1
P= or P = 2  1  tan 2 
= 2 
P
2
1  1  tan 2  
P= is not possible  2
2
2
A =
 P = 2  tan = 2
et
cos 
2
= 2 sec 
 x 1
63. Given, sin = x
rg
2 2x 2 tan
66. sin x = 2
  x 1
 cos = 1  sin 2 = 1  tan 2
x
2 2 2x 2
 x 1
Ta
 x 
…  Let y  tan   
and tan = 2y
=
2 x 1 1  y2   
2

2 tan x 1
 tan = cosec x  sin x =  sin x
Since, tan  = 2
2 sin x
2 
1  tan
2 1  y2 2y
y= 
 tan  = x 2  1 2y 1  y2
 2y2 (1 + y2) = 1 + y4 + 2y2  4y2

64. Put tan   = t  1  y4  4y2 = 0  y4 + 4y2  1 = 0
2
 1 t2  4  16  4 4  20
 (m + 2) 
2t 
+ (2m  1)   y2 = =
2  2 
= 2m + 1 2 2
1 t  1 t 
 (2m + 4) t + (2m  1) (1  t2) x
 tan2   = 2  5
= (2m + 1) (1 + t2) 2  
28
28


x 5 1 5 1
But, tan2   ≠ 2  5 = 4 cos 7 . .
 2 4 4
x = cos 7
 tan2   =  2 + 5
2 10 8 3 5
72. cos  cos  cos  cos
A 1  cos A 13 13 13 13
67. Since, tan =
2 sin A  10 3   8 5 
=  cos  cos    cos  cos 
A  1

 13 13   13 13 
Putting =  7  , we get
2  2  13   7 
= 2cos    cos  
 1

1  cos15 o  2  13   2  13 
tan  7  =
 
2 sin15o  13   3 
2cos   cos  
3 1  2  13   2  13 
ns
1
2 2  7 3 
=
3 1
= 2 cos  cos  cos 
2 26 26 
2 2   
…  cos  0
io
=0
2 2  3 1 3 1  2 
= 
3 1 3 1
π 9π 3π 5π
= 6 3 + 22 73. 2 cos cos + cos + cos
at
13 13 13 13
68. Since, cos 3 = 4 cos3   3 cos  π 9π 4π π
= 2 cos cos + 2 cos cos
1 1 
3
1  1  13 13 13 13
 cos 3 = 4  3
a     3   a  
   a  π  9π 4π 

1
2 a
1  

1
2
 2

lic = 2 cos
13 
cos + cos 
13 13 
 cos 3 =  a     a    3 π  π 5π 
2 a   a  = 2 cos  2 cos 2 cos 26 
13  
 3 1
ub
1
 cos 3 = a  3   π 
2  a  =0 …  cos = 0 
 2 
69. cos3 + cos3 (120 – ) + cos3(120 + )
74. 1 + cos 10 + cos 20 + cos 30
3
= 2 cos2 5 + 2 cos 25 cos 5
P
= cos(3)
4
= 2 cos 5 (cos 5 + cos 25)
 cos310 + cos3110 + cos3130
= 2 cos 5 (2 cos 15 cos 10)
= cos3(10) + cos3(120 – 10)
et
= 4 cos 5 cos 10 cos 15

+ cos3(120 + 10)
75. 1 + cos 56 + cos 58  cos 66
3 3 3 3 3
= cos(3 × 10) = × = = 2 cos2 28 + 2 sin 62 sin 4
4 4 2 8
rg
= 2 cos2 28 + 2 cos 28 cos 86

70. sin 6 = 2 sin 3 cos 3 …[ sin (90  ) = cos ]
= 2(3sin   4sin3 )(4cos3   3cos ) = 2 cos 28 (cos 28 + cos 86)
= 24sin  cos  (sin2  + cos2 )  18sin  cos 
Ta
= 2 cos 28.2 cos 57 cos 29

 32 sin3  cos3  = 4 cos 28 cos 29 sin 33
= 6sin  cos   32sin  cos3  sin2  …[ cos (90  ) = sin ]
= 3sin 2  32sin  cos3  (1  cos2 )
sin 85o  sin 35o 2 cos 60o sin 25o
= 32cos5  sin   32cos3  sin  + 3sin 2 76. o
=
cos 65 sin 25
Given,
1
sin 6 = 32cos5  sin   32cos3  sin  + 3x =2
2
 On comparing, we get x = sin 2 =1
71. sin 47 + sin 61  (sin 11 + sin 25) sin 55  cos55 sin 55  sin 35
= 2 sin 54 cos 7  2 sin 18 cos 7 77. =
sin10 sin10
= 2 cos 7 (sin 54  sin 18) 2cos 45 sin10
= 2 cos 7 (2 cos 36 sin 18) = = 2
sin10
29


 AB AB 82. S = sin  + sin 2 + sin 3 + … + sin n
2.cos   .sin  
sin A  sin B  2   2  Since,
78. =
cos A  cos B  AB  AB sin  + sin( + ) + sin( + 2)
2.cos   .cos  
 2   2  + …… + sin [ + (n1)]
 AB nβ
sin
= tan   2 sin    (n  1)   
 2  =
β   2  
sin    
79. sin 4A – cos 2A = cos 4A – sin 2A 2
 sin 4A + sin 2A = cos 4A + cos 2A Here,  = 
 2 sin 3A cos A = 2 cos 3A cos A nθ θ(n +1)
sin .sin
 tan 3A = 1  S= 2 2

θ
sin
 3A = 2
ns
4
 83. Since, cos  + cos 2 + cos 3 + … + cos n
 4A =
3  n 1  n 

cos   .sin  
 tan 4A = tan =  2   2 
io
3 
sin  
= 3 2
2
1 Here, n = 3 and  =
at
80. sin x + sin y = 7
2
2 4 6
 x y   x y  1  cos  cos  cos
 2sin   cos   …(i) 7 7 7
 2   2  2
 3  1  2   3 2 
cos x + cos y = 1
lic cos    sin 
 2  7   2  7 

 x y   x y  =
 2cos   cos   1 …(ii)  2 
 2   2  sin  
 7 2 
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
ub
 4   3 
 x y  1 cos   .sin  
tan    7   7 
 2  2 =

 x y  sin  
2 tan   7
 2 
P
Now, tan (x + y) =  4   3 
 x y  Since, the values of cos   , sin   and
1 tan 2    7   7 
 2 
1 
sin   are ve, +ve and +ve respectively.
et
2 
 
7
= 2 =
4
1 3  option (C) is the correct answer.
1
4
84. cos2 76 + cos2 16 – cos76 cos 16
rg
cos x 3 1
81. cos x = 3 cos y   = [1+cos 152+1+cos 32–cos 92–cos 60]
cos y 1 2
By componendo and dividendo, we get 1 1
= [2 – + cos 152 + cos 32 – cos 92]
Ta
cos x  cos y 3  1 2 2

cos x  cos y 3  1 1 3 
=   2cos92 cos60  cos92
x y x y 2 2 
2cos   cos  
 2   2  4 1 3 
 =  cos92  cos92
2sin 
 x y  x y 2 2  2 
 sin  
 2   2  3
=
x y x y 4
  cot   cot  2
 2   2 
85. sin 12 sin 48 sin 54
x y  yx
 cot   cot   =2 =
1
(cos 36  cos 60) cos36
 2   2  2
 yx  x y 1  5  1 1   5  1
 2 tan    cot   =    
 2   2  2  4 2   4 
30
30

1  5  1  5  1 1  3   5 3 
= cos  cos    cos  cos 
=  
2  4   4 
   14 14   14 14 
cos
14
5 1
=  7 5  
32   cos  cos 
 14 14 
1
= 
8 1 
=
 
cos 
cos 14 
86. cosec 48 + cosec 96 + cosec 192 + cosec 384 14
= cosec 48 + cosec (180  84) =1
+ cosec (180 + 12) + cosec (360 + 24)
= cosec 48 + cosec 84  cosec 12 + cosec 24 88. In ABC, A + B + C = 
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
1 1 1 1
ns
= + + + = 2 sin (A + B) cos (A  B) + 2 sin C cos C
sin 48 o
sin 84 o
sin12 o
sin 24o
= 2 sin(C)cos(AB)+2 sin C cos{(A+B)}
 1 1   1 1 
=  o 
+  o  = 2 sin C cos (A  B)  2 sin C cos (A + B)
 sin 48 sin 12   sin 84 sin 24 
o o
= 2 sin C {cos (A  B)  cos (A + B)}
io
(sin 48o  sin12o ) (sin 84o + sin 24o ) = 2 sin C (2 sin A sin B)
=– +
sin 48o sin12o sin 84o sin 24o = 4 sin A sin B sin C
2 cos 30o sin 18o 2 sin 54o cos 30o
=– + 89. cos A = cos B cos C
at
1 1
(cos 36o  cos 60o ) (cos 60o  cos 108o )  cos[ – (B + C)] = cos B cos C
2 2
4cos30 sin18 4sin 54 cos30
 – cos(B + C) = cos B cos C
=   –[cos B cos C – sin B sin C] = cos B cos C
cos60  cos36 cos60  sin18
= 4 cos 30 
 sin18

lic
sin 54 
 sin B sin C = 2 cos B cos C
 tan B tan C = 2

 cos60  cos36 cos60  sin18 
 sin18 cos36  90. cot (A + B) = cot ( – C)
= 4 cos 30    cot A cot B  1
ub
 cos60  cos36 cos60  sin18   = – cot C
cot A + cot B
 5 1 5 1 
   cot A cot B – 1 = – cot A cot C – cot B cot C
= 4 cos 30  4  4   cot B cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B = 1
1 5 1 1 5 1 
 2  4 
P
2 4  91. A+B+C=
= 4 cos 30 (– 1 + 1) = 0  AB  C
 tan   = tan   
 2 3 4 5  2  2 2
et
87. cos – cos + cos – cos + cos A B

7 7 7 7 7 tan  tan
6  2 2 = cot C
– cos A B 2
7 1  tan .tan
2 2
rg
 2 3 3
= cos – cos + cos + cos 1 2
7 7 7 7 
C
2   3 3 = cot
– cos + cos 1 2 2
1 .
Ta
7 7 3 3
…[ cos ( – ) = – cos ] 9 C
 = cot
  2 3  7 2
= 2  cos  cos  cos  C 7
 7 7 7   tan =
2 9
  2 3 
2cos  cos  cos  cos 
14  7 7 7  92. For A = B = C = 60, only option (C) satisfies
=
 the condition.
cos
14
sin 2  cos 2 
1    2  93. = sin4  + cos4 
= 2cos cos  2cos cos
   cos  sin 
2 2
cos 7 14 7 14
14 = 1 – 2sin2  cos2 
3  1
2cos cos  =1– (2sin  cos )2
7 14  2
31


1 2cos 2  1  cos 2
=1– sin2 2 = =
2 2cos   1
2
cos 2
= 1 – 1  cos 2 2 
1 
1 3 2
2  f   =1± …  cos 2  
3 2  3 
= 1  cos 2 2 
1
2 
 n!   1! 2! sin 5! 
1 1
95.  sin  720  =  sin 720  sin 720  ....  720 

94. When cos 4 = , then 2 cos2 2  1 = n 1
3 3 
n!
4 2 +  sin 720
 2 cos 2 =  cos 2 =
2 2
n 6
3 3
        
      = sin   + sin   + sin   + sin  
   0, 4    4 , 2  ,   
6 30   120   360  
    
ns
2
 cos 2 =  …   
3        + sin 
 2  0,    ,    
 720 
  2   2 
 
n! 
1 2 …   sin 0
 f   = f (cos 4) = 720 
io
3 2  sec 2   n 6
Evaluation Test
at
 2   4  = 2(2 cot 80) = 4 cot 80
1. xcos  = y cos     = z cos     = k(say)
 3   3 
lic = 4 cot(90  10) = 4 tan 10
k  2  k x
1
 2cos ,
 cos  = , cos      3. Given,
x  3  y x
 4  k Squaring on both sides, we get
and cos      1
 3  z x  2  4cos 2 
ub
x
k k k
   1
x y z  x   4cos 2   2
x
 2   4 
= cos  + cos     + cos    
1
 x  = 2 (2cos2   1) = 2cos 2
   3 
P
3 x
     
= cos + cos         + cos        
Again, squaring on both sides, we get
 3   3  x2 
1
 2  4cos 2 2
x2
et
   
= cos  – cos     – cos     1
3  3   x 2  2  4cos 2 2  2
x
   
= cos  –  cos      cos      1
 x2 + 2 = 2 (2 cos2 2  1)
rg
 3  3  x
 1
= cos  – 2 cos cos   x  2  2cos 4
2
…(i)
3 x
Ta
1 Cubing on both sides, we get

= cos   2  cos  3
2  2 1 
 x  2   (2cos 4)
3
k k k  x 
   =0
x y z
1 1 1
1 1 1  x6   3x 2  2  x 2  2   8cos3 4
   0 x6 x  x 
x y z
1
 x 6  6  3(2cos 4)  8cos3 4 …[From (i)]
2. tan 70  tan 20  2 tan 40 x
= (cot 20  tan 20)  2 tan 40 1
 x 6  6 = 8cos3 4 – 6cos4
…[ tan 70 = tan(90  20) = cot 20] x
= 2(4cos3 4 3 cos 4)
= 2 cot 40  2 tan 40
= 2 cos 3(4)
…[ cot   tan  = 2 cot 2]
…[ cos 3A = 4 cos3 A  3 cos A]
= 2(cot 40  tan 40)
= 2cos 12
32
32


4. cos3  + cos3( + 120) + cos3( – 120) 6. Given, sec ( + ), sec  and sec( – ) are in A. P.
cos3  3cos   2 sec  = sec ( + ) + sec ( – )
=
4 2 1 1
  
cos(3  360)  3cos(  120) cos  cos      cos     
+
4 2 cos       cos     
cos(3  360)  3cos(  120)  
+ cos  cos      cos     
4
2 2cos  cos 
 cos3A  4cos3 A  3cos A,   
cos  cos 2   sin 2 
… 
 cos3 A  cos3A  3cos A  …[ cos (A + B) cos (A  B) = cos2A  sin2B]
 4 
cos3 3cos  cos3 3cos(  120)  cos2  cos  = cos2  – sin2 
=     cos2  – cos2  cos  = sin2 
ns
4 4 4 4
cos3 3cos(  120)
 cos2  (1 – cos ) = (1 – cos2 )
   cos2  = 1 + cos 
4 4

3 3  cos2  = 2 cos2
= cos 3 + {cos ( + 120) 2
io
4 4

+ cos ( – 120) + cos }  cos  = ± 2 cos
2
3 3
= cos 3 + {2 cos  cos 120 + cos } 
Comparing with cos  = k cos , we get
at
4 4
2
3 3
= cos 3 + {2cos ( sin 30) + cos } k=± 2
4 4
3  1  7. sin2  + 3 sin  cos  + 5 cos2 
3
= cos 3 + 2cos      cos 
4 4  2  
lic =
1
{2 sin2  + 3(2sin  cos) + 5(2cos2 )}
3 3 2
= cos 3 + ( cos  + cos ) 1
4 4 = {1 – cos 2 + 3 sin 2 + 5(1 + cos 2)}
2
ub
3
= cos 3 3
4 = 3 + 2 cos 2 + sin 2
2
5. tan 2 = tan( + ) Now,
1  9 3 9
P
  4 ≤ 2cos 2 + sin 2 ≤ 4 
= 5 5 4 2 4
1
1 
5 3 5
25  ≤ 2cos 2 + sin 2 ≤
2 2 2
et
5
 tan 2 = 
1 3
≤ 3 + 2cos 2 + sin 2 ≤
11
12 2 2 2
tan 4 = tan(2 + 2) 1 11
  sin2  + 3sin  cos  + 5cos2  
rg
5 5
 2 2
= 12 12 2 1
25  ≤ ≤2
1 11 sin 2   3sin  cos   5cos 2 
144
Hence, the maximum value of the given
Ta
120 expression is 2.
=
119
21 27
120

1 8. sin  + sin  =  , cos  + cos  = 
65 65
 tan (4  ) = 119 239
120 1  (sin  + sin )2 + (cos  + cos )2
1 
21   27 
2 2
= 
119 239
120  239 119  + 
=  65   65 
119  239 120  (sin2  + cos2) + (sin2  + cos2 )
(119 1) 239  119 441 729
= + 2 sin  sin  + 2 cos cos  = +
119  239 120 (65) 2
(65) 2
119  239  (239  119)  2 + 2 sin  sin  + 2 cos  cos 
=
119  239 120 441 729
= +
=1 (65) 2 (65) 2
33


1170 sin 4 A cos 4 A 1
 2 + 2[cos ( – )] = 11.  
(65) 2 a b ab
1170 (1  cos 2A)2 (1  cos 2A) 2 1
 2[1 + cos(  )] =   
(65) 2 4a 4b ab
2  
1170  b(a + b) (1  2 cos 2A + cos2 2A)
 2  2 cos  = + a(a + b) (1 + 2 cos 2A + cos2 2A) = 4ab
 2  (65)
2
 {b(a + b) + a(a + b)} cos2 2A

   3 130      3 
+ 2(a + b) (a  b) cos 2A
 cos   = …    
 2  130  2 2 2 + a(a + b) + b(a + b)  4ab = 0
3  (a + b) cos 2A + 2(a + b) (a  b) cos 2A
2 2
=
130 + (a  b)2 = 0
tan   tan 
 {(a + b) cos 2A + (a  b)} = 0
2
ns
9. tan       ba
1  tan  tan   cos 2A = …(i)
ba
1 1
 sin 8 A cos8 A (1  cos 2A) 4 (1  cos 2A) 4
1 x
1 1  2 x 1    
a3 b3 16a 3 16b3
io
 tan (  )  2
1  ba  1  ba 
4 4
 
 1  1  = 1    1   …[From (i)]
1  16a 3  b  a  16b3  b  a 
1  x 1 
 1  x  1  2  16a 4 16b 4
at
 2  = 
16a (b  a) 16b3 (b  a) 4
3 4
2 x  2.2 x  x  2 x  1
 tan (  )  1 1
1  2 x  2.2 x  2.2 x  x  2 x = (a  b) 
(b  a) 4 (a  b)3
 tan ( + ) = 1

lic 12. sin ( cos ) = cos ( sin )
 tan ( + ) = tan
4  
  sin( cos ) = sin    sin  
+= 2 
ub
4
  
…  cos   sin     
10. We have,
3sin A
=
2cos B  2 
sin B cos A 
3sin A 2cos Bsin B   cos  = +  sin 
 2
P
=
cos A cos 2 A 1
sin 2B
 cos  – sin  = …(i)
 tan A = 2
3cos 2 A    
 cos     = cos  cos – sin  sin
et
sin 2B cos 2B
 tan A =   4 4 4
3cos 2B cos 2 A
1
tan 2B = (cos  – sin )
 tan A = (2 cos2 B – 1) 2
rg
3cos 2 A
1
tan 2B = …[From (i)]
 tan A = 2
(4 – 3cos2 A – 1) 2 2
3cos A
…[ 2 cos2 B = 4 – 3 cos2 A (given)] 13. We have, A + B + C = 180
Ta
sin 2 A A  BC
 tan A = tan 2B  = 90   
cos 2 A 2  2 
…[ 1  cos2 A = sin2 A] A   B  C 
 cot = cot  90   
 tan A = tan 2B tan A 2 2   2 
 tan A tan 2B = 1 A B C
 tan A = cot 2B  cot  tan   
2 2 2
 
 tan A = tan   2B  B
 tan
tan
C
2  1
  2 2
 A B
1  tan tan
C
A= – 2B tan
2 2 2 2
 B C A B A C
 A + 2B =  1  tan tan  tan tan  tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
34
34


A B B C A C  
 tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1 sin   sin 
2cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 17. = 2 2
A B cos   cos   
i.e.,  tan tan  1 2sin
2
sin
2
2 2

14. sin2  + sin2   sin2   cot
2
= sin2  + sin (  ) sin ( + )

…[ sin2A  sin2 B = sin (A + B) sin (A  B)] But , ,  are in A.P.  
2
= sin2  + sin (  ) sin ( + ) sin   sin 
 = cot 
…[  +    =  (given)] cos   cos 
= sin2  + sin  sin ( + ) 18. sin3 x sin 3x
= sin {sin  + sin ( + )} 1
ns
= sin  {sin (  (  )) + sin ( + )} = (3 sin x – sin 3x) sin 3x
4
= sin  {sin (  ) + sin ( + )}   sin 3A  3sin A  4sin 3 A 
= sin  (2 sin  cos ) … 
= 2 sin  sin  cos   sin 3 A  1 (3sin A  sin 3A) 
 
io
4
15. (cos  + cos 7) + (cos 3 + cos 5) = 0 3 1
 2 cos 4 cos 3 + 2 cos 4 cos  = 0 = (2 sin x sin 3x)  (2 sin2 3x)
8 8
 CD C  D
at
…  cosC  cos D  2cos cos 3 1
 2 2  = (cos 2x – cos 4x) – (1 – cos 6x)
8 8
 2 cos 4 (cos 3 + cos ) = 0 1 3 3 1
= – + cos 2x  cos 4x + cos 6x …(i)
 4 cos 4 cos 2 cos  = 0 8 8 8 8
 4
sin 23 
=0
lic and
n
c cos mx
23 sin  m 0
m
 sin 2n A  = c0 + c1 cos x + c2 cos 2x + c3 cos 3x

…  cosAcos 2Acos 22 Acos 23A....cos 2n 1A = 
 2n sin A  + … + cn cos nx …(ii)
ub
n
 sin 8 = 0  8 = n c
3
But, sin x sin 3 x = m cos mx
n m 0
    from (i) and (ii), we get n = 6
8
P
16. Given, sin A + sin B = C 1

and cos A + cos B = D 19. Given, sin B = sin (2A + B)
5
sin A  sin B C sin(2A  B) 5
   
cos A  cos B D
et
sin B 1
 AB AB By componendo and dividendo, we get
2 sin   cos  
  2   2  = C sin(2A  B)  sin B 5  1
 AB  AB 
2 cos   cos  
D sin(2A  B)  sin B 5  1
rg
 2   2  2sin(A  B)cos A 6
AB  
 tan 
C 2cos(A  B)sin A 4
 = …(i)
 2  D
tan(A  B) 3
 
Ta
AB tan A 2
2 tan  
Now, sin (A + B) =  2 
AB m tan (  120o )
1  tan 2   20. =
 2  n tan (  30o )
   mn tan (  120o )  tan (  30o )
 2 tan   =
…  sin   2
 mn tan (  120o )  tan (  30o )
2 
 1  tan  …[By componendo and dividendo]
 2
sin(  120)cos(  30)  cos(  120)sin(  30)
C =
2 sin(  120)cos(  30)  cos(  120)sin(  30)
= D …[From (i)]
C2 sin (2  90o ) cos 2
1 2 = =
D sin (150o ) 1
2CD 2
= 2
C  D2 = 2 cos 2
35
Textbook
Chapter No.
05 Straight Line
Hints
Classical Thinking  x2 = 4x2 + 4y2

3. (x  2)2 + (y  3)2 = (x + 4)2 + (y  5)2  3x2 + 4y2 = 0
 x2  4x + 4 + y2  6y + 9 9. Let (x1, y1) be any point on the locus.
ns
= x2 + 8x + 16 + y2  10y + 25 According to the given condition,
  12x + 4y = 28 x12  y12 = 3y1
 3x  y =  7
 x12  y12 = 9y12  x12  8 y12 = 0
io
4. Let P(x, y) be any point on perpendicular
 equation of the locus is x2  8y2 = 0
bisector of AB.
 PA = PB 10. Let P(x, y) be any point on the locus and
A  (1, 2)
at
 ( x  5)2  ( y  2)2  ( x  1)2  ( y  5)2
According to the given condition,
Squaring both sides, we get l (AP)  y
(x + 5)2 + (y  2)2 = (x + 1)2 + (y  5)2
 8x + 6y + 3 = 0  ( x  1) 2  ( y  2) 2  y
lic Squaring both sides, we get
5. Let P  (x, y)
(x  1)2 + (y  2)2 = y2
PA
Given, =2  x2  2x  4y + 5 = 0
PB
ub
 PA = 2PB 11. Substituting each pair of the points in the
equation 2x2 + 2y2  5x + 11y  3 = 0, only
 x  2  x  2
2 2
  ( y  3) = 2
2
 ( y  5) 2
point (4,  1) satisfies the given condition.

Squaring both sides, we get
(x  2)2 + (y  3)2 = 4[(x + 2)2 + (y  5)2] 12. Since, point ( 6, 3) lies on the locus x2 = 4ay.
P
 3x2 + 3y2 + 20x  34y + 103 = 0  ( 6)2 = 4a(3)

a=3
6. Let P(x, y) be any point on the locus.
Let A  (3, – 2), O  (0,0) 13. Substituting x = 8 and y = 6 in the equation
et
We have, OP = 5AP x2 y2
 = K, we get K = 28
 ( x  0)2  ( y  0)2  5 ( x  3)2  ( y  2)2 4 3
Squaring both sides, we get Since, ( 4, 4) lies on y2 = ax
rg
14.
(x  0)2 + (y  0)2 = 25 [(x  3)2 + (y + 2)2]  (4)2 = a( 4)
 24x2 + 24y2  150x + 100y + 325 = 0 a=4
7. Let P(h, k) be any point on the locus. Also, ( 16, b) lies on y2 = ax
Ta
 distance of P from Y-axis = h  b2 =  4( 16) = 64

According to the given condition, b=±8
h  a
2
 (k  0)2 = h 15. x = a cos  + b sin  …(i)
 (h – a)2 + (k – 0)2 = h2 y = a sin   b cos  …(ii)
 h2 + a2 – 2ah + k2 = h2 Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get
Hence, locus of (h, k) is y2 – 2ax + a2 = 0. x2 + y2 = a2 + b2
8. Let P(x, y) be any point on the locus. 16. Let P = (x, y) be the midpoint of seg OQ and
According to the given condition, Q = (h, k)
distance of P from Y-axis = 2(OP) Since, Q lies on the locus x2 = 4y
h2 = 4k …(i)
 x = 2 ( x  0)2  ( y  0)2
But, P =  , 
h k
 x = 2 x2  y2 2 2
 
36
36

Chapter 05: Straight Line

h k 6
 x= ,y= 27. Midpoint is (3, 4) and slope of AB =
2 2 4
 h = 2x, k = 2y  1 2
 Slope of perpendicular  
Putting h and k in (i), we get 6/4 3
(2x)2 = 4(2y)  4x2 = 8y 2
 the required equation is y  4 = (x  3)
 Equation of locus is x2 = 2y 3
17. (h, k) ≡ (1, 2), (x, y) ≡ (3,  4)  2x + 3y = 18
Using transformation equations, we get 1 3
X = x  h and Y = y  k 28. Midpoint  (4, –9) and slope  
3 1 2
 X = 3  1 = 2, Y =  4  2 =  6 1  5
 New co-ordinate  (2,  6) 3
Hence, the required line is y + 9 = (x – 4)
ns
18. (h,k)  (3, 2), (X, Y)  (3, 1) 2
Using transformation equations, we get  3x – 2y = 30
x = X + h and y = Y + k
1 a  a
 x = 3  3 = 0, y = 1 + 2 = 3 29. m 
b  b b  b
io
 Old co-ordinate  (0, 3)
a  a
19. Let h = 1, k = 1 a  a  b  b 
Midpoint is  , 
 x = X + 1 and y = Y + 1  2 2 
at
 Equation of locus is  the required equation is
(X + 1)2  (Y + 1)2  2 (X+ 1) + 2 (Y + 1) = 0
 b  b  a  a   a  a  
 X2 +2X + 1 Y2  2Y 1  2X 2 + 2Y+ 2 = 0 y–  =  x 
 2  b  b   2 
 X2  Y2 = 0
lic  2(b –b)y+ 2(a – a)x = b2  b2 + a2  a2
20. Let (X,Y) be the new co-ordinates of (x,y),
when origin is shifted to the point (3, 2) 30. Equation of a line passing through the given
Using transformation equations, y  ( 6) x  ( 5)
points is =
ub
x = X + h and y = Y + k, where h = 3, k =  2 6  10 5  3
 x = X + 3 and y = Y  2 y 6 x 5
 =  2x  y + 4 = 0
Putting x and y in the given equation of locus, 16 8
we get
31. The required equation passing through (0, 0)
P
(X + 3)2 +(Y  2)2  6(X + 3)+4(Y  2) 12=0

1 1
 X2 + Y2 = 25 and having gradient m  , is y  x
0 0
21. Putting, X = x + 1 and Y = y  2 in the equation x=0
et
X2 + 5 XY + 3Y2 = 0, we get
(x + 1)2 + 5(x + 1) (y  2) + 3(y  2)2 = 0 50 5
32. m 
 x2 + 2x + 1 + 5xy  10x 4  0 4
+ 5y  10 + 3y2  12y + 12 = 0  the required equation is 5x + 4y = 0.
rg
2 2
 x + 5xy + 3y  8x  7y + 3 = 0 33. The point of intersection is (0, 0)
23. Gradient of the line which passes through Thus, the equation of line passing through the
points (0, 0) and (2, 2) is y = x.
Ta
30 1
(1, 0) and (2, 3) is m  
2  1 3 34. Equation of line is y = mx + c
 tan  = 
1  y = (tan 135)x – 5  y = –x – 5
3 x+y+5=0
 1 
   tan 1    = 150 c
 3 35. From the figure, m = tan  =
3
6  4 10 18  6 c 3 
24. m1    2 and m 2   2 3=
2  3 5 9  ( 3) 3 
Hence, the lines are parallel.  c = –9 –c
26. The required equation is

y + 6 = tan 45(x – 4)
 x – y – 10 = 0 Hence, the required equation is y = 3x – 9
37


36. Here, intercept on X-axis is 3 and intercept on 48. L  3x – 4y – 8 = 0
Y-axis is –2.  L(3,4) = 9 – 16 – 8 < 0 and
So, using double intercept form, the required L(2, – 6) = 6 + 24 – 8 > 0
x y
equation of the line is  1 . Hence, the points lie on opposite side of the line.
3 2
49. Consider option (D),
37. Using double intercept form, we get
L(– 1, – 1) = 3(–1) – 8(–1) – 7 < 0
x y
+ =1 and L(3, 7) = 3  3 – 8  7 – 7 < 0
2a sec 2a cosec 
Hence, (– 1, – 1) and (3, 7) lie on the same side
 x cos  + y sin  = 2a of line.
38. Intersection point on X-axis is (2x1, 0) and on
Y-axis is (0, 2y1). Thus, equation of line passing 50. m1 = 3 , m2 = 0
ns
x y 30
through these points is  2 .  tan  =
x1 y1 1 0
39. Since, the given line passes through (2, 3) and  tan  = 3
io
(4, 5).   = 60o
2 3 4 5
   1 and   1
2 32 3
a b a b 51.   tan 1 = tan–1  3
at
 b = –1, a = –1 1 4  3
x y   = 60
40. The equation of line is + =1 .
a a x y x y
x+y–a=0
coefficient of x
lic 52. Equation of lines are   1 and   1
a b b a
 Slope =  = –1  m1 
b
and m 2 
a
coefficient of y
a b
ub
42. The required equation which passes through b a

(1, 2) and its gradient m = 3, is y – 2 = 3(x– 1).   = tan 1 a b
b a
43. The required equation which passes through 1 .
a b
a a
(c, d) and its gradient  , is y  d   ( x  c) b2  a 2
P
b b = tan 1
2ab
 a(x – c) + b(y – d) = 0
44. The required equation passing through (3, –4) 54. Let L1  2x + 5y – 7= 0 and L2  2x– 5y– 9= 0,
et
4 4 2 2
and having gradient is y + 4 = ( x  3) . so that m1   , m 2 
3 3 5 5
Lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular, also
45. Equation of line perpendicular to
rg
not coincident.
ax + by + c = 0 is bx – ay +  = 0 …(i) Hence, the lines are intersecting.
It passes through (a, b).
 ab – ab +  = 0   = 0 m1 1 c1
Ta
Putting  = 0 in (i), we get bx  ay = 0 which is 55. m2 1 c 2  0

the required equation. m3 1 c 3
 y m1 m2 m3
46. Slope of perpendicular =
2a  1 1 1
y' c1 c2 c3
 the required equation is y – y = – (x – x)
2a  m1(c2 – c3) + m2(c3 – c1) + m3(c1 – c2) = 0
 xy + 2ay – 2ay – xy = 0
7 8 5
47. L  2x + 3y – 4 = 0
56. The lines are concurrent, if 3 4 5  0
 L(– 6, 2) = – 12 + 6 – 4 < 0
4 5 k
and L = 6x + 9y + 8 = 0
 L(– 6, 2) = – 36 + 18 + 8 < 0  7(–4k – 25) + 8(3k – 20) + 5(15 + 16) = 0
Hence, the point is below both the lines.  k = –45
38
38


15 18 1 66. Equation of line passing through (x, y) and
57. Consider 12 10 3 ( x, y) is
6 66 11 y  y
y  y  ( x  x)
= 15 (110 + 198) + 18 (132 + 18) x  x
+ 1 (792  60)  x  y  y   y  x  x 
=0  x( y  y)  y( x  x)  0
58. u = a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, v = a2x + b2y + c2 = 0  Length of perpendicular
a1 b1 c1  x( y  y)  y( x  x)
Let   c =
a 2 b 2 c2
( y  y)2  ( x  x)2
a1 b c
 a2  ,b2  1 ,c2  1
c c c xy  yx
=
ns
Given that, u + kv = 0 ( x  x)2  ( y  y)2
 a1x + b1y + c1 + k(a2x + b2y + c2) = 0
67. Given lines are 5x + 3y – 7 = 0 …(i)
 a1x + b1y + c1 + k 
a1   b1   c1 
x  k  y  k   0 and 15x + 9y + 14 = 0 or
 c  c c
14
io
5x  3 y  =0 …(ii)
 a1 x  1    b1 y  1    c1 1    0
k k k
3
 c  c  c  
Lines (i) and (ii) are parallel.
 a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 = u 14
at
7 
4(3)  3(1)  20 c1  c2 3
59. Required length = =7  Required distance = =
5 a 2  b2 5  32
2
2  3  5 10
60. Required distance =
11
=
2
=5 2
lic =
35
=
35
3 34 3 34
7 7
61. Required distance = 
12  5
2 2 13 Critical Thinking
ub
62. The line is 4x – 3y – 12 = 0.
1. Let B  ( 3, y) and P  (x, y)
12 12 2 Given, AP = PB
 Required length = = =2
42  (3)2 5 5  (x  3)2 + (y  0)2 = (x + 3)2 + (y  y)2
P
 x2  6x + 9 + y2 = x2 + 6x + 9
63. Let the equation of the line be  y2 = 12x
x y
 1
a b 2. According to the given condition,
et
According to the given condition, y + x = 3 x2  y2

ab Squaring both sides, we get
p=
a  b2
2 (x + y)2 = 9 (x2 + y2)  4x2 + 4y2  xy = 0
rg
a 2  b2 1 3. Let the point P be (h, k).

  2
a 2b2 p Given, 2PA = 3PB
1 1 1  4 PA2 = 9PB2

Ta
 
a 2 b2 p2  4(h2 + k2) = 9[(h – 4)2 + (k + 3)2]
 4h2 + 4k2 = 9h2  72h + 144 + 9k2 + 54k + 81
64. Length of perpendicular is
 5h2 + 5k2 – 72h + 54k + 225 = 0
b a Hence, the locus of point P is
 1
a b 
b 2  a 2  ab 5x2 + 5y2 – 72x + 54y + 225 = 0
2
1  1
2
a 2  b2 4. Let P (x,y) be any point on the locus and
   
a  b A ≡ (2,0), B ≡ (2,0)
We have, PA + PB = 6
65. Here, equation of line is y = x tan  + c, c > 0
Length of the perpendicular drawn on line from  (PA)2 = (6  PB)2
point (a cos, a sin) is  (x  2)2 + (y  0)2
a cos  tan   a sin   c c = 3612 ( x  2)2  ( y  0)2 +(x + 2)2 +(y 0)2
p= = = c cos 
1  tan 2  sec   2x + 9 = 3 x2  y 2  4x  4
39


Squaring both sides, we get 10. We have, AP  BP = 6
4x2 + 36x + 81 = 9x2 + 9y2 + 36x + 36
 ( x  0) 2  ( y  4) 2  ( x  0) 2  ( y  4) 2  6
2 2 x2 y2
 5x + 9y = 45   =1
9 5  x 2  y 2  8 y  16  x 2  y 2  8 y  16  6
5. Let P(x,y) be any point on the locus then Squaring on both sides, we get
PA + PB = 2a 2x2  2 y2  4
 ( x  c)  y  2a  ( x  c)  y
2 2 2 2

2  x 2  y 2  8 y  16  x 2  y 2  8 y  16 
(xc)2 + y2 = 4a2  4a ( x  c)2  y 2 + (x+c)2 + y2  x2  y 2  2
  2cx = 4a2  4a ( x  c)2  y 2 + 2cx   x 2  y 2  8 y  16  x 2  y 2  8 y  16 
ns
2
 a ( x  c)  y = a + cx
2 2
Again, squaring on both sides, we get
 a2x2 + 2a2cx + a2c2 + a2y2 = a4 + 2a2cx + c2x2 (x2 + y2  2)2 = (x2 + y2 + 16)2  (8y)2
 (a2  c2)x2 + a2 y2 = a2 (a2  c2) x4 + y4 + 4 + 2x2y2  4y2  4x2
Dividing both sides by a2 (a2  c2), we get = x4 + y4 + 256 + 2x2y2 + 32y2 + 32x2  64y2
io
 28y2  36x2 = 252
x2 y2
 =1 y 2 x2
a 2 a 2  c2   1
9 7
But, a2  c2 = b2
at
x2 y2 11. Let (h, k) be the co-ordinates of point C.
  =1
a 2 b2 Y C(h, k)
6. Given, PA  PB = 6
 ( x  5)2  y 2  ( x  5)2  y 2  6
lic
 (x  5)2 + y2
= 36 + 12 ( x  5)2 + y 2 + (x + 5)2 + y2
ub
  10x = 36 + 12 ( x  5)2 + y 2 + 10x
 12 ( x  5)2 + y 2 = 36 + 20x X
B(a, 0) O D A(a, 0)
 9(x + 5)2 + 9y2 = (9 + 5x)2 ah ah
P
 9x2 + 90x + 225 + 9y2 = 81 + 90x + 25x2 From figure, cot A = and cot B =
k k
 16x2  9y2 = 144 Given, cot A + cot B = 
Dividing both sides by 144, we get ah ah
 =
et
x2 y 2 
 =1 k k
9 16 2a
 =   k = 2a
7. Let P(x,y) be any point on the locus. k
rg
Given, AP2 + BP2 = 50  equation of locus is y = 2a.

 (x  3)2 + (y  1)2 + (x  4)2 + (y + 5)2 = 50 12. We take the coordinate axes as two
 2x2 + 2y2  14x + 8y + 1 = 0 perpendicular lines.
Ta
8. Let P(x, y) be any point on the locus and Let P(x1,y1) be any point on the locus.
A ≡ (3, 2) and B ≡ ( 5, 1), then APB = 90 From P(x1,y1), we draw PM and PN
perpendicular to OX and OY respectively.
 By Pythagoras theorem,
AP2 + BP2 = AB2 Y
 (x  3)2 + (y  2)2 + (x + 5)2 + (y  1)2
= (5 3)2 + (1  2)2 N P(x1,y1)
 2x2 + 2y2 + 4x  6y  26 = 0
 x2 + y2 + 2x  3y  13 = 0
X
9. Let P (x,y) be any point on the locus. O M
Let A(5, 0) and B (2, 3 ) be the given points. Given, PM + PN = 2 …(i)
 PA2  PB2 = 10 But, PM = y1, PN = x1
 [(x  5)2 + (y  0)2]  [(x  2)2 + (y  3)2] = 10  y1 + x1 = 2 …[From (i)]
 3x  3y  1 = 0 Thus, locus of (x1, y1) is x + y = 2
40
40


13. By substituting each of the points, only Putting h and k in (i), we get
(a cos , b sin ) satisfies the given equation. 9(2x + 3)2  16(2y  6)2 = 144
14. Putting x = 3, y = 2 in equation ax + by = 5,  36x2  64y2 + 108x + 384y  639 = 0
we get 19. Let B ≡ (h,k)
3a + 2b = 5 …(i) Since, point ‘B’ lies on the locus
Putting x = 1, y =  2 in equation ax + by = 5, x2 + y2  2x + 4y + 8 = 0
we get  h2 + k2 2h + 4k + 8 = 0 …(i)
 a  2b = 5 ….(ii) Also, P(x,y) divides AB externally in the ratio 2:1
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 5, b =  5 2h  1( 5) 2k  2
 x= , y=
15. On X – axis, y = 0 2 1 2 1
Putting y = 0 in the equation x5 y2
 h= , k=
x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0, we get 2 2
ns
x = 6 or x = 2 Putting values of h and k in (i), we get
 Point on X-axis will be ( 2, 0) and (6, 0) 2
 x 5  y 2
2
 x5  y  2
     2   4 + 8 = 0
 Length of intercept = (6  2)2 = 64 = 8 units  2   2   2   2 
io
 x2  10x + 25 + y2 + 4y
16. Let (x, y) be the co-ordinate of point C and
G (a,b) be the centroid. + 4  4x + 20 + 8y + 16 + 32 = 0
Since, G lies on the locus y = 3 + 2x2  x2 + y2  14x + 12y + 97 = 0
at
 b = 3 + 2a2 …(i) 20. A is a point on X-axis and B is a point an
3 2 x x 5 1 5  y y  4 Y-axis.
Also, a =  ,b  
3 3 3 3 Let A be (a, 0) and B be (0, b)
y4 x5
2
lic
Substituting the values of a and b in (i), we get Let P(x, y) be any point on the locus.
= 3 + 2  
Then, P divides seg AB externally in the ratio 4:3
3  3  4(0)  3(a) 4(b)  3(0)
2
 x= =  3a, y = = 4b
 3y  12 = 27 + 2x + 20x + 50 43 43
ub
 2x2 + 20x  3y + 89 = 0  a=
x
, b=
y
3 4
17. Let P ≡ (a, 0) and Q ≡ (0, b)
Now, 2.OA = 3.OB
Since, PQ = 7
 a 2  b2 = 7  2 (a  0)2  3 (b  0)2
P
 a2 + b2 = 49 …(i)  2a = 3b …(i)
Let R (x,y) divide PQ in ratio 4:3 Substituting value of a and b in equation (i), we
4 0  3 a 4  b  3 0 get

et
x= , y=
x 
43 43 2   y
 =3  
3a 4b  3  4
 x= ,y=
7 7   8x = 9y  8x + 9y = 0
rg
7x 7y
 a= ,b= ab
3 4 21. Given, h = ,k=0
Putting a and b in equation (i), we get ab
2 2 ab
 7x   7 y   Substituting x = X + and y = Y in the
Ta
     = 49 ab
 3   4 
equation (a  b) (x2 + y2)  2abx = 0, we get
49x2 49 y 2
  = 49  ab 
2
  ab 
9 16 (a  b)  X    Y   2ab
2
X  a  b  = 0
 ab   
x2 y2
  =1 By solving, we get
9 16
(a  b)2 (X2 + Y2)  a2 b2 = 0
18. Let Q ≡ (h,k) lies on the locus
9x2  16y2 = 144 22. Given, (h, k)  ( 3, 8)
 9h2  16k2 = 144 …(i) ( 4, q) lies on new X-axis.
Let R (x,y) be the mid point of PQ.  (x, y) = ( 4, q) and Y = 0
3  h 6k But, y = Y + k
 x= , y=
2 2  q=0+8
 h = 2x + 3, k = 2y  6 q=8
41


Also, (p, 5) lies on new Y-axis. 2
 The required equation is y  1  ( x  1)
 (x, y) = (p, 5) and X = 0 9
But, x = X + h i.e., 2x + 9y + 7 = 0
 p=03 28. Let ABCD be a rectangle.
p=3 Given, A (1, 3) and C (5, 1).
23. 2x2  y2  4x + 4y  3 = 0 can be expressed as D
2(x2  2x)  (y2  4y)  3 = 0 A(1, 3)
 2(x2 2x + 1  1)  (y2  4y + 4  4)  3 = 0
2 (x  1)2  (y  2)2 = 1
B C(5, 1)
( x  1) 2 ( y  2) 2
  =1 Intersecting point of diagonal of a rectangle is
1 1
  same or at midpoint.
2
ns
 midpoint of AC is (3, 2).
X2 Y 2
Comparing it with 2  2 = 1, we get Also, y = 2x + c passes through (3, 2).
a b Hence, c = – 4
1
a2 = and b2 = 1 29. Midpoint  (3, 2).
io
2
1  the required equation is y  2 = 2 (x 3)
 a= ,b=1 …[ a > 0, b > 0]  2x – y – 4 = 0
2
at
30. The required diagonal passes through the
24. m1m2 = – 1 midpoint of AB and is perpendicular to AB. So,
k 3
   (2)  1  2k  6  2  k  4
its equation is y – 2 = –3(x – 2) or
24 y + 3x – 8 = 0.
25. Mid point of (a cos, a sin) and
lic 31. x cos  – y sin  = a(cos4  – sin4 ) = a cos 2
(a cos, a sin) is 32. Point P(a, b) is on 3x + 2y = 13
 a(cos   cos ) a(sin   sin )  So, 3a + 2b = 13 …(i)
P , 
ub
 2 2  Point Q(b, a) is on 4x – y = 5
So, 4b – a = 5 …(ii)
Y By solving (i) and (ii), we get
A (acos, asin) a = 3, b = 2
P Now, equation of PQ is
P
y2  y1
y – y1 = ( x  x1 )
x2  x1
B (acos, asin)
X 32
 y2 ( x  3)  y – 2 = –(x – 3)
et
O 23
 Slope of line AB is x+y=5
a sin   a sin  sin   sin  33. Here, slope of AB  1
  m1
rg
a cos   a cos  cos   cos   tan  = m1 = 1

sin   sin  or  = 45
and slope of OP is  m2  tan (45 + 15) = tan 60
cos   cos 
Ta
sin 2   sin 2  …[ It is rotated anticlockwise so the

Now, m1  m 2   1
cos 2   cos 2  angle will be 45 + 15 = 60]
Hence, the lines are perpendicular. Thus, slope of new line is 3
82 Y
26. Slope  3 B(3,1)
3 1 C
15°
The diagonal is y – 2 = 3(x – 1)
 3x – y – 1 = 0
45°
27. S = midpoint of QR = 
6  7 1  3   13 
,  =  ,1
O A (2,0) XX
 2 2   2 
2 1 2  The required equation of line passing through
 ‘m’ of PS   (2, 0) and m = 3 is y = 3 (x  2)
13 9
2
2 i.e., y = 3x  2 3
42
42


34. Since the hour, minute and second hands always 39. Given, a + b = 14  a = 14 – b
pass through origin because one end of these Hence, the equation of straight line is
hands is always at origin. x y
 1
Now, at 4 O’ clock, the hour hand makes 30 14  b b
angle in fourth quadrant. Also, it passes through (3, 4)
So, the equation of hour hand is Y 3 4
1 1   =1
y = mx  y   x 14  b b
3 2
 b = 8 or 7
 x  3y  0 O 30° 3 X Therefore, equations are 4x + 3y = 24 and
4
x+y=7
x y
40. Let the equation of the line be  1
35. Y a b
ns
O R(3,3 3) The co-ordinates of the mid point of the
intercept AB between the axes are  , 
a b
60o 2 2
X X a b
io
P(–1, 0) Q(0, 0)
  1,  2  a  2,b  4
2 2
Hence, the equation of the line is
Y x y
at
3 3 0   1  2x + y = 4
Slope of QR =  3 i.e.,  = 60 2 4
30
Clearly, PQR = 120 41. A line perpendicular to the line 5x – y = 1 is
OQ is the angle bisector of the angle PQR, so given by x + 5y –  = 0 = L
lic
line OQ makes 120 with the positive direction
In intercept form
x

y
1
of X-axis.  /5
Therefore, equation of the bisector of PQR is 1
So, area of triangle is  (Multiplication of
ub
y = tan 120x  y   3x  3x  y = 0 2
intercepts)
36. Let the co-ordinates of axes are A (a, 0) and 
 ( )    = 5
1
B(0, b), but the point (–5, 4) divides the line AB 2 5
in the ratio of 1 : 2.
P
 15  =5 2
 the co-ordinates of axes are  ,0  and Hence, the equation of required line is
 2 
(0, 12). x + 5y =  5 2
et
Therefore, the equation of line passing through x y

these coordinate axes is given by 42. Let the equation be  1.
a a
8x – 5y + 60 = 0
x–y=a …(i)
rg
37. Let the intercept be a and 2a, then the equation But, it passes through (–3, 2)
x y  a = –3 – 2 = –5
of line is   1 , but it also passes through
a 2a Putting the value of a in (i), we get
(1, 2), therefore a = 2. xy+5=0
Ta
Hence, the required equation is 2x + y = 4

43. The equation of lines in intercept form are
38. Take two perpendicular lines as the coordinate x y
axes. If a, b be the intercepts made by the  1
8 / a 8 / b
moving line on the coordinate axes, then the
x y
equation of the line is  1
3 2
x y
 1 …(i) According to the given condition,
a b
8 8
1 1 1   (3) and  = 2
Let   a b
a b k
8
k k  a   and b = 4
i.e.,  1 …(ii) 3
a b
The result (ii) shows that the straight line (i) 44. Given, line AB makes 0 intercepts on X–axis
passes through a fixed point (k, k). and Y – axis so, (x1, y1) = (0, 0)
43


4 2
Slope of perpendicular =  tan   
3 3
4 2
 Equation is y – 0 = (x – 0)  The equation of line is y + 4 =  ( x  5)
3 3
 4x – 3y = 0  2x + 3y + 22 = 0
45. The equation of any line parallel to 49. Let the required line through the point (1,2) be
2x + 6y + 7 = 0 is 2x + 6y + k = 0. inclined at an angle  to the axis of X. Then its
x 1 y  2
This meets the axes at A   ,0  and B  0,  
k k
equation is  r …(i)
 2   6 cos  sin 
Since, AB = 10 The co-ordinates of a point on the line (i) are
k2
k 2
10k 2 (1 + r cos , 2 + r sin )
   10   10
ns
4 36 36 6
If this point is at a distance form (1, 2),
3
 10k2 = 3600  k =  6 10
Hence, there are two lines given by 6
then r =
3
2x + 6y  6 10 = 0
io
Therefore, the point is
46. Given form is 3x + 3y + 7 = 0  6 6 
3 3 7 1  cos , 2  sin   .
 x y 0  3 3 
at
32  32 32  32 32  32
But this point lies on the line x + y = 4
3 3 7
 x y 6
3 2 3 2 3 2  (cos  + sin ) = 1 or
3
 p
7

3 2 3 2
7
lic sin   cos  
3
6
47. Let p be the length of the perpendicular from the 1 1 3
origin on the given line. Then its equation in  sin   cos  
ub
2 2 2
normal form is
…(Dividing both sides by 2)
x cos30 + y sin30 = p or 3x  y  2p
 sin(  45 )  sin 60o or sin 120
o
 2p 
This meets the coordinate axes at A  ,0  and   = 15 or 75
P
 3 
B(0, 2p) 50. The slope of line x + y = 1 is –1.
1  2p  2p 2  It makes an angle of 135 with X-axis.
 Area of OAB    2p 
et
2 3  3 The equation of line passing through (1, 1) and

2p 2 50 making an angle of 135 is,
   p  5 x 1 y 1
3 3  r
cos135o sin135o
rg
Hence, the lines are 3 x  y  10  0

x 1 y 1
  r
48. The equation of line passing through 1/ 2 1/ 2
x5 y4  Co-ordinates of any point on this line are
A( 5, 4) is 
Ta
cos  sin   r r 
Let AB = r1, AC = r2, AD = r3 1  ,1  
 2 2
The co-ordinate of B is If this point lies on 2x – 3y = 4, then
(r1 cos   5, r1sin   4)  r   r 
which lies on x + 3y + 2 = 0 2 1    31  4
 2  2
15
 r1  r= 2
cos   3sin 
10 51. Any line through the middle point M(1, 5) of the
Similarly,  2cos   sin  and
AC intercept AB may be taken as
6 x 1 y  5
 cos   sin   r …(i)
AD cos  sin 
Putting in the given relation, we get Since, the points A and B are equidistant from
(2cos   3sin )  0 2
M and on the opposite sides of it.
44
44


Therefore, if the co-ordinates of A are obtained 56. Here, equation of AB is
by putting r = d in (i), then the co-ordinates of B x + 4y – 4 = 0 …(i)
are given by putting r = –d. and equation of BC is
Now, the point A(1 + d cos, 5 + d sin) lies on 2x + y – 22 = 0 …(ii)
the line 5x – y – 4 = 0 and Thus angle between (i) and (ii) is given by
point B(1 – d cos, 5 – d sin) lies on the line  1 
  2 
4 1 7
3x + 4y – 4 = 0. tan  1
  tan
 1 
 1     (2)  6
 5(1 + d cos) – (5 + d sin) – 4 = 0  
  4  
and 3(1 – d cos) + 4(5 – d sin) – 4 = 0
cos  sin  57. The given lines are perpendicular because
Eliminating ‘d’, we get 
35 83  1 
m1m 2  (2)   =  1
x 1 y  5  2 
Hence, the required line is  or
ns
35 83 Hence, the angle between the two lines is 90.
83x – 35y + 92 = 0. x y x y
58. Slopes of lines  = 1 and  =1
a b b a
 cot 1  cot  2
52.   tan 1 b a 
io
1  cot 1 cot  2 are and respectively
a b
tan 1  tan  2 a b
 tan 1 = 1 – 2  Product of slopes is
1  tan  2 tan 1 ab
at
1 1
But  =0
 cot 30o  cot 60o ab ba
53.  = tan 1
1  cot 30o cot 60o  ab = ab
= tan 1
tan 60o  tan 30o
= 30
lic  Product of slopes = 1
Hence option (C) is the correct answer.
1  tan 30o tan 60o
59. The four vertices on solving are A(–3, 3),
54. The lines are bx + ay – ab = 0 and B(1, 1), C(1, –1) and D(–2, –2).
ub
bx – ay – ab = 0. m1 = slope of AC = –1,
Hence, the required angle is m2 = slope of BD = 1
 m1m2 = –1
b b
 Hence, the angle between diagonals AC and BD
 = tan1 a a
P
b2
is 90.
1 2
a k  (2  3)
60.  3
2ab 1  k(2  3)
= tan 1
et
b  a2
2
 k  2  3  3  2k 3  3k
b  y 2 xy  2(1  3)
= 2 tan 1 … 2 tan 1  tan 1   k  1
a  x y2  x2  2(1  3)
rg
1 61. Here,

55.   90o  tan 1   20
3 Slope of Ist diagonal = m1  1
20
Ta
 1 
 tan   cot  tan 1     3  1 = 45
 3
  20
Slope of IInd diagonal = m 2  
   tan 1 (3) 11
Y
 2 = 90

 2 – 1 = 45 =
4
x=2
1
62. Slope of given line is
2
X X 1
O  m
Thus, tan 45o   2  m = 3 or 1
x – 3y = 6 1 3
1  m.
2
Y Hence option (B) is correct.
45


63. Any line through (1, –10) is given by 66. Dividing both sides of relation 3a+ 2b+ 4c = 0
y + 10 = m(x – 1) 3 1
by 4, we get a  b  c  0 , which shows that
Since, it makes equal angle say ‘’ with the 4 2
given lines 7x – y + 3 = 0 and x + y – 3 = 0 for all values of a, b and c each member of the
m7 m  ( 1) set of lines ax + by + c = 0 passes through the
 tan   =
1  7m
point  , 
1 + m( 1) 3 1
1  4 2 
 m= or – 3
3
pq qr rp 0 qr rp
Hence, the two possible equations of third side
are 3x + y + 7 = 0, x – 3y – 31 = 0. 67. qr rp pq  0 rp pq = 0
rp pq qr 0 pq qr
64. Slope of AC = 5/2.
Let m be the slope of a line inclined at an angle …[By C1  C1 + C2 + C3]
ns
of 45 to AC, Hence, the lines are concurrent.
5 68. Given lines are 3x + 4y = 5, 5x + 4y = 4,
m
Then tan 45   o 2  m  7,3 x + 4y = 6. These lines meet at a point if the
5 3 7
1  m. point of intersection of first two lines lies on the
io
2 third line.
D C (1,–1) From 3x + 4y = 5 and 5x + 4y = 4
45° 1 13
We get x  , y
at
45° 2 8
This lies on x+ 4y= 6 , if      4    6

1 13
 2   8
45°
45°
lic =1
A(3,4) B 69. If the given lines are concurrent, then
3 a 1 1 a 1 a 1 a
Thus, let the slope of AB or DC be and that
7 1 b 1  0  1 b 1 0  0
ub
7 1 1 c 1 0 c 1
of AD or BC be  .
3
…[By C2  C2 – C1and C3  C3 – C1]
Then, equation of AB is 3x –7y + 19 = 0.
 a(b – 1)(c – 1) – (b – 1)(1 – a)
Also the equation of BC is 7x + 3y – 4 = 0
P
– (c – 1)(1 – a) = 0
On solving these equations, we get B   , 
1 5
 2 2 a 1 1
Now let the co-ordinates of the vertex D be    0
1 a 1 b 1 c
et
(h, k). Since the middle points of AC and BD ….[Divide by (1 – a)(1 – b)(1 – c)]
are same 1 1 1
1 1 1 9    =1
  h    (3  1)  h  1 a 1 b 1 c
rg
2 2 2 2
70. From option (B),
  k    (4  1)
1 5 1
1 2 10
2 2 2
2 1 5 = 1(0 – 20) – 2(–25) – 10 (3) = 0
1
Ta
 k 5 4 0
2
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
Hence, D   , 
9 1
2 2 71. From option (B), we get
3 4 6
2 1 1
6 5 9  3(25  27)  4(3)  6(3)  0
65. Given lines are concurrent, if a 3 3 = 0
3 3 5
3 2 2
2 1 1 72. The three lines are concurrent, if
– a 3 3 =0 1 2 9
3 2 2 3 5 5  0
This is true for all values of a because C2 and C3 a b 1
are identical.  35a – 22b + 1 = 0
46
46


which is true if the line 35x – 22y + 1 = 0 passes Since, the point of intersection is (1, 1)
through (a, b). Hence, the required equations are
73. By the given condition of a + b + c = 0, the y – 1 = 1(x – 1)
three lines reduce to 80. Co-ordinates of the vertices of the square are
p p p A(0, 0), B(0, 1), C(1, 1) and D(1, 0).
x y or or (p  0).
a b c y=1
All these lines are parallel. Hence, they do not B(0,1) C(1,1)
intersect in finite plane.
x=0 x=1
Intersection point of the line is  
ab ab
74. , ,
 a  b a  b 
which is satisfying all the equations given in A(0,0) y=0 D(1,0)
options (A), (B) and (C).
ns
Now, the equation of AC is y = x and of BD is
Hence, (D) is correct. 1
y  1   ( x  0)  x + y = 1
75. Putting k = 1, 2, we get 1
3x + 2y = 12 …(i) 81. A(0,3) x=0
io
4x + 3y = 19 …(ii) B(0,0)
The given lines are not parallel.
Hence on solving them, we get
at
x = –2, y = 9
Therefore, the lines pass through (–2, 9)  2 3 x+y=1 C(1,0)
D , 
76. The point of intersection of the lines is (1, 1). and
lic 5 5
 
3 From figure, diagonal BD is passing through
slope of the line 2y – 3x + 2 = 0 is Hence, the
2 origin, therefore its equation is given by
3  3  (3 / 5)  2
equation is y – 1 = (x – 1)
2 y  x 
 5  (2 / 5)  5
ub
 3x – 2y = 1  3x – 2y = 0
77. The intersection point of lines x – 2y = 1 and 82. Since, equation of diagonal 11x + 7y = 9 does
x + 3y = 2 is  ,  and the slope of required
7 1 not pass through origin, so it cannot be the
5 5 equation of the diagonal OB. Thus, on solving
P
3 the equation AC with the equations OA and OC,

line  
2 7
we get A  ,   and C  , 
4 5 4
 Equation of required line is 3 3  3 3
et
1 3  7 C B
y  x 
5 4  5
3x 21 1
  y    3x + 4y = 5
rg
4 20 5
 3x + 4y  5 = 0
O A
78. The point of intersection of 5x – 6y – 1 = 0 and (0,0) 4x + 5y = 0
Ta
3x + 2y + 5 = 0 is (–1, –1).
Therefore, the midpoint of AC is  ,  .
Now the line perpendicular to 1 1
3x – 5y + 11 = 0 is 5x + 3y + k = 0, but it passes 2 2
through (–1, –1) Hence, the equation of OB is y = x
 –5 – 3 + k = 0  k = 8 i.e., x – y = 0.
Hence, required line is 5x + 3y + 8 = 0.
83. (a –2b)x + (a + 3b)y + 3a + 4b = 0
79. Slopes of the lines are 1 and –1 or a(x + y + 3) + b(–2x + 3y + 4) = 0, which
Y represents a family of straight lines through
point of intersection of x + y + 3 = 0 and
(1,1) –2x + 3y + 4 = 0 i.e, (– 1, – 2).
84. Equation of AD is
135° (x + y – 6) + k (x + 2y – 5) = 0
45° X
O
 (1 + k)x + (1 + 2k)y – (6 + 5k) = 0 …(i)
47


A Slope of line is given by
(2  3k)
tan 45 = 
3  5k
E
5
k=
H 2
 Equation of line is 19x – 19y – 23 = 0
D
88. Required line should be
B C
2x + y – 4 = 0 (3x – y + 2) + (5x – 2y + 7) = 0 …(i)
 (1  k)  (3 + 5)x – (2 + 1)y + (2 + 7) = 0
 Slope of AD = m1 =
(1  2k) 3  5 2  7
 y x …(ii)
and Slope of BC = m2 = – 2 2  1 2  1
As the equation (ii), has infinite slope,
 m1m2= –1 …[ AD  BC]
ns
2 + 1 = 0
3    1/2
 k= 
4
Putting   1/2 in equation (i) we have
 From (i), equation of AD is
(3x – y + 2) + (–1/2)(5x – 2y + 7) = 0
io
x – 2y = 9 …(ii)
x=3
Similarly, equation of BE is
Alternate Method:
2x – y = –12 …(iii)
The point of intersection of 3x – y + 2 = 0 and
at
By solving equation (ii) and (iii), we get
5x  2y + 7 = 0 is (3, 11)
x = –11, y = –10
…[By solving equations simultaneously]
 H  (–11, –10)
The required line has infinite slope
85.
lic
Equation of line passing through point of
intersection of x + 2y + 3 = 0 and
(i.e. parallel to Y - axis) and passes through
(3, 11).
3x + 4y + 7 = 0 is  x = 3 is required equation.
(x + 2y + 3) + k (3x + 4y + 7) = 0 89. Lengths of perpendicular from (0,0) on the
 (1 + 3k)x + (2 + 4k) y + 3 + 7k = 0 …(i)
ub
given lines are each equal to 2.
 (1  3k)
Slope of equation (i) is m1 =
2  4k b a 2  b2 cosθ + 0  ab
1
90. p1.p2 =
and slope of given line is m2 = = 1 …(ii) b2cos2θ + a 2sin 2θ
1
P
Since (i) and (ii) represent perpendicular lines. b a 2  b2 cosθ + 0  ab


 m1m2 = –1 b2cos 2θ + a 2sin 2θ
 (1  3k)

et
 1 = –1 b2 (a 2  b2 )cos2θ + a 2b2

(2  4k) =
(b2cos2θ + a 2sin 2θ)
 equation of required line is
(x + 2y + 3) – 1(3x + 4y + 7) = 0 b 2  a 2  a 2cos 2θ + b 2cos 2θ 
=
rg
x+y+2=0 b 2cos 2θ + a 2sin 2θ
86. Equation of line passing through point of b 2 [a 2sin 2θ + b 2cos 2θ]

= = b2
intersection of u = 0 and v = 0 is u + kv = 0 2 2 2
b cos θ + a sin θ 2
Ta
 (x + 2y + 5) + k (3x + 4y + 1) = 0
It is passing through (3, 2) k
91. Here, p 
 (3 + 2  2 + 5) + k ( 3  3 + 4  2 + 1) = 0 sec   cosec2
2
2 k cos 2
 k=  and p 
3 cos 2   sin 2 
 equation of line will be 4k 2
2  4p2 + p2 =
(x + 2y + 5) – (3x + 4y + 1) = 0 sec   cosec 2 
2
3
k 2 (cos 2   sin 2  ) 2
 3x + 2y – 13 = 0 +
1
87. Equation of line through the point of = 4k2 sin2 cos2 + k2 (cos4 + sin4)
intersection of lines 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 and – 2k2 cos2 sin2
2 2 2 2
3x – 5y – 5 = 0 is given by = k (sin  + cos )
(2 + 3k)x + (3 – 5k)y + (1 – 5k) = 0 = k2
48
48


92. Let the point be (h, k), then h + k = 4 …(i) 97. Y
4h  3k  10
and 1 =
42  32
O
 4h + 3k = 15 …(ii) X
and 4h + 3k = 5 …(iii)
On solving (i) and (ii), and (i) and (iii), we get 3x y 8
the required points (3, 1) and (–7, 11). 3 x  y  8
2  2 1 Slope   3
93. | AD | = A(2, –1)
12  22  Line is y = – 3x+c
1  3x+y=c
=
ns
5 According to the given condition,
AD c
tan 60  | 4 |
BD 2
1/ 5 60o  c 8
 3
io
BD B C  x 3  y = 8
D
1 x + 2y –1 = 0
 BD  98. If the given lines represent the same line, then
15
at
the length of the perpendiculars from the origin
2 to the lines are equal.
 BC  2BD 
15 c p
 =
1 m 2
cos   sin 2 
2
94. Equation of any line through (0, a) is
y – a = m(x – 0) or mx – y + a = 0 …(i)
lic  c = p 1  m2
If the length of perpendicular from (2a, 2a) to
m(2a)  2a  a 99. Lines 3x + 4y + 2 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 are
the line (i) is ‘a’, then a   on the same side of the origin. The distance
ub
m 1
2
4 25 3
 m  0, between these lines is d1   .
3 3 42 2 5
Hence, the required equations of lines are Lines 3x + 4y + 2 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 5 = 0 are on
P
y – a = 0, 4x – 3y + 3a = 0 the opposite sides of the origin. The distance

25 7
95. The equation of lines passing through (1, 0) is between these lines is d 2   .
3 4
2 2 5
given by y = m(x – 1).
et
Thus, 3x + 4y + 2 = 0 divides the distance

3
Its distance from origin is . between 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 5 = 0 in
2 the ratio d1 : d2 i.e., 3 : 7.
m 3
rg
   m 3 100. Since, the distance between the parallel lines

1 m 2 2
lx + my + n = 0 and lx + my + n = 0 is same as
Hence, the lines are 3 x  y  3  0 and the distance between parallel lines
mx + y + n = 0 and mx + ly + n = 0. Therefore,
Ta
3x  y  3 = 0
the parallelogram is a rhombus. Since, the
96. Point of intersection is (2, 3). diagonals of a rhombus are at right angles,

Therefore, the equation of line passing through therefore the required angle is .
(2, 3) is y – 3 = m(x – 2) 2
or mx – y – (2m – 3) = 0 101. Line AB will pass through (0, a) and (2a, k).
Y A (2a, k)
3m  2  (2m  3) 7
=
1  m2 5
3 4
m , (0, a) B x = 2a
4 3
Hence, the equations are 3x – 4y + 6 = 0 and X
4x – 3y + 1 = 0. C(2a, 0)
49


But as we are given AB = AC 107. Let P(h, k) be any point on the locus.
5a 5h  12k  13
 k  4a 2  (k  a) 2  k   (h  3)2 + (k + 2)2 =
2 25  144
Hence, the required equation is 3x – 4y + 4a = 0  ax1  by1  c 
…  Distanceof a point from a line= 
102. B(0, b) 
 a 2  b2 
3  13(h2  6h + 9) + 13(k2 + 4k + 4)
= 5h  12k  13
(– 4, 3) 2 2
5
 13h + 13k  83h + 64k + 182 = 0
Replacing (h,k) by (x,y), we get
O A(a, 0) 13x2 + 13y2  83x + 64y + 182 = 0, which is the
required equation of the locus of the point.
ns
32
By the section formula, we get a   and
3 108. According to the given condition,
24 1  h  16 
b (h  4)2  k 2  
5 
2  12  0 
io
Hence, the required equation is given by
x y
 1 4(h2  8h + 16 + k2) = h2  32h + 256
(32 / 3) (24 / 5)
 3h2 + 4k2 = 192
at
 9x – 20y + 96 = 0 Replacing (h,k) by (x,y), we get 3x2 + 4y2 = 192
103. Two sides x – 3y = 0 and 3x + y = 0 of the 109. Let P(h, k) be any point on the locus.
given triangle are perpendicular to each other.
lic
Therefore, its orthocentre is the point of
h2
intersection of x – 3y = 0 and 3x + y = 0 h2  k2 + =4
i.e., (0, 0). 1
 h2  k2 = 4 + 2  h
ub
104. The two lines will be identical if there exists
some real number k such that  h2  k2 = 6  h
b3 – c3 = k(b – c), c3 – a3 = k(c – a),  h2 + k2 = (6  h)2
a3 – b3 = k(a – b)  h2 + k2 = 36  12h + h2
 b – c = 0 or b2 + c2 + bc = k,
P
 k2 + 12h = 36
c – a = 0 or c2 + a2 + ac = k,  equation of locus is y2 + 12x = 36
a – b = 0 or a2 + b2 + ab = k
 b = c, c = a, a = b 110. Let point be (x1,y1), then according to the given
et
or b2 + c2 + bc = c2 + a2 + ca condition,
 b2 – a2 = c(a – b) 3 x1  4 y1  11  12 x1  5 y1  2 
 
5  13 
 b = a or a + b + c = 0
rg
 13(3x1 + 4y1  11) =  5(12x1 + 5y1 + 2)

105. It is given that the lines ax + 2y + 1 = 0,  39x1 + 52y1  143 =  (60x1 + 25y1 + 10)
bx + 3y + 1 = 0 and cx + 4y + 1 = 0 are  21x1  27y1 + 153 = 0 or
a 2 1
Ta
99x1  77y1  133 = 0

concurrent, therefore b 3 1  0 Hence, the required locus is 99x + 77y  133 = 0.
c 4 1
 – a + 2b – c = 0  2b = a + c Competitive Thinking
 a, b, c are in A. P.
1. Let the point P be (x, y).
Given, PA = PB
0  0 1  (PA)2 = (PB)2
106. 2p 
1

1  {x – (a + b)}2 + {y – (a – b)}2
a 2 b2 = {x – (a – b)}2 + {y – (a + b)}2

1 1 1 1 1 2
 2 2  2 2 2
 2x(– a – b + a – b) + 2y(– a + b + a + b) = 0
 2x (–2b) + 2y (2b) = 0  – x + y = 0
2
a b 4p a b 8p
 a2, 8p2, b2 are in H.P. x–y=0
50
50


2. Let (x1, y1) be any point on the locus. Since, it lies on the line 2x + 3y = 1
According to the given condition,  2
 2    3  =1
4 | y1 | = x12  y12  3   3 
 x  y  4 y1  0
2
1
2
1
 2 + 3 = 9
 the locus of the vertex is 2x + 3y = 9
 equation of the locus is
x2 + y2 – 4|y| = 0 7. Let P (x, y) be the centroid of the triangle.
a cos k  bsin k  1
3. Required equation of locus is  x=
3
( x  3) 2  y 2  ( x  3) 2  y 2  4  3x  1 = a cos k + b sin k …(i)
a sin k  bcos k  0
 ( x  3)2  y 2  ( x  3) 2  y 2 ± 4 y=
3
 (x  3)2 + y2 = 16 + (x + 3)2 + y2  3y = a sin k  b cos k …(ii)
ns
± 8 ( x  3)  y 2 2 Squaring (i) and (ii) and adding, we get
(3x  1)2 + 9y2 = a2 + b2
  12x  16 = ± 8 ( x  3)2  y 2 i.e., (1  3x)2 + 9y2 = a2 + b2
 (3x + 4)2 = 4 (x + 3)2 + 4y2
io
8. Let M (x, y) be the mid-point of PQ and Q(h, k)
 5x2  4y2 = 20 Since, Q(h, k) is the point on the locus

x2 y 2
 1  k2 = 8h …(i)
at
4 5 Also, M(x, y) is the mid point of PQ
1 h 0k
4. Y  x= , and y =
2 2
A (0, 1)  h = 2x  1, and k = 2y
P (x, y)
lic Substituting value of h and k in equation (i), we
O (0, 0)
X get
(2y)2 = 8(2x  1)
Perimeter of AOP = 4  4y2  16x + 8 = 0
ub
 OA + OP + AP = 4  locus of M(x, y) is y2  4x + 2 = 0
 1 + OP + AP = 4 9. The straight line x cos  + y sin  = p meets the
x 2   y  1 = 4 – 1 = 3
2
 x2  y 2 + X-axis at the point A  p
,0  and the Y-axis at
 cos  
P
x 2   y  1 = 3 –
2
 x2  y 2
the point B  0,
p 
2 2 2 2 .
 x + (y – 1) = 9 – 6 x  y + x + y 2 2
 sin  
Let (h, k) be the co-ordinates of the middle point
et
2 2 2 2
 x + y – 2y + 1 = 9 – 6 x  y + x + y 2 2
of the line segment AB.
 3 x2  y 2 = 4 + y p p
Then, h  and k 
2 2
 9(x + y ) = 16 + 8y + y 2 2cos  2sin 
rg
 9x2 + 8y2 – 8y = 16  cos  

p
and sin  
p
2h 2k
5. Let P(x, y) be the point p2 p2
PA2 + PB2 = 2 PC2 cos2  + sin2  = 2  2
Ta
4h 4k
 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 + (x – 3)2 + (y + 6)2 p2  1 1 
= 2[(x – 5)2 + (y + 7)2] 1=   
2 2 4  h2 k2 
 2x + 2y – 10x + 6y + 58
1 1 4
= 2x2 + 2y2 – 20x + 28y + 148  2 2 2
h k p
 10x – 22y = 90
Hence, locus of the point (h, k) is
 5x – 11y = 45
1 1 4
The above equation is locus of P.   .
x2 y 2 p2
Point (–13, –10) satisfies the above equation.
 Option (D) is correct. 10. We know that, if the origin is shifted to (h, k),
then new co-ordinates of a point (x, y) becomes
6. Let C be (, ) then centroid of triangle ABC is (x – h, y – k).
 2  2   3  1     2 Therefore, the new co-ordinates of (4, 5) with
 ,  i .e.,  , .
 3 3  3 3  respect to new origin (1, – 2) are (3, 7).
51


11. By shifting the origin to the point (2, 3), we 2 1
18. Here, m1 = and m2 =
have x = X + 2, y = Y + 3 3 k
Substituting these values in for perpendicular lines
x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 9 = 0, we get m1m2 = 1
(X + 2)2 + (Y + 3)2 – 4(X + 2) – 6(Y + 3) + 9 = 0 2 1
  = 1
 X2 + Y2 – 4 = 0 3 k
 X2 + Y2 = 4 k=
2
3
12. 2x2 + 3xy + 4y2 = 0
i.e. 2X2 + 3XY + 4Y2 = 0 19. Y
Replacing X by x – p and Y by y – q, we get A
2(x – p)2 + 3(x – p)(y – q) + 4(y – q)2 = 0 (0,b)
 2(x2 – 2xp + p2) + 3(xy – xq – py + pq) E (a/2,b/2)
ns
+ 4(y2 – 2qy + q2) = 0
2 2
 2x + 3xy + 4y – x(4p + 3q) – y(3p + 8q) C
+ 2p2 + 3pq + 4q2 = 0 D(a/2,0) (a,0)
X
(0,0) B
Comparing the above equation with
io
2x2 + 3xy + 4y2 + x + 18y + 25 = 0, we get From figure,
4p + 3q = –1 …(i) b/2  b 
     1
3p + 8q = –18 …(ii)  a / 2   a / 2 
at
On solving (i) and (ii), we get  a 2  2b 2  a   2b
p = 2, q = –3
20.
y=x
13. Since, the line makes an angle of measure 30 Y
lic
with Y-axis. Therefore, the line will make an B(, )
P(h, k)
angle of measure 60 or  60 with X-axis. x= 2y
 Slope of line = tan 60 or tan(60) A(2, )
ub
= 3 or  3
= 3
X
14. Here, the straight line is parallel to X-axis.
So, the slope of such a line = 0. Let A (2, ) be the point on x = 2y, B (, ) be
P
the point on y = x and P (h, k) be the mid-point.

15. Midpoint of the line joining the points (4, –5) αβ
= –1
4  2 5  9 
and (–2, 9) is  ,  i.e., (1, 2)
2α  β
et
 2 2    –  = –2 + 
 Inclination of straight line passing through point 3α
 3 = 2 =
(–3, 6) and midpoint (1, 2) is 2
26 P(h, k) is the mid-point.
rg
m  tan  = – 1
1 3 2α  β α+
h= and k =
3 2 2
 
4 3 3
2α  α
Ta
h= 2 and k = 2
16. Line AB and line BC are perpendicular. 2 2
 Slope of AB  slope of BC = –1 7α 5α
48 k4
h= and k =
  =–1 4 4
3  5 7  (3) h 7
 
1 k 4 k 5
  = –1
2 10  5h – 7k = 0
 k = –16  Locus of P(h, k) is 5x – 7y = 0
1 21. Since, the required line will be a line passing

17. Here, m1 = 1, m2 =  . through A and B.
k
y6 x 1
For orthogonal lines,  =
1 6   4  1 3
m1m2 = 1  = 1  k = 1
k  10x  10 = 2y + 12  5x + y  11 = 0
52
52


22. The required equation of line passing through 29. The equation of a line passing through (2, 2) and
b 1
(a, b) and having gradient m = , is perpendicular to 3x + y = 3 is y  2  ( x  2) or
a 3
b x – 3y + 4 = 0.
(y – b) = (x – a)
a 4
Putting x = 0 in this equation, we get y =
x y 3
i.e.  = 2
a b 4
 y – intercept =
3
23. The required equation of line passing through
3 30. The given line is bx – ay = ab …(i)
(–2, 3) and gradient m = , is
4 It cuts X-axis at (a, 0).
3 The equation of a line perpendicular to (i) is
y–3= [x – (–2)]
4 ax + by = k.
ns
i.e. 3x – 4y + 18 = 0 Since, the line passes through (a, 0)  k = a2
Hence, required equation of line is ax+ by = a2
24. Slope of line passing through (1, 0) and x y a
1 0 1 i.e.,  
(4, 1) = = b a b
io
4  1 5
Slope of line perpendicular to the given line is
31. Slope =
 2  1 = 1
=
2
m=5  1 3 3
1     
Equation of line passing through (3, 5) and
at
 2 2
having slope 5 is 2
y  5 = 5(x + 3) So, equation of the line is y  2 = (x  1)
3
 5x  y + 20 = 0 2 4
25. Midpoint  (2, 7)
lic y=
3
x+
3
Slope of perpendicular = – 6 2 4
Putting y = 0, to find x-intercept, x+ =0
 the required equation is y – 7 = – 6 (x – 2) 3 3
 6x + y – 19 = 0  x = 2
ub
 x-intercept =  2
26. Midpoint of given line segment  (2, 1)
8 32. Since, px  qy = r intersects at X-axis and
Now, slope of the line segment = = 1
8 Y-axis.
P
Slope of the required line segment is 1 r r

 a= and b = 
 the required equation of line is y + 1 = 1 (x  2) p q
xy=3 r r qp
 a+b=  =r  
et
27. Since, the point (4, 5) does not lie on the p q  pq 

diagonal 7x  y + 8 = 0, so point will lie on the
x y
other diagonal. 33. Let the equation of line be  =1
Also, diagonals are perpendicular. a a
rg
1  x + y = a  y = –x + a
 Slope of other diagonal = Comparing with y = mx + c, we get
7
m = –1
 equation of the other diagonal is
 tan  = –1   = 135
Ta
1
y  5 =  (x + 4)  7y + x = 31
7 x y
34. Let the equation of the line be  = 1.
a b
28. Slope of y = 3x  1 is 3
Given, a = b
 Slope of line perpendicular to the above line is
So, equation of line is x + y = a
1
m= Since, this line passes through (2, 4).
3
 2+4=a
Equation of line passing through (1, 2) and
a=6
1
having slope (m) = is  the required equation of line is x + y = 6
3
i.e., x + y – 6 = 0
1
(y  2) = (x  1)
3 35. Here, a + b = –1
 3y  6 = x + 1 x y
 required line is  1 …(i)
 x + 3y  7 = 0 a 1 a
53


Since, line (i) passes through (4, 3). x y
 the equation of line is  1
4 3 3 5
  1
a 1 a  5x + 3y – 15 = 0
 4 + 4a – 3a = a + a2
 a2 = 4 40. The required equation of line is
a=2 x y
  1  4x + 3y = 24
x y 6 8
 the required lines are  1 and
2 3
Let P    ,    be the midpoint of the line
x y a b
 = 1. 41.
2 1  2 2
joining (a, 0) and (0, b).
x y
36. Let the equation of PQ be  = 1. a
h k  =  a = 2 …(i)
ns
2
Y
b
and  =  b = 2 …(ii)
(0, k)Q R(h, k) 2
Y
io
(2, 3)
(0, b)
O X
at
P(h, 0)
 a b
Since, the line passes through the fixed point P    ,  
 2 2
(2, 3). lic
2 3
  =1
h k X
2 3 O (a, 0)
 Locus of R(h, k) is  = 1
x y
 Equation of a straight line cutting off intercepts a
ub
 3x + 2y = xy and b on X-axis and Y-axis respectively is
37. Let the point P be (h, k). Then, the point A is x y
 =1
(h, 0) and the point B is (0, k). a b
x y x y

P
Let the equation of AB be  =1  =1 …[From (i) and (ii)]

h k 2 2
This line passes through (x1, y1). x y
x1 y1   =2
  =1  
et
h k
x1 y1 a0
 Locus of P(h, k) is  =1 42. =4a=8
x y 2
(0, b)
rg
38. Equation of the line has its intercepts on the b0

and = 3  b= 6 (4, 3)
X-axis and Y-axis in the ratio 2 : 1 i.e., 2a 2
and a  the required equation of
(a, 0)
Ta
x y x y
   1  x + 2y = 2a …(i) the line is  1
2a a 8 6
Line (i) also passes through midpoint of 3x  4 y
(3,  4) and (5, 2) i.e., (4, –1)  = 1  3x  4y = 24
24
 4 + 2(– 1) = 2a  a = 1
Hence, the equation of required line is 43.
x + 2y = 2 B(0, b)
2
39. Let the points of the required line on X-axis and 1 1
Y-axis be A(a, 0) and B(0, b) respectively. P , 
 2 3
Since,  ,  is midpoint of AB.
3 5
  2 2 3
a0 3 0b 5 A(a, 0)
  and   a = 3 and b = 5
2 2 2 2
54
54


Point P divides AB in the ratio 2:3  1 8   2  3 
 (h, 0) =  , 0
 1 1   0  2a 3b  0   3 
  , =  , 
 2 3.   5 5 
14 
5 5  (h, 0) =  , 0
 a = and b =  3 
4 9  the required equation of line passing through
 equation of line AB is  14  1
x y  , 0 and having gradient m = , is
 =1  3  2
a b
1  14 
i.e., 4x + 9y = 5 (y – 0) = x  
2  3
44. Y  –3x – 6y = 14
Writing in normal form,
ns
O X 3x 6y 14
– =
(0, 0) 3 A (a, 0) 45 45 45
14
2 P(2, –1) i.e. x cos a + y sin a =
45
io
3 6
B (0, b) where, cos a = , sin a =
45 45
6
at
Point P divides AB in the ratio 3:2 45
 a =  + tan–1
0  2a 3b  0  3
 (2, –1) =  , 
 5 5  45
i.e. a =  + tan–1 2
 a = 5 and b =
5
3
lic 46. Point Q (1, 1) lie on either side of
 Equation of the line AB is L  3x – 4y – 8 = 0.
x y  L(1, 1) = 3(1) – 4(1) – 8 = – 9 < 0
 =1
ub
a b 3x – 4y – 8 > 0
 x – 3y – 5 = 0  3x – 4(– 3x) – 8 > 0 …[ y = – 3x]
8 8
45. Line; x + 2y + 3 = 0 x> >
15 15
intersects the co-ordinate axes at A (–3, 0) and 3x – 4y – 8 > 0
P
3
B  0,   – y – 4y – 8 > 0 …[3x = – y]
 2  8
y<–
Y 5
et
8
<–
5
A(–3, 0) 47. Here, m1 = cot , m2 = tan 
rg
X
C(–8, 0) (h, 0)  cot   tan 
 tan  =
 3  1  cot  tan 
B  0, 
 2   tan  =  cot(  )
Ta
(0, k) x + 2y + 3 = 0 
 = +
2
1
48. The slopes of the lines are m1  , m2 = 2
D(0, –4) 2
 m1m2 = – 1
So, the lines are perpendicular i.e.,  = 90
x + 2y + 8 = 0
49. The equation of a straight line passing through
Line: x + 2y + 8 = 0 intersects the coordinate (3, –2) is
axes at C(–8, 0) and D(0, –4) y + 2 = m(x – 3) …(i)
Since the required line divides the distance The slope of the line 3 x + y = 1 is  3
between the two lines in the ratio 1 : 2
 (h, 0) divides the distance between A(–3, 0) and m  ( 3)
So, tan 60 = 
C(–8, 0) in the ratio 1 : 2 1  m (  3)
55


On solving, we get  the required line passes through (5, 0)
m = 0 or 3 Now, consider option (D) and x + 3y  9 = 0,
Putting the values of m in (i), the required 4x  5y  2 = 0
equation of lines are y + 2 = 0 and 1 3 9
3x  y  2  3 3 = 0  4  5 2 = 0
1 4 5
50. The required line passes through the point
(3, –2). Only option (B) satisfies (3, –2).  option (D) is correct
51. Slope of the line joining the points (1, 2) and 56. A point on 3x + 5y = 15 would be equidistant
(3, 4) is 1. from the coordinate axes if it lies on y = x or
m 1 y = –x.
tan 30  Solving 3x + 5y = 15 and y = x, we get
1 m
(x, y) =  ,   1st quadrant
ns
15 15
1 m 1
  8 8
3 1 m
Solving 3x + 5y = 15 and y = –x, we get
3 1 3 1
m
(x, y) =   ,   2nd quadrant
or 15 15
3 1 3 1
io
 2 2
 m  2  3 or 2  3
57. Let (, – ) be the point of intersection.
m1 > m2
Then, 2a – 4a + c = 0
at
Let m1  2  3 ,m2  2  3 c
= …(i)
m1 2  3 2a
  74 3
m2 2  3 and 7b – 3b – d = 0
52. Given lines are ax + by + c = 0
lic =
d
4b
…(ii)
and x = t + , y = t + 
From (i) and (ii), we get
After eliminating t, we get
c d
x – y +  –  = 0 =
ub
2a 4b
For parallelism condition,
ad
a b  =2
  a + b = 0 bc
 
 ad : bc = 2 : 1
4 3 1
P
58. Required equation of line which is parallel to

53. Lines are concurrent, if 1 1 5  0 x + 2y = 5 is x + 2y + k = 0 …(i)
b 5 3 Given equation of lines are
x+y=2 …(ii)
et
 4(3 – 25) – 3(–3 –5b) – 1(5 + b) = 0

 –88 + 9 + 15b – 5 – b = 0 xy=0 …(iii)
 –84 + 14b = 0 Adding (ii) and (iii), we get 2x = 2  x = 1
From (iii), we get y = 1
b=6
rg
 Point of intersection is (1, 1).

54. Here, the given lines are Putting x = 1, y = 1 in (i), we get k = 3
ax + by + c = 0  the required equation of line is x + 2y = 3.
bx + cy + a = 0
Ta
cx + ay + b = 0 59. Point of intersection of the lines is (3, –2)

a b c 2
Also, slope of perpendicular =
7
The lines will be concurrent, if b c a  0
2
c a b Hence, the equation is y + 2 = (x – 3)
7
 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0  2x – 7y – 20 = 0
55. Since, lines x + 3y  9 = 0 , 4x + by  2 = 0, and 60. 5x  6y  1 = 0 …(i)
2x  y  4 = 0 are concurrent 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 …(ii)
1 3 9 On solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 1, y = 1
4 b 2 = 0 3
Slope of line 3x  5y + 11 = 0 is .
2 1 4 5
 1 (4b  2) 3 (16 + 4) 9 (4  2b) = 0 5
Slope of line perpendicular to above line =
 b = 5 3
56
56


 Equation of line passing through (1, 1) and Also, centroid of the triangle,
5
having slope  is 2  2  4 3  1  0 
3 C =  , 
 3 3 
5
(y + 1) =  (x + 1)
i.e. C =  , 
3 4 2
 3y + 3 = 5x  5 3 3
 5x + 3y + 8 = 0 63. Let A(h, k) be the third vertex.
A(h, k)
61. Point of intersection of x – y + 1 = 0 and In ABC,
7x  y  5 = 0 is (1, 2) AD  BC
E
Equation of diagonal passing through (1, 2)  Slope of AD  slope of BC = –1 F O
and (1, 2) is k 31
  = –1
ns
4 h 2  5
y+2= (x + 1)
2 k 4
  = –1
 2x + 2 = y + 2 h 7 B(5, –1) D C(–2,3)
 2x – y = 0  7h – 4k = 0 …(i)
io
Equation of another diagonal passing through Also, AB  CF
1  Slope of AB  slope of CF = –1
(1, 2) and having slope is 3
2  Slope of AB 
at
= –1
1 (1, 2)
2
y+2= (x + 1) 2
2  Slope of AB =
 2y + 4 =  x  1 3
 x + 2y = 5
lic
(1, 2)
 Equation of AB is
2
y+1= (x – 5)
3
 3y + 3 = 2x – 10
ub
Point of intersection of 7x – y  5 = 0 and  2x – 3y = 13
1 8 Point A(h, k) lies on AB.
x + 2y = 5 is  , 
3 3   2h – 3k = 13 …(ii)
 Answer is option (C) Solving (i) and (ii), we get
P
h = – 4, k = –7
62. A(–2, 3)
64. The point of intersection of the lines
Q 4 7
3x + y + 1 = 0 and 2x  y + 3 = 0 are  ,  .
et
O  5 5
The equation of line which makes equal
intercepts with the axes is x + y = a.
rg
4 7 3
   aa
5 5 5
B(2, –1) P C(4, 0)  the required equation of the line is
Ta
3
In ABC; x+y = 0 i.e., 5x + 5y – 3 = 0
5
0   1 1
slope of BC = =
42 2 65. The lines passing through the intersection of the
03 3 1 lines ax + 2by + 3b = 0 and bx  2ay  3a = 0 is
slope of AC = = =
4   2  6 2 ax + 2by + 3b + (bx  2ay  3a) = 0
 (a + b)x + (2b  2a)y + 3b 3a = 0 …(i)
Since, AP  BC and BQ  AC,
Line (i) is parallel to X-axis,
 slope of AP = –2,
a
slope of BQ = 2 a + b = 0   =
b
 Equation of AP is 2x + y + 1 = 0 and equation of
Putting the value of  in (i), we get
BQ is 2x – y – 5 = 0
a
Solving the above equations, we get ax + 2by + 3b  (bx  2ay – 3a) = 0
b
orthocentre, O = (1, –3)
57


 2a 2  3a 2 72.
 y  2b    3b  0 O (0, 0)
 b  b
 2b 2  2a 2   3b 2  3a 2  13
 y     13
 b   b 
3(a 2  b 2 ) 3
y  3x – 4y + 25 = 0
2(b 2  a 2 ) 2 A P B
So, it is 3/2 unit below X-axis.
3 0   4  0   25
3(3)  5( 4)  26 3 OP = =5
66. Required distance = = 32  42
9  16 5
By Pythagoras theorem,
67. Given, equation of line is AP = PB = 12
ns
x sin  y cos  1
 1  0 A(OAB) =  24 5
b a 2
 perpendicular distance from origin = 60 sq.units
sin  0.cos 
io
0.  1 73. Let p be the length of the perpendicular from the
b a | ab |
= = 2 2 vertex (2, –1) to the base x + y = 2.
sin  cos 
2 2
a sin   b 2 cos 2 
2
 2 2 1  2 1
at
b a Then, p  
1 12 2
2
68. Distance of (1, 1) from 3x + 4y + c = 0 is
If ‘a’ is the length of the side of triangle, then
3(1)  4(1)  c
d= p  a sin 60o
9  16
7c
lic 1 a 3
7=  
5 2 2
 c =  42, 28 2
 a
ub
3
69. Equation of the line is
30
y  0 =   ( x  5) 2  2  1 5
 5  74. AD = =  5
(2)  (1)
2 2
5
 3x + 5y  15 = 0
P
AD A(–1, 2)
3(4)  5(4) 15 17 17 Since, tan 60 
 d= = = BD
32  52 34 2
5
et
 3
BD
bh  0  ab
70. Let the point be (h, 0), then a = 5
a 2  b2  BD  60o
3 B C
rg
D
 bh  a a 2  b2  ab  BC = 2BD 2x – y = 1
a
 h  (b  a 2  b 2 ) 5 20
b = 2 =
3 3
Ta
Hence, the points are  (b  a 2  b 2 ),0  .

a
b  75. Point of intersection is (1, 2)
Therefore, the equation of line passing through
71. From option (C), (1, 2) is (y – 2) = m(x – 1)
P (x, y) or mx – y + 2 – m = 0
Since, the line is at distance of 5 from origin
85 i.e. (0, 0),
 0 m   0  2  m = 5
(1, 1)A B (3, – 2) m 1
2
BP  (5  3)2  (7  2)2 1
m=
 4  81  85 2
Hence, option (C) is correct.  Equation of the line is x + 2y – 5 = 0
58
58


76. Given b = 2a 81. Let point (x1, y1) be at distance 5 from

x y
The equation of the line is  = 1 x  2y + 1 = 0
a b x1  2 y1 + 1
 5=
x y 1 4
  =1
a 2a  x1  2y1 + 1 = ± 5 …(i)
 2x + y = 2a Let point (x2, y2) be at distance 13 from
Distance of the line from (0, 0) is 2x + 3y  1 = 0
2(0)  1(0)  2a 2 x2 + 3 y2  1
d=  13 =
4 1 49
2a  2x2 + 3y2  1 = ± 13 …(ii)
1=
5  Equation (i) and (ii) will give us total 4 points.
ns
5  answer is option (C)
a=
2 82. C
 Equation of line is 2x + y =  5
io
Q
x y
77. Let the equation of line L be  =1
a b
The equation of the line L making intercepts p D
at
and q on the new coordinate axes is B(0, 2)
x y
 =1
p q
When the axes are rotated through an angle  in
lic R
the positive direction, keeping the origin fixed, A(2, 0)
the length of the perpendicular from the origin O (0,0)
remains the same.
ub
x+y=2
1 1
 2  0
2
 = l(AB) = l(RQ) =  (0  2) 2
1 1 1 1
 
a 2 b2 p2 q 2 = 8=2 2
P
1 0   1 0   2 2
1 1 1 1 l(OR) = = = 2
 2
 2 = 2  2 11 2
a b p q
 Perpendicular distance (p) = OR + RQ
et
79. Equation of straight line parallel to 4x  3y = 5 = 22 2

is 4x  3y = 
= 3 2
rg
4  1  3  4    83. Let O(x, y) be the circumcentre.

= 1 1
16  9 Midpoint of AB =  1, 
 2 
8=5
Ta
3
  = 3, 13 Slope of AB = 
2
 the equation of one of the lines is
2
4x  3y  3 = 0  Slope of perpendicular besector of AB =
3
80. Equation of AB: 4x – 3y – 17 = 0  Equation of perpendicular bisector of AB is
Equation of BC: 3x + 4y – 19 = 0 4x – 6y + 1 = 0 …(i)
Midpoint of BC =  ,0 
If P(x, y) is a point on the bisector of ABC 1
then, 2  
Slope of BC = 4
4 x  3 y  17 3 x  4 y  19 1
=  Slope of perpendicular bisector of BC = 
 4   3   3   4
2 2 2 2
4
 7y = x + 2 is the required equation of the angle  Equation of perpendicular bisector of BC is
bisector. 2x + 8y – 1 = 0 …(ii)
59


Solving (i) and (ii), 86. Given equation of parallel lines are
We get x  y + a = 0, x  y + b = 0
1 3
x=  ,y= a b |a b|
22 22  required distance = 
(1)  (1)
2 2
2
Equation of BC is
4x – y – 2 = 0 87.
P y + 2x = 1
Perpendicular distance from O   ,  to the
1 3
 22 22 
side BC is
 1  3 51
4    2 
 22  22
= 22
42  12 17
ns
51 Q R
=
22 17 3y + 6x = 6
51 17 Lines y + 2x = 1 and 3y + 6x = 6 are parallel to
io
=
22  17 each other.
3 17 1  2
=  d=
22 4 1
at
1
a d=
84. Slope of given line ax + by + c = 0 is  . 5
b
2
a Side of equilateral triangle = d
 
b
=1a=b
lic
…(i) 3
2 1 2
Distance of line ax + by + c = 0 from (1, 2) =  =
| a  2b  c | 3 5 15
=
ub
a 2  b2 88. Line L passes through (13, 32).
Distance of line ax + by + c = 0 from (3, 4) 13 32
  =1
| 3a  4b  c | 5 b
=
a 2  b2  b =  20
x y
P
According to the given condition, So, equation of L is   1  4x  y = 20

| a  2b  c | | 3a  4b  c | 5 20
=
a b
2 2
a 2  b2 Slope of L is m1 = 4.
x y 3
 3a + 4b +c = (a  2b + c)
et
Slope of  = 1 is m2 = 
c 3 c
 a + 3b = 0 (taking +ve) …(ii)
3
 2a + b + c = 0 (takingve) …(iii)  =4
From, (i) and (ii), we get a = b = 0 which is not c
rg
possible so taking (i) and (iii), (taking a =  b) 3

c= 
we get 4
a + c = 0  c = a 4x y
Equation of line K is   =1
a : b : c = a : a : a = 1 : 1 : 1 3 3
Ta
or a = 1, b = 1, c = 1  4x  y =  3
From (i) and (iii) (taking a = b), we get 20  3 23
Distance between L and K is =
3a + c = 0  c = 3a 16  1 17
a : b : c = a : a : 3a = 1 : 1 : 3
89. Distance between lines –x + y = 2 and
 option (B) is the correct answer.
22
x – y = 2 is  = = 2 2 …(i)
85. Here, the lines are 3x + 4y – 9 = 0 and 2
15 Distance between lines 4x – 3y = 5 and
6x + 8y – 15 = 0 or 3x + 4y – = 0.
2 6y – 8x = 1 is
 15   1 
9    5 
 Required distance =  2  = 3 = 3  2   11
10 10
= …(ii)
32  42 5 10
60
60


From (i) and (ii), we get 2 1 1
95. a, b, c are in H. P., then   …(i)
 2 2 b a c

 11 / 10 x y 1
Given, line is   0 …(ii)
a b c
 20 2  11
90. Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the locus. 1 1
( x  1)  ( y  2)  0
3 x1  4 y1  5  9 x1 12 y1  7  a b
  
25  225  Since, a  0, b  0
3 x  4 y1  5  9 x1 12 y1  7  So, (x – 1) = 0 and (y + 2) = 0
 1  
5  15   x = 1 and y = –2
 9x1 + 12y1 + 15 =  (9x1 + 12y1 + 7) 96.
 9x1 + 12y1 + 15 =  (9x1 + 12y1 + 7) Y x=0
ns
 18x1 + 24y1 + 22 = 0
The above equation represents a straight line. B (0, 4)
91. Let the point be (x,y).

Area of triangle with points (x,y), (1,5) and
io
(3, 7) is 21 sq. units
A(3, 0) X
x y 1
1 O y=0
 1 5 1  21 (0, 0)
at
2
3 7 1
 x1 y1 1  For a triangle with side lengths a, b and c and
 1  vertices at points opposite to these sides
…  Area of triangle = x2


2
lic
x3
y2 1 
y3 1  (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) respectively, the
incentre is given by,
 x(5 + 7)  y(1  3) + 1(7  15) = 42 ax  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 
 12x + 2y  64 = 0 (xi, yi) =  1 , 
 abc abc 
ub
 Locus of point (x,y) is 6x + y  32 = 0.
For the given triangle,
92. (K + 1)2x + Ky – 2K2 – 2 = 0 OA = 3 units
 (K2 + 2K + 1)x + Ky – 2K2 – 2 = 0 OB = 4 units
 K2(x – 2) + K(2x + y) + (x – 2) = 0
P
 4  0   0  3 = 5 units
2 2
 (K2 + 1)(x – 2) + K(2x + y) = 0 AB =
 x – 2 = 0 i.e. x = 2  Incentre
and 2x + y = 0  3  0   4  3  5  0  3  4   4  0   5  0  
et
 2(2) + y = 0 = , 
 3 45 3 45 
 y=–4
=  , 
 The fixed point is (2, – 4) 12 12
 12 12 
rg
 The required line has slope 2 and passes through

= (1, 1)
the point (2, –4)
 Equation of line is  Incentre is (1, 1).
y – (– 4) = 2(x – 2)
Ta
97. The vertices of triangle are the intersection

 y + 4 = 2x – 4 points of these given lines. The vertices of  are
 y = 2x – 8 A(0, 4), B(1, 1), C(4, 0)
93. ax + by + c = 0 always passes through (1, –2). Now, AB  (0  1)2  (4  1) 2  10
 a – 2b + c = 0  2b = a + c
Therefore, a, b and c are in A.P. BC  (1  4) 2  (1  0) 2  10
94. Since, l, m, n are in A.P. AC  (0  4)2  (4  0)2  4 2

 2m = l + n  AB = BC
Given equation of line is lx + my = n = 0
Consider, option (B),   is isosceles.
If the point (1, 2) satisfy the given equation. 98. The point of intersection of the given lines are
 l – 2m + n = 0  2m = l + n (1, 1), (1, 1) and (2/3, 2/3) which is the
 l, m, n are A.P. vertices of an isosceles triangle.
61

Evaluation Test
1. Y Point P(x, y) divides AB joining A(a, 0) and

B(0, b) internally in the ratio 3 : 1.
B(0, b) 3  0  1 a 3  b  1 0
 x= , y=
2 3 1 3 1
a 3b
x= ,y=
b 4 4
P(h, k)
4y
1  a = 4x, b =
3
O a X Substituting the values of a and b in (i), we get
A(a, 0)
= 5(4x)    3x + y = 20xy
4y 4y
ns
Let AB be the rod of length l and the 4x +
3  3 
co-ordinates of A and B be (a, 0) and (0, b)
respectively. 5. Let A(ae, 0) and B(ae, 0) be two given points
From figure, and (h, k) be the co-ordinates of the moving
io
AP : PB = 1 : 2 point P.
1  0  2  a 2a 1 b  2  0 b According to the given condition,
 h=  ,k= 
1 2 3 1 2 3 PA + PB = 2a
at
3h  (h  ae)2  (k  0) 2  (h  ae) 2  (k  0)2  2a
 a= , b = 3k …(i)
2
In  AOB, OA2 + OB2 = AB2  (h  ae) 2  k 2  2a  (h  ae)2  k 2
 a2 + b2 = l2 Squaring on both sides, we get
 3h 
2
2 2
lic (h  ae)2 + k2
  + (3k) = l …[From (i)] = 4a2 + (h + ae)2 + k2  4a (h  ae)2  k 2
 2
 9h2 + 36k2 = 4l2  h 2  2ahe  a 2e2
ub
Hence, the locus of P(h, k) is 9x2 + 36y2 = 4l2. = 4a 2  h 2  2ahe  a 2e2  4a (h  ae)2  k 2
2. Let P(x, y) be the centroid of the triangle.  4aeh  4a 2  4a (h  ae)2  k 2
a cos t  b sin t  1 a sin t  b cos t  0
 x= ,y=  eh  a  (h  ae)2  k 2
3 3
P
 3x  1 = a cos t + b sin t …(i) Again, squaring on both sides, we get

3y = a sin t  b cos t …(ii) (eh + a)2 = (h + ae)2 + k2
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get  e2 h 2  2aeh  a 2  h 2  2aeh  a 2e2  k 2
et
(3x  1)2 + (3y)2 = (a cos t + b sin t)2  h 2  h 2e 2  k 2  a 2  a 2e 2

+ (a sin t  b cos t)2  h 2 (1  e2 )  k 2  a 2 (1  e2 )
 (3x  1)2 + (3y)2 = a2 cos2t + b2 sin2 t Dividing on both sides by a2(1  e2), we get
+ a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t
rg
h2 k2
2 2 2 2  1
 (3x  1) + (3y) = a + b a 2 a 2 (1  e 2 )
3. Let P (h, k) be any point on the locus. x2 y2
Hence, the locus of P(h, k) is  2  1.
According to the given condition, a 2
a (1  e 2 )
Ta
PA = PB
6. Given, A – B = 
 PA2 = PB2
 tan (A – B) = tan 
 (h – a)2 + k2 = (h + a)2 + k2
tan A  tan B
 4ha = 0  h = 0   tan  …(i)
1  tan A.tan B
 x=0
 option (B) is the correct answer. Y
C(h,k)
4. Equation of line in double intercept form is
x y
 1.
a b
This line passes through  ,  .

1 1
5 5 B(–a,0) O D A(a,0) X
 a + b = 5ab …(i)
62
62


In right angled triangle CDA, 1
 1  2k =
tan A =
k 1  2h
ah 1  2k  2h + 4 hk = 1
and similarly in triangle CDB,   2h  2k + 4hk = 0
k
tan B = Hence, the locus of mid point is x + y  2xy = 0.
ah
Substituting the values of tan A and tan B in (i), 10. Given, f() = x cos  + y sin   p()
we get  f() = x cos  + y sin   p()
k k Since, both the lines are perpendicular to each

a  h a  h = tan  other.
k k
1   a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
ah ah
ka  kh  ka  kh  cos  cos  + sin  sin  = 0
ns
 = tan  
a2  h2  k2  cos (  ) = 0  |  | =
2
2kh 1
 =
a2  h2  k2 cot  11. The equations of the sides of the triangle are
2 2 2
io
 h – k + 2hk cot  = a L1 
x

y
= 1,
Hence, the locus is x2 – y2 + 2xy cot  = a2. p 1 p
7. The three given points are O(0, 0), A(0, 4) and x y
L2   = 1,
at
B(6, 0) and let P(x, y) be the moving point. q 1 q
Y L3  y = 0
The coordinates of vertices are A(p, 0),
A(0, 4)
N x
P(x, y)
lic B(q, 0) and C(pq,(1 + p) (1 + q)).
C(pq,(1 + p) (1 + q))
y
ub
(0, 0) O X
M
B(6, 0) L2 = 0 L1 = 0
Given, area of POA = 2. area of POB
1 1
  4  x =  2   6  y  x =  3y
P
2 2
Hence, the equation to both parts of the locus of B(q, 0) L3 = 0 A(p, 0)
P is (x – 3y) (x + 3y) = 0.
The equation of the altitude through C is x = pq
8. Let the point S be (x, y).
et
and the equation of the altitude through B is

Given, SQ2 + SR2 = 2SP2 (1 + p) y + px + pq = 0.
(x + 1)2 + y2 + (x – 2)2 + y2 = 2[(x – 1)2 + y2] Solving these equations, we get
 2x + 1 + 4 = 2 x = pq and y = pq
rg
3
x=– Let (h, k) be the coordinates of the orthocentre.
2 Then,
Hence, it is a straight line parallel to Y-axis.
h = pq and k = pq  k = h
Ta
9. Equation of line passing through point (1, 1) is Hence, the locus of (h, k) is y =  x, which is a
y  1 = m (x  1) …(i) straight line.
Line (i) meets X-axis.
 y=0 12. The line ax + by + c = 0 meets the coordinate
1
axes at A   ,0  and B  0,   .
1 c c
  x 1 x  1
m m  a   b
Line (i) meets Y-axis. 1
 x=0  Area of OAB =  OA  OB
2
 y1=my=1m 1 c c
Let mid point of AB be (h, k). =   
2 a b
0  (1  (1 / m)) 0  (1  m)
Then, h  ,k  c2
2 2 =
1 2ab
 m , m = 1  2k
1  2h This will be constant, if a, c, b are in G.P.
63


13. The clockwise rotation of the point 15. Y
P(cos , sin ) through an angle  takes it to the B
point (cos(  ), sin(  )) and anticlockwise
C
rotation through angle  takes P to the point
(cos( + ), sin( + )).
 options (A) and (B) are not correct.
Y /4 a
A(a cos , a sin )
Q(cos(+), sin(+)) X 
X
O
P(cos , sin )
Q(cos( ), sin())
Y
ns


Slope of OB = tan    
X  X 4 
O

 Slope of AC =  cot    
io
4 
Y  cos   sin  
=  
Slope of PQ =
sin(  )  sin   cos   sin  
at
cos(  )  cos  sin   cos 
=
   sin   cos 
2sin     cos
=  2  2
 the equation of AC is

2
 
2sin     sin
 2
lic y  a sin  =
sin   cos 
(x  a cos )
sin   cos 

=  cot  y(sin  + cos ) + x(cos   sin ) = a
2
ub
This shows that PQ is perpendicular to a line 16. Let O(x, y) be the circumcentre.

with slope tan . Thus, Q can be obtained from Co-ordinates of point of intersection of y = x
2
and y = 2x is A(0, 0). …(i)
P by taking its reflection in the line through
Co-ordinates of point of intersection of y = 2x
P

origin with slope tan . and y = 3x + 4 is B(4, 8) …(ii)
2
and co-ordinates of point of intersection of
14. Let QS be the bisector of PQR. y = x and y = 3x+ 4 is C(2, 2) …(iii)
et
S Y 
R 3,3 3  Midpoint of AB = (–2, –4)
1
Slope of perpendicular bisector of AB = 
2
rg
 Equation of perpendicular bisector of

AB : x + 2y + 10 = 0 …(iv)
Midpoint of BC = (–3, –5)
Ta
1
60 Slope of perpendicular bisector of BC = 
3
X P(1,0) Q(0,0) X  Equation of perpendicular bisector of
BC : x + 3y + 18 = 0 …(v)
Y Solving (iv) and (v) circumcentre = (6, –8)
3 3 0 17. Equation of line L passing through (1, 1) and

Slope of QR = = 3
30 (2, 0) is
 XQR = 60 0 1
y–1= (x – 1)
 PQR = 120 2 1
 PQS = SQR = 60  XQS = 120 x+y=2 …(i)
 Slope of QS = tan 120 =  3  Slope of L = 1
 the equation of QS is y =  3 x i.e., 3x+ y = 0 Also, slope of L = 1 …[ L  L]
64
64


A a b p
x+y=2  cos  sin  p  0
sin   cos  0
x=0 C  – ap cos  – bp sin  – p = 0
 a cos  + b sin  = – 1 …(ii)
2x  2y = 1 From (i) and (ii), we get
B – a sin  + b cos  = – 1 …(iii)
Squaring (ii) and (iii) and adding, we get
Equation of line L passing through  ,0  and
1
(a cos  + b sin )2 +(– a sin  + b cos )2 = 2
2 
 a2 + b2 = 2
having slope 1 is
3
y – 0 = 1  x  
1
ns
20. Slopes of AB and BC are – 4 and
 2 4
respectively.
 2x – 2y = 1 …(ii)
Equation of Y axis, x = 0 …(iii) A(2, 7)
io
From (i), (ii) and (iii), 4x+y = 1
the vertices of the triangle are (0, 2), B  0,  
1
 2  
C B
at
3x – 4y+1 = 0
and C  ,  .
5 3
4 4 Let  be the angle between AB and BC.
 the area of the triangle is 3
lic Then, tan  
4 
4  19 …(i)
0 2 1 3 8
1  4 
1 1 25 4
 
0  1  square units
2 2 16 Since, AB = AC
ub
5 3  ABC = ACB = 
1
4 4  the line AC also makes an angle  with BC.
If m is the slope of the line AC, then its equation
18. By solving 3x + 4y = 9, y = mx + 1, we get
is y + 7 = m (x – 2) …(ii)
P
5
x .  3 
3  4m  m 4 
Now, tan    
Now, x is an integer, if 3 + 4m = 1, – 1, 5, – 5 3
1  m. 
2 4 2  8
et
 m , , , .  4
4 4 4 4 19 4m  3
  …[From (i)]
2 2 8 4  3m
Since, m = , do not give integral values of
4 4 52
rg
m.  m = – 4 or –
89
 m has two integral values. 52
But slope of AB is – 4, so slope of AC is  .
89
Ta
19. Given, the lines ax + by + p = 0 and

Therefore, the equation of line AC given by (ii)
x cos  + y sin   p = 0 are inclined at an angle is 52x + 89y + 519 = 0.

.
4
a cos 
 

 tan  b sin 
4 1  a cos 
bsin 
 a cos  + b sin  = – a sin  + b cos 
…(i)
Also, the lines ax + by + p = 0,
xcos  + y sin  – p= 0 and xsin  – ycos = 0
are concurrent.
65
Textbook
Chapter No.
06 Circle
Hints
9. (Radius)2 = g2 + f2 – c
Classical Thinking  121 = 81 + 36 – k  k = – 4
Required equation is (x – a)2 + (y – a)2 = a2 1
ns
2. 10. Here, g = , f = 0 and c = 0
 x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2ay + a2 = 0 4
centre = (g,  f )   , 0 
1
3. The equation of circle with centre (x1, y1) is 
(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2 4 
io
Since the circle touches both the axes, 1 1
and r  00 
x1 = y1 = r 16 4
 (x – x1)2 + (y – x1)2 = x12
11. The given equation represents a circle,
at
 x2 + y2 – 2x1(x + y) + x12 = 0 if coeff. of x2 = coeff. of y2 and coeff. of xy = 0
4. Since the circle touches X-axis,  a = 2 and b = 0
radius = 2. Also, it passes through origin.

 the equation of the circle is
(x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 22
lic 12.
c=0
If c = 0, circle passes through origin.
 x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0
13. Intercept made by the circle on the X-axis
5. Let O be the centre
= 2 g2  c
ub
Y
= 2 99 = 0
 Intercept cut on X-axis is zero.
Hence, circle touches X-axis.
O
P
(0, 4) r 14. Circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 touches X-axis

4  radius = ordinate of centre
X X
O 6  g 2 + f 2  c = (– f)
et
 g2 = c
Y
From the figure, 15. Given conditions are g = f = r
and g2 + f 2  c = r
rg
Radius (r) = (4)2 + (3)2 = 5

g= c=f=r
6. By diameter form,
the required equation is 16. Both axis, as centre is (– 2, 2) and radius is 2.
Ta
( x  x1 )( x  x2 )  ( y  y1 )( y  y2 )  0
17. Centre is (0, – 3) and radius = 02 + 9  0 = 3
 ( x  4)( x  12)  ( y  3)( y  1)  0
O
 x 2  y 2  8 x  2 y  51  0 X
7. Extremities of diameter are (5, 7) and (1, 4).
Radius is half of the distance between them. (0,–3)
1
 Radius = (4) 2 + (3) 2
2
5 Y
=
2
Hence, circle touches X-axis at the origin.
8. Using condition of point circle,
18. Centre (3, 4) of the given circle is satisfying
Radius = g 2 + f 2  c = 0 only x + y = 7
 g2 + f2 = c  Option (C) is the correct answer.
66

Chapter 06: Circle

19. Here, the centre of circle (3, – 1) must lie on the –x+ 2y+x–1–1=0
line x + 2by + 7 = 0.  2y=2 y= 2
 3 – 2b + 7 = 0 y– 2 =0
b=5
28. Equation of tangent is given by
20. 4x2 + 4y2 = 9 xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
2
9 3 1 3
 x2 + y2 =  x2 + y2 =    – 2x + y  (x – 2) + (y + 1) – 10 = 0
4 2 2 2
3   – 4x + 2y – x + 2 + 3y + 3 – 20 = 0
 x = cos , y = sin 
2 2  – 5x + 5y – 15 = 0
21. (x – 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 52 x–y+3=0
Comparing with (x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2, we get 29. The equation of the tangent to the circle
ns
h = 3, k =  4, r = 5 x2 + y2 = a2 at P() is x cos  + y sin  = a
 Parametric equations are π
Here, a = 5,  =
x = 3 + 5 cos , y = – 4 + 5 sin  3
22. Given equation can be written as  The equation of the tangent is
io
(x2 + 2x + 1  1) + (y2 – 4y + 4 – 4) – 4 = 0 π π
x cos + y sin =5
 (x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 32 3 3
 h =  1, k = 2 and r = 3  3
at
1
 Parametric form of equation are  x   + y   = 5
2  2 
x = – 1 + 3 cos , y = 2 + 3 sin 
 x + y 3 = 10
23.
x +1
2
= cos  ….(i)
lic 30. Find points of intersection by simultaneously
solving for x and y from y = mx + c and
y 3  2 2

and = sin  ….(ii) x2 + y2 = a2 which comes out as   a m , a 
2  c c 
ub
Squaring (i) and (ii) and adding, we get 31. 2
Putting x = 7, we get y – 6y + 9 = 0
2 2
 x +1  y 3  y = 3,3
  +   =1
 2   2  Hence, the point of contact is (7, 3).
 (x + 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 4, 32. The line y = mx + c is a tangent to the circle
P
 Centre is (– 1, 3). x2 + y2 = a2, if c2 = a2m2 + a2

24. The equation of the tangent to the circle Here, a = 2, m = – 3
x2 + y2 = a2 at (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2  c2 = 4(3) + 4 = 16
et
Here, x1 = 1, y1 = – 4 c= 4
 The equation of the tangent at (1,  4) is 33. Let S1  x2 + y2 – 2x + 6y + 6 = 0
x – 4y = 17 and S2  x2 + y2 – 5x + 6y + 15 = 0
rg
25. Equation of tangent at (6, 8) to Then equation of common tangent is

x2 + y2 = 100 is 6x + 8y = 100 S1 – S2 = 0
6 100  3x = 9
 y= x+ x=3
Ta
8 8
34. Let S1  x2 + y2 – 12y + 27 = 0
6 3
m= = and S2  x2 + y2 – 9 = 0
8 4 Then equation of common tangent is
26. Equation of tangent at (a, b) is S1 – S2 = 0
ax + by – r2 = 0  – 12y + 36 = 0
Comparing with ax + by –  = 0, we get y=3
 = r2 35. Equation of the circle is 2x2 + 2y2 – 1 = 0
27. The equation of the tangent to the circle 1
 x2 + y2 – = 0
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at (x1, y1) is 2
xx1 + yy1+ g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0 Length of the tangent from the point (2, – 3) is
Here, g = 1, f = 0, c = – 1 1 1 5
22   3  = 13  =
2
 The equation of the tangent at (–1, 2 ) is 2 2 2

67


36. Length of the tangent from the point (– 3, 8) is 5
 OC =
 3  8  8 3  2 8 1 2
2 2
3  5
= 9 + 64 + 24 +16 +1 = 114 The centre of the circle is  , 2  and radius = .
2  2
37. Equation of the circle is  the equation of the circle is
3x2 + 3y2 – 4x – 6y + 2 = 0 2 2
 3 5
 x    ( y  2)   
2
4x 6y 2
 x2 + y2 – – + =0  2  2
3 3 3
 x2 + y2  3x  4y = 0
 Length of the tangent from the origin is
2 5. Since, the circle touches
4 6 2
02  02    0     0   = X-axis at (3, 0). Y
3 3 3 3
 centre of the circle is (3, k).
ns
38. Length of tangent segment Now, CA2 = CB2
B (3,k)
= 5  3 10(5)  k(3) 17 = 7
2 2  (3  3)2 + (k  0)2 (1,4) C
= (3  1)2 + (k  4)2
 67 + 3k = 49 X
 k2 = 4 + k2  8k + 16 O A(3, 0)
io
k=–6
5
 k=
2
Critical Thinking
 the required equation of circle is
at
2 2
1. The centre of the circle which touches each axis
(x  3)2 +  y   =  
5 5
in first quadrant at a distance 5, will be (5, 5) 2  2   
and radius will be 5.  x2 + y2  6x  5y + 9 = 0
 equation of the circle is
(x – 5)2 + (y – 5)2 = (5)2
lic 6. The point of intersection of 3x + y  14 = 0 and
 x2 + y2 – 10x – 10y + 25 = 0 2 x  5 y  18  0 is (4, 2).
Centre of the circle is (1, 2).
ub
2. Radius = Distance from origin = α2 +β2
 4  1   2  2
2 2
 radius = 5
 (x – )2 + (y – )2 = 2 + 2
 x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y = 0  the equation of the circle is
(x  1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 52
P
a b a 2 + b2
3. Centre is  ,  and radius =  x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  20  0
2 2 4
Y 7. Here, r = 10 (radius)
Centre will be the point of intersection of the
et
diameters, i.e., (8, – 2).

Hence, required equation is
a b (x – 8)2 + (y + 2)2 = 102
rg
 , 
b 2 2  x2 + y2 – 16x + 4y – 32 = 0
a X 8. Since, the centre always lies on the diameter.
O
Solving 2x + 3y = 3 and 16x  y = 4, we get
Ta
Hence, equation of circle is  3 4

co-ordinates of the centre =  ,  .
x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0  10 5 
4. Given, OA = 3 and The circle passes through (4, 6).
2 2
OB = 4
r2 =  4     6  
3 4
Y 
3  10 5   
 OL = and CL = 2
2 2 2
=      
37 26 4073
By pythagoras theorem, B 10
    5 100
OC2 = OL2 + LC2 3 
2 C , 2  the equation of the circle is
OC =   + 22
2 3 2 
 4  3   4
2
4073
2
2 2 x  y  

 10   5 100
25 3/ 2
= O L A
X  100x2 + 100y2  60x  160y = 4000
4
 5 (x2 + y2)  3x  8y = 200
68

Chapter 06: Circle

9. Let its centre be (h, k), then 13. The equation of circle in third quadrant touching
h–k=1 ....(i) the coordinate axes with centre (– a, – a) and
Also, radius a = 3 radius ‘a’ is
 Equation of the circle is x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2ay + a2 = 0 ….(i)
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = 9 Since, line 3x  4y + 8 = 0 touches the circle
Also, it passes through (7, 3)  perpendiular distance from centre of the circle
i.e., (7 – h)2 + (3 – k)2 = 9 ....(ii) to the line = radius
From (i) and (ii), we get 3(a)  4(a) + 8
 =a
h = 4, k = 3 9 +16
 Equation is x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 16 = 0 a=2
10. Let centre be (h, k). Then, Substituting a = 2 in equation (i), we get
x2 + y2 + 4x + 4y + 4 = 0
(h  2)2 +(k  3)2 = (h  4)2 +(k  5)2
ns
This is the required equation of the circle
 – 4h + 4  6k + 9 = 8h + 16  10k + 25 1
2(1)   4
 4h + 4k – 28 = 0 14. Radius of circle = =
4 +1 5
h+k–7=0 ….(i) 2
io
Since, centre lies on the given line.  Equation is (x – 1)2 + (y + 3)2 =  1 
 k  4h + 3 = 0 ….(ii)  5
Solving (i) and (ii), we get 1
(h, k) = (2, 5)  x2 + y2 – 2x + 6y + 10 =
at
5
 centre is (2, 5) and 2 2
 5x + 5y – 10x + 30y + 49 = 0
 2  2   5  3
2 2
radius = 2
15. Radius = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ + 8 =3
 the required equation of the circle is
(x  2)2 + (y  5)2 = (2)2
lic 16. Here, g = 2, f = 3 and c = 13
 x2 + y2  4x  10y + 25 = 0  r= g2  f 2  c
11. Let centre of circle be (h, k).  r = 4  9  13 = 0
ub
Since it touches both axes, therefore h = k = a  option (D) is the correct answer.
Hence, equation can be (x – a)2 + (y – a)2 = a2 17. The given equation represents a circle,
But it also touches the line 3x + 4y = 4 if coeff. of x2 = coeff. of y2
3a + 4a  4 After solving the given equation , we get
 =a
P
9  16 K 1 3
 K 
a=2 3 4 4
Hence, the required equation of circle is
18. Centre of the circle
et
(x  2)2 + (y  2)2 = 22
x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 3 = 0 is C(2, 3).
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y + 4 = 0 Since, it touches the Y-axis
12.  r=2
rg
Hence, required equation of the circle is

C (3,–1) (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 22
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 9 = 0
2x  5y + 18 = 0
Ta
19. Centre of the given circle is (0,  1).

A D B
 the required circle passes through (0, – 1).
Let AB be the chord cut off by the circle on  r =  0 1   1  2  2
2 2
the line 2x  5y + 18 = 0.
Let CD be the perpendicular drawn from centre Hence, the required equation is
(3, 1) to AB. (x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = ( 2 )2
 x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y + 3 = 0
2(3)  5(1)  18
 CD =  29 20. Centre of the required circle is (– 4, – 5) and it
22  (5)2
passes through (2, 3).
and AD = 3
  4  2     5  3
2 2
 Radius = = 10
 
2
 CA2 = AD2 + CD2 = 32 + 29 = 38
 Equation of the required circle is
 the equation of the circle is (x + 4)2 + (y + 5)2 = (10)2
(x  3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 38  x2 + y2 + 8x + 10y – 59 = 0
69


21. Circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is concentric 26. Putting y = x in x2 + y2  2x = 0, we get
with x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y + 20 = 0. 2x2  2x = 0
 centre is (1, –2) and  x(x  1) = 0  x = 0 or x = 1
radius = (4 1)2 +(2+2)2 = 32 02 = 3  y = 0 or y = 1
 Points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1, 1).
Also, r = g2 +f 2  c These are end points of a diameter of required
circle.
 3= (1)2 (2)2 c  equation of required circle is
 9=1+4c (x  0) (x  1) + (y  0) (y  1) = 0
 c=–4  x2 + y2  x  y = 0
22. Let the centre of the required circle be (x1, y1). 27. Let the equation of circle be
Centre of given circle is (1, 2) and x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
ns
r = 1  4  20  5 Now on passing through the given points,
we get three equations
 radii of both circles are same.
c=0 ….(i)
 Point of contact (5, 5) is the mid point of the a2 + 2ga + c = 0 ….(ii)
line joining the centres of both circles.
io
b2 + 2fb + c = 0 ….(iii)
x1 1 y1  2 Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
 = 5 and =5
2 2 a b
g=– ,f=–
at
 x1 = 9, y1 = 8 2 2
Hence, the required equation is a b
(x – 9)2 + (y – 8)2 = 25 Hence, the centre is  ,  .
 2 2
 x2 + y2 – 18x – 16y + 120 = 0
23.
lic
Equation of circle concentric to given circle is
28. The equation of circle through points (0, 0),
(1, 3) and (2, 4) is
x2 + y2 – 6x + 12y + k = 0
x2 + y2 – 10x = 0
Since, area of required circle = 2 (area of
Point (k, 3) will be on the circle, if
ub
given circle)
k2 + 9 – 10k = 0
 9 + 36  k = 2 9 + 36  15  k2 – 10k + 9 = 0
 45 – k = 60  k2 – 9k – k + 9 = 0
 k = – 15  (k 1) (k  9) = 0
P
Hence, the required equation of circle is  k = 1 or k = 9

x2 + y2 – 6x + 12y – 15 = 0
 
x = 2a  1  t 2 
2
24. We have the equation of circle 29. ….(i)

 1 + t 
et
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
But it passes through (0, 0) and (2, 1) . 4at
y= ….(ii)
 c=0 1+t2
5 + 4g + 2f = 0 ….(i) Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get
rg
(1  t 2 )2 16 a 2 t 2
Also g2 +f 2  c = | g | x2 + y2 = 4a2. 2 2
+
(1+ t ) (1+ t 2 )2
f=0 ….[  c = 0]
4a 2
[1 – 2t2 + t4 + 4t2]
Ta
5 =
(1+ t 2 )2
 g=– ….[From (i)]
4 4a 2
Hence, the equation will be 2x + 2y2 – 5x = 0.
2 = (1 + t2)2
(1+ t 2 )2
25. Since, Xintercept = 2a  x2 + y2 = (2a)2
 Radius = 2a
2 g  c = 2a
2
 ….(i)
Also, Y-intercept = 2b 30. The point of intersection is
x = a cos  + b sin 
 2 f 2  c = 2b ….(ii)
y = a sin  – b cos 
On squaring (i) and (ii) and then subtracting (ii)
 x2 + y2 = a2 + b2
from (i), we get
Hence, it is equation of a circle.
g2 – f2 = a2 – b2
Hence, the locus is 31. The equation of the tangent to the circle
x2 – y2 = a2 – b2 x2 + y2 = 50 is xx1 + yy1 = 50
70

Chapter 06: Circle

The circle meets the line x = 7. 2  2  c
=2
 (7)2 + y12 = 50 2
 y12 = 50 – 49 = 1  c = 2 2
 y1 =  1 But for positive intercepts, c = 2 2
 Equation of the tangent is 7x  y = 50  The tangent is x + y  2 2 = 0
32. Abscissa = 1 38. The equation of the tangents are
Hence, given equation of circle reduces to 5x – 12y + 10 = 0 and 5x – 12y – 16 = 0
y2 = 9 Hence, they are parallel to each other. The
y=3 perpendicular distance between these two lines
 Equation of tangent at is the diameter of the circle
(1, 3) to x2 + y2 = 10 is x (1) + y(3) = 10 2r = c1  c 2
ns
a 2  b2
33. Equation of the tangent at (1 , 3 ) is
c1 = 10; c2 = –16; a = 5; b = –12
x+ 3y–4=0
26
 2r = 10  (  16) = =2
5 2  12 2 13
P (1, 3)
io
r=1
O M R(4, 0) 40. 2y = 3x – k
3 k
at
 y= x–
2 2
PM = 3 and OR = 4 Now c2 = a2 (1 + m2)
k2 9
Hence, the required area =
1
2
lic
4 3=2 3

4
= 4r2 (1+ )
4
 k2 = 52r2
34. Centre (– 6, 8), radius = 6 2 + 8 2 = 10
41. y = mx + c is a tangent, if
 Equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 12x – 16y = 0
ub
c =  a 1  m 2 , where m = tan 45 = 1
 Equation of tangent at (0, 0) is
 The equation is y = x  6 2
6x – 8y = 0 3x = 4y
35. The equation of the circle with centre (0, 1) is 42. Line y = mx + c is a tangent if
c =  a 1+ m2
P
x2 + (y – 1)2 = a2
It passes through the point (1, 1) .  y = mx + 5 1 + m 2
 12 + (1 – 1)2 = a2 43. The tangent is ycos  = xsin  + acos 
 radius is 1.
et
 y = x tan  + a
 The equation of the circle is x2 + y2 – 2y = 0. Comparing with y = mx + c, we get
The equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is m = x tan , c = a
x+y–y–1=0 It is a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2,
rg
x–1=0 iff c2 = a2(1 + m2)

36. Equation of the tangent to x2 + y2 = 2 at (h, k) is i.e. a2 = a2(1 + tan2 )
hx + ky = 2  sec2  = 1
Ta
By comparing hx + ky = 2 with x + y = 2, point  cos2  = 1

of contact is (1, 1).
44. Apply for tangency of line, mx  y + c = 0,
Equation of the tangent to x2 +y2 + 3x +3y 8= 0
centre being (0, 2) and radius = 2
at (1, 1) is
2 + c
3 3 =2
x (1) + y(1) + (x + 1) + (y + 1)  8 = 0 1 + m2
2 2
 c2  4c + 4 = 4 + 4m2
 5x + 5y  10 = 0
 c2 – 4c – 4m2 = 0
x+y=2 2
4 ± 16 +16m
37. Centre and radius of the circle c= or c = 2 (1 + 1+ m2 )
2
x2 + y2 + 4x  4y + 4 = 0 are ( 2, 2) and 2
respectively. 45. Suppose that the point be (h, k).
Let the equation of tangent be Tangent at (h, k) is
x + y + c = 0. Then, hx + ky = a2 and x – y = – 2 a
71


h k a2 a a x1  y1  2gx1  2fy1  C2 =
2 2
C1  C2
or = = or h = – ,k=
1 1  2a 2 2
 a a  = C2 C1
Therefore, point of contact is   , .
 2 2
51. According to the given condition,
46. x cos  + y sin  – p = 0 is a tangent, if 2 + 2  4  5 = 2 + 2 + 6  2 + 6
perpendicular from centre on it is equal to radius  10  2 + 11 = 0
of the circle. Here centre is
52. According to the given condition,
(a cos, a sin ) and radius is a.
a cos   a sin   p
2 2 f 2  g2  6 4
 =a =
1 f  g  3f  3g
2 2
1
i.e., |a – p| = a  p = 0 or p = 2a  f2 + g2 + 4f + 4g + 2 = 0
ns
47. Equation of the tangent at (1, –2) to the circle 53. Length of tangents is same i.e., S1 = S2 = S3
x2 + y2 = 5 is x – 2y = 5
Here, only point (3, –1) lies on the tangent. We get the point from where tangent is drawn,
by solving the 3 equations for x and y.
io
48. i.e., , x2 + y2 = 1,
P(x1, y1)
x2 + y2 + 8x + 15 = 0 and
x2 + y2 + 10y + 24 = 0
at
or 8x + 16 = 0 and 10y + 25 = 0
O(–1,1) 5
 x = –2 and y = –
2
lic 
Hence, the point is  2,   .
5
Let point of contact be P(x1, y1). 2 
This point lies on line x1 + 2y1 = –12 ….(i)
y1 1 54. Let P(x1, y1) be a point. Let l12 , l22 , l32 be the
ub
Gradient of OP = m1 = squares of lengths of the tangents from the point
x1 1
P (x1, y1).
1  2
Gradient of x + 2y + 12 = m2 =  l12 = x 12 + y12 – a
2 2
l22 = x 12 + y12 – b
P
The two lines are perpendicular. 2

l32 = x 12 + y12 – c
 y1  1   1 
     = 1 Assume that x 12 + y12 = k
 x1  1   2 
 = k – a2; l22 = k – b2; l32 = k – c2
et
l12
2x1  y1 = 3 ….(ii)
On solving equations (i) and (ii), we get or we can say that
 18 21  a2 = k – l12 ; b2 = k – l22 ; c2 = k – l32
(x1, y1) =  , 
rg
 5 5  Since l12 , l22 and l32 are in A. P., we have

a2, b2 and c2 are in A.P.
49. Let S1: x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 9 = 0 and
S2 : x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y – 7 = 0 55. Let the equation of other tangent from the origin
Ta
 the equation of the common tangent to both the be y = mx, then length of the perpendiculars
circles is S1 – S2 = 0 from the centre (2, 1) on the two tangents is
 6x + 8y – 16 = 0 same.
 3x + 4y = 8 is the common equation of the 2m  1 6 1 5
tangent from the given choices, = =
1 m 2 9 1 10
4 7
it is clear that the point  ,  lies on the tangent. 1
5 5  m = 3 or
3
50. Let (x1, y1) be any point on the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + C1 = 0 1
 Slope of other tangent is and its equation is
 x 12 + y12 + 2gx1+ 2fy1 + C1 = 0 3
i.e. x 12 + y12 + 2gx1+ 2fy1 =  C1 1
y=  x
Length of the tangent from (x1, y1) to the circle 3
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + C2 = 0 is  x – 3y = 0
72

Chapter 06: Circle

56. 60. Equation of line perpendicular to
5x + 12y + 8 = 0 is 12x – 5y + k = 0.
Now it is a tangent to the circle, if
(10,– 6)
Radius of circle = Distance of line from centre
r of circle
12(11)  5(2)  k
121  4  25 =
Equation of tangent y = mx + c, where m = 2 144  25
is y = 2x + c  k = 8 or – 252.
 2x + y  c = 0 Hence, equations of tangents are
Now, x2 + y2  20x + 12y + 11 = 0 12x – 5y + 8 = 0, 12x – 5y = 252
 2g = 20, 2f = 12 61. Required equations are given by SS1 = T2
 g = 10, f = 6, c = 11  h2 (x2 + y2– 2rx – 2hy + h2) = (rx + hy – h2)2
ns
 Centre ( g,  f) = (10,  6)  (h2 – r2)x2 – 2rhxy = 0
 x{(h2 – r2) x – 2rhy} = 0
radius = g  f  c = 125 = 5 5
2 2
 x = 0, (h2 – r2) x – 2rhy = 0
Since distance of tangent from the centre is
62. Required equations are given by SS1 = T2
io
equal to radius,
 (x2+ y2– 2x+4y) (1+4) ={y – 1(x)+ 2 (y + 1)}2
2(10)  6  c
5 5 =  2x2 – 2y2 – 3x + 4y + 3xy – 2 = 0
4 1  (2x – y + 1) (x + 2y – 2) = 0
at
 5 5  5 = | 14  c |
63. Let S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
 c = 11 or 39
Area of quadrilateral = 2 [area of OAC]
 Equations of tangents are
1
y = 2x  11 and y = 2x + 39
lic = 2  OAAC = S1  g  f  c
2
2 2
57. Equation of line parallel to the A

3 x + y + 3 = 0 is 3 x + y + k = 0
ub
But it is a tangent to the circle
O C
x2 + y2 = a2, then
k
=a B
1 3
Point O is (0, 0)
P
 k =  2a  S1 = c
Hence, the required equation is
Area = c  g  f  c
2 2

3 x + y  2a = 0
et
58. The perpendicular distance from the centre of

the given circle to the tangent line is the radius Competitive Thinking
of the given circle. 1. Since, circle touches the co-ordinate axes in III
rg
The centre is (3, –2) and its radius is quadrant.

9  4  12 = 5 Y
The equation of the tangent line, which is
parallel to the given line is 4x+ 3y + k = 0 O
Ta
X X
4  3  3 2   k r
 =5
42  32
 6 + k =  25 (–h,–k) r
 k = 19, – 31
Y
59.
(1, 2)  Radius = – h = – k
Hence, h = k = – 5
 Equation of circle is (x + 5)2 + (y + 5)2 = 25
r=3 4x + 3y + c = 0
2. Centre (2, 2) and
Tangent is of form 4x + 3y + c = 0. From
condition of tangency to the circle, we get r= (4  2)2 +(5  2)2
c = – 25. Hence, equation is 4x + 3y – 25 = 0. = 13
73


Hence, required equation is 8.
Y
 
2 2 2
(x  2) + (y  2) = 13
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y – 5 = 0
(2,3)
3. Let r be the radius of the circle.
Given, circumference = 10
(1, k) k
 2r  10
 r 5 k
X X
( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  5 2 O (1,0)
 x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  12  0 Y
4. Since, the centre always lies on the diameter.
ns
Solving 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 and 3x  y  4 = 0, Since, the circle touches X-axis at (1, 0).
the co-ordinates of the centre are (1, 1).  centre of the circle is (1, k) and radius = k
Given, circumference = 10  equation of the circle is (2 –1)2 + (3 – k)2 = k2
 2r = 10  r = 5  1 + k2  6k + 9 = k2
io
 the equation of the circle is 5
(x  1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 52  k=
3
 x2 + y2  2x + 2y  23 = 0
at
10
5. Centre of circle = Point of intersection of  diameter = 2k =
diameters = (1, – 1) 3
Now, area = 154 9. The equation of circle touching the coordinate
 r2 = 154  r = 7
lic axes with centre (a, a) and radius 'a' is
Hence, the equation of required circle is x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2ay + a2 = 0 ...(i)
(x – 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 72
Since, line 3x – 4y – 12 = 0 touches the circle
 x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y = 47

ub
perpendicular distance from centre of the circle
6. According to the figure, A(0, 0), B(a,0), to the line = radius
C(a, a) and D(0, a).
3  a   4  a   12
a a D C  =a
and centre is  ,  . 9  16
 2 2
P
a a=3
2 2 a Substituting a = 3 in equation (i), we get
 a  a a2
 x    y    A B x2 + y2 – 6x – 6y + 9 = 0
 2  2 2
et
This is the required equation of the circle.

 x 2  y 2  ax  ay  0
7. Since, the circle touches Y-axis at (0, 2). 10. ABC is equilateral.
Y
 centre of the circle is (h, 2).  O(0, 0) is the centroid.
rg
Now, CA2 = CB2 A
 h –0   2– 2
2 2

A(0, 2)
  h –  –1    2 – 0 C(h, 2)
Ta
2 2
O(0, 0)
 h 2  h 2  2h  1  4 X B O X
B C
5 (–1, 0) D
2h  5  0  h  
2
 equation of circle is O divides AD in the ratio 2 : 1
 5
2
 5
2 AO 2
 x    ( y  2)    
2  =
 2  2 OD 1
25 25 AO 2 AO 2
 x2   5x  y2  4y  4   =  =
4 4 AD  AO 1 9  AO 1
 x2  y2  5x  4 y  4  0  AO = 18  2 AO  AO = 6 units
Point (–4, 0) satisfies this equation.  radius = 6 units
 option (D) is the correct answer.  equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 36.
74

Chapter 06: Circle

11. The given equation represents a circle having 18. Let another end of the diameter be (x, y).
line segment joining ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) as a Centre of the given circle is (2, 3).
diameter. Since, centre is the midpoint of the diameter.
 the coordinates of its centre are 3 x 4 y
 2 , 3
 x1  x2 y1  y2  2 2
 , .  x = 1, y = 2
 2 2 
 (x, y) = (1, 2)
12. Circle whose diametric end points are (1, 0) and
(0, 1) will be of smallest radius. 19. Let A(x, y) be the required point.
 By using diameter form, equation of circle is Y
(x  1) (x  0) + (y  0) (y – 1) = 0
P(1,0)
 x2 + y2  x  y = 0 X X
(1,2)
ns
13. Y C
A(x, y)
Y
io
x = –a x=a Given equation of circle is
x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y  3 = 0
B (–a, b) A (a, b)  Centre = (1, 2)
y=b
at
Since, C is the midpoint of AP.
 A= (3, 4)
X
lic 20. Let another end of the diameter be (h, k).
Since, centre is the midpoint of the diameter.
y = –b ph qk
C (–a,–b) D (a, –b)  Centre =  , 
 2 2 
Since the circle touches X-axis,
ub
qk
radius =
Here, the diagonals AC and BD of rectangle 2
ABCD are diameters of the circle passing
through the vertices A, B, C and D.  (h  p)2  (k  q)2 = 2 q  k
2
P
Considering diagonal AC with end points

 (h  p)  (k  q ) =  q  k 2
2 2
A(a, b) and C (–a, –b), we get
Equation of circle in diameter form as,  (h – p)2 = (k + q)2 – (k – q)2
(x – a) (x – (– a)) + (y – b) (y – (– b)) = 0  (h – p)2 = 4ky
et
 x2 – a2 – y2 – b2 = 0  Locus of (h, k) is (x – p)2 = 4qy

 x2 + y2 = a2 + b2 21. Given equation of circle is
15. Consider option (A), x2 + y2  4x  6y + 9 = 0
rg
x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2by + 2b2 = 0  x2  4x + 4 + y2  6y + 9  4 = 0

Centre = ( a,  b)  (x  2)2 + (y  3)2 = 4
 option (A) is the correct answer.  centre = (2, 3), radius = 2
Ta
The diameter of this circle is a chord of circle

16. The given equation represents a circle, with centre O(1, 1).
if coeff. of xy = 0.
1
 2k–1=0k=
2
O(1, 1)
radius = (1)2  (2)2 3  2
r
17. The given equation represents a circle, Q
if coeff. of xy = 0. P(2, 3)
 h=0
OP = (3 1)  (2 1) = 5
2 2
and (3)  (1)  k = 2

2 2
QP = 2
 10 – k = 4
 5
2
 r2 = + 22  r = 3
 k=6
75


22. The centre of the given circle
 5  2
2
2
is C1(2,  3) and radius  Radius of bigger circle =
C1 (2,3)
 2  32   12
2
= A = 54
5
=5 =3
 3 2   2  3
2 2
C1C2 = 25. Consider option (A),
= 25  25 C2(3, 2) x2 + y2 + 8x + 2y  8 = 0
Point (1, 3) is common to both circle and lies
= 50
on above circle also.
 50 5
2
 Radius of S is C2A =
2 Since, point (1, 3) satisfies the equation of
circle in option (A).
= 75  correct answer is option (A).
ns
= 5 3
26. C1 : x2 + y2  6x = 0 ....(i)
23. C2 : x2 + y2  6y = 0 ....(ii)
Y
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
x = –2
io
x=y ....(iii)
Substituting (iii) in (i), we get
A circle S y=3

at
x=3
X Point on circle is P(3, 3) and
3 3
circle S1 centre =  , 
 2 2
C1(–2, –3)
lic
C(2, –3)
2 2
 3  3
 Radius = 3   3  
 2  2
3
ub
=
2
 equation of the circle is

2
3  3
2
9
 x    y   = 2
P
 2  2
Given circle S1, x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y – 12 = 0  x2 + y2  3x  3y = 0
 Its centre C1 = (–2, –3)
27. The centres of two circles are C1(1, 0) and
et
radius, r1 = 5
centre of circle S, is C = (2, –3) C2(–2, –4) and their radii are 1 and 2 units
From the figure, we have respectively.
Diameter, x = –2 of circle S1 is the chord of Let C be the centre of the required circle. Then,
rg
circle S. CP = CQ = 1.
 In CC1A,  CC1 = 2 and CC2 = 3.
C1A = r = 5 units Clearly, C divides C1 C2 in the ratio 2 : 3.
Therefore, coordinates of C are
Ta
 2  2   3  3
2 2
CC1 = = 4 units
 4  3 8  0   1 8
 2
(CA) = (CC1) + (C1A) 2 2
 ,  =   ,  .
 23 23   5 5
= (4)2 + (5)2 = 16 + 25 = 41
 CA = 41 unit
 Radius of circle S is 41 unit. 1 1 1 2
C1(1,0) P C Q C2(–2,–4)
24. The centre of the given circle is C1(1, 3) and
radius = (1)2  (3)2  6
= 1 9  6 Hence, equation of the required circle is
=2  1 
2
8
2
 x     y   1
2
C1C2 = (2 1)2  (13)2  5  5
= 1 4 = 5  5 x 2  5 y 2  2 x  16 y  8  0
76

Chapter 06: Circle

28. The slope of the tangent will be 35. The centres of two circles are C1(–, 0) and
  C2(0, –2) and their radii are  2  2 and 2 .
1 a Y
–   i.e.,– . The given circles touches each other, if
 b  b 2  4 = 2  2 + 2
a (a,b)
 2 + 4 = 2 – 2 + 2 + 2 2  2  2
X  2 = 2  2
O
 2 = 4
a =2
Hence, the equation of the tangent is y = – x
b 36. x2 + y2 + 2x + 8y – 23 = 0
i.e., by + ax = 0  C1 (–1, –4), r1 = 2 10
29. Here, g = –3, f = –1 Again x2 + y2 – 4x – 10y + 9 = 0
ns
Equation of tangent at (a, 4) is  C2 (2, 5), r2 = 2 5
ax + 4y – 3(x + a) – (y + 4) + 1 = 0 Now C1C2 = distance between centres.
 (a – 3) x + 3y – 3a – 4 + 1 = 0  C1C2 = 9  81 = 3 10 = 9.486 and
 (a – 3) x + 3y – 3(a + 1) = 0 r1 + r2 = 2( 10 + 5 ) = 10.6
io
 a  3 r1 – r2 = 2 5 ( 2 – 1)
 x + y – (a + 1) = 0
3 = 22.20.4
Comparing with y + c = 0, we get = 4.40.4
at
a 3 = 1.76
=0a=3 C1C2 = 2 10 > r1 – r2
3
– (a + 1) = c  c = – 4 r1 – r2 < C1C2 < r1 + r2
 ac = –12
lic  Two tangents can be drawn.
30. From c = a 1  m 2 37. x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0

Here, a = 4, m = 2 C1 = (2, 3), r1 = 4  9  12 = 5
x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0
ub
 c =  4 1 4 =  4 5
C2 = (3, 9), r2 = 9  81  26 = 8
31. Length of tangent
 3  2   9  3
2 2
C1C2 = = 13
= 3 +(4)  4(3)  6(4) +3 = 40
2 2
C1C2 = r1 + r2
P
 Square of length of tangent = 40  The given circles touch each other externally.
32. Tangent of the given circle meets the line  Number of common tangents is 3.
5x  2y + 6 = 0 at a point Q (0, 3) on the Y – axis. 38. The centres and radii of the two circles are
et
 Length of tangent = (0)  (3)  6(0)  6(3)  2

2 2
C1(7, –3), C2(0, 0), r1 = 5, r2 = a
For 4 common tangents,
PQ = 9 +18  2
r1 + r2 < |C1C2|
= 25 = 5
rg
72   3 =
2
C1C2 = 58 ≈ 7.6
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x  4 y  20 2 r1 + r2 < |C1C2| for a = 1, 2
33. =
x + y  4 x + 2 y  44
2 2
3  Number of possible circles = 2
Ta
 x2 + y2 + 14x – 16y + 28 = 0
39. Let the equation of tangent be
 Centre = (–7, 8)
4x + 3y + k = 0 ...(i)
34. Let the point be P(x1, y1) S  x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0
According to the given condition, The centre and radius of S are (3, –2) and
x12  y12  2 x1  4 y1  20 2 5 units
= Distance of (i) from centre of S = radius
x1  y1  2 x1  8 y1  1
2 2 1
12  6  k
 =5
x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y1  20 4 5
 12 12 1 =
x1  y1  2 x1  8 y1  1 1  |6 + k| = 25
 x12 + y12 – 2x1 + 4y1 – 20  6 + k =  25
= 4x12 + 4y12 – 8x1 – 32y1 + 4  k = 19 or – 31
2 2
 3x1 + 3y1 – 6x1 – 36y1 + 24 = 0  Equation of tangent is 4x + 3y + 19 = 0 or
 x12 + y12 – 2x1 – 12y1 + 8 = 0 4x + 3y – 31 = 0
77


40. 1
44. Required area = (5  15)  2 = 75
(1,–3) 2
Y
(1, 7) 15 (16, 7)
3x – 4y + k = 0 y=7
Equation of circle is, 5
x2 + y2 – 2x + 6y – 6 = 0
centre (1, –3)
(1, 2)
Radius of circle = 4 X
And centre of circle = (1, –3)
Equation of tangent is 3x – 4y + k = 0
3×1  4×(3) + k
ns
 =4 B
 3 +  4 45.
2 2
2 3
Hence, k = 5, – 35 2
41. Equation of tangent O
io
3
2 P(4, 0)
1  3  2
y= x 1+  
4 5  4 
A
at
[ equation of tangent is y = mx  a 1 + m2 ] Let S  x2 + y2  4 = 0
3 1 16  9 Required area = r S1  2 12  4 3
 y= x
4 5 16
 4y = 3x  5
lic 46. The centre of the circle
x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  9 sin 2   13 cos 2   0
 3x + 4y =  5
is C(2, 3) and its radius is
42. Any tangent to x2 + y2 = b2 is y = mx – b 1  m2
22  (3)2 9sin2 13cos2 
ub
It touches (x – a)2 + y2 = b2
ma  b 1  m
2
 4  9  9 sin 2   13 cos 2   2 sin 
if = b or ma = 2b 1  m2
m 1
2 Let P(h, k) be any point on the locus. Then
or m a = 4b2 (1 + m2),
2 2
APC  . Also PAC   / 2 i.e., triangle APC
P
2b is a right angle triangle.

 m=
a 2  4b 2
A
43. Let (h, k) be the point of intersection.
et
Then the chord of the tangent is the common P 

C
chord of the circles x2 + y2 = 12 and (h,k) (–2,3)
x2 + y2 – 5x + 3y – 2 = 0
rg
B
x2 + y2 – 5x + 3y – 2 = 0
AC 2sin 
 sin   
2 2 PC (h  2) 2  (k  3) 2
x + y = 12
Ta
 (h  2)2  (k  3)2  2
5x – 3y – 10 = 0  (h  2) 2  (k  3) 2  4
 h 2  k 2  4h  6k  9  0
The equation of the common chord is  The required equation of the locus is
5x – 3y – 10 = 0 …(i) x2  y2  4x  6 y  9  0
The equation of common chord of contact is
hx + ky – 12 = 0 …(ii)  4t  20 
Equations (i) and (ii) represents the same line. 47. Let P  t,  be a point on the line
 5 
h k 12 4x – 5y = 20. Then, the chord of contact of
  =
5 3 10 tangents drawn from P to the circle x2 + y2 = 9 is,
18  4t  20 
 h = 6, k = tx +  y=9 …(i)
5  5 
78

Chapter 06: Circle

Let Q (h, k) be the mid-point of this chord of (C1C2)2 = r12 + r22
contact. Then, its equation is also
 
2
 2  5   3  6
2 2
…[ T = S1] …(ii)  = 2a2

hx  ky  h 2  k 2
Clearly, (i) and (ii) represent the same line.  2a2 = 18  a = 3
t 4t  20 9 consider option (C)
   2 2
h 5k h k  5a   15 
 a,    3,   (3, 5)
t 9 t 4t  20  3  3
  2 2 and  This point satisfies equation (i).
h h k h 5k
 Option (C) is correct answer.
9h 20h
 t  2 2 and t 
h k 4h  5k 50. Let S1 ≡ x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y + 4 = 0
9h 20h S2 ≡ x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0
 2 2 S3  x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y + 1 = 0
ns
h  k 4h  5k S1 – S2 = 0
 h20(h2  k2 )  36h  45k 0  2x – 2y – 3 = 0 …(i)
Hence, the locus of (h, k) is S2 – S3 = 0
 6x + 6y = 0 …(ii)
io
x20(x2  y2 )  36x  45 y 0 Solving (i) and (ii), we get the
 x = 0 or 20 ( x 2  y 2 )  36 x  45 y  0  3 3 
radical centre C =  , 
at
4 4 
48. The centres of two circles are at O(0, 0) and
(3, 0) and their radii are 2 and 1 unit  3 3 
Radius = length of tangent from  ,  to the
respectively. 4 4 
Clearly, OC = 2 + 1 i.e. distance between
lic
centres is equal to the sum of the radii of the circle S1 =
29
8
circles.
So, two circles touch each other externally and 
one of the common tangents is given by 51. y=– x +  touches the circle,

ub
S1 – S2 = 0 i.e., 6x – 12 = 0  x = 2. 1 1
  1
2 = a 2  1   2   2 + 2 = 2
2
The point P of intersection of direct common 
tangents divides OC externally in the ratio      a
2
2 : 1. So, coordinates of P are (6, 0).  1 1 1
 Locus of  ,  is x2 + y2 =
P
The equation of a line through (6, 0) is  

  a
y = m (x – 6)
 mx – y – 6m = 0 …(i) 52. Let the foot of origin on the variable line be P.
If it touches the circle x 2  y 2  4 , then  (0, 0) and (, ) subtends right angle at P.
et
0  0  6m  Locus of P is a circle assuming (0, 0) and

=2 (, ) as end points of diameter.
m2 1
 Required locus is
 m2 + 1 = 9m2
rg
(x – 0)(x – ) + (y – 0)(y – ) = 0
1
m=   x2 + y2 – x – y = 0
2 2
Hence, the equations of direct common tangents 53. Let M(h, k) be mid point
B
Ta
are of the chord AB.

1 3 OM 
 x y 0 ...[From (i)]   cos
2 2 2 OB 3 M
h k2 2 O
  x  2 2y  6  0  
1 (0, 0)
3 2
49. Equation of circles are A
9
2 2
S1  (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = a2 h +k =
4
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 13 – a2 = 0
 x2  y2  9 / 4 is the locus of the mid point of
S2  (x – 5)2 + (y – 6)2 = a2
 x2 + y2 – 10x – 12y + 61 – a2 = 0 chords.
Equation of radical axis is S1 – S2 = 0 54. PQ = QR = PR = 1
 6x + 6y – 48 = 0  PQR is an equilateral triangle.
x+y=8 ...(i)  Incentre of the triangle is same as the centroid.
79


 1 3  y
 0 1 00 
 Centre of circle = 2, 2 
 3 3 
  Q4 Q5
  Q2Q3
Q1
1 1 
=  2, 
 2 3 P5
2 –4 4 x
55. Equation of the tangent at (1, 7) to x = y – 6 is 0 P4
2x – y + 5 = 0 P3
Centre of the given circle is (– 8, – 6). x2 + y2 = 16 P2
P1
2x – y + 5 = 0 Solving x + y = 1 and x2 + y2 = 16
ns
we get 2x2 – 2x – 15 = 0
(–8, –6) (x1 – x2)2 = (x1 + x2)2 – 4(x1 x2)
 15 
= (1)2 – 4  
io
 2 
= 31
Similarly, (y1 – y2)2 = 31
(P1 Q1)2 = (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2
at
Perpendicular from the centre (– 8, – 6) to 
2x – y + 5 = 0 is equal to the radius of the circle. = 31 + 31 = 62
Similarly,
2  8   6  5 (P2 Q2)2 = 56, (P3 Q3)2 = 46
= 8 6 c
2 2

2 1
2 2
lic (P4 Q4)2 = 32, (P5 Q5)2 = 14
5  Required sum = 62 + 56 + 46 + 32 + 14
 = 100  c  c = 95 = 210
5
58.
ub
56. S
b
Q P(0, b)
P
O(–1, 1)
2
45
et
A C(h, k) B Equation of QS : by = ax
(This is obtained by subtracting one equation
of circle from other)
The centre and radius of the circle are (–1, 1) 0  b2
rg
b2
and 2 respectively PQ = =
a2  b2 a 2  b2
OC
sin 45 = b4
OA Required length = 2 b2 
Ta
a  b2
2
1  h  1   k  1
2 2
 = 2ab
2 2 =
a 2  b2
 (h + 1)2 + (k – 1)2 = 2
 h2 + k2 + 2h – 2k = 0 59. A
2 2
57. Substituting y = n – x in x + y = 16,
x2 + (n – x)2 = 16 O
 2x2 – 2nx + n2 – 16 = 0
For x + y = n to meet at two distinct points,
(–2n)2 – 4 (2) (n2 – 16) > 0 B
 4n2 – 8n2 + 128 > 0 Radius = R = 16  4  16 = 2
 n2 < 32
 n can take values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 L = OA = S1 = 16 = 4
80

Chapter 06: Circle

2LR x2 + y2 = 16
Length of AB =
L2  R 2  centre = (0, 0), radius = 4
x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y = 0
2 4 2 16 8
= = =  centre = (2, 2), radius = 2 2
4 2
2 2
20 5
This circle cuts the X and Y axes at A(4, 0) and
64 B(0, 4) respectively.
 AB2 =
5 Common chord is AB.
S2 Since, AB is diameter of smaller circle,
60.
S1 
 AOB =
A 2
62. Let the circle
D
C(–4, 0) be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i)
ns
circle (i) cuts orthogonally each of the given
B three circles
Then according to the given condition,
2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2, we get
S1  x2 + y2 + 8x + 1 = 0
io
–2g + 6f = c ...(ii)
Centre and radius of S1 are (–4, 0) and 1 5 –4g – 2f = c + 6 ...(iii)
AD = 6 , AC = 1 5 –12g + 2f = c + 3 ...(iv)
at
 CD = 15  6 = 3 units On solving (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
Equation of common chord is S1 – S2 = 0 3 9
g = 0, f = ,c=
 8x – 2y + 2 = 0 4 2
 4x – y + 1 = 0 ...(i) 3 9
Distance of C (–4, 0) from (i) = 3
lic  The equation of the circle is x2 + y2 – y – = 0
2 2
16  1 Equation of tangent to the circle at (0, 3) is
 =3
16   2 3 9
x(0) + y(3) – 0 – (y + 3) – = 0
ub
 16 + 2 = 25 4 2
 2 = 9 9 27
 y=
=3 4 4
61. y=3
P
Y
B(0, 4)
et
C(2, 2)
X X
A(4, 0)
rg
O(0, 0)
Ta
Y
Evaluation Test
1. Since the triangle is equilateral. Hence, the equation of the circumcircle whose
 centroid of the triangle is same as the centre is at (0, 0) and radius 2a is x 2  y 2  (2a ) 2
circumcentre  x2 + y2 = 4a2
2
and radius of the circumcircle = (median) 2. Let the other end be (t,3  t) .
3
2  the equation of the circle in diameter form is
= (3a) = 2a ( x  1)( x  t)  ( y  1)( y  3  t)  0
3
81


 x 2  y 2  (1  t) x  (4  t) y  3  0 Since, the triangle is equilateral, therefore
 the centre (h, k) is given by centroid, orthocentre, circumcentre and incentre
all coincide.
1 t 4t
h ,k  p a
2 2  radius of the inscribed circle   r
3 2 3
 2h + 2k = 5
Let x be the side of the square inscribed, then
Hence, the locus is 2 x  2 y  5 .
angle in a semicircle being a right angle,
x 2  x 2  (2r) 2  4r 2
3. We have, x 2  8 x  12  0
 (x  6) (x  2) = 0 4a2 a2
 2x  
2
Y
 x = 2, 6 y=9 12 3
A D(6, 9)
and y2  14y + 45 = 0 a2
required area  x 
2

ns
 (y  5) (y  9) = 0 x=2 x=6 6
 y = 5, 9
7. Let AB be the line of intersection of the two
B(2, 5) y=5 C circles
io
O X A
Since, centre of circle is inscribed in square. M

L
O C
at
 BD is the diameter of circle
26 59
 centre = (h, k) =  ,  = (4, 7)
 2 2  lic B
4. Let A  ( x1, y1 ) and B  ( x 2 , y 2 ) . x 2  y 2  25 ….(i)

According to the given condition, x  y  8x  7  0
2 2
….(ii)
x1  x2  2a , x1 x 2   b 2
Solving (i) and (ii), we get coordinates of A and
ub
y1  y2  2p , y1 y 2   q 2 B.
The equation of the circle with A (x1, y1) and Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
B (x2, y2) as the end points of diameter is 8x  32  0  x  4
(x  x1) (x  x2) + (y  y1) (y  y2) = 0 From (i), we get 16  y 2  25
P
 x2 + y2  x(x1 + x2)  y(y1 + y2) + x1x2 + y1y2 = 0

 y 2  9  y  3
 x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2py  b2  q2 = 0
Thus coordinates of A and B are (4, 3) and
5. Since the circle has centre at (1, 2) and line (4, –3).
et
x = y i.e. x – y = 0 as tangent, y 3 x  4
 equation of L is   x 4 0
1   2 33 4  4
Radius of circle = Also coordinates of centre C of second circle is
1   1
rg
2 2
(4, 0).
1 Hence, CM  Length of perpendicular from C
=
2 44
to the line L  0
Ta
2  1
 Area of circle =  ×  1  =
 2 2 8. Given equation of circle is
6. Let p be the altitude, then x2 + y2  4x  8y  5 = 0
 Centre = (2, 4) and radius = 4  16  5 = 5
a
p  asin60o  3 . the circle is intersecting the line 3x  4y = m
2
at two distinct points.
A  length of perpendicular from centre on the line
< radius
P O 6  16  m
r  5
a x Gr 5
x  |10 + m| < 25
S R
B
D C   25 < m + 10 < 25   35 < m < 15
82
82

Chapter 06: Circle

9. Equation has equal roots (1, 1)
b
 Sum of roots =   2 = 2k  k = 1
a
xy+2=0 xy2=0
Also, f(, 0) = (  h)2 + (0  k)2  a2 = 0
2  2h + h2 + k2  a2 = 0
1
Equation has roots  = and 2
The lines x  y  2 = 0 and x  y + 2 = 0 are 2
parallel, and tangent to the circle. b 5 5
Distance between them = diameter of the circle Sum of roots =   = 2h  h =
a 2 4
2  (2) 4
= 2 2 = =2 2 5 
2  Centre (h, k) =  ,1 
1 1 4 
ns
Let (h, k) be the centre of the circle.
Since, x + y = 0 is the diameter. 12. Here, r = a 2  b 2
Y
 h+k=0 Equation of AB is
B
 h = k ....(i) ax + by = r2
(a, b)
io
Now, perpendicular drawn from (h, k) to the  x2 + y2 = 1
x  y  2 = 0 is equal to radius. r r X
a b O A
hk2
  2
r2 r2
at
2  OA = and OB =
k  k  2 a b
  2 ....[From (i)] 1 r2 r2
2 r4
Hence, the required area is   =
 2k + 2 = 2 k = 0 2 a b 2ab
 h=0 ....[From (i)]
lic 13. Locus of the point P, if A and B are fixed and
 required equation of circle is 
APB  , is a circle with diameter AB.
 2
2
(x  0)2 + (y  0)2 = 2
ub
 x2 + y2 = 2 But, we have PA2 + PB2 = constant.
 Locus of the point P is a circle.
10. Centre of the given circle = C(2, 5)
14. y = 7x – 25 ....(i)
Radius of the circle CN = CT = g2  f 2  c and x2 + y2 = 25
P
= 2 2  5 2  7 = 36 = 6  x2 + (7x  25)2 = 25
Now, PC = 6 2  8 2 = 100 = 10  x2 + 49x2 + 625 – 350x = 25
50x2  350x + 600 = 0
et
 x2  7x +12 = 0  x = 3, 4
(2, 5) Substituting x = 3,4 in (i), we get
N P(4,3) y = 21 – 25  y = 4, y = 28 – 25  y = 3
C T
rg
Let A  (3, 4), B  (4, 3)

Using distance formula, we get
We join the external point, (4, 3) to the centre AB = (3 4)2  (4 3)2
Ta
of the circle (2, 5). Then PT is the minimum  1  49  50  5 2

distance, from external point P to the circle and
PN is the maximum distance. 15. Equation of the line with slope 3 is y = 3x + c
Minimum distance = PT = PC  CT i.e. 3x – y + c = 0
= 10  6 = 4  Centre  (1,  4), radius = 1 + 16 + 23 = 40
Maximum distance = PN = PC + CN Since distance of tangent from the centre is
= 10 + 6 = 16 equal to radius,
So, sum of minimum and maximum distance 3 4 c
= 40
= 16 + 4 = 20 9 1
11. General equation of circle  7 + c = 400 =  20
f(x, y) = (x  h)2 + (y  k)2  a2 = 0  c = 13 or  27
f(0, ) = h2 + (  k)2  a2 = 0  Equations of tangents are
 2  2k + k2 + h2  a2 = 0 3x – y + 13 = 0 and 3x  y  27 = 0
83
Textbook
Chapter No.
08 Measures of Dispersion
Hints
Classical Thinking Now, dx = x – xc = 13 – 15.4 = – 2.4

2. Range = L  S = 46  6 = 40 dy = y – xc = 17 – 15.4 = 1.6
ns
3. Range = L – S = 100 – 50 = 50  Combined standard deviation (c)
4. Upper limit of the highest class (L) = 50 n x x2  d x2   n y   y2  d y2 
Lower limit of the lowest class (S) = 10 =
nx + ny
io
 Range = L – S = 50  10 = 40
20 32   2.4    30  22 1.62 
2
7. x=
f x i i
=
52
= 5.2 =  
f 10 20  30
at
i
1 35.6 = 3.14
 Variance =
N
f (x
i i  x )2 =
10
= 3.56
lic 16. Let n1 = 60, n2 = 120, x1 = 35.4, x2 = 30.9,
1 n  1 = 4, 2 = 5
  xi    x 
2
10. S.D. = 2
n  i 1  n1 x1 +n 2 x2
Combined mean  xc  =
1 n1 + n 2
=  619   (9)2 60  35.4  120  30.9
7
ub
=
619  567 60  120
=
7 2124  3708
=
52 180
= 5832
P
7 = = 32.4
180
12. S.D. is independent of change of origin.
Now, d1 = x1  xc = 35.4  32.4 = 3
13. If each item of a data is increased or decreased
et
by the same constant, then standard deviation of d2 = x2  xc = 30.9  32.4 = 1.5

the data remains unchanged.  Combined standard deviation (c)
14. If X and Y are two variables such that n1  σ12 + d12  + n 2  σ 2 2 + d 2 2 
rg
X 1 =
Y= (a  0), then y = x n1 + n 2
a a
60  42  32   120 52   1.5  
2
8  
 S.D. of the new observations = =4 =
Ta
2 60  120
15. Here, x = 13, y = 17, x = 3 , y = 2, nx = 20, 60 16  9   120  25  2.25 

=
ny = 30 180
nx x  ny y 60  25   120  27.25 
Combined mean  xc  = =
nx  ny 180
20 13  30 17 
= 1500  3270
20  30 =
180
260  510
= 4770
50 =
180
770
= = 26.5
50
= 15.4 = 5.15
84
84

Chapter 08: Measures of Dispersion

17. Here, 
n n n n 21.  100 = 16 and x = 25
x
 x = 30,  y = 40,  x
i i
2
i = 220, y 2
i =340
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
=4
 xi 30  2 = 16
x= = = 6,
n 5
530
 yi 40
x = 530,  xi  x  = 70
2
y= = =8 22. x= = 53, i
n 5 10
nx x  ny y x  x
2
70
Combined mean  xc  =  S.D. =  = i
= = 7 = 2.64
nx  ny n 10
5  6   5 8  2.64
=  C.V. =  100 =  100 = 4.98
55 x 53
ns
30  40 70
= = =7
10 10
Critical Thinking
Now, dx = x – xc = 6 – 7 = – 1
dy = y – x c = 8  7 = 1 2. Least possible value of x
io
1 1 = Greatest Value  Range
x2 =  xi 2   x  = (220)  (6) = 44  36
2 2
n 5 = 35  23 = 12
=8 1 2
at
1 1 3. 2 = (3 + 72 + 102 + 182 + 222)
y =  yi 2   y  = (340)  (8)2 = 68  64
2 2
5
n 5 2
3  7 10 18  22 
=4   
 Combined standard deviation (c)  5 
n x x2  d x2   n y   y2  d y2 
lic =
966
 (12)2
= 5
nx + ny
= 193.2  144
5 8   1   5  4  1 
ub
2 2
= 49.2
=    
55 4. Here,
5  8  1  5  4  1 N = fi = 12, fixi = 132, fi x i2 =1692
= 2
10 1692  132 
P
 V(X) =   
5  9   5  5 12  12 
=
10 = 141  121
45  25 = 20
et
=
10
5. When each item of a data is multiplied by ,
=
70 variance is multiplied by 2.
10 Hence, new variance = 52  9 = 225
rg
= 7
6. V(aX) = a2 V(X)
= 2.65
 Required variance = 22  23.33 = 93.32
Ta
 7
18. C.V. =  100 =  100 = 25 7. It is given that each of the two populations has
x 28
100 observations which are 100 consecutive
S.D. 19.76 integers. So, sum of the squares of deviations
19. C.V. =  100 =  100 from their respective means are same.
Mean 35.16
VA
20. We have, C.V. = 50 and S.D. = 20  VA = VB  =1
VB
S.D.
 C.V. =  100
| Mean | 8. Let the two unknown items be x and y, then
20 x = 4.4
 50 =  100
| Mean | 1 2  6  x+ y
 = 4.4
20 5
 |Mean| =  100
50  x + y = 13
 Mean = 40 Here, variance = 8.24
85


12  22  62  x 2 + y 2  f d2   f d 
2
  (mean)2 = 8.24  2
= i i  i i
5
2 2
 fi   fi 
x + y = 97 2
900  30 
Solving, x = 9, y = 4 or x = 4, y = 9 =  
10  10 
9. Let x1, x2, x3, …, x100 be 100 observations. Then, 2 = 90  9 = 81
1 100
=9
Variance =
100
x
i 1
i
2
 (Mean)2
18. Let n1 and n2 be the number of boys and girls
1 100
respectively.
 25 =
100
x i 1
i
2
 2500
Let n = 200, xc = 65, x1 = 70, x2 = 62, 1 = 8,
n
2 = 10
  xi 2 = 252500
Here, n1 + n2 = n
ns
i 1
 n1 + n2 = 200 …(i)
10. Since, S.D.  Range = b – a n1 x1  n 2 x2
Combined mean ( xc ) =
 Var (x)  (b  a)2 or (b  a)2  Var (x) n1  n 2
n1  70   n 2  62 
io
st n2 1  65 = …[From (i)]
11. S.D. of 1 n natural numbers = 200
12  70n1 + 62n2 = 13000
For n = 7, 
at
35n1 + 31n2 = 6500 …(ii)
72  1 Solving (i) and (ii), we get
this value = = 4= 2 n1 = 75, n2 = 125
12
 Number of boys = 75
12. S.D. =
1 n
2
  xi    x 
2
lic d1 = x1  xc = 70  65 = 5
n  i 1  d2 = x2  xc = 62  65 = 3
= 636.67  625 Combined S.D. (c)
n1  12  d12   n 2  2 2  d 2 2 
ub
= 11.67 =
= 3.42 n1  n 2
75  64  25   125 100  9 
14. As S.D. is independent of change of origin. S.D. =
200
P
of y1  3, y2  3, …, yn  3 is also 6.
So, their variance is 36. 6675  13625
=
200
15. Corrected  x = 40  200  50 + 40 = 7990
et
20300
7990 = = 101.5 = 10.07
 Corrected = x = = 39.95 200
200
Incorrect  x2 75  78  80  86  91  88  83
19. Here, x =
rg
= n [2 + x 2 ] = 200 [152 + 402] = 365000 7

581
Corrected  x2 = = 83
7
= 365000  2500 + 1600
 xi = 581,  (xi  x )2 = 196
Ta
= 364100
1 1
 S.D. =  =  x  x  196 = 5.29
2
364100 =
 Corrected  =   39.95  = 14.98
2
i
n 7
200
 5.29
 C.V. =  100 =  100 = 6.37
17. |x| 83
Class fi xi di = xi  A, fidi fidi2 20.  fi = 35,  fi xi = 4729,  fi (xi  x )2 = 62.9

A = 25
and x = f x i i
=
4729
= 135.11
0-10 1 5 – 20 – 20 400 f i 35
10-20 3 15 – 10  30 300
1 1
 f i  xi  x  =  62.9 = 1.34
2
20-30 4 25 0 0 0  S.D. =
N 35
30-40 2 35 10 20 200 S.D 1.34
Total 10  30 900  C.V. =  100 =  100 = 0.99
x 135.11
86
86


21. Here,  fi = 50,  fi xi = 3130, 5. Let the unknown numbers be x and y.
 fi (xi  x )2 = 106 Mean = 8
 f i xi 3130 2  4  10  12  14  x  y
 x = = = 62.6  8
 fi 50 7
 x + y = 14 …(i)
1 06
 = f  x  x  = = 1.46 Variance = 16
2
i i
N 50
22  42  102  122  142  x 2  y 2
Now, Variance = 2 = 2.12 
7

 C.V. =  100 = 2.33 – (mean)2 = 16
x  460 + x2 + y2 = 7[16 + (8)2]
22. Let the standard deviations of two distributions  460 + x2 + y2 = 560
be 1 and 2 respectively. Then,  x2 + y2 = 100 …(ii)
ns
1  Solving (i) and (ii), we get
50 =  100 and 60 = 2  100 x = 6 , y = 8 or x = 8 , y = 6
30 25
 Product = 48
 1 = 15 and 2 = 15
 1  2 = 0 6. Since, mean = 6
io
a  b  8  5  10
 =6
Competitive Thinking 5
a+b=7
at
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 +10  (a  6) = (1  b) ….(i)
1. Here, x = =6
 x  x
5 2
i
1 6.80 =
 variance =  (xi  x )2 n
1
n
lic  6.80 =
(a  6) 2  (b  6) 2  4  116
= {(2  6)2 + (4  6)2 + (6  6)2 5
5
+ (8  6)2 + (10  6)2}  34 = (a  6)2 + (b  6)2 + 21
 (a  6)2 + (b  6)2 = 13
ub
1
= {16 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 16}  (1  b)2 + (b  6)2 = 13 ….[From (i)]
5 2 2
1  b  2b + 1 + b  12b + 36 = 13
= {40} = 8  2b2  14b + 24 = 0
5
 b2  7b + 12 = 0
P
2. Variance = x i
2
 ( x)2  b = 3, 4
n  b = 3  a = 4 and b = 4
2 2
 42  .... 1002 
 
2  4  .... 100 
2
a=3
et
= 
50  50  7. Corrected x 2
= 2830  202 + 302
4(1  2  ....  50 )
2 2 2
=  (51) 2 = 3330
50
Corrected x = 170  20 + 30
rg
 50  51101 
= 4   (51) = 3434  2601= 833
2
= 180
 50  6  2
3330  180 
 Corrected Variance =  
n2 1 15  15 
Ta
3. Variance of first n natural numbers =

12 = 78
for n = 20 15
Variance of first 20 natural numbers =

202  1 8. Corrected x
i 1
2
i = 3600 – 400 + 1600
12
= 4800
133
= 15
4 Corrected x
i 1
i = 175 – 20 + 40
4. Since, root mean square ≥ A.M. = 195
n n 2
x 2
1 x i  Corrected Variance =
4800  195 
 
 i 1
≥ i 1 15  15 
n n
= 320 – (13)2
400 400 = 320 – 169
 ≥5 ≥ 25  n ≤ 16
n n = 151
87


15. Let a, a, ...n times and – a, – a, – a, – a, ...
9. = x i
2
x
2
n times i.e., mean = 0 and
n
n(a  0) 2  n(a  0) 2
 4= x i
2
 (50) 2
S.D. 
2n
100
na 2  na 2
 16 = x i
2
– 2500  x 2
= 251600
 2
2n
= a 2  a
i
100
Hence, | a |  2 .
31  32  33  ....  47
10. Mean x  16. Here, 12 = 4, 22 = 5, X1 = 2, X 2 = 4
17
 17  and n1 = n2 = 5
 2 (31  47)   n  n1 X 1  n 2 X 2
=  ....  Sn  (a  t n )   X= =3
 17   2  n1  n 2
ns
 
d1 = X1  X = 2  3 = 1,
 x = 39
Now, d2 = X 2  X = 4  3 = 1
1 Let 2 be the combined variance. Then,
io
2 = ( x  x ) 2
n1  12  d12   n 2   22  d 22 
N 2 =
1 n1  n 2
= (31  39)2  (32  39)2  ....  (47  39)2 
17  (4  1)  (5  1) 11
at
= 
1 2 2
= 82  7 2  62  ....  12  0  12  22  ...  82 
17

2 17. Coefficient of variation =  100
= 12  22  32  ....  82 
17
lic 21
x
2 1   60 =  100
=  (8)(8  1)(2  8  1)  x
17  6   x  35
 n 1 
ub
....   x 2   n(n  1)(2n  1)  
 x 1 6  18. Coefficient of variation =  100
x
= 24
3.24
 S.D. =  = 24 = 2 6  7.2 =  100
x
P
2  3  a  11 16  a 3.24
11. x =  x=  100 = 25
4 4 7.2
Now,
et
1 standard deviation
2 = ( x  x ) 2 19. Coefficient of variation =  100
N Mean

 (3.5)2 =
 4  9  a 2  121   16  a 2  45 =
12
 100
 
rg
4  4  45  12 540
49 134  a 2 256  32a  a 2  =  = 5.4
 =  100 100
4 4 16
 3a2  32a + 84 = 0 250
Ta
20. S.D. () = = 25 = 5

10
13. We know that (ax + b) = |a| ((x))

So (1 – 4x) = |– 4| (x) = 4  2.6 = 10.4 Hence, coefficient of variation = 100
mean
14. Let x1, x2, ...., x30 be actual weights of 30 fishes 5
=  100 = 10
and y1, y2, ...., y30 be the weights of fishes taken 50
from misaligned increasing scale. Then,
yi = xi + 2; i = 1,2,....,30 
21. C.V. =  100
 Y  X  2 and Y = X x
When C.V. = 55,  = 22
...[ Standard deviation is independent of
22
change of origin] 55 =  100
x1
 30 = X  2 and Y = 2 22
 X  28 and Y = 2  x1 =  100 = 40
55
88
88


For C.V.= 65,  = 39 B
and C.V. of B = 100
39 x
x2 =  100 = 60
65
B
 Means are 40, 60.  2= 100
x
A
22. C.V. of A =  100
x 2x
 B = ….(ii)
A 100
 4= 100
x From (i) and (ii),
4x
 A = ….(i) A = 2B
100
Evaluation Test
ns
2. S. D. of first n natural numbers 2
 x j2
  xj 
1 2  x 
2
 x   Standard deviation =  
n  n 
io
 x    …  x 
n  n   n 
2
1341  153 
n(n  1)(2n  1)  n(n  1) 
2
=   = 74.5  72.25 = 1.5
  18  18 

at
6n  2n 
2 5. When each item of a data is multiplied by ,
(n  1)(2n  1)  n  1 
   variance is multiplied by 2.
6  2 
Hence, new variance = 52  9 = 225

n  1  2n  1 n  1 

lic

2  3 2 
 6. Let the two unknown items be x and y, then
Mean = 4
n  1  4n  2  3n  3  1+ 2 + 6 + x + y
 
ub
  =4
2  6  5
n2 1  x + y = 11 ...(i)

12 and variance = 5. 2
12  22  62  x 2  y 2
  (mean)2 = 5.2
P
3. Here n1 = 5, x1  8 ,   18 , n2 = 3 2
1 5
x2  8 , 22  24  41 + x2 + y2 = 5 [5.2 + (4)2]
5  8  3  8 64  41 + x2 + y2 = 106
x  combined mean   8
et
53 8  x2 + y2 = 65 ...(ii)
n ( 2  d 2 )  n 2 ( 22  d 22 ) Solving (i) and (ii) for x and y, we get
Combined variance  1 1 1 ,
n1  n 2 x = 4, y = 7 or x = 7, y = 4
rg
where d1  x1  x , d 2  x2  x ax  b a b
7. Let y = i.e., y = x +
Now, d1 = 8  8; d2 = 8  8 = 0 c c c
5(18)  3(24) 90  72 a b
Combined variance   i.e., y = Ax + B, where A = , B =
Ta
53 8 c c
162  y =Ax +B
 = 20.25
8
 y  y = A(x  x )
18 18
4.  ( x  8)  9   x
j j  153  (y  y )2 = A2 (x  x )2
j 1 j1
 (y  y )2 = A2 (x  x )2
18
and  ( x  8)
j1
j
2
 45  n.2y  A 2 .n 2x  2y  A 22x
18   y | A | x
 (x 2
j  16 x j  64)  45
a
j 1
 y  x
18 18 c
 x
j1
2
j  45  64  18  16  x j
j 1 a
Thus, new S.D.  
= 45 – 1152 + 2448 = 1341 c
89
Textbook
Chapter No.
09 Probability
Hints
Classical Thinking The number of girls is more than that of the

boys if either 3 girls are chosen or two girls and
5. Here, P(A) = 1 one boy is chosen. This can be done in
P  A  = 1  P(A) = 0
ns
 3
C3 + 3C2  5C1 ways
= 1 + 3  5 = 16 ways.
6. Here, n(S) = 2  2  2  2 = 16 16 2
A: Event of getting all heads  Required probability = =
56 7
io
 A = {(HHHH)}
 n (A) = 1 16. Number of tickets, numbered such that it is
10000
 P (A) =
1 divisible by 20 are = 500
20
at
16
500 1
Hence, required probability =  .
7. Here, n(S) = 52 10000 20
There is one queen of club and one king of heart
17. Total no. of ways = 3! = 6
 Favourable ways = 1 + 1 = 2
2 1
lic Favourable ways = 1
 Required Probability = = 1
52 26  Probability =
6
12 3
ub
8. Required probability = = . 18. Probability of keeping at least one letter in
52 13 1
wrong envelope = 1 
9. Total number of outcomes = 36 n!
Favourable number of outcomes = 6  option (B) is the correct answer.
P
i.e., {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} 19. Sample space when six dice are thrown = 66
6 1 All dice show the same face means we are
 Required probability = =
36 6 getting same number on all six dice which can
be any one of the six numbers 1, 2, …, 6.
et
3 1
10. Required probability = =  No. of ways of selecting a number is 6C1.
36 12 6
C1 1
 Required probability = = 5
5 1 66 6
11. Required probability = =
rg
25 5
20. P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
12. Odd and perfect square (< 10) are 1, 9. 5 1 1
 =   P(A  B)
2 1 8 4 2
Hence, required probability = =
Ta
10 5 1
 P(A  B) =
8
13. Since there are one A, two I and one O, hence
1 2 1 4 21. Since, events are mutually exclusive, therefore
the required probability = =
11 11 P(A  B) = 0 i.e., P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
3
14. Two fruits out of 6 can be chosen in 6C2 = 15  0.7 = 0.4 + x  x =
10
ways.
One mango and one apple can be chosen in 22. P(A or B) = P(A  B)
3
C1  3C1 = 9 ways = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
 Probability =
9
=
3 = 0.25 + 0.5  0.15 = 0.6
15 5
23. P(A) = P(A  B) + P(A  B)  P(B)
15. Three persons can be chosen out of 8 in 1 5
=   =
2 3 1
=
8
C3 = 56 ways. 3 6 3 6 2
90

Chapter 09: Probability

24. P(A) = 0.28, P(B) = 0.55, P(A  B) = 0.14  A  P(A  B) P(A  B) 1  P(A  B)
37. P   = = =
P(A  B) = P[(A  B)] = 1  P(A  B) B P(B) P(B) P(B)
= 1  [P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)]
= 1  (0.28 + 0.55  0.14) = 0.31 38. Let E1 be the event that man will be selected and
E2 be the event that woman will be selected.
25. Here, P(A  B) = 0.6 and P( A  B) = 0.3 Then
 P(A) + P(B) = P(A  B) + P(A  B) = 0.9 1 1 1
 P(A) + P(B) = 1  P(A) + 1  P(B) P(E1) = , So P( E1 ) = 1  = and
2 2 2
= 2  0.9 = 1.1 1 1 2
P(E2) = , So P( E 2 ) = 1 – =
26. Probability of getting either first class or second 3 3 3
class or third class = P(A) Clearly, E1 and E2 are independent events.
2 3 1  P( E1  E 2 ) = P( E1 )  P( E 2 )
= + +
ns
7 5 10 1 2 1
=  =
69 2 3 3
=
70
39. Let A be the event of selecting bag X, B be the
1
Probability of failing = P(A) = 1  P(A) = event of selecting bag Y and E be the event of
io
70 drawing a white ball, then
27. There are 4 kings, 13 hearts and a king of hearts 1 1 2
P(A) = , P(B) = , P(E/A) =
is common to the two blocks. 2 2 5
at
4  13  1 16 4 2
 Required probability = = and P(E/B) = =
52 52 6 3
 P(E) = P(A) P(E/A) + P(B) P(E/B)
28. Total number of ways = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
 P (head on first toss) =
2 1
= = P(A),
lic =
1 2
2 5
1 2
. + . =
2 3
8
15
4 2
2 1 3
P (head on second toss) = = = P(B) 40. Required probability =
4 2 5
ub
1  b 
and P (head on both toss) = = P(A  B) ....  The probability of the occurrence  
4 ab 

Hence, required probability is,
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) 41. Required probability =
6
=
6
P
1 1 1 3 65 11
= + – =
2 2 4 4  a 
....  The probability of the occurrence  
30. If A and B are independent, A and B are also  ab 
et
independent.
3 7
42. Here, P(A) = , P(B) =
P(A  B) 7 12
32. P(A/B) =
P(B) 4 5
 P(A) = and P(B) =
rg
Since, A and B are mutually exclusive. 7 12

So, P(A  B) = 0.  P(Problem will be considered solved even if one
0 person solves it)
Hence, P(A/B) = =0
Ta
P(B) 5 16
= 1 – [P(A)P(B)] = 1 – =
21 21
P(A  B) 0.5 5
33. P(A/B) = = =
P(B) 0.6 6 Critical Thinking
P(A  B) (3 / 8)  (5 / 8)  (3 / 4) 2 1. Here, n(S) = 2  2 = 4
34. P(A/B) = = =
P(B) (5 / 8) 5 A: Event of getting 2 heads or 2 tails
1  A = {(H H), (T T)}
P(A  B) 1  n(A) = 2
35. P(B/A) = = 4 =
P(A) 1 2 2 1
2  P(A) = =
4 2
P  A  B P  A  B 0.15 1 4 1
36. P(A/B) = = = = 2. Required probability = =
P(B) 1  P(B') 1  0.10 6 36 9
91


3. Total number of ways = 36 13. Total cases = 4
and Favourable number of cases are 1
So, probability of correct answer =
{(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (1, 5), (2, 4), 4
(3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)} = 9
9 1 14. In a leap year, there are 366 days in which 52
Hence, the required probability = = . weeks and two days. The combination of 2 days
36 4
may be: Sun – Mon, Mon – Tue, Tue – Wed,
15 5 Wed – Thu, Thu – Fri, Fri – Sat, Sat – Sun.
36 12 2
 P(53 Sun) =
5. Prime numbers are {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}. 7
Hence, required probability 15. When a coin is tossed, there are two outcomes
1  2  4  6  2 15 5 and when a dice is rolled, there are six possible
= = =
36 36 12 outcomes.
ns
6. 9 10 11 12 Hence, there are 8 (2 corresponding to head and
Ways six corresponding to tail at first toss) sample
4 3 2 1 points in the sample space.
10 5 Sample space is
io
Hence, required probability = = {HH, HT, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}.
36 18
7. One card can be selected from a pack in 52
C1 16. It six does not appear on either dice then, there
are only five possible outcomes associated with
at
ways.
 n(S) = 52C1 = 52 one dice, the number of sample points is 5  5.
A: Event of getting a red queen 17. Since, the total ‘13’ can’t be found.
 P(A) = P(diamond queen or heart queen)
=
2
52
C1 5
= =
1
lic 18. Probabilities of H1, H2 and H3 winning a race
must be in the ratio 4 : 2 : 1 (due to given
C1 52 26
condition) and should also add up to 1.
8. Favourable ways
19. Here, n(S) = 6C2 = 15
ub
= {29, 92, 38, 83, 47, 74, 56, 65}
If both are vowels, then they are selected in
8 2 2
Hence, required probability = = C2 ways = 1.
100 25 1
 Required probability =
9. Two digits, one from each set can be selected in 15
P
9  9 = 81 ways.
20. Here, n(S) = 10C2
Favourable outcomes are (1, 9), (2, 8), (3, 7),
A: Event that the watches selected are defective
(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), (7, 3), (8, 2) and (9, 1).
 n (A) = 2C2 = 1
 n(S) = 81
et
1 1
and n(A) = 9  P (A) = 10
=
9 1 C2 45
 P(A) = =
81 9 21. Total no. of ways in which 2 socks can be
rg
10. When six dice are thrown, the total number of drawn out of 9 is 9C2. The two socks match if
outcomes is 66. They can show different number either they are both black or they are both blue.
in 6P6 = 6! ways So, two matching socks can be drawn in
5
C2 + 4C2 ways.
Ta
6! 5! 5
 Required probability = = 5=
66 6 324
5
C2  4 C2 10  6 4
 Required probability = 9
= =
C2 36 9
11. The sum 2 can be found in one way i.e.,
{(1, 1)} 22. Ace is not drawn in 26 cards.
The sum 8 can be found in five ways i.e.,{(6, 2), It means 26 cards are drawn from 48 cards.
(5, 3), (4, 4), (3, 5), (2, 6)}. Similarly, the sum 48
C26
twelve can be found in one way i.e., {(6, 6)}.  Required Probability = 52
C26
7
Hence, required probability = .
36 23. n(S) = 16C11
12. Between 1 and 100, there are 25 prime numbers. A: Event that the team has exactly four bowlers.
 n(S) = 98 and n(A) = 25  n(A) = 6C4 . 10C7
6
25 C4 .10 C7 75
 P(A) =  P(A) = 16
=
98 C11 182
92


24. We have to select exactly 2 children 31. Total no. of ways = 7!
 selection contain 2 children out of 4 children Arrangement of boys and girls in alternate seats
and remaining 2 person can be selected from is B G B G B G B
2 women and 4 men Boys can occupy seat in 4! ways and girls in 3!
i.e., 4C2  6C2 ways ways.
 Total favourable ways = 6  15 = 90 3 !  4! 1
90 3  Required Probability = =
 Required probability = = 7! 35
210 7
25. A committee of 4 can be formed in 25C4 ways 32. Two 3s, one 6 and one 8 can be dialled in
A: Event that the committee contains at least 4!
= 12 ways of which only one is the correct
3 doctors 2!
 n(A) = 4C3.21C1 + 4C4 = 85 way of dialling.
ns
85 85 17 1
 P(A) = = =  Required probability =
25
C4 12650 2530 12
26. Since, cards are drawn with replacement. 33. As {(1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3), (4, 4, 4),
io
 Total no. of ways = 52  52. (5, 5, 5), (6, 6, 6)} are only favourable outcomes
Now, we can choose one suit out of four in 6 1
4  Required probability = =
C1 ways and two cards in 13  13 ways. 216 36
at
4
C1  13  13 1
 Required Probability = =
52  52 4 34. Three dice can be thrown in 6  6  6 = 216
ways. A total 17 can be obtained as
27. Besides ground floor, there are 7 floors. Since a
person can leave the cabin at any of the seven
lic {(5, 6, 6), (6, 5, 6), (6, 6, 5)}. A total 18 can be
obtained as (6, 6, 6).
floors, total no. of ways in which each of the
4 1
five persons can leave the cabin at any of the Hence, the required probability = =
216 54
7 floors = 75
ub
Five persons can leave the cabin at five different
35. Required combinations are {(2, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2),
floors in 7C5  5! ways
(2, 1, 2), (1, 3, 1,), (3, 1, 1), (1, 1, 3)}
7
C5  5!
Hence, required probability = 6 6 3
75  Required probability = = =
P
43 64 32
28. Here, n(S) = 2  2  2 = 8
If A is the event that there is no tail, then 36. Since there are 3 As and 2 N’s.
A = {(HHH)}
et
10!
Total no. of arrangements =
 n(A) = 1 3!2!
1
 P(A) = Hence, the number of arrangements in which
8 ANAND occurs without any split = 6!
rg
1 7
 P(A) = 1  P(A) = 1  = 6!3!2! 1
8 8  Required probability = =
10! 420
29. Required probability
Ta
 1  1  1 2 3 4 2 38. If both integers are even, then product is even.

=  1    1   1   = . . = If both integers are odd, then product is odd.
 3  4  5 3 4 5 5
If one integer is odd and other is even, then
30. Out of 30 numbers from 1 to 30, three numbers product is even.
can be chosen in 30C3 ways. 2
Three consecutive numbers can be chosen in  Required probability = .
3
one of the following ways:
{(1, 2, 3) , (2, 3, 4),…,(28, 29, 30)} = 28 ways 39. 15 places are occupied. This includes the
 Probability that numbers are consecutive owner's car also. 14 cars are parked in 24 places
28 1 of which 22 places are available (excluding the
= 30
=
C3 145 neighbouring places) and so the required
22
1 144 C14 15
Hence, required probability = 1 = probability 24
=
145 145 C14 92
93


40. Three numbers can be chosen out of 10 numbers 47. Since, we have
in 10C3 ways. P(AB) + P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
The product of two numbers, out of the three P(A)
chosen numbers, will be equal to the third = P(A) +
2
number, if the numbers are chosen in one of the 7 3P(A)
following ways:  
8 2
{(2, 3, 6), (2, 4, 8), (2, 5, 10)} = 3 ways 7
3 1  P(A) =
Hence, required probability = 10
= 12
C3 40
48. Since, A  B = S.
41. 4 cards can drop out of 52 in 52C4 ways. They  P(A  B) = P(S) = 1
can be one from each suit in  1 = P(A) + 2P(A)
13
C1  13C1  13C1  13C1= (13131313) ways.
…[P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)]
ns
13  13  13  13
 Required probability = 52  3(P(A)) = 1
C4
1
13  13  13  13  4!  P(A) =
= 3
52  51  50  49
io
2
2197  P(B) =
= 3
20825
49. A: Event of obtaining an even sum and
at
42. Required probability is 1 – P (no die show up 1) B: Event of obtaining a sum less than five. Since
3
5 216  125 91 A, B are not mutually exclusive,
=1–   = =
6 216 216  P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
43. We have P  A  = 0.05  P(A) = 0.95

lic =
18
36
+
6
36
–
4
36
=
5
9
Hence, the probability that the event will take …[ there are 18 ways to get an even sum i.e
place in 4 consecutive occasions {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 1),
ub
= {P(A)}4 = (0.95)4 = 0.81450625 (3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 3),
44. Number of ways in which two faulty machines (5, 5), (6, 2), (6, 4), (6, 6)} and there are 6 ways
may be detected (depending upon the test done to get a sum < 5 i.e., {(1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2),
to identify the faulty machines) = 4 C2 = 6 (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)} and 4 ways to get an even
P
sum < 5 i.e., {(1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 1)}]
and Number of favourable cases = 1
[When faulty machines are identified in the first 50. Since, we have
and the second test] P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(AB)
et
1  0.7 = 0.4 + P(B)  0.2

Hence, required probability = .
6  P(B) = 0.5.
45. The number of ways to arrange 7 white and 52. If P(A) = P(B)
rg
10! 10.9.8 As this gives,

3 black balls in a row = = = 120
7 !.3 ! 1.2.3 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
Numbers of blank places between 7 balls are 6. or
Ta
There is 1 place before first ball and 1 place P(A) = 2P(A) – P(A)
after last ball. Hence, total number of places  P(A  B) = P(A  B)
are 8. 53. Here, A = {4, 5, 6}
Hence, 3 black balls are arranged on these 3 1
8 places so that no two black balls are together  P(A) = =
6 2
in number of ways
and B = {4, 3, 2, 1}
8 7  6
= 8 C3   56 4 2
1 2  3  P(B) = =
6 3
56 7
So required probability = = .  A  B = {4}
120 15
1
 P(A  B) =
46. 0.7 = 0.4 + x – 0.4x 6
1 1 2 1
x=  P(A  B) = +  =1
2 2 3 6
94


54. A is independent of itself, if 62. In the word ‘MULTIPLE’ there are 3 vowels,
P(A  A) = P(A).P(A) out of total of 8, 1 vowel can be chosen in
3
 P(A) = P(A)2 C1 ways. In the word ‘CHOICE’ there are
 P(A) = 0, 1 3 vowels, out of the total of 6, 1 vowel can be
chosen in 3C1 ways.
55. We have P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(AB) 3
C1 3 C1 3
5 1 1 4 2  Required probability =  =
 = + P(B)  P(B) = = 8 6 16
6 2 3 6 3
1 2 1 63. A total of 7 and a total of 9 cannot occur
Thus, P(A).P(B) =  = = P(AB) simultaneously.
2 3 3
Hence, events A and B are independent.  P(total of 7 or 9)
6 4 5
20 1 10 1
= P(total of 7) + P(total of 9) = + =
56. Let P(A) = = , P(B) = = 36 36 18
ns
100 5 100 10 (A total of 7 and a total of 9 cannot occur
Since, events are independent and we have to simultaneously)
find P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A).P(B)
1 1 1 1 1
= + –  64. The probability of selecting a box is .
io
5 10 5 10 2
3 1 14 In the first box, there are 2 black balls out of 5
= – =  100 = 28% and in the second box, there are 3 black balls
10 50 50
out of 10.
at
57. Here, P(X) = 0.3; P(Y) = 0.2 1 2 1 3 7
 Required Probability =  +  =
Now P(X  Y) = P(X) + P(Y) – P(X  Y) 2 5 2 10 20
Since, these are independent events
 P(X  Y) = P(X).P(Y)
lic 65. P(G) =
25
80
, P(R) =
10
80
, P(I) =
20
80
Thus, required probability
Since events are independent,
= 0.3 + 0.2 – 0.06 = 0.44
 P(selecting rich and intelligent girls)
ub
58. In a leap year, there are 366 days in which 5
52 weeks and two days. The combination of = P(G)P(R)P(I) =
512
2 days may be: Sun-Mon, Mon-Tue, Tue-Wed,
Wed-Thu, Thu-Fri, Fri-Sat, Sat-Sun. 66. P(A  B) = P[(A  B)]
2 2 1 3
= 1  P(A  B) = 1 
P
 P(53 fri) = ; P(53 Sat) = =

7 7 4 4
There is one combination in common
1
i.e., (Fri-Sat) 67. P(A  B) =
et
3
1
 P(53 Fri and 53 Sat) = 1
7  P[(A  B)] =
3
 P(53 Fri or 53 Sat) = P(53 Fri) + P(53 Sat)
1
 1  P(A  B) =
rg
 P(53 Fri and Sat)

3
2 2 1 3
= +  = 1 2
7 7 7 7  P(A  B) = 1  =
3 3
Ta
59. Here, P(A) = P(B) = 2 P(C), 2

 P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) =
and P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1 3
1 2 1 2
 P(C) = and P(A) = P(B) =  p + 2p  =
5 5 2 3
2 2 4 2 1 7 7
Hence, P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) =  =  3p = + =  p =
5 5 5 3 2 6 18
60. For both to be boys, the probability 68. P( A  B) = P(B) – P(A  B) = y – z.
1 1 1
=    = 69. Required Probability
2  2 4
= P[(A  B)  (A  B)]
61. We have to consider order for IIT = P(A  B) + P(A  B)
10 9 10 5 = P(A)  P(A  B) + P(B)  P(A  B)
 Required probability =   =
20 19 18 38 = P(A) + P(B)  2P(A  B)
95


70. P(neither A nor B) 1
 1 – P(E) – P(F) + P(E)P(F) =
= 1  P(either A or B) = 1  P(A  B) 2
= 1  [P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)] 1 1
 1 – P(E) – P(F) + =
= 1  0.25  0.50 + 0.14 = 0.39 12 2
7
71. M: Event that student passed in Mathematics.  P(E) + P(F) =
E: Event that student passed in Electronics 12
 n(M) = 30, n(E) = 20, n(M  E) = 10, 1 1
Solving, P(E) = , P(F) =
n(S) = 80. 4 3
30 20 10 4
 P(M) = , P(E) = , P(M  E) = 78. Probability of first card to be a king =
80 80 80 52
 P(M  E) = P(M) + P(E)  P(M  E) and probability of also second to be a king
30 20 10 1 3
= +  =
ns
80 80 80 2 =
51
 P(Student has passed in none of the subject) 4 3 1
1 1 Hence, required probability =  = .
= P[(M  E)] = 1  P(M  E) = 1  = 52 51 221
2 2
io
79. Required probability = P(Diamond).P(king)
72. P(neither E1 nor E2 occurs) = P  E1'  E '2  13 4 1
= . =
= P E  P E
' '
 52 52 52
at
1 2
= (1  p1) (1  p2) 80. Second white ball can draw in two ways.
i. First is white and second is white
73. P[(A  (B  C)] = P[(A  B)  (A  C)] 4 3 2
Probability =  =
= P(A  B)+ P(A C) P[(A B) (A  C)]
= P(A  B) + P(A  C)  P(A  B  C)
lic ii.
7 6 7
First is black and second is white
3 4 2
74. P(M) =
1
 P(M) =
3 Probability =  =
4 4 7 6 7
ub
1 2 2 2 4
and P(W) =  P(W) = Hence, required probability = + = .
3 3 7 7 7
Both events are independent so that probability 81. The probability of husband is not selected
that no one will be alive is 1 6
=1– =
P
3 2 1 7 7
P(W M) = P(W) P(M) =  =
4 3 2 The probability that wife is not selected
75. Here, P(A) = p 1 4
=1– =
et
5 5
 P( A )= 1  p
The probability that only husband selected
and P(B) = q  P( B ) = 1  q 1 4 4
Probability that one person is alive is the sum of =  =
7 5 35
rg
two cases A dies B lives and A lives B dies

The probability that only wife selected
= p(1  q) + q(1  p) = p + q  2pq
1 6 6
=  =
76. Here, P(A) = 0.6 ; P(B) = 0.9 5 7 35
Ta
 Required pobability 6 4 10
Hence, required probability = + =
= P(A)P( B ) + P(B)P( A ) = (0.6)(0.1) + (0.9)(0.4) 35 35 35
= 0.06 + 0.36 = 42% 2
=
7
77. Since, E and F are independent
 P(E  F) = P(E) P(F) 82. The probability of students not solving the
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
 P(E) P(F) = problem are 1   , 1   and 1  
12 3 3 4 4 5 5
Now, E and F are independent Therefore, the probability that the problem is
 E and F are also independent 2 3 4 2
not solved by any one of them    
1 3 4 5 5
 P(E  F ) = P(E)  P(F) =
2 Hence, the probability that problem is
1 2 3
 [1 – P(E)]  [1 – P(F)] = solved  1   .
2 5 5
96


83. i. This question can also be solved by one P(B  (A  Bc ))
student 89. P(B / (A  Bc)] =
P(A  Bc )
ii. This question can be solved by two
P(A  B)
students simultaneously =
P(A)  P(Bc )  P(A  Bc )
ii. This question can be solved by three
students all together. P(A)  P(A  Bc )
=
1 1 1 P(A)  P(Bc )  P(A  Bc )
We have, P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
2 4 6 0.7  0.5 1
 P(A  B  C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = =
0.7  0.6  0.5 4
–[P(A).P(B) + P(B).P(C) + P(C).P(A)]
+ [P(A).P(B).P(C)] 90. S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TTH, TTT}
= + + –       n(S) = 8, n(E) = 4, n(F) = 4 and n(E  F) = 3
2 4 6  2 4 4 6 6 2 
ns
3
1 1 1 P(E  F)
+     E 8 3
2 4 6  P  = = =
F P(F) 4 4
33 8
=
io
48
91. P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
 A  P(A  B) P(A).P(B)  P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
84. P  = = = P(A) .
at
B P(B) P(B)
…[ P(A  B) = P(A  B)]
85. Since, A  B  A  B = B  A = A  2 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
B P(B  A) P(A) P(A  B)
Hence, P   = = =1  2 P(A). = P(A) + P(B)
A P(A) P(A)
lic P(A)
P (A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) B

86.  2 P(A). P   = P(A) + P(B)
1 1 1 23 A
= +  =
ub
3 4 5 60
P(A  B)
23 92. We know that P(A / B) =
 B  1  P(A  B) 1  60 37 3 37 P(B)
P   = = =  = Also we know that P(A  B) ≤ 1
A P(A) 1 60 2 40
1
3  P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) ≤ 1
P
 P(A  B)  P(A) + P(B)  1

87. A: Brown hair
P(A  B) P(A)  P(B)  1
40  
 P(A) = P(B) P(B)
et
100
B: Brown eyes P(A)  P(B)  1
 P(A / B) 
25 P(B)
 P(B) =
100
rg
15
93. P(E  F) = P(E).P(F)
 P(A  B) = Now, P(E  Fc) = P(E) – P(E  F)
100
15 = P(E)[1 – P(F)]
P  A  B = P(E).P(Fc)
Ta
100 3
 P(B/A) = = = c c
P(A) 40 8 and P(E  F ) = 1 – P(E  F)
100 = 1 – [P(E) + P(F) – P(E  F)
= [1 – P(E)][1 – P(F)] = P(Ec)P(Fc)
1 1 1
88. P(A  B) = P(A)  P(B/A) =  = E  Ec 
4 2 8 Also P   = P(E) and P  c  = P(Ec)
Since, P(A  B) = P(B) P(A/B) F
  F  
1 1 E E 
c
 = P(B)   P   + P  c  = 1.
8 4 F F 
1
 P(B) =
2 0.1
94. Required probability =
1 1 1 0.1+ 0.32
 P(A)P(B) =  = = P (A  B)
4 2 8 0.1 5
= =
 A and B are independent 0.42 21
97


95. It is based on Baye’s theorem. 98. We define the following events :
1 A1: He knows the answer.
Probability of picked bag A, i.e., P(A) =
2 A2 : He does not know the answer.
1 E : He gets the correct answer.
Probability of picked bag B, i.e., P(B) = 9 9 1
2 Then P(A1) = , P(A2) = 1  = ,
Probability of green ball picked from bag A 10 10 10
G 1 4 2  E   E  1
= P(A).P   =  = P   = 1 and P   =
A 2 7 7  A1   A2  4
Probability of green ball picked from bag B  Required probability is
G 1 3 3  E 
= P(B).P   =  = P(A 2 ) P  
B 2 7 14 A   A2  1
P 2  = =
2 3 1  E   E   E  37
ns
 Total probability of green ball = + = P(A1 )P    P(A 2 ) P  
7 14 2  A1   A2 
 Probability of fact that green ball is drawn from
G 99. We define the following events :
P(B)P   3
 B 3 A1 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letter from
io
bag B = = 14 = the word LONDON.
G G 1 7
P(A)P    P(B)P   A2 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from
A B 2
the word CLIFTON.
at
96. Consider the following events : E : Selecting a pair of letters ‘ON’.
A  Ball drawn is black; Then P(A1  E) =
2
; as there are 5 pairs of
E1  Bag I is chosen; 5
E2  Bag II is chosen and consecutive letters out of which 2 are ON.
E3  Bag III is chosen.
lic P(A2  E) =
1
; as there are 6 pairs of
1 A 3 6
Then P(E1) = (E2) = P(E3) = , P   = consecutive letters of which one is ON.
3  E1  5
 The required probability is
ub
A 1 A 7 2
P  = , P  =
E
 2 5 E
 3 10  A1  P(A1  E) 12
P  = = 5 =
 E  P(A1  E) + P(A 2  E) 2 1 17
 E3  +
 Required probability = P   5 6
A
P
A 5 5
P(E 3 )P   100. Required probability = =
5 3 8
=  E3 
A A A  
et
P(E1 )P   + P(E 2 )P   + P(E3 )P    If odds in favours of an event are a : b, 

 E1   E2   E3   
7 ....  then the probability of non  occurrence 
=  
15  of that event is b 
rg
 ab 
97. Let E denote the event that a six occurs and A is
the event that the man reports that it is a ‘6’, we 4 4
have 45 9
Ta
1 5 3
P(E) = , P(E) = , P(A/E) = and 102. Let p be the probability of the other event. Then
6 6 4
2
1 the probability of the first event is p.
P(A/E) = 3
4
p 3
 From Baye’s theorem,  =
2 3  2
A p p
P(E).P   3
P(E/A) = E  odds in favour of the other are 3 : 2
A A
P(E).P    P(E).P  
E  E'  103. Probabilities of winning the race by three horses
1 3 1 1 1
 are , and .
6 4 3 3 4 5
= =
1 3 5 1 8 1 1 1 47
   Hence, required probability = + + =
6 4 6 4 3 4 5 60
98


1 4 1 6 37 Then, probability of question solved by only one
104. Required probability =  +  =
2 7 2 8 56 student = P (A BC or A B C or A BC)
105. Probability of the card being a spade or an ace = P(A) P  B  P  C  + P  A  P(B) P  C 
16 4
= = . Hence, odds in favour is 4 : 9. + P  A  P  B  P(C)
52 13
So, the odds against his winning is 9: 4 1 5 5 2 2 5 2 5 3
= . . + . . + . .
3 7 8 3 7 8 3 7 8
106. We have ratio of the ships A, B and C for
arriving safely are 2 : 5, 3 : 7 and 6 : 11 25 + 20 + 30 25
= =
respectively. 168 56
 The probability of ship A for arriving safely
2 2 Competitive Thinking
= =
ns
25 7
3 3 1. n(S) = 36
Similarly, for B = = and for E = {(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
3 7 10
6 6 4 1
C= =  P(E) = 
io
6  11 17 36 9
 Probability of all the ships for arriving safely 26 13
2 3 6 18 2. Required probability = =
=   = . 36 18
at
7 10 17 595
3. n(S) = 36
107. Let A and B be two given events. The odds
A: Event that product of numbers is even
2
against A are 5:2, therefore P(A) =
lic
7
. n(A) = 27
27 3
And the odds in favour of B are 6:5, P(A) = =
36 4
6
therefore P(B) =
11 4. n(S) = 6
ub
 The required probability = 1  P (A) P (B) 1
P(T) = P(R) =
 2  6 52 6
= 1 1   1   =  P(T or R) = P(T) + P(R)
 7   11  77
P
1 1 1
=  =
(21)!2! 1 1 6 6 3
108. Required probability = = =
(22)! 11 1  10
5. Total number of ways = 2n
 Odds against = 10 : 1.
et
If head comes odd times, then favourable ways

109. Probability [Person A will die in 30 years] = 2n1.
8 2n 1 1
=  Required probability = = .
rg
85 2n 2
8 5
 P(A)   P(A)  6. For m sided die, which is thrown n times, the
13 13
probability that the number on the top is
4 3
Ta
Similarly, P(B) =  P(B)  m

Cn
7 7 increasing is given by
mn
There are two ways in which one person is alive
after 30 years. AB and AB are independent Here 6-faced die is thrown three times.
6
events. C3 5
 Required probability = 3
=
So, required probability 6 54
5 4 8 3 44
= P(A).P(B)  P(A).P(B) =     7. 3 coins are tossed
13 7 13 7 91
 S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT,
110. The probability of solving the question by these HTT, TTT}
1 2 3 A: Event of getting 2 heads
three students are, and respectively.
3 7 8  A = {HHT, HTH, THH}
1 2 3 3
 P(A) = ; P(B) = ; P(C) =  n (A) = 3  P(A) =
3 7 8 8
99


8. n(S) = 8 5!
These numbers can be arranged in
3 3!
P(2 tails) =
8 ways.
1 5!
P(3 tails) = 6C1  5C2 
8 Hence, P (X = 3) = 3!
P(at least 2 tails) = P(2 tails) + P(3 tails) 65
3 1 1 5!
=  = 6C1  5C1 
8 8 2 Similarly, P(X = 4) = 4!
65
2 1 5!
9. Required probability =  6C1  5C0 
10 5 and P (X = 5) = 5!
65
10. n(S) = 4 C 2
1356 226
ns
P(no black ball) = P(red ball) ∴ P (X ≥ 3) = 5  4
6 6
2
C2 1
= 4
= 15. n(S) = 12C3
C2 6
P(not of same colour) = 1  P (Same colour)
io
11. 3 batteries can be selected from 10 batteries in
10
= 1   P(red ball)  P(black ball)  P(whiteball)
C3 ways.
3 dead batteries can be selected from 4 dead  5C 3
C 4
C 
= 1   12 3  12 3  12 3 
at
batteries in 4C3 ways.  C3 C3 C3 
 Probability that the all 3 selected batteries are  60  6  24 
C 4
4 3 2 1 =1  
dead = 10 3 = =  1320 
C3 10  9  8 30
lic =
41
44
12. n(S) = 10 C 4
A: Event of getting 2 red balls 16. Total rusted items = 3 + 5 = 8;
n(A) = 4 C 2  6C 2 unrusted nails = 3.
ub
4
C 2  6C 2 9 38 11
 P(A) = =  Required probability = = .
10
C4 21 6  10 16
17. Number which are cubes
13. STATISTICS  SSS TTT A II C
P
13 = 1, 23 = 8, 33 = 27, 43 = 64
ASSISTANT  SSS TT AA I N
4 1
 S, T, A and I are the common letters.  Required probability = 
3 3 100 25
C1 C1 1
 Probability of choosing S =  =
et
10 9 10 18. S = {18, 16, 14, …., 20}

3
C1 2 C1 1 n(S) = 20
Probability of choosing T =  =
10 9 15 A : no. divisible by both 4 and 6
rg
1
C1 2 C1 1 A = {12, 0, 12}
Probability of choosing A =  = n(A) 3
10 9 45 P(A) = =
2
C1 1 C1 1 n(S) 20
Probability of choosing I =  =
Ta
10 9 45 19. In a non leap year, there are 365 days which has
1 1 1 1 19 52 weeks and 1 day.
 Required probability =    =
10 15 45 45 90 1
 P(53 Sundays) =
14. Let r.v. X denote the number of faces showing 7
same number. 20. Here, n(S) = 36
To find: P (X ≥ 3) = P (X = 3) + P (X = 4) Also, n(F), where F is the set of favourable
+ P (X = 5) cases.
When five dice are thrown simultaneously, the F = {(6, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3)}
number of outcomes = 65 i.e., n(S) = 65 where 1st number in ordered pair gives the
When X = 3, number of black die and 2nd number gives the
A number occuring on three dice can be selected number on white die.
in 6C1 ways and ramaing two numbers can be
3 1
selected in 5C 2 ways.  required probability = 
36 12
100


21. Here, n(S) = 52C1  51C1 = 52  51 Probability that B does not solve the problem
A: Event that both cards chosen are Ace. 1 2
=1 =
 n(A) = 4C1  3C1 = 12 3 3
12 1 Probability that C does not solve the problem
 P(A) = =
52  51 221 1 4
=1 =
5 5
22. There are 8 even numbers from 1 to 17
Probability that at least one of them solve
8
 Probability of selecting 1 even number = problem = 1  no one solves the problem
17
 1  2  4 
Remaining number of tickets = 16 = 1     
There are 7 even numbers in the remaining  2  3  5 
tickets. 4 11
=1 =
 Probability of selecting second even number 15 15
ns
7 29. The probability of A, B, and C not finishing the
=
16 1 1 1 2
8 7 7 game is, 1 – = , 1 – = and
 Required probability =  = 2 2 3 3
17 16 34
io
1 3
1– = respectively.
10! 4 4
2  The probability that the game is not finished by
23. Required probability = 2! =
at
11! 11 1 2 3 1
any one of them =   =
2!2! 2 3 4 4
 The probability that the game is finished
24. HULULULU  contains 4U, 3L, 1H
1 3
lic
Consider 3L together i.e., we have to arrange
6 units which contains 4U.
= 1
4
=
4
Hence number of possible arrangements 30. Total balls = 5 + x
6! Two balls are drawn.
= = 6  5 = 30
ub
4!  n(S) = 5 + xC2
Number of ways of arranging all letters of given 5
Given, probability of red balls drawn =
8! 8765 14
word = = =875
3! 4! 3 2 5 5
C2
 =
P
5 x
30 14 C2
Hence required probability =
875 5 5! (3  x )! 2!
 = 
6 3 14 3!2! (5  x )!
= =
et
87 28 5 20 1
 = 
14 1 (5  x )(4  x )
25. The number of vowels = 5 and
the number consonants = 4 20 14
 (5 + x) (4 + x) =
rg
5C1  4C1 5  4 5 5
Required probability =  
9C 2 36 9  (5 + x) (4 + x) = 56  x = 3
26. Let E be the event that the numbers are divisible 31. Favorable number of cases = 20
C1 = 20
Ta
by 4. Sample space = 62 C1 = 62
 E = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24} 20 10
 n(E) = 6  Required probability = 
62 31
 n(E) = 20
32. No. of defective bulbs = 6
20 10
 Required probability = P(E) = =  No. of non-defective bulbs = 4
26 13 3 bulbs can be selected out of 10 light bulbs in
10
27. P (at least 1H) = 1 – P (No head) C3 ways.
1 15  n(S) = 10C3
= 1 – P (four tail) = 1 – = Let A be the event that room is lighted.
16 16
 A' is the event that the room is not lighted.
28. Probability that A does not solve the problem For A the bulbs should be selected from the 6
=1
1
=
1 defective bulbs. This can be done in 6C3 ways.
2 2  n(A') = 6C3
101


n(A ') 6
C3 40. Let R1 be the event that the first ball drawn is
 P(A')  = 10 red,
n(S) C3
 P(A) = 1  P(A) B1 be the event that the first ball drawn is black,
6
C3
R2 be the event that the second ball drawn is
=1 10 red.
C3
Required probability
1 5
=1 =  R2   R2 
6 6 = P(R1) . P   + P(B1) . P  
R
 1  B1 
5 4 6 6 4
33. 0.8 = 0.3 + x – 0.3x  x = . =  + 
7 10 12 10 12
34. Since events are mutually exclusive, therefore 2
=
P(A  B) = 0 i.e., P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
ns
5
3
 0.7 = 0.4 + x  x = 41. Let E be the event of getting black ball.
10
Let E1 be the event of selecting bag A.
35. Since, P(A + B + C) Let E2 be the event of selecting bag B.
io
= P(A) + P(B) +P(C) Let E3 be the event of selecting bag C.
2 1 1 13 Required Probability
= + + = ,
3 4 6 12 E E
at
which is greater than 1. = P (E1)  P   + P (E2)  P  
Hence, the statement is wrong.  E1   E2 
E
36. A: Student who know lesson I + P (E3)  P  
B: Student who know lesson II
lic  E3 
P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.4, P(A  B) = 0.2 1 3 C1 1 2
C1 1 2 C1
=     
Required probability = 1  P(A  B) 3 5 C1 3 6
C1 3 5 C1
= 1  [P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)] 1 3 1 2 1 2
ub
=     
= 1  (0.6 + 0.4  0.2) 3 5 3 6 3 5
1 4
= 0.2 = =
5 9
37. Set of even numbers that can come up on die
P
42. Given, P(A  B) = 0.6 and P(A  B) = 0.2

= {2, 4, 6}
We know that, if A and B are any two events,
 Probability of it being either 2 or 4
then P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
1 1 2
et
=  =  0.6 = 1 – P(A) + 1  P(B)  0.2

3 3 3
 P(A)  P(B)  2  0.8 = 1.2
3 1 4 2
38. Here, P(A) = = , P(B) = =
6 2 6 3
rg
3 1
and P(A  B) = Probability of getting a number 43. Given P(A  B) = and P(A  B) =
5 5
greater than 3 and less than 5 We know P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
1 3 1
= Probability of getting 4 =
Ta
6   1  P(A)  1  P(B) 
5 5
 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) 4
1 2 1  2   P(A)  P(B)
= +  =1 5
2 3 6
6
 P(A)  P(B)  .
39. n(S) = 10 C3 5
A: event that minimum of chosen numbers is 3
44. P(A  B) = P(A)  P(A  B)
B: event that maximum of chosen number is 7.
4 1 3
 =
7 6 3
C2 C2 C1 =
P(A) = 10
, P(B) = 10
, P(A  B) = 10 5 2 10
C3 C3 C3
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) 45. P(A  B) = P(A)  P(A  B)
7 6 3
C C2 C1 11 2
= 10 2 + 10
 10
= = 0.7  0.3 = 0.4 =
C3 C3 C3 40 5
102

46.  
P A  B = P(A  B)  P (A) =
9
=
1
36 4
= 1  P(A  B)
When two coins are tossed simultaneously,
= 1  P(A)  P(B) + P(A  B)
n (S) = 4
= 1  0.25  0.50 + 0.14 = 0.39
B : Event that we get one head and one tail
47. P(A  B) = 1 – P(A  B)  n (B) = 2
2 2 1
 P(A  B) =  P (B) = =
3 4 2
Now P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) Since both the events are independent of each
2 1 1 other,
 =x+x– x=
3 3 2 1
 Required probabiity = P (A) . P (B) =
48. Since A and B are mutually exclusive, 8
ns
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
3 1 4 52. P(A  B) = P(A  B) = 1  P (A  B)
= + = = 0.8
5 5 5 Since A and B are mutually exclusive, so
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
io
1
49. Probability of getting head = Hence, required probability = 1  (0.5 + 0.3)
2
1 = 0.2
Probability of die showing 3 =
at
6 53. Consider option (B)
Since both events are independent, the required P(A  B) = [1  P(A)] [1  P(B)]
1 1 1
probability =  =  P(A  B) = P(A)  P(B)
50. Here, n(S) = 36

2 6 12
lic  A and B are independent events.
Let A be the event that a sum is 7. 54. P(neither A nor B) = P  A  B 

∴ n(A) = 6
= P (A) .P (B) = 0.6  0.5
ub
1
∴ p(A) =
6 = 0.3
Let B be the event that a sum is 11.
∴ n(B) = 2 55. P  A  B  = 1  P  A  B
P
∴ p(B) =
1 = 1   P(A)  P(B)  P  A  B  
18
=11=0
Let N be the event that sum is neither 7 nor 11.
∴ n(N) = 28 56. Let A be the event that a man will live 10 more
et
7 years.
∴ p(N) =
9 1
∴ Required probability = P (A accures before B)  P(A) =
4
rg
= P (A) + P (N∩A) + P (N∩N∩A) + ... Let B be the event that his wife will live 10
= P (A) + P (N) P (A) + [P (N)]2 P(A) + … more years.
…[Independent events]
1
1 1 7 1 7 1 7
2 3
 P(B) =
Ta
=            ... 3
6 6 9 6 9 6 9
 Required probability = P(A  B)
Which is geometric progression
= P(A) P(B)
1
3 3 2 1
∴ Required Probabiity = 6 = =  =
7 4 4 3 2
1
9
3 1
57. P(A) = and P(B) =
51. When two dice are thrown simultaneously, 8 2
n (S) = 36 3 1 3
A: Event that both the numbers on top are prime  P(A) P(B) =  
8 2 16
number
2 1
 A = {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), and P(A  B) =   P(A).P(B)
(5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 5)} 8 4
 n (A) = 9  A and B are dependent.
103


58. Since, A and B are independent events Probability that no student solve the problem
 P(A  B) = P(A).P(B) = P(A  B  C  D)
= [1 – P(A) ] [1 – P(B) ]
 1  1  1  1 1 2 3 4 1
= [1 – 2/3] [1 – 2/7] = 1  1  1  1       
 2 3
 4 5 2 3 4 5 5
 
1 5 5
=   …[As A,B, C, D are independent events]
3 7 21
 Probability that the problem will be solved by
2 5
59. P  A  B = 0.8 and P(B) =  P  B = at least one student = P(ABCD)
7 7
= 1  P(A  B  C  D)
 P(A) + P  B  P  A  B = 0.8
 
 P(A) + P  B   P  A .P B = 0.8 = 1
1
5
…[As A and B are independent events] 4
ns
=
5 5 5
 P(A) +  P(A) = 0.8
7 7
64. Let Ai(i = 1, 2) denote the event that ith plane
2 3
 P(A) =  P(A) = 0.3 hits the target.
io
7 35
Clearly, A1 and A2 are independent events.
60. Since E1  E 2  E1  E 2 Required probability = P(A1  A2 )
and (E1  E 2 )  (E1  E 2 )   = P(A1 )P(A 2 )
at
1
 P{(E1  E 2 )  (E1  E 2 )}  P()  0  = (1  0.3)(0.2) = 0.14
4
65. Total number of defective items
1
61. P  A  B =
6
lic =
2
100
 2500 +
3
100
 3500 +
5
100
 4000
1
 1  P(A  B) = = 355
6 Number of defective items from machine C
ub
5 5
 P(A  B) = =  4000 = 200
6 100
5 200 40
 P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) =  Required probability = =
6 355 71
P
3 1 5 1
 + P(B)  =  P(B) =
4 4 6 3 66. 
P(B  C) = P(B)  P A  B  C  P A  B  C    
1 3 1
Clearly, P(A  B) = =  = P(A) P(B) 3 2 1
4 4 3 =  =
et
4 3 12
So, A and B are independent.
Also, P(A)  P(B). So, A and B are not equally 67. Let A1 – student passes in Test - I
likely. A2 – student passes in Test - II
rg
1 1 A3 – student passes in Test – III

62. P(A  B) = and P  A  B   A – student is successful
6 3
1 1 A – (A1  A2  A3)  (A1  A2  A3)
 P(A) P(B) = and P(A)P(B)   (A1  A2  A3)
Ta
6 3
1 1  P(A) = P(A1) . P(A2) . P(A3)
 xy = and (1  x) (1  y) = , + P(A1) . P(A2) . P(A3) + P(A1) . P(A2) . P(A3)
6 3
where P(A) = x, P(B) = y 1 1 1 1
 = p . q. + p . (1 – q) . + p . q .
1 1 1 2 2 2 2
 xy = and 1  x  y + =  p + pq = 1  p (1 + q) = 1
6 6 3
1 5 68. The sample space is [LWW, WLW]
 xy = and x + y =
6 6  P(LWW) + P(WLW)
1 1 1 1 = Probability that in 5 match series, it is India’s
x= and y = or x = and y =
2 3 3 2 second win
63. Let A, B, C and D be the events that the = P(L)P(W)P(W) + P(W)P(L)P(W)
problem will be solved by 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th 1 1
=  =
2 1
=
students respectively. 8 8 8 4
104


3 4 76. AB …[Given]
69. Here, P(A) =
, P(B) =
4 5 A∩B=A …(i)
1 1 P(A  B)
 P(A) = and P(B) =  P (A | B) =
4 5 P(B)
 Required probability P (A)
= …[From (i)]
7 P (B)
= P(A).P(B)  P(A).P(B) = .
20
 P (A | B) ≥ P (A) …[ 0 < P (B) ≤ 1]
4 1
70. P (A) = , P (A) = 77. For S and T as independent events,
5 5
3 2 P(S/T) = P(S). Thus, P(S/T) = 0.3.
P (B) = , P(B) =
5 5 7
P  A  B  10
ns
 P(both are false) = P(A) . P(B) 7 20 14
78. P(A/B) =    
1 2 2 P  B 17 10 17 17
= . =
5 5 25 20
 P (atleast one of them is true)
79. P(A  B) = P(A) P (B/A)
io
= 1 – P (both are false)
1 2 1
2 23  P(A  B) =  =
=1– = 4 3 6
25 25
P(A  B)
at
Now, P(A/B) =
71. Consider the following events: P(B)
A = ‘X’ speaks truth, B = ‘Y’ speaks truth. 1 1 1
60 3 50 1  = 
Then, P(A) = = and P(B) = = 2 6 P(B)
100 5 100
lic
2
1
Required probability = P  (A  B)  (A  B)   P(B) =
3
= P(A  B) + P(A  B) 80. Probability that both mangoes are good
ub
3 1 2 1 1 6C2 1
=  +  = = P(A) = 
5 2 5 2 2 10C2 3
72. Consider the following events: Probability that of only one mango is good
X = ‘A’ speaks truth, Y = ‘B’ speaks truth 6C1  4C1
P
8
70 7 80 4
= P(B) = 
Then, P(X) =  and P(Y) =  10C 2 15
100 10 100 5
Probability that at least one magno is good
Required probability = P[(X  Y )  ( X  Y)]
et
13
7 1 3 4 = P(C) = P(A) + P(B) =
=    15
10 5 10 5
A
19 Hence, required proability = P  
C
rg
= = 0.38
50
P(A  C)
=
73. Consider the following events: P(C)
A = family who owns a car, P(A  C) = P(A) + P(C) – P (A  C)
Ta
B = family who owns a house

Note that P(A  C) = P(C)
Required probability = P(A  B)  P(A  B)
∴ P (A  C) = P(A)
60  30  20 20 70  20
=  = = 0.5 1
100 100 100  A  P(A) 5
∴ P   3 
 
C P(C) 13 13
1
  15
 B  P(A  B) 2
=  = .
10
74. P  =
A P(A)  
1 5 81. Event that at least one of them is a boy  A,
 
4 Event that other is girl  B,
1 1 So, required probability
75. P   
 
 A  P A  B P  B   P  A  B  8  14 3
   P(B/A) =
P(B  A)
B P  B P  B 1 7 P(A)
8 Now, total cases are 3 (BG, BB, GG)
105


1 1 1 1
P(B  A) 3 1 =  =
   4 4 2
P(A) 2 2 Hence, statement III is incorrect.
3
…[ B  A = {BG} and A = {BG,BB}] 85. P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.6 and P(A|B) = 0.5
P(A  B) P(A  B)
P(A|B) = ⇒ 0.5 =
82. Consider the following events: P(B) P(B)
A = Sum of the digits on the selected tickets is 8. ⇒ P(A  B) = 0.5 (P(B)) = (0.5) (0.6) = 0.3
B = Product of the digits on the selected ticket is P(A ' B) P(B)  P  A  B 
zero. P(A′ | B) = 
P(B) P(B)
There are 14 tickets having product of digits
appearing on them as zero. The numbers on 0.6  0.3 0.3 3 1
   
such tickets are 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 0.6 0.6 6 2
ns
08, 09, 10, 20, 30, 40.
86. Consider the following events:
14 1
 P(B) = and P(A  B) = S = person is smoker,
50 50
NS = person is non smoker,
P(A  B) 1
io
 Required probability = P(A/B) = = D = death due to lung cancer
P(B) 14
D  D 
P(D) = P(S)P   + P(NS)P  
83. M: student studying maths S  NS 
at
S: student studying science 20 D 80 1 D
 P (M  S) = 40% = 0.4  0.006 =  P  +   P 
100 S 100 10 S
P (M) = 60% = 0.6
D 1000  0.006 6 3
Probability of student studying science given the  P  = = 
student is already studying maths
lic S 280 280 140
= P (S/M) = P (M  S) / P (M) 87. Let E denote the event that a five occurs and A
0.4 2 be the event that the man reports it as ‘6’. Then,
= =
ub
0.6 3 1 5
P(E) = , P(E) =
1 P(A  B) 6 6
 B  P(A  B)
84. P  =  = 2 1
A P(A) 2 1/ 4 P(A/E) = , P(A/E) =
3 3
1
 P(A  B) =
P
From Baye’s theorem,

8
P  E   P  A/E 
Hence, events A and B are not mutually P(E/A) =
exclusive. P  E   P  A/E   P  E   P  A/E 
et
 Statement II is incorrect. 1 2
 2
A P(A  B) 1 = 6 3 =
Now, P   =  P(B) = 1 2 5 1 7
B P(B) 2   
6 3 6 3
rg
 1 
…  P(A  B)   P(A).P(B) 
 8  88. Let E1 be the event that the ball is drawn from
 events A and B are independent events. bag A, E2 the event that it is drawn from bag B
and E that the ball is red. We have to find
Ta
 A c  P(A c  B c ) P(A c ) P(B c )

 P c  = c
= P(E2/E).
B  P(B ) P (B c )
Since both the bags are equally likely to be
3 1 2 3 1
= . . = selected, we have P(E1) = P(E2) =
4 2 1 4 2
Hence, statement I is correct. 3 5
A  A  1 P(A  Bc ) Also P(E/E1) = , P(E/E2) =
Again, P    P  c  =  5 9
 B B  4 P(B c ) Hence by Baye’s theorem, we have
1 P(A)  P(A  B) P(E 2 ) P(E / E 2 )
=  P(E2/ E) =
4 P(Bc ) P(E1 ) P(E / E1 )  P(E 2 ) P(E / E 2 )
1 1 1 5
 .
1 4 8 2 9 25
=  = 
4 1 1 3 1 5 52
.  .
2 2 5 2 9
106


89. Let G be the event of getting green ball, 93. Consider the following events:
E1 be the event of selecting box A, E1  He knows the answer, E2  He guesses
E2 be the event of selecting box B, the answer
E3 be the event of selecting box C.
A  He gets the correct answer.
∴ From the given informating, we have
We have,
1 G 1
P (E1) = ,P   = , 90 9 1
2  E1  3 P(E1) = = , P(E2) = ,
100 10 10
1  G  1
P (E2) = ,P   = , 1
3  E2  2 P(A/E1) = 1, P(A/E2) =
4
1 G 1
P (E3) = , P   =  Required probability = P(E2/A)
6  E3  6 P(E 2 ) P(A / E 2 )
=
ns
Hence, by Baye’s theorem, required probability P(E1 ) P(A / E1 )  P(E 2 ) P(A / E 2 )
G
= P  1 1
 E3  
10 4 1
P(E 3 )P(G / E 3 )
= =
9 1 1 37
= 1 
io
P(E1 ) P(G / E1 ) + P(E 2 ) P(G / E 2 ) + P(E 3 ) P(G / E 3 ) 10 10 4
1 1
 1 94. Required probability
= 6 6 =
at
1 1 1 1 1 1 13 1 7
     
2 3 3 2 6 6 7 9 1
= =
1 7 3 8 2 5 1 8 7
90. Let A be the event that an even number is       
7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9
picked,
B be the event that an odd number is picked,
lic
95. The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real
and E be the event that man reports an even
roots when,  = b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
number
Since a, b, c are chosen from the numbers
ub
3 4 2
P(A) = , P(B) = , P(E/A) = , 2, 3, 5.
7 7 3
1 6 different equations having distinct coefficients
P(E/B) = can be formed. Of these, only two equations
3
having b = 5 will have real roots.
P
Required probability = P(A/E)

P(E A)P(A) 2 1
=  Required probability = =
6 3
P(E A) P(A) + P(E B) P (B)
96.
et
 2  3  Y
   3
=  3  7  
 2  3   1  4  5 y2 = x
      
 3  7   3  7  (1,1)
rg
(0, 1)
91. Let A be the event of selecting bag X, B be the
event of selecting bag Y and E be the event
of drawing a white ball, the P(A) = 1/2, x2 = y
Ta
P(B) = 1/2 , P(E/A) = 2/5, P(E/B) = 4/6 = 2/3 X

 P(E) = P(A) P(E/A) + P(B)P(E/B) O (0, 0) (1, 0)
1 2 1 2 8
=    
2 5 2 3 15
A is an event of (x, y)which satisfies y2 ≤ x
92. K = He knows the answers, NK = He randomly
1 1
ticks the answers, C = He is correct 2
 P (A) =  y dx =  x dx =
C 0 0
3
P(K).P  
P   
K K B is an event of (x, y) which satisfies x2 ≤ y
 C  P(K).P  C   P(NK).P  C  1 1
    1
P(B) =  y dx = x dx =
2
K  NK 
3
p 1 5p 0 0
= 
1 4p 1 2 1 1
p  1  (1  p)   P (A  B) = – =
5 3 3 3
107


x y2 Also, radius of the circle = a
97. Let,  = 1 be the given ellipse with
a 2 b2
Y  Area of circle = a2
2 2  Probability that point inside the circle lies
eccentricity, e =
3 a 2
2
b outside the ellipse = 1 – 3 2
 e2 = 1 – 2 X
a O a
 b2 = a2 (1 – e2) …(i) 1
=1–
Area of ellipse = ab 3
= a. a 2 1  e2  …[From (i)] 2
=
2 3
= a 1  e2
a 2
ns
8
= a2 1  =
9 3
Evaluation Test
io
1. Out of 30 numbers from 1 to 30, three numbers 43 3 4
can be chosen in 30C3 ways. When x = , y = and y = for x =
at
55 5 5
So, total number of elementary events = 30C3.
3 4 4
Three consecutive numbers can be chosen in Hence, P(E) = , P(F) = or P(E) = ,
one of the following ways: 5 5 5
3

(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4),….,(28, 29, 30).
Number of elementary events in which three
lic P(F) =
5
numbers are consecutive is 28.
3. Let A denote the event that each American man
 Probability that the numbers are consecutive is seated adjacent to his wife and B denote the
ub
28 1 event that Indian man is seated adjacent to his
= 30
=
C3 145 wife. Then,
1 144 required probability = P(B/A)
 required probability = 1  =
145 145 Number of waysin which Indian man
P
2. We have, sitsadjacent to his wife when each

11 2 man issited adjacents to his wife
P(E) + P(F)  2P(E  F) = and P(E  F)  =
25 25 Number of waysin which each
et
11 American man isseated

P(E) + P(F)  2P(E)P(F) = and P(E)P(F)
25 adjacent to his wife
2
= (2!)5  (5  1)!
=
rg
25
(2!) 4 (6  1)!
11 2
 x + y  2xy = and 1  x  y + xy = , 2
25 25 =
Where, P(E) = x and P(F) = y 5
Ta
11 2
 x + y + 2  2x  2y = +2 4. We have 13 denominations Ace, 2, 3, 4, …., 10,
25 25 J, Q, K. For selecting exactly one pair, we select
...[On eliminating xy] first any 3 denominations, 2 cards from 1 and
7 7 one each from the other two
x+y=  y = x
5 5 Thus, favourable ways = 13 C3 .3.4 C 2 .4 C1.4 C1
7 2
Substituting y =  x in 1  x  y + xy = , we Total ways = 52
C4
5 25
get 13.12.11.3.6.4.4.24
 required probability =
7 7  2 6.52.51.50.49
1  x  x  
5  5  25 6336
=
25x2  35x + 12 = 0 20825
3 4 = 0.3042
x= ,
5 5 = 0.3
108


5. Let event A that minimum of the chosen number 8. From the tree diagram,
is 3 and B be the event that maximum of the 4 3 3 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
chosen number is P(BG) =           
5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4
 P(A) = P (choosing 3 and two other numbers 23
from 4 to 10) =
40
7
C2 7  6 3 7
= = = B  3 3 1 1 5
10
C3 10  9  8 40 P G  =    =
 G  4 4 4 4 8
P(B) = P(choosing 7 and choosing two other
 BG 
numbers from 1 to 6)  P(BG  G) = P(G) P  
 G 
6
C2 6  5 3 1
= = = 4 5 1
10
C3 10  9  7 8  P(BG  G) =  =
5 8 2
P(A  B) = P (choosing 3 and 7 and one other
ns
from 4 to 6) Signal
3 3 3  2 1 4 1
= 10 = =
C3 10  9  8 40 5 5
io
 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) G 1 1
3 3 R
7 1 1 11 4 4 4
=   = 4
40 8 40 40 AG AR AR AG 3
at
3 3 1
1 4
6. nd
In the 22 century there are 25 leap years viz. 1 4 1 4 3
4 4 BG
2100, 2104, …., 2196 and 75 non-leap years. 4 B 4 BG 4 BR
BG R
Consider the following events:
lic
E1 = Selecting a leap year from 22nd century  G  P  BG  G 
E2 = Selecting a non-leap year from 22nd century  Required probability = P   =
 BG  P(BG )
A = There are 53 Sundays in a year of 22nd
1
century
ub
20
We have, = 2 =
23 23
25 75 40
P(E1) = , P(E2) =
100 100
P
2 1
P(A/E1) = and P(A/E2) =
7 7
 Required probability = P(A)
et
= P  (A  E1 )  (A  E 2 ) 
= P(A  E1) + P(A  E2)
= P(E1) P(A/E1) + P(E2) P(A/E2)
rg
25 2 75 1
=  + 
100 7 100 7
5
=
Ta
28
7. We know that the probability of occurrence of

an event is always less than or equal to 1 and it
is given that P(A  B  C)  0.75
 0.75  P(A  B  C)  1
 0.75  P(A) + P(B) + P(C)  P(A  B)
 P(B  C)  P(A  C) + P(A  B  C)  1
 0.75  0.3 + 0.4 + 0.8  0.08  P(B  C)
 0.28 + 0.09  1
 0.75  1.23  P(B  C)  1
  0.48   P(B  C)   0.23
 0.23  P(B  C)  0.48
109
Textbook
Chapter No.
01 Complex Numbers
Hints
Classical Thinking 1 x  yi x  yi
20. (x + yi)1 = = = 2 2
x  y i ( x  y i)( x  y i) x  y
1 1
 1
ns
5. z=  z = z=
i 1 i  1 i 1 z1 3  2i 3  2i (2  3i) 13i
21. = =  = =0+i
6. z1 + z2 = 3 + 2i + 2  3i = 5  i z2 2  3i 2  3i (2  3i) 13
7. z1 = 1 + 3i and z 2 = 2  i 1  3i 1  3i  2  3i  = 2  3i  9
io
22. =
 z1 + z 2 = (1 + 3i) + (2  i)
2  3i  2  3i  2  3i  49
= 3 + 2i 11 3
=  i
at
13 13
9. If z = x + iy is the additive inverse of 1  i, then
(x + iy) + (1  i) = 0 z1 4  5i 3  2i
23. = 
 x + 1 = 0, y  1 = 0  x = 1, y = 1 z2 3  2i 3  2i
 The additive inverse of 1  i is z = 1 + i.
lic =
12  8i  15i  10
9  (2i) 2
zz x  y i  ( x  y i)
10. = = y  purely real 2  23   2 23 
2i 2i =  i  =  , 
13  13   13 13 
ub
z1z 2 (1  i)( 2  4i)
11.   2  4i 1  2i 4  i (1  2i)(3  2i)  (4  i)(2  i)
z1 1 i 24.  =
2  i 3  2i (2  i)(3  2i)
 z1z 2 
 Im   =4 16  2i 4  7i 50  120i 10 24
 z1  =  = =  i
P
4  7i 4  7i 65 13 13
12. i4k + 3 = i4k . i3 = 1. ( i) =  i 5(8  6i)
25. = a + ib
13. 1+ i2 + i3  i6 + i8 = 1  1  i + 1 + 1 = 2  i (1  i) 2
et
40  30i
14. 5 + i22 + i36 + i56 = 5 + (i2)11 + (i2)18 + (i2)28 = 6  = 15 + 20i = a + ib
2i
(1  i)3 (1  i)(1  i)2 Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
15. = =–2
rg
1 i 3
(1  i)(1  i  i 2 ) a = 15 and b = 20
16. Since, in + in+1 + in+2 + in+3 = 0 26.
4i
x  iy  
(4  i)(2  3i) 5 14
  i
i i i i
6 7 8 9 2  3i 13 13 13
 =0
Ta
1  i 5 14
x= ,y=
13 13
17. (1  i)5 (1  i)5  (1  i 2 )5  25  32
27. 3x + ix + y  2yi = 0  7i
18. (1 + 2i)(–2 + i) = –2 + i – 4i + 2i2  (3x + y) + (x – 2y)i = 0  7i
= –2 –3i – 2  3x + y = 0 and x  2y = 7
= –3i – 4
By solving, we get x =  1 and y = 3
5  2i 5  2i
19.  28. 2x  ix + y  3iy = 0  2
3  4i 3  4i
 2x + y  (x + 3y) i = 2
=
 5  2i  3  4i    3  4i  5  2i  = 28i  2x + y = 2 and x + 3y = 0
 3  4i  3  4i  25 By solving, we get
 28  6 2
= 0 +  i x= and y =
 25  5 5
110

Chapter 01: Complex Numbers

29. (x + yi)1/3 = u + vi 40. Since  i = 0 + (1)i, it is represented by
 (u + vi)3 = x + yi (0, 1) which lies on negative Y-axis.
 u3  3uv 2 + i (3u2v  v 3) = x + y i 
 amp ( – i) = 
 u3 – 3uv 2 = x and 3u2v  v 3 = y 2
x y
 = u2  3v2 and = 3u2  v2 42. z =4+4 3i
u v
x y z = 42  (4 3) 2 = 8
  = 4 (u2  v2)
u v Also, a = 4 and b = 4 3
30. Let x + iy = 2i 4 3 
 x2 – y2 + 2xyi = –2i
  = tan1 
4
 = tan
1
 3 = 3
 
 x2 – y2 = 0 and 2xy = –2
Polar form of z = z (cos + i sin )
Solving these equations, we get
ns
x = 1, y = –1 and x = –1, y = 1   
= 8  cos  isin 
 Square roots are 1 – i, –1 + i.  3 3 
n
31. Here, a = 1, b = 1 and c = 1 43. (sin  + i cos )
n
a = 1, b = 1 and c = 1
io
    
 cos      isin     
1  (1) 2  4(1)(1) 1  1  4  2  2 
 x= =
2(1) 2    
= cos n      isin n    
at
1  3i 2  2 
=
2
4(cos75o  isin 75o )
44.
32. x=1i 3 0.4(cos30o  isin 30o )
  
2
(x  1)2 = i 3  x2  2x + 4 = 0
lic  10(cos75o  isin 75o )(cos30o  isin 30o )
 x3  x2 + 2x + 4 = (x2  2x + 4)(x + 1)  10(cos 45o  isin 45o )

= (0) (x + 1) = 0 10
 (1  i)
ub
2
 3
2
1
2
34. |z| = |1 + 3i|=  = 1 3 = 2
46. ω99 + ω100 + ω101 = ω99 [1 + ω + ω2 ] = 0
35. | z  5 | = | x  iy  5 | = | x  5  iy |
1 1   2 1
47.   = = 1
P
= ( x  5)2  y 2  2 3 1
3
 3  2i   3  2i  3  2i 
3
1    2  3
36.   =    48.  2  =  2  = ( 1) =  1
 3  2i   3  2i  3  2i       
et
9  4  12i 5  12 
= = + i  49. (1 + 2)3 = ()3 =  3 =  1
13 13  13 
2 2 50. (1 + 2)4 = ()4 = 3. = 
rg
 5   12 
Modulus =      = 1
 13   13 
Critical Thinking
37. | z | = a  b = 13
2 2
1. The two complex numbers can be compared
Ta
Let  be the argument of z. only when their real and imaginary parts are
b 2 2 equal. In other words, there is no meaning of
 tan  = = =
a 3 3 >, < in complex numbers.
2 2. If z1 and z 2 are two complex numbers, then
  = tan1  
3   Re (z1z 2 )  Re(z1 ) Re(z 2 )  Im(z1 ) Im(z 2 )
38. | z | = a 2  b2 = 3  2 = 5  2  3 
1  1    2  i 
1
3.
Let  be the argument of z.  i  i 
 tan  =
b
=
2
=
2
=
(i  2)(i  3)  i  3
= 2 =3i
a 3 3 i 2 (2  i) i
 2 (1  i)2 (2i)(2  i) 2 4
  = tan1   4.    i
2i (2  i)(2  i) 5 5
 3
111

5. z = (3 7 +4i)2 (3 7  4i)3 1  i (1  i)(1  i)

14. Since,  i
= {(3 7 + 4i) (3 7  4i)}2 (3 7 – 4i) 1  i (1  i)(1  i)
4n 1
= (63 + 16)2 (3 7  4i) 
1 i 
= i4n + 1 = i.i4n = i ….[ i4n = 1]
 
= (79)2 (3 7  4i) 1 i 
 Re (z) = (79)2 (3 7 ) 100
1 i 
15. Given,   = a + ib
 i
n n
n 1  i 1 1
6. (1  i) 1   = (1  i)n  
 i  i   1  i   1  i 
100
n      = a + ib
 1   1  i   1  i  
= [(1 – i)2]n  
 i  100 100
 (1  i) 2   2i 
n  a + ib =   =  = (i)100
 ni
2
2
= (1 + i  2i)    2   2 
ns
i 25
 a + ib = (i)4  = 1  0i,
= (1 – 1 – 2i)n (i)n
= ( 2i)n (i)n = ( 2i2)n = 2n Hence, a = 1, b = 0
io
7. Given, z = 1 + i and i = 1 16. The given series is G.P.
Squaring on both sides, we get  i + i2 + i3 + ….. upto 1000 terms
z2 = (1 + i)2 = 1 + 2i + i2 = 1 + 2i – 1 = 2i i(1  i1000 ) i(1  (i 4 ) 250 ) i(1  1)
   =0
at
Since, it is a multiplicative identity, therefore 1 i 1 i 1 i
multiplicative inverse of
100
z2 =
1 i
 
i

i 17. i k
 x  iy
2i i 2i 2 2 k 0
8. (i)243 = (i4)60.i3
lic  1 + i + i2 + ….. + i100 = x + iy
= –i ….[ i4 = 1, i3 = –i] Given series is in G.P.
1.(1  i101 )
1 1   x  iy
9. i65 + = i64 . i + 1 i
ub
i145 i144 .i 1 i
1   x  iy
= (i4)16 . i + 1 i
4 36
(i ) .i  1 + 0i = x + iy
1 Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
P
= i + =0
i x = 1, y = 0
i 4 n 1  i 4 n 1 i 4 n .i1  i 4 n .i 1 200
10.
2
=
2
18. i n
= i  i 2  i3  ....  i 200
et
n 1
i  i 1 1  1 i(1  i 200 )
= = i    ....[since G.P.]
2 2 i  1 i
1 i(1  1)
rg
= i  i  = i =
2 1 i
11. (1 + i)6n + (1  i)6n = {(1 + i)2}3n + {(1  i)2}3n =0
= (2i)3n + ( 2i)3n
Ta
13
= 23n{i3n + (i)3n} 19.  (i

n 1
n
 i n 1 )
=0 ….[ n is odd] = (i  i 2  i3  ....  i13 ) + (i 2  i3  ....  i14 )
i(1  i13 ) i 2 (1  i13 )  1  i  i (1  i)
2
12. 1  i 2  i 4  .....  i 2n = + = i 
 1  1  1  1  ......  (1)n 1 i 1 i  1  i  (1  i)
It depends on n. = i + i2 = i  1
Hence, cannot be determined unless n is known.
2  5i (2  5i)(4  3i)
21. 
i584 (i8  i 6  i 4  i 2  1) 4  3i 25
13. 1
i574 (i8  i 6  i 4  i 2  1) 7  26i

i584 25
 1
i574  7  26i  7  26i
 conjugate of  =
= i10 – 1 = –1 – 1 = –2  25  25
112


1  x = a3  3ab2 and y = b3  3a2b
22. Let z = x + iy. Then, z = x – iy and z 1 
x  iy x y
  = a2  3b2  b2 + 3a2
1 x  iy a b
 (z 1 )   (z 1 )  2 2
x  iy x y = 4(a2  b2)
x  iy k=4
 (z 1 ) z  ( x  iy )  1
x2  y 2 30. (x – 15y) + 2i = 7x – i (y + 4)
 x – 15y = 7x and 2 = – (y + 4)
ci
23.  a + ib .....(i) By solving, we get x = 15 and y = –6
ci
 x+y=9
ci
  a  ib .....(ii)
ci 31. (1 + 3i)a + (i  1)b + 5( i) = 0
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get  (a  b) + (3a + b)i = 0 + 5i
ns
c2  1 2 2 2 2  a  b = 0 and 3a + b = 5
 a +b a +b =1 5 5
c2  1 By solving, we get a = and b =
4 4
24. (a + ib)(c + id)(e + if)(g + ih) = A + iB ...(i)
 (a  ib)(c  id)(e  if)(g  ih) = A  iB ...(ii) 32. (3x + 4y) + i (–4x + 3y) = 5 + 12 i
io
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get  3x + 4y = 5 and –4x + 3y = 12
(a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)(e2 + f2)(g2 + h2) = A2 + B2 By solving, we get
33 56
x= and y =
at
25. (1 + i)(1 + 2i) (1 + 3i)…..(1 + ni) = a + ib 25 25
...(i) 13
 (1 – i) (1 – 2i) (1 – 3i)….(1 – ni) = a – ib  x2  y2 =
5
...(ii)
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get
lic 33.
(1  i) x  2i
+
(2  3i) y  i
=i
2.5….(1 + n2) = a2 + b2 3i 3i
26. Let z1 = a + ib, z2 = c + id, then  (4 + 2i)x – 6i – 2 + (9 – 7i)y + 3i – 1 = 10 i
z1 + z2 is real Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
ub
4x + 9y – 3 = 0 and 2x – 7y – 13 = 0
 (a + c) + i(b + d) is real
Solving both equations, we get
b+d=0d=b
x = 3, y = –1
z1z2 is real
 (ac  bd) + i(ad + bc) is real 34. Given equation
P
 ad + bc = 0 (x4 + 2 xi)  (3 x2 + yi) = (3  5i) + (1 + 2yi)

 a(b) + bc = 0  a = c  (x4  3x2) + i(2x  3y) = 4  5i
 z1 = a + ib = c  id = z 2 ....[ a = c and b =  d] Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
et
x4  3x2 = 4 ….(i)
z  i x  i( y  1) x  i( y  1) and 2x  3y =  5 ….(ii)
27.  .
z  i x  i( y  1) x  i( y  1) From (i) and (ii), we get
1
rg
( x 2  y 2  1)  i(2 x) x =  2 and y  3,
 3
x 2  ( y  1) 2
z i 35. Let z = x + iy, so that z  x  iy, therefore
Since, is a purely imaginary number.
Ta
zi 2 2
z 2  z  0  (x – y + x) + i(2xy – y) = 0
2 2
 x +y –1=0
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
 x2 + y2 = 1 x2 – y2 + x = 0 .....(i)
 zz  1 and 2xy – y = 0
28. (x + yi)(p + qi) = (x2 + y2)i 1
 y = 0 or x 
 px  qy = 0 and qx + py = x2 + y2 2
 px = qy and qx + py = x2 + y2 If y = 0, then (i) gives x2 + x = 0
 q = x, p = y  x = 0 or x = –1
1
1 If x  , then (i) gives
29. z = x + iy, z = a  ib
3 2
 z = x + iy and z = (a  ib)3 1 1 3 3
y2    y
 x + iy = (a  ib)3 4 2 4 2
= (a3  3ab2) + i(b3  3a2b) Hence, there are four solutions in all.
113


36. sin x+ icos 2x and cos x isin 2x are conjugate to 40. {(1  cos )  i.2sin }1
each other, if sin x  cos x and cos 2 x = sin2 x 1
   
 5 9  = 2sin 2  i.4sin cos 
or tan x = 1  x = , , ,... …(i)  2 2 2
4 4 4 1 1
 5 9      
and tan 2x = 1 2x = , , ,... =  2sin  sin  i.2cos 
4 4 4  2  2  2 
 5 9  
or x = , , , ... ...(ii) 1 sin  i.2cos
8 8 8   1
2 2
=  2sin  
There exists no value of x common in (i) and  2    
sin  i.2cos sin  i.2cos
(ii). Therefore there is no value of x for which 2 2 2 2
the given complex numbers are conjugate.  
sin  i.2cos
3  2isin  = 2 2 .
37. will be purely imaginary, if the real  2  
ns
1  2isin  2sin  sin  4cos 2 
2 2 2
3  4sin 2 
part vanishes, i.e., =0 Its real part
1  4sin 2 

 3  4sin 2  = 0 (only if  be real) sin
io
2 1
= 
3      
 sin  =  = sin    2sin 1  3cos 2  2 1  3cos 2 
2  3 2 2  2
at
  1 1
  = n  (1)n    = =
3     1 cos    5  3cos 
2 1 3  
   2 
= n  , where n is an integer
3
3
lic 41. Let 8  6i  x + iy
38. x + iy =
2  cos   isin   8 6i = (x + iy)2
=
3(2  cos   isin )  x2  y2 = 8 and 2xy = 6
ub
(2  cos ) 2  sin 2  By solving, we get
=
6  3cos   3isin  x = 1, y = 3 and x = 1, y = 3
4  cos 2   4cos   sin 2   x + iy =  (1  3i)
 6  3cos    3sin   Trick : {(1  3i)}2  8 6i
=   i 
P
 5  4cos    5  4cos  
3(2  cos ) 3sin  42. 7  24i  x  iy
 x , y
5  4cos  5  4cos  Squaring both sides, 7 24i = x2  y2  i(2xy)
2 2

et
x +y Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

9 x2  y2 = 7and 2xy = 24
 [4 + cos2  + 4 cos  + sin2 ]
(5  4cos ) 2
 x2 + y2 = 49  576 = 625 = 25
9
rg

5  4cos   z a z a 
 6  3cos   43. a  ib =   i  , for b < 0
 4   3 = 4x – 3  2 2 
 5  4cos  
Ta
1  50  48 50  48 
39.  48  14i =   i 
1  cos   isin   2 2 
1 (1  cos )  isin  =  (1 – 7i)
= 
(1  cos )  isin  (1  cos )  isin 
(1  cos )  isin   | z | a | z | a 
= 44. a  ib =   i  , for b > 0
(1  cos ) 2  sin 2   2 2 
(1  cos )  isin   37 35
= 37 35 
2(1  cos ) 35    
  3i =   4 4 i 4 4 
(1  cos ) sin  4  2 2 
= i
2(1  cos ) 2(1  cos )  
1  cos  1  1 
Therefore, its real part = = =  3  i
2(1  cos ) 2 2  
114

 z a z a  (2  i) 2i 2 5
45. a  ib =  i  , for b < 0 53. (1  i) | 1  i |  1
 2 2  (3  i) 3i 10
 30  24 30  24  54. z1 + z2 = 11 + 3i and z1  z2 =  1  7i
 24  18i =  i  z1  z 2 11  3i 32 74
 2 2   = = + i
z1  z 2 1  7i 50 50
=   3  i 27  2 2
z1  z 2 32 74  32   74 
=  3 1  3i   =  i =    
z1  z 2 50 50  50   50 
13
46. Let (x + iy) = 5  2 14i 
5
 x2  y2 + 2xyi = 5  2 14 i
 x2  y2 = 5 and 2xy =  2 14 55. | z  4 |  |z  2 |
ns
By solving, we get x = 7 , y =  2 and  | z  4 |2 | z  2 |2
x= 7,y= 2  (x – 4)2 + y2 < (x – 2)2 + y2
 the square roots are 7  2 i and  7  2 i .  4x > 12
io
 Re(z) > 3
47. 9x2 12x + 20 = 0
z1  z 2 | z1  z 2 |
 a = 9, b = 12, c = 20 56.  ....  z1 z1  | z1 |2 
1  z1 z2 z
at
  12    12 
2
 4  9  20  1 2
 x= z1
29
| z1  z 2 |
12  24i 2 4i  | z1 |
= =  | z1  z2 |
18 3 3
lic 
| z1  z 2 |
….[| z1 |  1 ]
  1   1  4i 12i  | z1  z 2 |
2
1 7
48. x= =
2i 2i | z1  z 2 |
 1
ub
| z1  z 2 |
5  i  4 18  i 
2
5i
49. x= 2z1 z 3
2(1) 57. Let = iy Then, 1  iy
3z 2 z2 2
5  i  48  14 i
P
= z1 3 3
2 1 iy  1 1  iy
z1  z 2 z2
5  i   7 i  1  = = 2 = 2 =1
= z1  z 2 z1 3 3
1 iy  1 1  iy
2 z2 2 2
et
4
50. x 1=0 ....  | z |  | z |
 (x2  1)(x2 + 1) = 0
 x2 =1and x2 = 1  x = 1, i 58. We have, | z k |  1,k  1, 2,....n
rg
 | z k |2  1
51. x = 1 + 2i
 (x  1)2 = 4i2  zk zk  1
 x2  2x + 1 =  4
Ta
1
 zk 
 x2  2x + 5 = 0 zk
 x3 + 2x2  3x + 5 = (x2  2x + 5)(x + 4) + (15)  | z1  z 2  ....  z n |  | z1  z 2  ....  z n |
= 0(x + 4)  15
=  15 ....[ | z |  |z |]
= | z1  z 2  .....  z n |
5  i  5  i 1  i 
52. x= = = 2 + 3i
1  i 1  i 1  i  =
1 1
  .... 
1
2 2 z1 z 2 zn
 x  2 = 3i  (x  2) = (3i)
 x2  4x + 4 = 9i2 59. Let z = x + iy ......(i)
 x2  4x + 13 = 0 Given, | z  i | = | z  i |
 x3  x2 + x + 44 = (x2  4x + 13)(x + 3) + 5  | x  iy  i | = | x  iy  i |
= 0(x + 3) + 5
=5  | x  i( y  1) | = | x  i( y  1) |
115


2
 x 2  ( y  1)2 = x 2  ( y  1)2 = 2 z1  2 z12  z 22  2 z 22
 x2 + (y + 1)2 = x2 + (y  1)2
 y2 + 2y + 1 = y2 2y + 1  4y = 0  y = 0 
2

….  z1  z 2  z1  z 2  2 z1  z 2 
2 2 2

2 2
Hence, from (i), we get z = x, where x is any = 2 z1  2 z 2  2 z12  z 22
real number. 2 2
= z1  z 2  z1  z 2  2 z1  z 2 z1  z2
60. | z | 1
=  z1  z 2  z1  z 2 
2
 | x  i y | 1
Taking square root on both sides, we get
 x2 + y2 = 1 ….(i)
z 1 z1  z12  z 22  z1  z12  z 22 = z1  z 2  z1  z 2

z 1
( x  1)  i y ( x  1)  i y 66. Let z1 = a + ib = (a, b) and z2 = c – id = (c, – d),
ns
= 
( x  1)  i y ( x  1)  i y where a > 0 and d > 0
( x 2  y 2  1) 2i y Then | z1 | = | z 2 |  a2 + b2 = c2 + d2 ….(i)
= 
( x  1)  y
2 2
( x  1) 2  y 2 z1  z 2 (a  ib)  (c  id)
Now, =
z1  z 2 (a  ib)  (c  id)
io
2i y
= ….[From (i)] [(a  c)  i(b  d)][(a  c)  i(b  d)]
( x  1) 2  y 2 =
 Re() = 0 [(a  c)  i(b  d)][(a  c)  i(b  d)]
at
(a 2  b 2 )  (c2  d 2 )  2(ad  bc)i
a  ib =
61. p + iq = a 2  c 2  2ac  b 2  d 2  2bd
c  id  (ad  bc)i
= 2 2 ….[From (i)]
a  ib
 p  iq 
2
c  id
lic a  b  ac  bd
(z1  z 2 )
 is purely imaginary.
(z1  z 2 )
 = a b
2 2 2
 p2  q 2 Alternate method : Assume any two complex
c2  d 2
ub
numbers satisfying both conditions i.e., z1 ≠ z2
a 2  b2
  p2  q 2  = and | z1 | = | z 2 |
2
c2  d 2
Let z1 = 2 + i, z2 = 1 – 2i
62. L.H.S. = | z 2 |  | ( x  iy) 2 | = | x 2  y 2  2ixy | z1  z 2 3i
 = =–i
P
z1  z 2 1  3i
 ( x 2  y 2 )2  (2 xy )2
67. (1  i)n = 2n ......(i)
x  y2 
2
 2
We know that if two complex numbers are
et
  =x equal, their moduli must also be equal, therefore

2
2
R.H.S. | z |2  | x  iy |2  x2  y2 + y2
from (i), we have
Therefore, |z2| = |z|2 | (1  i) n | = | 2n |
rg
(B) True, (C) False ....[ z ≠ z ]

 |1  i |n = | 2 |n .... [ 2n  0]
63. | z1  z 2 |2  | z1  z 2 |2 n
  12  (1) 2   2n
2
= (x1 + x2) + (y1 + y2) + (x1 – x2) + (y1 – y2) 2 2 2  
Ta
= 2( x12 )  2( y12 )  2( x22 )  2( y22 )  ( 2)n  2n

n
= 2 | z1 |2  2 | z 2 |2  2 2 = 2n
n
64. | (az1  bz 2 ) |2  | (bz1  az 2 ) |2  n
2
 a 2 | z1 |2  b 2 | z 2 |2  2Re(ab) | z1 z 2 |  b 2 | z1 |2 n=0
+ a 2 | z 2 |2  2Re(ab) | z1 z 2 | Trick : By inspection, (1  i)0 = 20
 (a 2  b2 )(| z1 |2  | z 2 |2 ) 1=1
2 68. Let z = x + iy,

65.  z  z2  z2  z  z2  z2 
 1 1 2 1 1 2 
 z  12 5
Now,   3 | z  12 |  5 | z  8i |
2 2 z  8i 3
= z1  z12  z 22  z1  z12  z 22  2 z12   z12  z 22 
 3 | ( x  12)  iy |  5 | x  ( y  8)i |
116

 9( x  12)2  9 y 2  25x 2  25( y  8)2 ....(i)  sin  

77. amp (z)  tan 1  
z4  1  cos  
and  1  | z  4 | | z  8 |
z 8  
 tan 1  cot 
 | x  4 + iy | = | x  8  iy |  2
 (x  4)2 + y2 = (x  8)2 + y2       
 tan 1  tan      
x=6   2 2  2 2
Putting x = 6 in (i), we get 78. z = sin  + i(1 – cos )
y2 – 25y + 136 = 0
 1  cos  
 y = 17, 8  amp(z) = tan 1  
 sin  
Hence, z = 6 + 17i or z = 6 + 8i
 2  
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i 1
 2sin 2 
69.    1  0i  tan  
ns
1  (1  i) 1  (1  1  2i) 1  2i  2sin  cos  
2
Modulus =1  2 2
0     
Amplitude  = tan 1    0  tan 1  tan    
1     2  2
io
1 i 1 i 1 i        
70.  . = i = cos  isin 79. sin + i 1  cos  = 2sin cos + 2isin 2
1 i 1 i 1 i 2 2 5  5 10 10 10
at
    
Hence, amplitude is  cos  isin 
= 2sin
2 10  10 10 

1 3i  sin

71. amp 
 3i 
  amp(1  3 i )  amp( 3  i)
lic For amplitude, tan  =
cos
10

= tan
10
   10
   
3 6 6 =
ub
10
 13  5i 
72.   arg(13  5i)  arg(4  9i)
 i
arg  80. Let z  ee  ecos i sin   ecos ei sin 
 4  9i 
= ecos  [cos(sin ) – i sin(sin )]
5 9
  tan 1    tan 1   = ecos  cos(sin )  iecos  sin(sin )
13
   4
P
  ecos  sin(sin ) 
 tan –1 1   amp (z)  tan 1   cos  
4  e cos(sin ) 
= tan–1 [tan (–sin )]
et
73. Squaring the given relations implies that

x1x2 + y1y2 = 0 = – sin 
Now, amp z1 – amp z2 81. y = cos   isin  = ei ,
y  y  1
rg
 tan 1  1   tan 1  2  then = e  i = cos   isin 

x
 1  x2  y
 y1 y2  1
 y = 2cos
 x x   y x  y2 x1  y
Ta
 tan  1
1 2 
 tan 1  1 2 
 1  y1 y2   x1 x2  y1 y2  1 3   i
  
 x1 x2  82. 1  i 3 = 2   i  = 2  cos  isin  = 2e 3
2 2   3 3

 tan 1    (1  i 3) = (2ei /3 )9 = 29.ei(3)
9
2
= 29 (cos3  isin 3)
75. amp(z) – amp (–z)
= 29
 y   y 
 tan 1     tan 1      =   a + ib = (1  i 3)9 = 29
 x  x 
 b=0
76. z=1i i
83. ee  ecos  i sin   ecos [ei sin  ]
 a = 1 and b = 1
1 b  3  ecos [cos(sin )  isin(sin )]
arg z = tan   –  =  i
a 4 4  Real part of ee is ecos [cos(sin )] .
117

84. Let z = x + iy, then | z | = r = x 2  y 2 = 4 89. L.H.S.

n
5  2cos 2 ( / 2)  2isin( / 2)cos( / 2) 
and  = = 1500 =  
 2cos ( / 2)  2isin( / 2)cos( / 2) 
2
6
 x= r cos = 4cos 150o = 2 3  cos( / 2)  isin( / 2) 
n
=  
4  cos( / 2)  isin( / 2) 
and y = r sin  = 4 sin150o = =2
2 n
 ei(  / 2) 
 z = x + iy  2 3  2i =  i(  / 2) 
5 e 
Trick: Since, arg z = = 1500, here the = (ei )n
6
complex number must lie in second quadrant, so = cos n + i sin n
(A) and (B) are rejected. Also | z | = 4 which 4
1  cos   isin  
4
 1  cos    isin  
ns
satisfies (C) only. 90.  i  sin   icos   =  sin   i 1  cos   
   
85. Here, 1 + 3 = rei
4
 1 + i 3 = rei  2    
 2cos  i2sin cos 
= r cos   ir sin  2 2 2 
io
= 
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get  2sin  cos   i  2cos 2   
  
r cos = 1and r sin  = 3 2 2  2  
4 4
     
at
Hence, tan  =  3
 cos 2  isin 2  1  cos 2  isin 2 
2 =  = 4
 tan  = tan   i
  
3  sin  i cos   cos  isin 
 2 2  2 2
2
Hence,  =
3
lic   
=  cos  isin  .  cos  isin 
4
  
4
 2 2 2 2  
1  7i (1  7i) (3  4i) 25  25i 4 4
86.    1  i      
(2  i) 2 (3  4i) (3  4i) 25 =  cos  isin  .  cos  isin 
 2 2  2 2
ub
Let z = x + iy = –1 + i 8
 r cos  = –1 and r sin  = 1   
=  cos  isin  = cos 4 + i sin4
3  2 2 
  and r  2
4 Therefore, n = 4
P
1  7i  3 3   
1/ 2
Thus,  2 cos  isin  
(2  i) 2  4 4 91. a  2i  2 i1/ 2  2  cos  isin 
 2 2
(cos 2  isin 2)4 (cos 4  isin 4)5     1 1 
et
87. = 2  cos  isin   2   i 1 i

(cos3  isin 3) 2 (cos3  isin 3) 9  4 4  2 2 
[(cos   isin ) 2 ]4 [(cos   isin ) 4 ]5
=  3 i   
[(cos   isin )3 ]2 [(cos   isin )3 ]9 92. Since,    cos  isin 
rg
2  6 6
(cos   isin ) 8 (cos   isin ) 20 3
=   3 i   
3
(cos   isin ) 6 (cos   isin ) 27       cos  isin  = –i
= (cos   isin )8 20  6  27  2   6 6
Ta
= (cos  + i sin )–49 1 3   

= cos 49 – i sin 49 93. + i =  cos  isin 
2 2  3 3
    1 1 1
88. Let cos  isin  z and cos  isin  1 3 4    4
10 10 10 10 z Now,   i  =  cos  isin 
10 2 2   3 3
  10
 1 z   (z  1)z    
  1 =   =  cos  isin 
1   (z  1)   12 12 
 z
8 8
= (z)10 1 i  1 i 
94.   +  
  
10
 2  2
= z10   cos  isin  8 8
 10 10   1 1   1 1 
= i  +  i 
= cos  – i sin  = –1  2 2  2 2
118

  
8
  
8
103. (1 +  – 2)3  (1   + 2)3
=  cos  i sin  +  cos  i sin 
 4 4  4 4 = (22)3  (2)3
8 8 8 8 = 86 + 83
= cos + i sin + cos  i sin =8+8=0
4 4 4 4
= cos 2 + cos 2 104. (1 +   22)4 + (4 +  + 42)4
=1+1 =2 = ( 32)4 + [4( ) + ]4
5 5 = 818 + ( 3)4
 3 1  3 1 = 81(3)2.2 + 814
95. Given that z    i     i 
 2 2  2 2 = 812 + 81
    
5
  
5
=  81 ….[ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
= cos    isin    + cos    isin   
 6
  6
     6 6   105. (– 2)(– 22)(– 2)(– 22)….to 2n factors
ns
5 5 5 5 = (22 3)(22 3)…. to n factors = (22)n = 22n
 cos  isin  cos  isin
6 6 6 6
Hence, Im (z) = 0 106. 2 +  + 1 = 0
 (  1)(2 +  + 1) = 0
3  1 = 0,   1
io
1 i 3 1 i 3 3 i 
96. z z 
3 i 3 i 3 i  3 = 1
3  3i  i  3 2( 3  i) and consequently 31 = (3)10.  = 110  = 
z 
at
3 1 4 107. Since,  and  are complex roots of unity, we
3i    may write  = ,  = 2
 z  cos  isin 
2  6 6 1 1
  4  28  = 4  (2 ) 28 

Now z  cos  isin
6

6
lic  .2
=   56  1
100
   =   2  1
 (z)100  cos  isin 
 6 6 =0
ub
50  50 
 (z)100  cos  isin 108. (1  )(1  )(1  2)(1  2)
3 3 = (1  )(1  2)(1  2)(1  )
2 2 1  i 3 = (1  )2(1 2)2 = (   2)(1  22 + )
 cos  isin =
3 3 2 = ( 3)( 2  22) = ( 3)( 32) = 9
P
rd
(z)100 lies in III quadrant.
109. (2 – ) (2 – 2) (2 – ) (2 – 2)
97. Since, ()2  2 and (2 )2  4  3   = (2 – )2 (2 – 2)2
et
= [(2 – ) (2 – 2)]2
98. (1   + 2)3 = (2)3 = 8 3 = 8 = [4 – 2 ( + 2) + 3]2
= [4 + 2 + 1]2
99. 2 (1  )3  (1  2 )  2 (2 )3  () = 49
rg
= 2  2  0 110. After solving, we get

1  1 
2 3x3 + 3y3 + 3x2y(1 +  + 2)+ 3xy2(1 +  + 2)
1 1
100. = = 3 =1 = 3(x3 + y3) + 3.0 + 3.0
Ta
(1  )(1   ) (  )( ) 
2 2
= 3 (x3 + y3)
101. (2 + 5 + 22)6 = [2 (1 + 2) + 5]6 111. Put a = 1, b = 1, c = 2,  a + b + c = 0
= [2 (–) + 5]6
 (1    22 )3 + (1  2  2)3
= [–2 + 5]6
= (3)6 = (32 )3  (3)3
= 36.6 = 2727 = 54
= 729 Also, option (A) gives the value  54
i.e., 27  1  1  (2) = 54
102. (1   + 2)5 + (1 +   2)5
= ( 2)5 + ( 22)5    
112. sin (10  23 )    sin (  2 )  
=  32 32  329  4  4
= 32 ( 2 + )      1
 sin       sin      sin 
= 32  4   4  4 2
119


113. 40 + (2)40 = 40 + 80 x  y  z2
The given expression =
= (3)13  + (3)26 2 x  y2  z
=  + 2 1 x  y2  z
=1 = .
 x  y2  z
334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3 1 1
114. 4 + 5     + 3    
= .1 = . 3
2  2   
 2  2
= 2
= 4 + 5334 + 3365 1
= 4 + 5 + 32 = (1  i 3 )
2
 1 3  1 3
= 4 + 5    i  + 3    i 
 2 2   2 2 
Competitive Thinking
ns
=i 3
4
69 69 1. z=
 3 i  1  1  3 i   1 i
115. z69 =   =     4
 2   i  2    z=
io
69
1 i
  69 1
=   = 4 17 =
i (i ) i i 2. ( x  iy)(1  2i)  1 + i
=i 1 i 1 i
at
 x  iy =  x + iy =
6 6 1  2i 1  2i
 3i i 3
116.      (2  i) 2
3  4i 3  i 13 9
 2   2  3. Let z     +i
6
 1  3i   1  3i 
6
lic 3i
13
3i
9
3i 10 10
      Conjugate of z  i
 2i   2i  10 10
1 4. z1 = 1 + 2i, z2 = 3 + 5i and z2  3  5i
 6 [()6  (2 )6 ]
ub
i
z2 z1 (3  5i)(1  2i) 13  i
 1  3i 2 1  3i   = =
....    ,   z2 (3  5i) 3  5i
 2 2 
13  i 3  5i 44  62i
=  =
 [(3 ) 2  (3 ) 4 ] = – (1 + 1) = –2 3  5i 3  5i 34
P
 z z  44 22
117. The given expression  Re  2 1   
6 6  z 2  34 17
1 3  1 3 
et
  i   i
= 2 2  2 2  5. (a + ib)11 = 1 + 3i
1 3  1 3   i11(b – ia)11 = 1 + 3i
 2  i   i
2   2 2   –i(b – ia)11 = 1 + 3i
rg
6
  1  3i     1  3i  
6
1  3i i
 (b – ia)11 = 
          i i
2 2
=       
i  3i 2
 1  3i     1  3i    (b – ia)11 =
        
Ta
  i 2
2     2   11
6
 (b – ia) = i – 3
6
 2      (b + ia)11 = –i – 3
=    2 
     ...[Taking conjugate on both sides]
1 11  3i 1  i 8  14i
= 6  6. z=   = 4 – 7i
6 1 i 1 i 2
=1+1 ….[ 3 = 1]  z  i = 4  (7 + ) i which is real, if
=2 =7
118. Since, p < 0. Let p = – q, where q is positive. 2i (2  i)(ai  1)
1 1 7. Let z = =
1
ai  1 (ai) 2  1
Therefore p = – q 1
3 3 3
1
1 1 1
2 = {(2  i)(ai 1)}
Hence  = – q ,  = – q  and  = – q 
3 3 3 a 2 1
120

Im(z) =
1
(1 + 2a) 15. (1 + i)6 + (1  i)6 = [(1 + i)2]3 + [(1  i)2]3
1 a2 = (2i)3 + (2i)3
But, imaginary part is zero. = (8  8)i3
1 =0
 1 + 2a = 0  a = 
2 16. (1 + i)6 – (1 – i)6 = [(1 + i)2]3 – [(1 – i)2]3
= (2i)3 – (–2i)3
 1 3  3  4i 
8.     = –16 i
 1 2i 1 i  2  4i  x + iy = (1 + i)6 – (1 – i)6
 1 2i 3  3i  6 16 12i  8i   x + iy = – 16i
=  2 2  
 1  2 1 1 
2 2
2 2  42   x = 0, y = – 16
 x + y = – 16
 2  4i 15 15i  1 2i 
=   7  i 3  4i 21  25i  4
 10  2 
ns
17. z  =
3  4i 3  4i 16  9
(17  11i)( 1  2i) 5  45i 1 9
    i 25(1  i)
20 20 4 4  = (1 + i)
25
7
 1 3  z3  1 3  3  4i  z14 = (1 + i)14  1  i     2i  = 27 i7 =  27 i
2 7
io
9.    =    
 z1 z 2  z 2  1  2i 1  i  1  i 
96 96
 1  2i 31  i     3  4i 1  i   1 i  1 i 1 i  96
=  2 2  2 2  18.   =    = (–i) = 1 = 1 + 0i
   
at
 1 i   1 i 1 i 
1  2 1  1   12  12 
 (a, b) = (1, 0)
 1  2i 3  3i   3  3i  4i  4i 
2
=    2014
 5 2  2   1 i 
19.    (1 + i)2 = i2014 2i
=
 2  4i  15  15i  7  i 
 
lic  1 i 
 10  2  = (i2)1007 (2i)
= 1(2i)
17  11i  7  i 
= = 2i
ub
20
130  60i 13 20. We have, (1 + i)2n = (1 – i)2n
= = – 3i 2n
20 2 1 i  2n
  = 1  (i) = 1
 1  i 
10. Given expression is
 (i)2n = ( 1)2  (i)2n = (i2)2
P
1 + 1  1 + 1 …. upto (2n+1) terms

 (i)2n = (i)4  2n = 4
Here, number of terms are odd, so
n=2
expression has the value –1.
et
1  i 1  i 1  i (1  i)
2
2i
11. in + in + 1 + in + 2 + in + 3 = in(1 + i + i2 + i3) 21. =  =  i
1 i 1 i 1 i 2 2
= in(1 + i  1  i) m
1 i 
  i  1(as given)
m
=0  
rg
1 i 
12. i2 + i3 + … + i4000 So the least value of m = 4 ....  i 4  1
= i + i2 + i3 + … + i4000 – i
= (i + i2 + i3 + i4) + … (1  i) n (1  i) n  2 
Ta
 1  i  ...  (1  i) 
n 2
22.  
+ (i3097 + i3098 + i3099 + i4000) – i (1  i) n 2
2 n 2
 (1  i) 
=0+…+0–i
(1  i) 2n  2
=–i =
2n  2
 18  1  25 
3
3 (1  i) 2(n 1)
 1  =
13.  i     =  i 4 4 .i 2  46  2n  2
  i    i .i 

(1  i 2  2i) n 1
 1
3 =
=  i2   2n  2
 i  (2i) n 1
=
= (–1 – i)3 2n  2
= – (1 + 3i + 3i2 + i3) = 2i n 1
= 2 – 2i
= 2 in1 . i2 (1)
14. (1 + i)10 = [(1 + i)2]5 = (1 + i2 + 2i)5 = (2i)5 = 32i = 2 in+1
121


(1  i)3 (1  i)3 28. Let z = x + iy , y  0
23.  = x + iy
(1  i)3 (1  i)3 a = z2 + z + 1
 (x2  y2 + x + 1) + i (2xy + y) = a
(1  i 2  2i)3  (1  i 2  2i)3
 = x + iy  x2  y2 + x + 1 = a and 2xy + y = 0
(1  i 2 )3
 x2  y2 + x + 1 = a and y (2x + 1) = 0
8i3  8i3 1
 = x + iy  x2  y2 + x + 1 = a and x =  ….[ y  0]
8 2
 2i3 = x + iy  2i = x + iy  y2 =
3
a
 x = 0, y = 2 4
Since, y  0
p q r 3
24. Let  z1 ,  z 2 ,  z 3  a
a b c 4
p q r
ns
  1 i 29. Let z = x + iy
a b c
Then, z2 = (x2  y2) + i (2xy)
 z1 + z2 + z3 = 1 + i
z2 ( x 2  y 2 )  i(2 xy )
a b c  
  0 z 1 x  iy  1
io
p q r
1 1 1 =
x 2
 y 2   i(2 xy )

x  1  iy
   0 x  1  iy x  1  iy
z1 z 2 z3
at
 z1z 2  z 2 z3  z1z3 = 0 z2
Since, is real.
z 1
z12  z 22  z32 =  z1  z 2  z3   2  z1z 2  z 2 z3  z1z3 
2
 its imaginary part = 0

= (1 + i)2  2(0)  2xy (x – 1)  y (x2 – y2) = 0
= 1 + 2i + i2
lic  y(x2 – 2x + y2) = 0
= 2i  y = 0 or x2  2x + y2 = 0
p2 q2 r 2  z lies either on real axis or on a circle passing
   = 2i through origin.
ub
a 2 b2 c2
2  3isin  1 2isin 
25. 3  2yi = 9x  7i 30.  = purely imaginary
1 2isin  1 2isin 
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
9x = 3  32x = 31  2x = 1  x = 0.5 2  6 sin 2  1
 = 0  sin2  =
P
and 2y = 7  y = 3.5 1 4 sin 2  3

1
 sin  = 
26. a  ib = x + yi 3
et
 
2
 a  ib = (x + yi)2 (3  2isin )(1  2isin )
31.
(1  2isin )(1  2isin )
 a = x2  y2, b = 2xy
 3  4sin 2    8sin  
rg
 a  ib = x 2  y 2  2 xyi =  + i 2 
 1  4sin    1  4sin  
2
= ( x  yi) 2 = x  iy Since it is real, therefore Im (z)  0

8sin 

Ta
1
=0
27. z 3 = a + ib 1  4sin 2 
 z = (a + ib)3  sin   0   = n , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....
 x – iy = a3 + 3a2bi + 3a(ib)2 1  i cos θ
 x – iy = (a3 – 3ab2) – i (b3 – 3a2b) 32. Let z =
1  2i cos θ
 x = a3 – 3ab2 and y = b3 – 3a2b 1  i cos θ 1  2i cos θ
x y = 
 = a2 – 3b2 and = b2 – 3a2 1  2i cos θ 1  2i cos θ
a a  3cos θ 
1  2cos 2 θ
x y = i  2 
   1  4cos θ
2
 1  4cos θ 
 a b  = a  3b  b  3a
2 2 2 2
 z is a real number.
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
 Im (z) = 0
2a 2  2b2 3cos θ
= = –2  =0
a 2  b2 1  4cos 2 θ
122


 cos  = 0 1  i 4i 1  i  3  i   4i
38.  =
π
  = (2n + 1) , n  I 3i 5  3  i  3  i  5
2
3  1  4i 4i 2 1  2i  4i
2 =  = 
33. x  3x +1 = 0 9   1 5 10 5
3  34
 x= 1 2
2
1 2
2
5
2 =  i =     
5 5 5  5 25
3 i 3 i
 x= =  5
2 2 2 = units
5
 
 x = cos    isin   [Taking +ve sign]
6   6   39. 1 i 3 = 1 3 = 2
ns
1 1 i 1 (i  1) 3 i
34. x = 2cos 1+ =1+ 2 =1+ = 
x i 1 i 1 2 2 2
 x2  2 x cos   1 = 0 2 2
1 3  1 9 1 10
 1 =      =  =
io
2cos   4cos 2   4 i 1 2  2 4 4 4
x=
2
 x = cos   isin  1 i 3
at
2 4
 = =
35. 2
x – 2x + 2 = 0  1 
2
10 5
1   4
2 48  i  1
2  2i
x= = =1±i
2
Let  = 1 + i and  = 1 – i
2
lic  3 i   3i  4
3 2
40. Z=
 8  6i 
2
α 1 i
=
1 i
β
   3i  4 
3 2
3 i
ub
1 i 1 i =
=  2 2  3i  4 
2
1 i 1 i
 
3
1  i 
2 3 i 8i
= = = = 2i
P
1i
2
4 4
2i Z = 22  2
= =i
2
41. iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0
et
n
α
  =1 …[Given]  z2(iz + 1) + i(iz + 1) = 0
β
 (iz + 1)(z2 + i) = 0
 (i)n = 1
1
rg
 least value of n = 4 z= or z2 = –i

i
36. x=3+i 1 1 i
z= =  =i
x–3=i i i i
Ta
 x2 – 6x + 10 = 0  |z| = 1
Now, x3 – 3x2 – 8x + 15
42. z1 + z2 = 2 + 6i
= x (x2 – 6x + 10) + 3 (x2 – 6x + 10) – 15
 |z1 + z2|2 = (4 + 36) = 40,
= x (0) + 3 (0) – 15
|z1|2 + |z2|2 = 25 + 5 = 30
= –15
 |z1 + z2|2  2(|z1|2 + |z2|2) = 40  60 =  20
1 i 1 i 1  i   1  i 
2 2
|z1  z2|2 = (16 + 4) = 20
37. – =
 |z1 + z2|2  2(|z1|2 + |z2|2) =  z1  z 2
2
1 i 1 i 1  i2
1  2i  i 2  1  2i  i 2  4i
= = 3  4 xi
1   1 2 43.   i  .
3  4 xi
= 2i Taking modulus and squaring on both sides,
 Modulus = 2 2 + 2 = 1
123


2
44. ( 8  i)50 = 349 (a+ib) 49. z = iz
Taking modulus and squaring on both sides, we Taking modulus on both sides, we get
get | z | = |z2|
(8 + 1)50 = 398 (a2+ b2)  |z| = |z|2
 950 = 398 (a2 + b2)  |z| (|z| – 1) = 0
 3100 = 398 (a2 + b2)  |z| = 1 …[ |z| ≠ 0]
 (a2 + b2) = 9 z = iz
2
3 3
50
 z z = iz3
  i  = 3 ( x  iy)
25
45.  |z|2 = iz3
2 2 
 iz3 = 1
Taking modulus on both sides, we get  z3 = –i
50
 9 3  z3 + i = 0
ns
25
   = 3 x2  y 2
 4 4  1 1 1
50. 1  
 3
50
 = 3 25
x y  1 =
2 2
x y
2 2 z1 z 2 z3
io
x +y =12 2 z1 z 1 z 2 z 2 z 3 z 3
=   ….  | z1 |2  1  z1 z1 ,etc.
z1 z2 z3
z 1
46. Let  iy, where y  R  | z1  z 2  z 3 | | z1  z2  z3 |
z 1
at
This gives = | z1  z 2  z3 | ….  | z 1 |  | z1 |
1  iy 1  iy 1  iy (1  y 2 )  2iy
z= =  =  | z1  z 2  z 3 | = 1
1  iy 1  iy 1  iy 1  y2
 |z|=
1
(1  y 2 2
)  4 y 2

1  y2
1
lic 51. z1 1, z 2  2, z3  3
1  y2 1  y2  z1 z1 1, z 2 z 2  4, z3 z3  9
9z1z 2  4z1z 2  z 2 z3 12
z5
47. w=
ub
z5  z 3 z3 z1z 2  z 2 z 2 z1z 3  z1 z1z 2 z 3 12
x  iy  5
=  z1z 2 z 3 z 3  z 2  z1 12
x  iy  5
 x  5  iy    x  5  iy   z1  z 2  z3 = 2
=
P
 x  5  iy   x  5  iy  52. z = z2  z = z2

2 2
=
 x 2  y 2  25    xy  5  xy  5 i  z z = (z  2) ( z  2)
 x + 5  y 2
2
et
 z z = z z  2 z  2z + 4
x 2 + y 2  25 10i z+ z =2 ….(i)
= 
 x + 5  x  5
2 2
y 2
 y2 Also, z = z  2  z = z  2
2 2
rg
Given that | z | = 5
 x2 + y2 = 25  z z = (z + 2) ( z + 2)
 x2 + y2  25 = 0 = zz + 2 ( z + z) + 4
 Re(w) = 0 z+ z =2 ….(ii)
Ta

1  iz
48. = , then |  | = 1 zz = 2
zi
1  iz 53. Since, | z1  z 2 |  | z1 |  | z 2 |
 =1
zi  | z |  | z  1|  | z |  |1  z |  | z  (1  z) |  |1|  1
 |1  iz | = | z  i | Hence, minimum value of | z |  | z  1| is 1.
 |1  i( x  iy ) | = | x  iy  i | 54. z 1  z  4  3
 | (1  y )  ix | = | x  i( y  1) |
  z  4   3
 x2  1  y 2  2 y = x2  y 2  1  2 y  z  4  3 ….  z1  z2  z1  z2 
 y=0
= z4 3  3 + 3 = 6 …. | z  4 | 3
 z = x + iy = x
 z lies on real axis.  greatest value of z  1 = 6
124

2 2 i 2 i 2i i 5
55. z = z  61.  =  2 = + 2i = i
z z 2 i 2 i 2 2

2 2 2 So, argument is .
 z  z   2 2
z z z
2 2 2 1  3i 2  2 3i
 z
2
 2  z 2 z 2  0 62. z =  
z 1  3i 1  3i 1  3i 1 3
  z  1  3    z  1  3  ≤ 0  z
1

3
i
    2 2
 1 3  z  1 3  3 / 2  2
 arg (z)  tan 1   
 maximum value of z is 1 + 3 .  1 / 2  3
ns
3 2 1 i 3 
56. z  2 z  2 z  3 0 63. arg   = arg(1 – i 3 ) – arg(1 + i 3 )
z 1 i 3 
z max  3 = – 60 – 60 = –120 or 240
 
 arg 1  i 3   tan 1 3  60 
io
57. We have,  
| z2 | = | z2 – (3 + 4i) + 3 + 4i |
  
 and arg 1  i 3  tan 1 3  60

 | z2 |  | z2 – (3 + 4i)| + | 3 + 4i |
at
 | z2 |  5 + 5 ….  3  4i  9  16  5 64. Since, arg(z) < 0 i.e., –ve
we choose arg(z) = – , where  is +ve
 | z2 |  10  – | z2 |  – 10 arg(– z) =  – 
 | z1 | – | z2 |  | z1 | – 10
 | z1 | – | z2 |  12 – 10
lic
 arg(– z) – arg(z) =  –  +  = 
Y
 | z1 | – | z2 |  2
Q(z)
 | z1 – z2 |  2 ….[| z1 – z2 |  | z1 | – | z2 |]
ub
 minimum value of | z1 – z2 | = 2

58. |z|2 + |z – 3|2 + |z – i|2 X
X 
= x2 + y2 + (x – 3)2 + y2 + x2 + (y – 1)2
= 3x2 + 3y2 – 6x – 2y + 10
P
 1 P(z)
= 3  x 2  y 2  2 x  2. y.  + 10
 3  Y
2 65. Let arg (z) = .
et
= 3 z  1   
i 20
Then, arg (– z) =  – 
 3 3
 arg z – arg (– z)
 the given expression is minimum, when z equals =  – ( – )
i
rg
1+ . =
3
66. Let z   = r and Arg  = 
59. Amplitude of 0 is not defined.
Then,  = r cis , Arg z =   
Ta
  3 i  z = r cis (  )
60. z = cos + isin = 
6 6 2 2 = r [cos (  ) + i sin (  )]
3 1 = r [ cos  + i sin ]
 | z |  1 =  r (cos   i sin )
4 4
 1  = 
 y  
and arg(z) = tan   = tan 
1
1 2  67. | z1  z 2 |  | z1 |  | z 2 |
x  3 
   | z1  z 2 |2  | z1 |2  | z 2 |2 2 | z1 || z 2 |
 2 
 1 
 | z1 |2  | z 2 |2 2Re | z1 z2 |
1
= tan  
 3  | z1 |2  | z 2 |2 2 | z1 || z 2 |
    2Re | z1 z2 | 2 | z1 || z 2 |
 arg(z) = tan 1  tan  =
 6 6  2 | z1 || z 2 | cos(1  2 )  2 | z1 || z 2 |
125


 cos (1 – 2) = 1  1 – 2 = 0 1 1 1
= + +
 arg (z1) = arg (z2)   z1  z 2    z 2  z3    z3  z1 
Alternate method : | z1  z 2 |  | z1 |  | z 2 |
1 1 1 1 
 z1 ,z 2 lies on same straight line. =    =0
   z1  z 2   z 2  z3   z3  z1  
 arg z1  arg z 2  arg z1  arg z 2 = 0
Hence, z1 + , z2 + , z3 +  are vertices of
68. Since, arg (z) =  an equilateral triangle.
 it lies on negative side of X-axis.  2   4 
i    i   
Let z = x, where x < 0 74. Let z1 = reiz2 = r.e  3 
, z3 = r.e  3 

|z + 3  i| = 1  2 4 
i       
3 
 |x + 3  i| = 1  ( x  3)2 12 = 1  z1z2z3 = r e 3 3 
z1
 = r3ei(3+ 2)
 (x + 3)2 + 1 = 1  (x + 3)2 = 0  x = 3 z2
ns
= r3ei3
 |z| = 3
 = (rei)3
69. z + i = 0 = z13
 z =  i   z = i
io
z z3
=   =  iz i 1
i 75. z =
cos ( / 3)  isin ( / 3)
Now, arg(z) = 
at
 arg(z ( iz)) =   arg( iz2) =  i 1 2(i  1)
= =
 arg( i) + 2 arg(z) =  1 i 3 1 i 3

 3 2 2
 + 2 arg(z) =   2 arg(z) =
2
 arg(z) =
3
2
lic =
2(i  1) 1  i 3

1 i 3 1 i 3
=
2i  2 3  2  2i 3
1 3
4
=

2 1  i  3  i 3 
3 + i sin θ
70. Let z = 4
ub
4  i cos θ
=
3 + i sin θ

 4 + i cos θ  =
1
2
 3 1 i  3 1 
 
4  i cos θ  4 + i cos θ 
12  sin θ cos θ +i  4sin θ + 3cos θ   |z| =
1
4

3  1  2 3  3  1 2 3 =  8
4
= 2
P
=
16  cos 2 θ
 1 
z is a real number. 1 
3 1  1
 1 3 
 Im (z) = 0  = tan   = tan  
 3 1   1 1 
et
4sin θ + 3cos θ  
 =0  3 
16  cos 2 θ
 1    5
 4 sin  + 3 cos  = 0 = tan1 1 + tan1  =  =
 3 4 6 12
rg
3
 tan  =  5 5 
4  the polar form of z = 2  cos  isin 
 cos θ   12 12 
arg (sin  + i cos ) =  + tan–1  
 sin θ 
Ta
76. Let z = 1  i 3 , r = 1 3 = 2
–1  4  3  2
=  + tan  
 3  = tan 1   =
 1  3
=  – tan–1  
4
 2 2 
3    z = 2  cos  isin 
 3 3 
1  2i 1  2i 1  i 1 3
71. z= z=  = i  2 2  
20
1 i 1 i 1 i 2 2  (z)20 =  2  cos  isin  

This complex number will lie in the II quadrant.   3 3 
20
 2 2 
73.
1
+
1 = 220  cos  isin 
 1   2   2    z 3   
z    z    z    3 3 
20
1 120 3
+ = 2    i 
 z3      z1    2 2 
126


    
cos  isin 2cos 2  2isin cos
6 6 e i / 6 2 2 2
77. = i(  /3) = ei / 2 = i =
    e 2   
cos     isin    2sin  2isin cos
 3  3 2 2 2
  
cos  i sin 
           
78. z1z2 =  2  cos  isin    3  cos  isin   = cot  2 2

 4 
4 3 3     2  sin   i cos  
 7 
 2 2
i   7 7 
= 6ei / 4 .ei / 3 = 6e  12 
= 6  cos  isin   i 
 12 12   
 e 2
= cot  
 |z1z2| = 6 2      
  cos     i sin   
 2 2  2 2  
79. z  rei = r(cos  + i sin )
 
ns
i
 iz = ir(cos  + isin ) = – r sin  + ir cos    e2
= cot      
 eiz = e(–r sin + ir cos ) = e–r sin eri cos 2 i 
  e  2 2  
 | eiz | = | e  r sin  || eri cos  |
 i
= |er sin| |cos(r cos ) + i sin (r cos )| 
=  cot e 2
io
1 2
= e  r sin  [{cos 2 (r cos )  sin 2 (r cos )}] 2   
=  cot cos  i sin 
= e–r sin ….[ cos2  + sin2 = 1] 2 2 2
at

= i cot
80. z = r(cos  + i sin ) = rei 2
z = r(cos   i sin ) = rei
83. Given, z = cos  + i sin  = ei

z z rei rei
+ = i + i = e2i  e2i
lic 15 15 15
z z re re   Im(z
m 1
2m 1
)   Im(ei ) 2m 1   Imei(2m 1) 
m 1 m 1
= (cos 2 + i sin 2) + (cos 2  i sin 2) = sin  + sin 3 + sin 5 + .... + sin 29
= 2 cos 2
ub
  29   15 2 
sin   sin  
72
=  2   2 
    
 1  cos  12   i sin  12    2 
    sin  
81.   2 
 1  cos     i sin    
    sin(15)sin(15)
P
 =
  12   12  
72
sin 
 2    
 2cos 24  2i sin 24 cos 24 
At  = 2,
=  sin 2 30
 
15
1
et
 2cos 2

 2i sin

cos   Im(z 2m 1
)
sin 2

4sin 2
 24 24 24  m 1
72
    84.
1
= 2cos
x
 cos 24  i sin 24 
rg
=  x
    x2  2x cos   1  0
 cos  i sin 
 24 24   x = cos   isin   xn = cos n  isin n
72
 i24  1
 
1 1
  cos   i sin 
Ta
e
=  i   x cos   isin  x

 e 24  1
 n = cos n  isin n
72
x
 i
 1
= e 12  Thus, x n  n = 2cos n
  x
= e6  i (cos   isin ) 4 (cos   isin ) 4
85. =
= cos 6 + i sin 6 (sin   icos ) 5
1 
5
=1 i5  sin   cos  
i 
1 a 1  ei  (cos   isin ) 4
(cos   isin ) 4
82.  = =
1 a 1  ei  i(cos   isin ) 5
i(cos   isin )5
1  cos   isin  1
=  (cos   isin )9 = sin 9  icos9
1  cos   isin  i
127


1
1  25   25 
86. iz4 = 1  z4 =  z4 = i  z = (i) 4  x  iy = cos    isin  
i  3   3 
1

1
  4 Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
 z = (0  i)  z =  cos  isin 
4
 2 2  25   
x = cos   = cos  8  
   3   3
 z = cos  isin (using DeMoivre’s theorem)
8 8  1
 x = cos    x =
1
7 3 2
87. z = 2cis
5
5  25   
and y =  sin   =  sin  8 
1
 7 7   3   3
 z = 2  cos  isin 
5
 5 5 
 3
5  y =  sin   = 
ns
7
5 7  3 2
 z = 2  cos  isin 
 5 5 
1 3
= 25(cos 7 + i sin 7)  (x, y) =  ,  
2 2 
= 32(–1 + 0) = –32
io
88. x2  4x + 8 = 0 91. Let z = (1  i 3)
 (x  2)2 = 4  x = 2  2i
r= 3  1 = 2 and r cos  = 1, r sin  = 3
 2n + 2n = 22n (1 + i)2n + 22n(1  i)2n
at
 
 1 i 
2n
tan  = 3 = tan =
= 22n . 2n    3 3
 2 2
  
z = 2  cos  isin 
 1
 2 .2  2n
 2

lic
i 
n

2
2n
 3 3 
100
   
  
2n
 z100 =  2  cos  isin  
= 23n  cos  isin  3  3 
 4 4 
ub
 100  100  
  
2n
= 2100  cos  isin 
 23n  cos  isin   3 3 
 4 4
n n     1 i 3
= 23n .2cos = 23n  1 cos = 2100   cos  isin  = 2100    
2 
P
2 2  3 3  2
 3 i 
53  1 
89. ( 3  i)53 = 253    Re(z)    1
 2 2  = 2 =
et
Im(z)  3  3
= 253 (cos150o  isin150o )53  
 2 
= 253 [cos(150o  53) + isin(150o  53)]
6
 2k 2k 
rg
=253 [cos(22  30o ) + isin(22  30o )] 92.   sin  icos 


k 1 7 7 
=253 [cos30o  isin 30o ] 6
 2k 2k 
 3 1 = – i   cos  isin 
k 1
 7 7 
Ta
= 253   i 
 2 2 
 2 2   4 4 
= – i  cos  isin  +  cos  isin 
50 50  7 7   7 7 
3 3   3 1 
90.   i  =  3   i.    12 12  
2 2    2 2   + ….+  cos  isin 
50
 7 7 
50
 3 1    2
= 325   i.  = 325  cos  i.sin   2 2   2 2 
 2 2  6 6 = – i  cos  isin  +  cos  isin 
 7 7   7 7 
  50   50  
  i.sin 
25
= 3 cos    2 2  
6
  6   6  +….+  cos  isin  

 7 7  
….[By DeMoivre’s theorem]
  25   25    x( x 6  1)  2 2
 325 cos    isin    = 3 ( x  iy)
25
=–i   , where x = cos  isin
  3   3   x 1  7 7
128

 x7  x  1  x  103. (1 + )(1 + 2)(1 + 4)(1 + 8)….upto 2n

=–i  = – i  factors
 x 1   x  1
= (– 2)(– )(1 + ) (1 + 2) …. upto 2n
 7  2 2  
7
 x   cos  isin  
factors
...  7 7  
 = 1.1.1…. upto n factors = 1
  cos 2  isin 2  1 
 x 1 104. (1   + 2) (1  2 + 4) (1  3 + 6)
= i  =i (1  4 + 8) (1  5 + 10) (1  6 + 12)
 x 1
(1  7 + 14) (1  8 + 16)
93. 1..2 = 3 = 1 = (1   + 2) (1  2 + ) (1) (1   + 2)
94. (1    2 )7 = (2  2 )7 (1  2 + ) (1) (1   + 2) (1  2 + )
= (22 )7 = 12814 = (1   + 2)3 (1  2 + )3 =(2)3 (22)3
= (236) (233) = 26
ns
= 128122 = 1282
95. (3    32 )4 = (3  ) 4 .... [1  2  0] 105. We have,
(1 + 2)m = (1 + 4)m ….[ 3 = 1]
= (2) 4 = 164
io
= 16  (1 + 2)m = (1 + )m
 (– )m = (– 2)m
96. (3    32 ) 4 = [3(1  2 )  ]4 m
 
= [3()  ]4 = [2  ]4   2 =1
at
 
= 16  4 = 16 
 (2)m = 1 = (3)
97. (1     )(1    ) = (2)(2 )
2 2 6 2 6
lic Hence, least positive integral value of m is 3.
=  128 
106. (1 + )7 = A + B  (2)7 = A + B
98. [(1     )  ]  [(1    2 )  2 ]3n
2 3n
 14 =  A  B
= 3n  (2 )3n  2.12 = A  B  A + B + 2 = 0
= (3 )n  (3 )2n = 1n  12n  A = 1, B = 1 ….[ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
ub
=0
1 1 1
99. Since,  is an imaginary cube root of unity, let it 107.  
1  2 2   1  
be , then
2    1  2 1
P
()3n 1 + ()3n  3 + 3n  5 = 

1  2  2   
 2 
=  + 1 + 5 …[ 3n = 1 and 3 = 1]
3  3 
=   1  2 = 0 = 
2  5  22 3
et
100. (a  b)(a  b)(a  b2 ) 3  3

= 
= (a  b)(a 2  ab(  2 )  b23 ) 2  5  22
3  3  2  52  23
rg
= (a  b)(a 2  ab  b2 )  a 3  b3 =
2  5  22
101. (a + b + c2) (a + b2 + c) 5  5  52
= a2 + ab2 + ac + ab + b23 + bc2 =
2  5  22
Ta
+ ac2 + bc4 + c23

5 1    2 
= a + b  + c  + (ab + bc + ac)2
2 2 3 2 3
=
+ (ab + bc + ac) 2  5  22
= a + b + c + (ab + bc + ac) (2 + )
2 2 2
=0 ...[ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
= a2 + b2 + c2 – (ab + bc + ac)
 (a + b + c)(a + b + c2)(a + b2 + c) 108. x2 – x + 1 = 0
= a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc 1  3i
x=
102. Let n = 3k + 1 2
n + 2n = 3k+1 + 2(3k+1)  and  are the roots of the given equation.
= 3k + 6k2 1  3i
= (3)k.  + (3)2k . 2 = =–
2
=  + 2 = –1 ….  3  1 1  3i
= = – 2
Hence, 1 + n + 2n = 1 – 1 = 0 2
129


101 + 107 = (– )101 + (– 2)107 = ( 2  2)6  (   )6
=   3   2   3   
33 71
= ( 22)6  ( 2)6
  = 6412  646
= – (2 + ) …[3 = 1] = 64 (3)4  64(3)2 = 0 ….[ 3 = 1]
=1 …[1 +  + 2 = 0]
109. Roots of the equation x2  x + 1 = 0 are 117. If  is an imaginary (non-real) nth root of unity,
 =  ,  =  2 then all the nth roots are
 2009 + 2009 = ()2009 + (2)2009 1, , 2,…., n  1
=  (2 + ) = 1  xn 1= (x  1)(x  )(x  2)….(x  n  1)
Substituting x = 5, we get
110.  = ,  = 2 5n  1= (5 1) (5  ) (5  2) (5  2)
 2 + 2 = 2 + (2)2
….(5  n  1)
ns
= 2 + 4
5n  1
= 2 +   = (5  ) (5  2)….. (5  n1)
= –1 4
111.  = ,  = 2 118. The n roots of 1 are 1, , 2, …., n  1
io
1  xn  1 = (x  1) (x  ) (x  2)…. (x  n  1)
 4 + 4 +
4 .4 Substituting x = 2, we get
1 2n  1 = (2  1) (2  ) (2  2)…. (2  n  1)
=  + 2 + = 0
at
1  2n  1 = (2  ) (2  2)…. (2  n  1)
112. Let (8)1/3 = x  x3 8=0  4 

i 
119. z = e  3 
 (x2)(x2 +2x + 4) = 0
lic
 x = 2, 2,22 or x = 2,  1  i 3,  1  i 3 = cos
4
+ i sin
4
3 3
1 1 3 2
113. Here, 13 = 1, , 2 =  – i =
2 2
ub
 For the equation (x  2)3 + 27 = 0  (z192 + z194)3 = [(2)192 + (2)194]3
 (x  2)3 =  27 =  33 = [(3)128 + (3)129.]3
1
 x  2 =  3 1 3 =  3(1, , 2) = (1 + )3
=  3,  3, 32 = (–2)3 ...[ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
P
 x = – 1, 2 – 3, 2 – 32 = –6

3
114. (x  1) + 64 = 0 = –1
et
 (x  1)3 = 64 1 1
 (x  1)3 = (4)3 120. Since,  =   i 3
2 2
 x  1 = 4 3 1 1 3
 x  1 = 4 or x  1 = 4 or x  1  1000 = 999 = (3)333 =  =  + i
rg
2 2
= 42
 x = 3 or x = 1  4 or x = 1  42 1  i 3  1  i 3  1  i 3 
121.   
 Sum of roots = 3 + 1  4 + 1  42 1  i 3  1  i 3 
 1  i 3 
Ta
= 1  4  4 (1  )
=3 2  i2 3
=
4
115.  =  + 22  3
1  i 3
  =  4 + 2 = =
2
  + 4 = 2 n
 ( + 4)3 = (2)3 1 i 3  n 3
   =  =  = 1  n = 3
 3 + 122 + 48 + 3 =  60 1 i 3 
1  3i
116. Given, x = x= 122. 1 3i  22
2
 (1  x2 + x)6  (1  x + x2)6 1 3i  2
= (1  2 + )6  (1   + 2)6 64 
1
=  + 2 = 1
= ((1 + )  2)6  ((1 + 2)  )6 64
130


2 2 2
  1 i 3 15  1 i 3 15   1  1   1 
        =       2  2    3  3 
 2 2  2           
15    2
123. 2    =1+1+4
 (1  i) (1  i)20 
20
  =6
 
 15 30  127. z2 + z + 1 = 0  z =  or 2
= 215   
 (1  i)
20
(1  i)20  Let z = 
2 2 2
 1 1   1  2 1   6 1
= 215   
  z   +  z  2  +....+  z  6 
 (1  i)
20
(1  i)20   z   z   z 
2 2 2
 (1  i) 20  (1  i)20   1  1   1 
= 215   =       2  2   ....   6  6 
 (1  i 2 ) 20          
ns
2 15 = 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 4 = 12
= [(1  i) 20  (1  i) 20 ]
220
128. 1 + z + z3 + z4 = 0
1
= 5 [{(1 + i)2}10 + {(1 – i)2}10] (1 + z) (1 + z3) = 0
io
2
211.i10 z = –1, –1, –, –2 , where is a cube root
1
= 5 [(2i)10 + (– 2i)10] = 5 of unity.
2 2
1 3 1 3
at
= – 26 ….[ i10 = (i4)2. i2 = i2 = 1]  the distinct roots are (–1,0),  ,  ,  ,   .
= – 64 2 2  2 2 
Distance between each of them is 3 . So, they

124. z + z–1 = 1  z2 z + 1 = 0
 z   or 2
lic form an equilateral triangle.
For z = , z100 + z100 = ()100  ()100 129. x2 + y + 4i and –3 + x2yi are conjugates of each
1 other.
=  x2 + y + 4i = –3 – x2yi
ub
 
2  1  x2 + y = –3 and 4 = – x2y
= = 1
 4
2 100 100
 x2 + y = –3 and y =
For z = –  , z +z = ( )  ( )
2 100 2 100
x2
P
1 4
= 200   x2 – = –3
200 x2
1
= 2  2  x4 + 3x2 – 4 = 0
et
  (x2 – 1) (x2 + 4) = 0
= 2   = 1 x=±1
 2   2  4
y=
rg
125. n = cos    isin   x2

 n   n 
 y = –4
2 2 1 i 3
 3 = cos  isin =   =  (|x| + |y|)2 = (|x|)2 + 2|x||y| + (|y|)2
3 3 2 2
Ta
2 = 1 + 8 + 16
 2 2 
and 32 =  cos  isin  = 25
 3 3 
 4 4  1 i 3 130. Let P, Q, R, S represent the complex numbers
=  cos  isin  =   = 2
 3 3  2 2 –3 + 5i, –1 + 6i, –2 + 8i, –4 + 7i respectively.
 (x + y3 + z32 ) (x + y32 + z3) PQ = QR = RS = PS = 5 and PQR = 90
2
= (x + y + z ) (x + y + z) 2  The given points in the argand plane form a
= x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx square.
126. z2 + z + 1 = 0  z =  or 2 131. Let z = x + iy

Let z =   x = 1  t2, y = 1  t 2
2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1  On eliminating t, we get x = 1  (y2  1)
 z   z  2  z  3 
 z  z   z   y2 =  x + 2, which is a parabola
131

132.
2
x  iy+ 3  x  iy  3 15
2
136. Let z = x + iy
We have, | z 2  1| = | z |2 1
 (x + 3)2 + y2   x  3  y 2  15
2
 | ( x  iy )2  1|  | x  iy |2 1
 12x = 15
  +1
2
 | ( x 2  y 2  1)  2 xyi | = x2  y2
which is a straight line
2 2
 ( x 2  y 2  1)2  (2 xy )2 = x + y + 1
2z  1 2( x  iy )  1
133.  Squaring on both sides, we get
iz  1 i( x  iy )  1
x4 + y4 + 1 – 2x2y2 + 2y2 – 2x2 + 4x2y2
2 x  1  2iy
= = x4 + y4 + 1 + 2x2y2 + 2y2 + 2x2
1  y  ix
 2x2y2 = 2x2y2 + 4x2
(2 x  1  2iy )(1  y  ix)
ns
= x=0
(1  y  ix)(1  y  ix )
 z = x + iy = 0 + iy = iy
(2 x  1  2iy )(1  y  ix)  z lies on imaginary axis.
=
(1  y ) 2  x 2
io
137. log(0.8) z 1 > log(0.8) z 1
2 y (1  y )  x (2 x  1)
Imaginary part =
(1  y ) 2  x 2  z 1  z 1
Let z = x + iy
at
2 y  2 y 2  2 x2  x
 2 =  x 1 iy  x 1 iy
1  2 y  y 2  x2
 2 (1  2y + y2 + x2) = 2y  2y2  2x2  x   x+1  x 1
2 2
 y2   y2
 6y  x =  2
lic  (x + 1)2 + y2 > (x  1)2 + y2
which is a straight line.  2x > 2x
 4x > 0
z 1 x  iy  1
ub
134. = x>0
zi x  iy  i
=
 x  1  iy  x  i  y  1 138. Let z  2  3i = r cis

x  i  y  1 x  i  y  1 4
  
P
 x  x  1  y  y  1   i    x  1 y  1  xy   x + yi  2  3i = r  cos  isin 

= 4 4
 
x 2   y  1
2
   
Its real part = 1  (x  2) + (y  3)i =  r cos  + i  r sin 
et
4  4   
x  x  1  y  y  1
 =1  x  2 = r cos

and y  3 = r sin

x 2   y  1
2
4 4
rg
x2  x  y 2  y x2 
 =1 Dividing, we get  cot = 1
x2  y 2  2 y  1 y 3 4
 x2 – x + y2 + y = x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 xy+1=0
Ta
x+y+1=0
3i 9i 1
Only option (D) satisfies the above equation.
139. 2 9i 1
135. z = (k + 4) + i 9  k 2 10 9 i
Comparing with z = x + iy, we get Applying R1  R1 + R2, we get
x=k+4 3i  2 0 0
k=x4 2 9i 1
y= 9k 2 10 9 i
y= 9  ( x  4)2 =  3i  2  (9i 2  9)

 y2 = 9  (x  4)2 = (3i  2)(9  9)
 (x  4)2 + y2 = 9 =0
The above equation represent a circle.  x = 0, y = 0
132


140. Let z = x + iy 1 1 1
 z + iz = (x – y) + i(x + y) and iz = – y + ix  1   1 2 = 3k
2
If A denotes the area of the triangle formed by 1 2 

x y 1 3 0 0
1
z, z + iz and iz, then A = x y x y 1  1   1 2 = 3k2
2
y x 1 1 2 
Applying R2  R2 – R1 – R3, we get …[Applying R1  R1 + R2 + R3]
x y 1
1 1 1 2  3 (3    4) = 3k
A= 0 0 1 = (x2 + y2) = |z|
2 2 2
y x 1  3 (1    ) = 3k
ns
 k =  (1 + 2)
 1 3 9 27   1/ 2 
     .....   
141.   2 8 32 128 
=   1 3/ 4 
= z
2
=  +  = –1 ....[ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
io
1  2 
146. 1  2  2
 = (  1)   (   ) +  (   )
3n n 2n 2n 2n n 4n
142.   2  2
at
= (1  1)  0  2n [n  (3 ) n n ]
Applying C1  C 1  C2 , we get
=0+0+0=0
0 2 
1 1 1
lic 0  2
143.  = 1 1  2 2 1    2
1  4
= (1 + ) (4 + 2)
ub
1 1 1
= 1  2 = (  1) (2  ) = 3  2  2 + 
1  
= 32
P
  
     
   147.  = 2,  =  

=

  
et
   302
  1  
n n
S=
n 0
1 1 1
rg
144. 1 
2 4 2 2
2 = 1(   ) 1( )+1(  ) = 0  1 + 2  3 + 4 –…. + 302
1 2 
1   
303
2
= = =  2
= 1(2  )   + 2 + 2   1    2
Ta
= 32  3
 1
= 3(  1)  = ,  = 2   =
2
 
145. 2 + 1 = 3 S = (2)0  (2)1 + (2)2 –….. + (2)302

 2 + 1 = 3i 1   2 
303
=
1 i 3 1   2 
= 
2 2
2
1 1 1 =

1 2  1 2 = 3k
1 2 7 = 22
133

Evaluation Test
1. Let z = x + iy 4. S = 1 + 2 + 32 + .... + 3n3n1 ....(i)
|z 2|
Given, =2  S =  + 22 + .... + (3n  1)3n1 + 3n3n
| z  3| ....(ii)
 ( x  2)2  y 2 = 2 ( x  3)2  y 2 Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
(1  )S = (1++2 +.... to 3n terms)  3n3n
 (x – 2)2 + y2 = 4[(x – 3)2 + y2]
1(1  3n )
 x2 + y2 + 4 – 4x = 4x2 + 4y2 + 36 – 24x =  3n.1 ....[ 3 = 1]
1 
 3x2 + 3y2 – 20x + 32 = 0 11
20 32 =  3n
 x2 + y2 – x+ =0 ….(i) 1 
3 3 3n
ns
We know that, standard equation of circle is  S=
 1
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ….(ii)
Comparing (i) with (ii), we get 5. z  3  4i  (z  3)2  16
2g = 
20 10
 g =  , f = 0, c =
32  z 2  6z  25  0 ....(i)
io
3 3 3 Now, z 4  3z3  3z 2  99z  95
100 32 4 2  (z 2  3z  4)(z 2  6z  25)  5
 Radius = g 2  f 2  c =  = =
9 3 9 3
at
 (z 2  3z  4)(0)  5 ….[From (i)]
2. Let z = (1 – i)–i 5
Taking log on both sides, we get 2 2
6. We have, 1  z 1 z 2  z1  z 2
log z = – i log(1 – i)
lic
log 1  i   = (1  z1 z2) 1  z1 z 2   (z1  z2)  z1  z 2 
1 i 
= – i  log 2  ….  i

4 
1
 log 2  
2
2 ….[ z z = z ]
 2 4 
ub
i  = (1  z1 z2) (1  z1 z 2 )  (z1 z2) ( z1  z 2 )
=  log 2 –
2 4 ….[ 2 | z1 || z 2 | = z1  z 2 and 1 = 1]
 i
  log 2
z= e 4
e 2
= (1  z1 z2) (1  z1 z 2 )  (z1  z2) ( z1  z 2 )

 1 
 1
….   z 1   z1 
P

z= e 4
cos  2 log 2   isin  2 log 2  
      


1  = 1  z1 z 2  z1 z2 + z1 z1 z2 z 2  z1 z1 + z1 z 2
 Re(z) = e cos  log 2 
4
+ z1 z2  z2 z 2
et
2 
2 2 2 2
= 1 + z1 z 2  z1  z 2
3. Given, z  ilog(2  3)
The given equation can be written as 
= 1  z1
2
1  z 
2
2
rg
eiz  ei
2 log(2  3 )
 e log(2  3)  k=1
= e log(2  3) 1 7. | z  2| |z  2| = 8
 ( x  2)2  y 2 + ( x  2)2  y 2 = 8
 
Ta
1
= 2 3
 x  2  y2 = 8   x  2
2 2
 y2
1 2 3
=  Squaring on both sides, we get
2 3 2 3
x2 + y2 + 4 – 4x = 64 + x2 + y2 + 4 + 4x
2 3
= 16 ( x  2)2  y 2
43
=2+ 3  – 8x – 64 = – 16 ( x  2)2  y 2
 eiz  (2  3)  (x + 8) = 2 ( x  2)2  y 2
Again squaring on both sides, we get
Similarly, eiz  (2  3)
x2 + 64 + 16x = 4(x2 + y2 + 4 + 4x)
We know that,  3x2 + 4y2 – 48 = 0
eiz + e iz (2  3)  (2  3) x2 y2
cos z = = =2  + = 1, which is an ellipse.
2 2 16 12
134


8. We have, (cos  + i sin )(cos 2 + i sin 2)  668 668 
= 4  5  cos   isin 
…..(cos n + i sin n) = 1  3 3 
 cos( + 2 + 3 + …. + n)  730 730 
+ i sin( + 2 + ….+ n) = 1 + 3 cos   isin 
 3 3 
 n(n  1)   n(n  1) 
 cos    + isin   = 1   2   2  
 2   2  = 4  5 cos  222    isin  222   
  3   3 
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get      
 3 cos  243    isin  243   
 n (n  1)    3  3 
cos   = 1
 2   2 2    
= 4  5  cos  isin   3   cos  isin 
 n(n  1)   3 3   3 3
and sin   = 0
 2   1 3  1 3
ns
= 4  5    i   3   i 

n(n  1)
 = 2m  2 2   2 2 
2
4m 3
= , where m  I = 4 – 4 + 2i = i 3
n(n  1) 2
io
9. Since, | z1 |  | z 2 | = 1,
 z1 = cos 1 + i sin 1, z2 = cos 2 + i sin 2
at
where 1 = arg(z1) and 2 = arg(z2)
Also, z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id
 a = cos 1, b = sin 1, c = cos 2 and d = sin 2
Also, Re(z1 z 2 )  0
lic
 Re[(cos 1 + i sin 1)(cos 2 – i sin 2)] = 0
 Re[(cos(1 – 2) + i sin(1 – 2)] = 0
 cos(1 – 2) = 0
ub

 1 – 2 = …..(i)
2

 1 = 2 +
2
P
Now, w1 = a + ic = cos 1 + i cos 2

= cos 1 + i sin 1
   
.... cos 2  cos   1   sin 1 
et
 2  
 | w1 | = 1
Similarly, w2 = cos2 + i sin2
rg
 | w2 | = 1
 w1 w 2 = (cos 1+ i sin 1)(cos 2– i sin 2)
= cos(1 – 2) + i sin(1 – 2)
Re  w1 w 2  = Re [cos(1 – 2) + i sin(1 – 2)]
Ta

= cos(1 – 2)

= cos =0 ….[From (i)]
2
 w1 = 1, w 2 = 1
and Re (w1 w 2 ) = 0
10. Given expression is
334 365
 1 3  1 3
4  5    i  + 3   i 
 2 2   2 2 
334 365
 2 2   2 2 
= 4  5  cos  isin   3 cos  isin 
 3 3   3 3 
135
Textbook
Chapter No.
03 Permutations and Combinations
Hints
Classical Thinking 50 50!  n! 

13. P2 = ...  n Pr  
30! 30  29  28  27! (50  2)!  (n  r)!
ns
2. = = 30  29  28
27! 27! 50 × 49 × 48!
= = 2450
= 24360 48!
8! 8  7  6! 56 n! (n  3) !
3. = = = 28 14.  = 20
io
2  6! 2  6! 2 (n  5) ! n!
 (n  3)(n  4)  20  n = 1, 8
12! 12  11  10  9  8  7  6!
4. = But 1 is not exceptable.
at
6!× 6! 6!  6!
12  11  10  9  8  7  n=8
= = 924
6  5  4  3  2 1 lic 15. Required number of words = 9P3 = 504.
1 1 1 1 1 7 7 17. Number of 1 digit numbers = 4P1
5. + = + =   =
5! 6! 5! 6× 5! 5!  6  720 Number of 2 digit numbers = 4P2
Number of 3 digit numbers = 4P3
8! 6  6! 8× 7 × 6! 6  6! 6! 50 
Number of 4 digit numbers = 4P4
ub
6. = = = 3600
3!+ 4 3!+ 4 3!+ 4
Hence, the required number of ways
10  n ! = 6 = 4P1 + 4P2 + 4P3 + 4P4
7.
 9  n ! 18. Since C and Y are fixed now remaining letters
P

10  n  (9  n)! =6 n=4
are 6 that can be arranged in 6! ways.
(9  n)!
19. Total number of ways = 4  4  4  4  4 = 45
et
1 1 x
8. + = 20. The number of ways of answering all of n
8! 9! 10! questions when each question has an alternative
9 1 x = 2n
 + =
9  8! 9! 10!
rg
Here, n = 10
9 1 x  The correct option is (C)
 =
9! 10!
10 x 21. Since, there are 2D’s, 3N’s and 4E’s.
 =
Ta
9! 10  9! 12!
 Required number of ways =
 x = 100 3!2!4!
9. There are m + n = 3 + 5 = 8 ways of selecting a 22. Since, there are 2 M's, 2 A's and 2T's.
ball pen or an ink pen. 11!
 Required number of ways are
2!2!2!
10. There are 10 + 8 = 18 ways of selecting either a
boy or a girl.
5!
23. Required number of ways are = 60
11. Each of the four prizes can be awarded in six 2!
ways. Hence, all the four prizes can be awarded
in 64 ways. 24. Since total number of ways in which boys can
occupy any place is (5  1) ! = 4 ! and the 5 girls
10 10! 10  9  8  7! can be sit accordingly in 5! ways.
12. P3 = = = 720
10  3! 7! Hence, required number of ways are 4! × 5!
136

Chapter 03: Permutations and Combinations
10 10! 10! 10× 9 ×8!

25. C2 = = = = 45
2!(10 - 2)! 2!× 8! 2 ×1× 8! Critical Thinking
4(45!) + 46! 4(45!) + 46 ´ 45!
100 100! 100! 1. =
26. C98 = = 150(44!) 150( 44!)
98!(100 - 98)! 98!´ 2!
45!(4 + 46) 45 ´ 44!(50)
100 ´ 99 ´ 98! = =
= = 4950 150(44!) 150( 44!)
98!´ 2 ´1
45
10 = = 15
27. Required number = C5 = 252 3
28. Total number of handshakes = 15C2. 2. (n + 2)! = 210 (n  1)!

 (n + 2)(n + 1)n(n  1)!= 210(n  1)!
29. Since, two students can exchange cards each
ns
n=5
other in two ways.
[1.3.5...(2n -1)][ 2.4.6...2n ]
31. 6 men can be selected from 10 men in 10C6 ways 3. =
[1.3.5...(2n -1)]n!
and 2 women can be selected from 5 women in
io
5
C2 ways. 2n (1.2.3....n)
= = 2n
n!
 Total no. of ways = 10C6  5C2
4. = (2  1). (2  3). (2  5). (2  7)
at
10!
33. No. of ways = 10C8  5C4 =  5 = 225 … Upto 50 factors
8!´ 2!
= 250 (1. 3. 5 … Upto 50 factors)
250 (1. 2. 3. 4. 5 ¼ Upto 100 factors)
10 ! =
34. A gets 2, B gets 8;
2 !8 !
= 45
lic 2.4.6 ¼ upto50factors
250 ´100! (100)!
10 ! = =
A gets 8, B gets 2; = 45 (2 ´1).(2´ 2)¼¼(2 ´ 50) (50!)
8!2!
ub
 45 + 45 = 90 5. 1.3.5…(2n  1) 2n
n 1.2.3.4.5.6¼(2n -1)(2n) 2n
35. C5 = nC4 =
2.4.6¼¼2n
n! n!
 = n=9 (2n)! 2n
P
5!(n - 5)! 4!(n - 4)! = n

2 (1. 2 . 3¼¼n)
Alternate Method:
(2n) !
We have nC5 = nC4 = .
n!
et
é If n C x = n C y , then ù
 n=5+4=9 … êê ú
ú 6. The man can go in 5 ways and he can return in
êë x+ y=n úû
5 ways. Hence, total number of ways are
5 × 5 = 25.
rg
13
36. C9  12C8 = (12C9 + 12C8)  12C8 = 12C9
7. Required number of ways are 45 = 1024
n2 -n n 2 -n [Since each prize can be distributed in 4 ways]
37. C2 = C10
Ta
8
n 2 -n 2 -n 8. P5 = 7P5 + k .7P4
 C =n C10
n 2 -n - 2 8! 7! 7!
 = +k.
 n2  n  2 = 10 or n = 4, 3 (8  5)! (7  5)! (7  4)!
38. (16C5 + 16C6) + 17C7 + 18C8 = 19Cx k=5
n1
 (17C6 + 17C7) + 18C8 = 19Cx 9. P3 : nP4 = 1 : 7
 18
C7 + 18C8 = 19Cx 1 n 1
P3 (n  1)! (n  1)!
 = = =
 19
C8 = 19Cx 7 n
P4 n! n(n  1)!
 x=8 n=7
n! n! n! (n -1)!
39. = 11. = 60 
(n  r)! (n  r)!r! (n - 5)! (n - 4)!
 r! = 1  r = 0, 1  n(n n
137


56! (51 - r )! Also, no student has given the same sequence of
12.  = 30800 answers
(50 - r )! 54!
 56  55  (51 – r) = 30800  No of students = 31
 r = 41 26. There are 4 consonants and 3 vowels in the
14. Here, m = 4 and n = 3 word ‘SOCIETY’
 Total number of ways of travelling by bus from  Total number of ways = 4!  3!
A to C via B = m  n = 4  3 = 12 27. Words start with D are 6! = 720, start with E are
15. Captain can be selected in 11 ways and vice- 720, start with MD are 5! = 120 and start with
captain can be selected from remaining 10 ME are 120. Now the first word starts with MO
players in 10 ways. is nothing but MODESTY. Hence, rank of
 No. of ways = 11  10 = 110 MODESTY is 1681.
ns
16. The first teacher can go in any of the five 28. Total no. of groups
classes in 5 ways. = 1 Asian group + 1 European group
Also one teacher teaches only one class at a + 1 American group
time. Thus the second teacher can go to any of = 3 group of people
io
the remaining 4 classes in 4 ways and so on. These 3 group of people can be arranged
 Total no of ways = 5  4  3  2 = 120 amongst themselves in 3P3 = 3! ways.
17. If a student is eligible to get any number of 3 Asians can be arranged amongst themselves in
at
3
prizes, each prize can be given to any of the P3 = 3! ways. Similarly, 2 Europeans can be
20 boys in 20 ways. arranged amongst themselves in 2P2 = 2! ways
 Total number of ways = 20  20  20 and the American can be arranged in 1P1 = 1!
way.
18.
lic
Each ring can be adjusted in 6 different ways.  Total no. of ways = 3!  3!  2!  1!
 3 rings can be arranged in 6  6  6 = 216 ways.
Out of these 216 attempts, only one attempt is 29. Unit’s place being given to an even digit, it can
successful. Hence, the maximum number of be filled in with three digits (2, 4 or 6) in 3 ways
ub
false trials = 216  1 = 215 and corresponding to each way of doing so the
remaining places can be filled in with remaining
19. Three prizes can be awarded in 6 ways and
4 digits in 4P4 = 4! = 24 ways.
hence, the number of ways is 6  6  6 = 216.
 Required no. of ways = 3  24 = 72
But, this includes 6 ways in which all the prizes
P
go to the same person. 30. Extreme left place can be filled in 9 ways and
So, the required number of ways = 216 – 6 then the remaining three places can be filled in
= 210 9
P3 ways.
et
20. Each book can be distributed in 5 ways as it can 31. Required number = 5P3 = 5  4  3 = 60
be given to any one of the five students.
 Total number of ways = 5  5  5  … 6 times 32. Firstly, we accommodate those 5 animals in
rg
st nd cages which cannot enter in 4 small cages,

21. 1 man can vote in 3 ways. 2 man can vote in
which can be done in 6P5 ways.
3 ways.
Similarly, all other men can vote in 3 ways Now, we are left with 5 cages and 5 animals,
individually, hence, the total number of ways which can be accommodated in 5! ways.
Ta
= 3  3  3  3  3  3  3 = 37 ways.  Required no. of ways = 6P5  5! = 86400
22. Since L is fixed now 4 letter can be arranged in 33. 4 consonants and a group of 4 vowels can be
4 ! = 24 ways. arranged in 5P5 = 5! ways. In any such
arrangement, vowels in their own group can
23. Required number = 210  1 = 1023 reshuffle in 4P4 = 4! ways.
24. Required number of ways = 27  1 = 127  Required no. of ways = 5!  4! = 5  (4!)2
…[ The number of ways of inviting one or 34. When four dice are rolled once, there are
more of them for a tea party = 2n – 1] 6  6  6  6  = 1296 possible outcomes.
25. Total no of set of answers possible = 25 = 32 When none of the dice shows 3, the no. of
Since, no student has written all correct answers possible outcomes = 5  5  5  5 = 625
 Total set of answers possible in the class  Total no. of outcomes, when atleast one dice
= 32 – 1 = 31 shows up 3 = 1296  625 = 671
138


35. We have 5 different letters: P, C, I, L and EN, 45. For any two stations in a definite order, we need
which can be arranged in 5P5 = 5! ways. one ticket. So required number of tickets is 20P2
36. Total arrangements of 5 papers are = 5! = 120 46. Each of the 3 persons can leave the lift at one of
When physics and chemistry come together the ten floors (other than 2nd storey and one at
= 4!  2! = 48 which they enter the lift).
 Required no. of ways = 120  48 = 72 Since, they leave the lift at different storeys,
37. There are 5 vowels and 3 consonants. number of ways is 10P3 = 10  9  8 = 720.
1st place can be filled in by any one of the five
47. We have a = x + 2Px + 2 = (x + 2)!,
vowels in 5P1 = 5 ways.
x!
Last place can be filled in by any one of the b = xP11 =
3 consonants in 3P1 = 3 ways. ( x -11) !
Remaining 6 places can be filled in by the and c = x – 11Px – 11 = (x  11)!
ns
6 letters in 6P6 = 6! ways. Now a = 182 bc
 Total no. ways = 5  3  6! = 10800 x!
 (x + 2) ! = 182 (x  11)!
38. Numbers which are divisible by 5 have ‘5’ fixed ( x -11) !
in extreme right place  (x + 2)! = 182 x!
io
3 Digit Numbers 4 Digit Numbers  (x + 2)(x + 1) = 182
H T U Th H T U  x = 12
× × 5 × × × 5
at
3 3 48. Extreme left place can be filled in 6 ways, the
P2 ways P3 ways middle place can be filled in 6 ways and
3! 3! extreme right place in only 3 ways.
= =32=6 = =32=6
1! 0!
…[ number to be formed is odd]
 Total ways = 6 + 6 = 12
lic  Required number of numbers = 6 × 6 × 3
39. 3 must be at thousand place and since the = 108
number should be divisible by 5, so 5 must be at
unit place. Now we have to fill two place 49. In the word PERMUTATION, there are
ub
(ten and hundred) i.e., 4P2 = 12 11 letters of which ‘T’ is repeated twice.
40. The digits are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. We have to form 11!
 No. of arrangements =
numbers greater than 24000. 2!
 Required number will be 51. There are 4 odd digits: 3, 3, 5, 5 and 4 even
P
= (Total) – (Those beginning with 1) places. So, odd digits can occupy even places in
– (Those beginning with 21) 4!
– (Those beginning with 23) ways.
2!2!
et
= 5! – 4! – 3! – 3!
5!
= 120 – 24 – 6 – 6 = 84 Remaining 5 places can be filled in ways.
2!3!
6! 4! 5!
41. The total number of words = = 360  Required no. of 9 digit numbers = 
rg
2! 2!2! 2!3!
and the number of words in which BH come = 60
5!
together are ´ 2 ! = 120. 8!
2! 52. = 10080
Ta
Hence, required number of ways in which B and H 2!2!

never came together are 360  120 = 240. 6!
53. Total number of arrangements are = 360
42. Required sum = 3! (3+4+5+6) = 6 × 18 = 108. 2!
[If we fix 3 of the unit place, other three digits The number of ways in which O’s come
can be arranged in 3! ways similarly for together = 5! = 120 .
4, 5, 6.] Hence, required number of ways
43. The word MOBILE has three even places and = 360  120 = 240.
three odd places. It has 3 consonants and
3 vowels. In three odd places, we have to fix up 8!
54. Required number of ways = = 5040
3 consonants which can be done in 3P3 ways. 2 !2 !2 !
Now, remaining three places we have to fix up
3 vowels which can be done in 3P3 ways. 7! 5040
55. Required number = = = 420
 The total number of ways = 3P3 × 3P3 = 36 3! 2 ! 6´ 2
139


56. A garland can be made from 10 flowers in Now, 6Cr = 15
é  n flowers 'garland can be
ê
ù
ú
 6Cr = 6C2 or 6C4
1
(9!) ways. ... ê 1 ú  r = 2, 4
2 ê made in (n – 1)! ways ú
êë 2 úû 15
64. C3r = 15Cr+3
57. Fix up a male and the remaining 4 male can be  15C153r = 15Cr+3
seated in 4! ways. Now no two females are to 15  3r = r + 3
sit together and as such the 2 females are to be r=3
arranged in five empty seats between two Alternate Method:
consecutive males and number of arrangement 3r + r + 3 = 15
will be 5P2.
 4r = 12
Hence, by fundamental theorem the total
 r=3
number of ways is
ns
= 4! × 5P2 = 24 × 20 = 480 ways 65. 10
Cr = 10Cr+2
1 4!  10  r = r + 2
58. Required no. of ways = (5 -1)! = r=4
2 2
5
…[Since, clockwise and anticlockwise are same  Cr = 5C4
io
in case of ring] 5!
= =5
1! 4 !
59. In case of necklaces, clockwise and
at
anticlockwise arrangements are considered 66. Either r + 3 = 2r  6
alike. Thus, no. of necklaces that can be formed or r + 3 + 2r  6 = 15
(11-1)!  r = 9 or r = 6
=
2 ´ 6!´ 5!
60.
lic
First, we arrange remaining 10 persons which can
67. Total number of shake hands when each person
shakes hands with the other one only
be done in 9! ways. In any such arrangement, the = 8C2 = 28 ways.
two particular persons can be arranged in n
68. C2 = 153
ub
10 available gaps in 10P2 = 10  9 ways.
n(n  1)
 Total no. of arrangements is 9  10!  = 153  n = 18
2
n - r +1
61. On simplifying, we get 69. The arrangement can be make as .+.+.+.+.+.+.
r
P
i.e., the () signs can be put in 7 vacant

57 (pointed) place.
62. We have, n + 2C8 : n – 2P4 =
16 Hence, required number of ways = 7C4 = 35
(n + 2)! (n - 6)! 57
et
  = 70. 4 boys can be selected from 16 boys in

8!(n - 6)! (n - 2)! 16 16
C4 ways and 2 girls can be selected from
(n + 2)(n + 1) n (n -1)(n - 2)! 57 10 girls in 10C2 ways.
 =
8!(n - 2)!  Total no. of ways = 16C4  10C2
rg
16
 (n + 2) (n + 1) n (n – 1) 71. Required number of words = 6C4 × 5C3 × 7!
57 = 756000
= 87654321
16 …[Selection can be made in 6C4×5C3 while the
Ta
= 19  3  7  6  5  4  3 7 letters can be arranged in 7! ways]

= 19  21  18  20
72. 2 club cards can be drawn from 13 club cards in
 (n + 2) (n + 1) n (n – 1) = 21  20  19  18
13 13×12
By comparing, we get C2 = = 78 ways and
2
n = 19
2 spade cards can be drawn from 13 spade cards
(2n) ! 2 !´ (n - 2) ! 44 13×12
63.  = in 13C2 = = 78 ways.
(2n - 3) ! 3! n! 3 2
(2n )(2n -1)(2n - 2) 44  Total no. of ways = 78  78 = 6084
 =
3n ( n -1) 3
73. Since the team is to have a majority of batsmen,
 4(2n  1) = 44 the number of batsmen must be atleast 6. Also
 2n = 12 atleast 3 bowlers have to be included in the
n=6 team.
140


Hence, such a team can be selected in following 80. Required number of ways
ways 52!
= 52C13  39C13  26C13  13C13 =
i. 3 bowlers and 8 batsmen (13!) 4
 9C8  6C3 = 180
ii. 4 bowlers and 7 batsmen 81. In a chess board there are 64 square boxes. So,
there are 9 parallel lines in one direction and
 9C7  6C4 = 540
9 parallel lines in a perpendicular direction.
iii. 5 bowlers and 6 batsmen
Each selection of a pair of lines from first set
 9C6  6C5 = 504 and a pair of lines from the second set gives us a
 No. of ways = 180 + 540 + 504 = 1224 rectangle.
74. In a group of 15 boys, 6 are scouts. Hence, 9 are  Number of rectangles = 9C2  9C2
non-scouts. If the group of selected 8 boys is to 82. No. of ways = 1C1  1C1  18C3 = 816
contain atleast 3 scouts, then such group can be
ns
formed in the following ways. 83. No. of ways = 3C1  12C10 = 198
i. 3 scouts and 5 non-scouts 84. First omit two particular persons, remaining 8
 9C5  6C3 = 2520 persons may be 4 in each boat. This can be done
ii. 4 scouts and 4 non-scouts in 8C4 ways. The two particular persons may be
io
 9C4  6C4 = 1890 placed in two ways one in each boat. Therefore,
iii. 5 scouts and 3 non-scouts total number of ways are = 2  8C4.
 9C3  6C5 = 504
at
85. The number of ways can be deduced as follows:
iv. 6 scouts and 2 non-scouts
1 woman and 4 men = 4C1  6C4 = 60
 9C2  6C6 = 36
2 women and 3 men = 4C2  6C3 = 120
 No. of ways = 2520 + 1890 + 504 + 36
3 women and 2 men = 4C3  6C2 = 60
= 4950
lic 4 women and 1 man = 4C4  6C1 = 6
75. If the student must answer atleast four of the 1st  Required number of ways = 60 + 120 + 60 + 6
five questions, he can answer 4 questions from = 246
1st five and 4 questions from remaining 5 or 1st
ub
five questions and 3 questions from remaining 86. In all 10 persons are to be seated in a row and in
5. the row of 10 positions, there are exactly 5 even
places.
 Total no. of ways = 5C4  5C4 + 5C5  5C3 = 35
3 of these five even places can be occupied by
76. For a game of mixed double table-tennis, 2 men three women in 5C3  3! ways and the remaining
P
and 2 women are required. 7 positions can be filled by the 7 men in 7C7  7!
Thus, 2 husbands can be selected from any of ways.
the 6 husbands in 6C2 ways.  Total no. of seating arrangements
et
Since, a husband and wife are not eligible to = (5C3  3!)  (7C7  7!) = 302400
play the same game, 2 wives can be selected out
of remaining 4 wives in 4C2 ways. 87. 5 chairs can be selected in 8C5 and then 5
persons can be arranged in 5! ways.
Now, the selected husbands and wives can be
rg
further rearranged in 2 ways. Total no. of ways = 8C5  5! or 6720

 Total no. of ways possible = 4C2  6C2  2 88. n
Cr + nCr  1 = n + 1Cr  nCr + 1
n
Cr + 2 nCr1 + nCr2 = nCr + nCr1 + nCr1 + nCr2
Ta
10 10 × 9 ×8 × 7 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 89.
77. C6  8C4 =  = 140
1× 2 × 3× 4 1× 2× 3× 4 = n+1Cr + n+1Cr1
= n+2Cr
78. From 1 to 100 there are 33 integers which are
14
multiples of 3. The product is a multiple of 3 if 90. C5 + 14C6 + 15C7 + 16C8 = 17Cr
atleast one of the two selected integers is a  (14C5 + 14C6) + 15C7 + 16C8 = 17Cr
multiple of 3.  (15C6 + 15C7 ) + 16C8 = 17Cr
 Required number = 100C2  67C2  (16C7 + 16C8 ) = 17Cr
17
79. Total no. of ways of forming the committee is  C8 = 17Cr
6
C3  4C2 = 120. r=8
17
But, this includes those ways also when Mr. X 91. C15 + 18C16 + 19C17 + 20C18 + 21C19 + 22C20
and Mrs. Y are put together in a committee. = 17C2 + 18C2 + 19C2 + 20C2 + 21C2 + 22C2
No. of such committees = 5C2  3C1 = 30 = 136 + 153 + 171 + 190 +210 + 231
 Required no. of ways = 120  30 = 90 = 1091
141


7 5
92. 45
C8 + 
k 1
52  k
C7 + i 1
57  i
C50  i
45 51 50 45
= C8 + ( C7 + C7 + …+ C7) 1. Extreme left place can be filled in 9 ways and
+ (56C49 + 55C48 + …+ 52C45) then the remaining four places can be filled in
= ( C8 + C7 + C7 + … + 51C7)
45 45 46
9
P4 ways.
+ (56C7 + 55C7 + …+ 52C7)
= ( C8 + C7)+ C7 + 47C7 + … + 56C7
45 45 46
2. 4 digit integers
= (46C8 + 46C7) + 47C7 + …+ 56C7 1st digit can be selected in 3 ways
= 57C8  Total number of 4 digit integers = 3  4  3  2
15 = 72
93. C5 + 15C4 = 16C5
Total number of 5 digit integers = 5! = 120
n
94. C3 + nC4 > n+1C3  total number of integers = 72 + 120
ns
 n+1C4 > n+1C3 …[ nCr + nCr1 = n+1Cr] = 192
n 1

C4
>1 3. Required number of ways = 5P3 = 60
n 1
C3
4. Required number of ways = 7P4 = P(7, 4)
n2
io
 >1
4 5. One dictionary out of 3 can occupy middle place
 n>6 in 3P1 = 3 ways.
4 novels out of 6 can be arranged in four places
at
n–2
95. 2. n – 2Cr – 1 + n – 2Cr – 2
Cr + in 6P4 ways.
= ( Cr + n – 2Cr – 1) + (n – 2Cr – 1 + n – 2Cr – 2)
n–2
 the required number of ways
= n – 1Cr + n – 1Cr – 1 …[nCr + nCr – 1 = n + 1Cr]
= 3  6P4 = 3  6  5  4  3 = 1080
= nCr
7 7 7 7 7
lic
7
6. Since, 12P3 = 1320
96. ( C0 + C1) + ( C1 + C2) + … + ( C6 + C7)  r=3
= 8C1 + 8C2 + … + 8C7
56
…[ nCr + nCr – 1 = n + 1Cr] 7. Pr + 6 : 54Pr + 3 = 30800 : 1
ub
(56)! (51  r)! 30800
= (8C0 + 8C1 + 8C2 + … + 8C7 + 8C8)  8C0  8C8   
(50  r)! (54)! 1
= 28  1  1
…[ nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + … + nCn =2n] 56  55  54! (51  r)(50  r)!
   30800
(50  r)! 54!
P
= 28  2
 56  55  (51 – r) = 30800
n
1  r = 41
97. Given, an =  n …(i)
r  0 Cr
et
n
9. __C__
r
Let bn =  n
r  0 Cr
4 letters can be arranged in 4! ways.
 Total no. of ways = 4! = 24
0 1 2 n
rg
Then, bn = n
   n …(ii) 10. Out of 7 places, 4 places are odd and 3 even.
C0 n C1 n C 2 Cn
Also, Therefore, 3 vowels can be arranged in 3 even
places in 3P3 ways and remaining 4 consonants
n n 1 n  2 0
bn =   n  n …(iii) can be arranged in 4 odd places in 4P4 ways.
Ta
n
C0 n C1 C2 Cn
Hence, required no. of ways = 3P3 × 4P4 = 144
…[ nCr = nCn – r]
11. T R N G L
Adding (ii) and (iii), we get
Three vowels can be arranged at 6 places in
n n n n 6
2bn = n
+ n
+ n
+…+n P3 ways = 120 ways. Hence, the required
C0 C1 C2 Cn
number of arrangements = 120  5! = 14400
 1 1 1 1 
 2bn = n  n  n  n  ....  n  12. There are 5 letters in the word ‘CABLE’ and
 0 C C C C n 
1 2
the odd places are 1st , 3rd and 5th.
n
1
 2bn = n  n Two vowels A and E can occupy odd places in
3
r  0 Cr P2 ways and then the 3 consonants can occupy
 2bn = nan …[From (i)] remaining places in 3P3 ways.
1  required number of ways = 3P2  3P3
 bn = nan
2 = 3!  3! = 36
142


13. The units place can be filled in 4 ways as any one 19. 5 boys can be seated in 5! Ways
of 0, 2, 4 or 6 can be placed there. The remaining B  B  B  B  B. Three girls can be seated in
three places can be filled in with remaining places marked ‘×’ in 4P3 ways.
6 digits in 6P3 = 120 ways. So, total number of  Total ways = 5!.4P3 = 2880
ways = 4 × 120 = 480. But, this includes those
numbers in which 0 is fixed in extreme left place. 20. The number of words starting with CC = 4!
Numbers of such numbers The number of words starting with CH = 4!
= 3 × 5P2 = 3 × 5 × 4 = 60 The number of words starting with CI = 4!
The number of words starting with CN = 4!
0 × × × COCHIN is the first word in the list of words
5
Fix P2 ways 3 ways (only 2, 4 or 6) beginning with CO.
 number of words that appear before the word
 Required number of ways = 480 – 60 = 420 COCHIN = 4! + 4! + 4! + 4! = 4  4! = 96
ns
14. 3 digits from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 (arrangement 21. Words starting with A,C,H,I,N are each equals
of 8 digits taking 3 at a time) to 5!
8
P3 = 8  7  6 = 42  8 = 336  Total words = 5×5! = 600
The first word starting with S is SACHIN.
io
15. Numbers greater than 1000 and less than or
equal to 4000 will be of 4 digits and will have  SACHIN appears in dictionary at serial number
either 1 (except 1000) or 2 or 3 in the first place 601.
with 0 in each of remaining places.
at
22. Alphabetically – A, L, M, S
After fixing 1st place, the second place can be 4!
filled by any of the 5 numbers. Similarly third Words beginning with A = = 12
2!
place can be filled up in 5 ways and 4th place can
Words beginning with L = 4! = 24
lic
be filled up in 5 ways. Thus, there will be
5 × 5 × 5 = 125 ways in which 1 will be in first Words beginning with M =
4!
= 12
2!
place but this include 1000 also, hence there will
3!
be 124 numbers having 1 in the first place. Words beginning with SA = = 3
Similarly, 125 for each 2 or 3. One number will 2!
ub
be in which 4 in the first place and i.e., 4000. Words beginning with SL = 3! = 6
Hence, the required numbers are  total words before SMALL
124 + 125 + 125 + 1 = 375 ways. = 12 + 24 + 12 + 3 + 6 = 57
 position of word SMALL = 58
P
16. Using the digits 0, 1, 2, …, 9, the number of five

digit telephone numbers which can be formed as 23. We know that a five digit number is divisible by
105 (since repetition is allowed). 3, if and only if sum of its digits (= 15) is
And the number of five digit telephone numbers divisible by 3. Therefore, we should not use
et
which have none of the digits repeated 0 and 3 in a same number while forming the five
= 10P5 = 30240 digit numbers.
Now,
 The required number of telephone numbers
i. In case we do not use 0, the five digit
rg
= 105  30240 = 69,760

number can be formed (using digits 1, 2,
17. _ R _ R _ R_ R _R _ 3, 4, 5) in 5P5 = 120 ways.
5 red roses can be arranged in 5! ways. ii. In case we do not use 3, the five digit
Ta
6 white roses can be arranged in 6 places in 6P6 number can be formed (using digits 0, 1,
ways. 2, 4, 5) in
5
 Total no. of ways = 5!  6P6 P5  4P4 = 5!  4! = 120  24 = 96 ways
= 5!  6!  The total number of such 5 digit number
= 86400 = 120 + 96 = 216
18. First, we arrange 5 girls, which can be done in 24. Total number of numbers that can be formed
5! ways. 7!
using given digits = = 420
GGGGG 3!  2!
Three boys can be seated in places marked ‘’ If we fix ‘0’ at ten lakhs place, we get numbers
in 6P3 = 120 ways less than 1000000.
 required number of ways = 5! × 120  Total number of 6 digit numbers that can be
6!
= 120  120 formed using given digits = = 60
= 14400 3!  2!
143


Hence, the number of numbers greater than 31. First, we arrange 3 consonants in 3! ways and
1000000 using given digits = 420 – 60 = 360 then at four places (two places between them
Now, we find the total number odd numbers that and two places on two sides) 3 vowels can be
can be formed using given digits. To find this, 1
placed in 4 P3  ways.
we fix ‘1’ at units place and arrange remaining 2!
6! 1
digits. This can be done in = 60 ways. Hence, the required number = 3!  4P3 
3!  2! 2!
If we fix ‘0’ at ten lakhs place and ‘1’ at units = 72.
place, and arrange remaining digits we get 6
digit odd numbers. 32. There are five odd and 4 even positions. Five
 The number of 6 digit odd numbers odd positions can be filled with A, E, E, E, O in
5!
5! ways and four even positions can be filled
= = 10 3!
ns
3!  2!
4!
Hence, the number of odd numbers greater that with D, N, N, L in ways.
2!
1000000 using given digits
5! 4!
= 60 – 10 = 50  required number of permutations = 
3! 2!
io
 The number of even numbers greater than
1000000 = The number of numbers greater than = 2  5!
1000000 – The number of odd numbers greater 33. Fix up 1 man and the remaining 6 men can be
at
than 1000000 seated in 6! ways. Now no two women are to sit
= 360 – 50 together and as such the 7 women are to be
= 310 arranged in seven empty seats between two
consecutive men and number of arrangement will
25. Required number of arrangements
= 6P5  4! = 720  24 = 17280
lic be 7!.
Hence, by fundamental theorem the total number
26. The number of possible outcomes with 2, on at of ways = 7! × 6!.
least one die = (The total number of outcomes) 34. To arrange m boys and m girls in a row so that
ub
 (The number of outcomes in which 2 does not no two boys sit together, we first arrange m girls
appear on any die) = 64  54 = 1296  625 = 671 in m! ways. After arranging m girls there are
m + 1 places form where we can arrange m boys
27. Three letters can be posted in 4 letter boxes in
in m + 1Pm = (m + 1)! ways.
43 = 64 ways but it consists the 4 ways that all
P
Hence, x = (m + 1)! m!
letters may be posted in same box.
To arrange m boys and n girls in a row so that
Hence, required ways = 60
boys and girls sit alternatively, we can first
et
28. Number of letters (r) = 5 arrange m girls in m! ways and between m girls
Number of letter boxes (n) = 10 there are m places form, where we can arrange
 total number of ways = nr = 105 m boys in m! ways.
OR we can first arrange m boys and then m girls
rg
29. 1st place can be filled by any one of the 9 letters in similar way.
in 9P1 = 9 ways Hence, y = 2  m!  m!
Last place can be filled by any one of the Also, the number of ways of arranging m boys
remaining 8 letters in 8P1 = 8 ways and n girls around a circular table so that boys
Ta
Remaining 9 places can be filled by the 9 letters and girls sit alternatively = (m – 1)!  m!
in 9P9 = 9! ways Hence, z = (m – 1)!  m!
Letters R, M and G are repeated twice  x : y : z = (m + 1)m : 2m : 1
9  8  9!
 Total no. of ways = = 9 (9!) 35. 8 different beads can be arranged in circular
(2!)(2!)(2!)
form in (8 – 1)! = 7! ways. Since there is no
30. Required number of arrangements distinction between the clockwise and
= (Total number of arrangements) anticlockwise arrangement.
– (Number of arrangements in which N’s are So the required number of arrangements
together) 7!
= = 2520
6! 5! 2
= 
2!  3! 3! 8 8!
36. C3 = = 56
= 60  20 = 40 5!3!
144


n+1
37. C3 = 2. nC2 44. Required number of ways
 n  1)! n! = Number of ways selecting 3 cards that go into
 = 2.
3!.(n  2)! 2!.(n  2)! the envelopes of different colour than that of the
n 1 2 card  Number of ways putting 3 cards into the
 = envelopes of different colour than that of the
3.2! 2!
card
n+1=6
= 7C3  2! = 7C3  2
n=5
1 1 1 45. Required number of ways
38. We have, 4
= 5 + 6 = 4C1  8C5 + 4C2  8C4 + 4C3  8C3 + 4C4  8C2
Cn Cn Cn
n! 4  n ! n! 5  n ! n! 6  n ! = 4  56 + 6  70 + 4  56 + 1  28 = 896
 = +
4! 5! 6! 46. Required number = Total number of selections
ns

 4  n ! =  5  n ! +  6  n !  number of selections with no boy
4! 5! 6! = 10C4  4C4
4! = 210  1 = 209
Multiplying both sides by , we get
 4  n !
io
47. As per given question two cases are possible.
1=
5n
+
 6  n  5  n 
i. Selecting 4 out of first 5 questions and 6
5 65
out of remaining 8 questions = 5C4  8C6
30  6n  30  11n  n 2
at
1= = 140 choices
30 ii. Selecting 5 out of first 5 questions and 5
 30 = 60 – 17n + n2 out of remaining 8 questions = 5C5  8C5
 n2 – 17n + 30 = 0 = 56 choices
 (n – 15) (n – 2) = 0
 n = 15 or n = 2
lic  Total no. of choices = 140 + 56 = 196
But, n = 15 does not satisfy the given condition. 48. Required number of ways
 n=2 = 6C2  6C4 + 6C3  6C3 + 6C4  6C2
ub
n
C r 1 36 n
Cr 84 = 15  15 + 20  20 + 15  15
39. Here, n
= and n
= = 850
Cr 84 Cr 1 126
 3n  10r = 3 and 4n  10r = 6 49. Mathematics paper has three sections.
On solving, we get n = 9, r = 3 A  4 Questions, B  5 Questions,
P
40. Number of handshakes = nC2, where n is the C  6 Questions

number of persons in the room From each section, we have to select 3 questions.
n
 C2 = 45  Total number of ways = 4C3.5C3.6C3 = 800
et
n!
  45 50. 12
C5  2 = 1584
2!(n  2)!
n(n  1) 51. Two odd digits can be selected in 4C2 ways and

rg
 45
2 two even digits can be selected in 3C2 ways.
 n = 10 These 4 digits can be arranged in 4! ways.
41. n
C2 = 66  required number of ways = 4C2  3C2  4!
Ta
 n(n1) = 132  n = 12 = 6  3  24
= 432
42. No. of non halting stations (NH) = 10  3
=7 52. Required number of ways = 3C2  9C2 = 108.
_NH_ NH_NH_NH_NH_NH_NH_
There are 8 positions where train can be made to 53. The voter may vote for one candidate or two
stop. candidates or three candidates or all the four
 No. of ways = 8C3 candidates.
= 56  required number of ways in which a voter can vote
= 10C1 + 10C2 + 10C3 + 10C4
43. 5 members can be chosen from 10 players in
10
C5 ways. 10  9 10  9  8 10  9  8  7
= 10 + + +
Captain can be chosen in 5 ways. 2 1 3  2 1 4  3  2 1
 Total number of ways = 5  10C5 = 10 + 45 + 120 + 210
= 1260 = 385
145


54. Following cases arise: 61. 15
C8 + 15C9  15C6  15C7 = 0 …[ nCr = nCnr]
Case I: When Ms. Radha is a speaker
In this case, Ms. Rani refuses to speak. So, we 5
62. 37
C4   (42  r) C3
have to select 7 girls out of remaining 8 girls r 1
and 6 boys from 8 boys. The number of ways of
= 37
C4  41C3  40C3  39C3  38
C3  37C3
doing this is 8C7  8C6 = 224.
Case II: When Radha is not a speaker = 37
C4  37C3  38C3  39C3  40
C3  41C3
In this case, two subcases arise. = 38
C4  38C3  39C3  40C3  41
C3
i. When Rani is a speaker
ii. When Rani is not a speaker. …  n C r  n C r 1  C r 
n 1
If Rani is a speaker, Mr. Ravi refused to speak. = 39

C4  C3  C3  C3
39 40 41
So, we have to select 7 girls from remaining

8 girls and 6 boys from remaining = 40
C4  40C3  41C3
ns
7 boys which can be done in 8C7  7C6 ways = 41
C4  41C3
= 56 ways. = 42
C4
If Rani is not a speaker, then 8 girls are to be
chosen out of remaining 8 girls and 6 boys from  n   n  n n
io
8 boys which can be done in 8C6  8C8 63.  +  = Cnr + Cr+1
 n  r   r  1
= 28 ways.
 required number of ways = 224 + 56 + 28 = 308  n  1
 nCr + nCr+1 = n+1Cr+1 =  
 r 1
at
55. The total number of words that can be formed
with 3 consonants and 2 vowels = 7C3  4C2  5! 64. n
C5 + nC6 > n+1C5  n+1C6 > n+1C5
= 25200 (n  1)! 5!.(n  4)!
 . >1
56. 8 3
lic
Required number of lines = C2 – C2 + 1 = 26 6!.(n  5)! (n  1)!
…[ number of total different straight lines (n  4)
 >1
formed by joining n points on a plane of which 6
(m < n) are collinear is nC2  mC2 + 1.] n4>6
ub
 n > 10
57. As no two lines are parallel and no three of them Hence, according to options n = 11.
are concurrent, the number of points of
intersection = 20C2 = 190 65. Expression = n Cr 1  n Cr 1  n Cr  n Cr
Note that on each line, 19 of these points are
P
= n Cr 1  n 1Cr  n Cr
there and from each point, 2 of the 20 lines are n 1
already passing. = Cr 1  n 1Cr
i.e., each of the 190 points is already adjacent to = n2
Cr  1
et
36 points (18 points on the 1st line and 18 points

on the 2nd line) out of the remaining 189 points. 66. 189
C35 + 189Cx = 190Cx
Hence, from each line we can draw Since, nCr + nCr1 = n+1Cr
189 – 36 = 153 new lines. 
rg
x = 35 + 1 = 36
190  153
The number of new lines = = 14535 67. Since the student is allowed to select at most n
2
books out of (2n + 1) books, therefore in order
58. Required number of diagonals = 15C2 – 15 to select one book, he has the choice to select
Ta
= 105 – 15 = 90 one, two, three, ……, n books.

59. Required number of ways Thus, if T is the total number of ways of
= 6C3  3! – 4C3  3! = 120  24 = 96 selecting one book, then
T = 2n 1 C1  2n 1C2  ...  2n 1Cn = 63
60. Since, there are five types of ice-creams, the
Again the sum of binomial coefficients
number of ways in which the child can buy six 2n+1
ice creams C0 + 2n + 1C1 + 2n+1C2
10! +… + 2n + 1Cn + 2n+1Cn+1 + 2n+1Cn+2
= 6+51C51 = 10C4 = +… + 2n +1C2n + 1 = (1 + 1)2n +1
6! 4!
= 22n + 1
Also 6 A’s and 4 B’s can be arranged in a row or
in
 6  4 ! = 10!
ways.
2n +1
C0 + 2(2n+1C1 + 2n+1C2
6! 4! 6! 4! +… + 2n+1Cn) + 2n+1C2n+1 = 22n +1
Hence statement-2 is true but statement-1 is false.  1 + 2(T) + 1 = 22n+1
146

22n 1 73. Number of ways in which 4 boys can be seated

1+T= = 22n
2 = (4  1)! = 3! = 6
 1 + 63 = 22n  26 = 22n  n = 3 Since, chairs of different colour = 4
 Total number of ways = 6  4 = 24
m m(m  1)
68.  = C2   = 74. Let the consecutive integers be n, (n + 1),
2
1 m(m  1)  m(m  1)  (n + 2), …, (n + (r  1))

 C2 = m(m 1) / 2
C2  .   1 Product = n(n + 1) (n + 2) … (n + (r  1))
2 2  2 
(n  1)!n(n  1)(n  2)...(n  (r 1))
1 =  r!
= m(m  1)(m  2)(m  1) (n  1)!r!
8
(n  r 1)
1 = Cr r!
= (m  1) m(m  1)(m  2) = 3. m+1C4
8  Product is divisible by r!
ns
35 2 36 75. We have, n – 1Cr = (k2 – 3) nCr + 1
69. 6. Cr = (k – 3). Cr + 1

 n  1! = (k2 – 3) n!
36
6.35Cr = (k2 – 3). 35
Cr  n  1  r !r!  n  r  1! r  1!
r 1
k  3 n
io
2
r 1
 k2 – 3 = 1=
6 r 1
k  I  r can be r 1
 = k2 – 3
at
(1) r = 5  k = 2 n
(2) r = 35  k = 3  
  0  r  n  1
4 ordered pairs (5, 2), (5, –2), (35, 3), (35, 3)  
 k2 – 3  1 …  r  1  n 
70.
lic  r 1
 1 

B1 B2 B3  n 
Case-1: 1 1 3  k2 – 4  0
Case-2: 2 2 1 –2k2
ub
…(i)
5! 5! Again, n – 1Cr = (k2 – 3) nCr + 1
Ways of distribution = .3! .3!
1!1!3!2! 2!2!1!2! n 1
Cr
= 150  k2 – 3 = n
>0
Cr 1
 k2 – 3 > 0
P
71. A seven digit number using 1, 2 and 3 and

having 10 as the sum of digits can be formed  k < – 3 or k > 3 …(ii)
either by using digits 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, or 1, 1, 1, From (i) and (ii), we have
1, 2, 2, 2. k  ( 3 , 2]
et
 required number of seven digit numbers

7! 7! 76. In this case, we have to divide 12 distinct
= + = 42 + 35 = 77 objects into three equal distinguishable groups
5! 4!3!
A, B and C each containing 4 items.
rg
72. Each question can be answered in 4 ways and all This can be done in
questions can be answered correctly in only one 12 12
C4  8C4  4C4 i.e., ways.
way, so required number of ways = 43  1 = 63. 444
Ta
Evaluation Test
1. Tn + 1  Tn = 21  n(n  1) = 42
 n + 1C3  nC3 = 21  n2  n  42 = 0
 n + 1C3 = 21 + nC3  (n  7) (n + 6) = 0
 nC3 + nC2 = 21 + nC3  n = 7 or n =  6
n n n+1
…[ Cr + Cr1 = Cr]  n=7 …[ n > 0]
n
 C2 = 21 2. 8
Cr = 8Cr+2
n!
 = 21 8r=r+2 r=3
2!(n  2)! Hence, 3C2 = 3
147


3. Out of the 3E’s, two are fixed at the first and 8. Required number of ways = 81C31 = 7C2 = 21
last positions. After fixing two E’s, 7 letters are …[ number of ways in which n identical
7!
left which can be permuted in ways things can be distributed into r different
2!
groups is n1Cr1]
i.e., 21  5! ways.
 required number of permutations = 21  5! 9. Since, each question can be answered in two
ways.
4. 50
6
C4 +  56  r C3  Required number of ways = 210 = 1024
r 1
10. When women are in majority
= 50C4 + 55C3 + 54C3 + 53C3 + 52C3 + 51C3 + 50C3 Then committee contains
= (50C4 + 50C3) + 51C3 + 52C3 + 53C3 + 54C3 + 55C3  (7W & 5M) or (8W & 4M) or (9W & 3M)
= (51C4 + 51C3) + 52C3 + 53C3 + 54C3 + 55C3  No. of committee that can be formed
…[  nCr + nCr –1 = n + 1Cr]
ns
= 9C7  8C5 + 9C8  8C4 + 9C9  8C3
= (52C4 + 52C3) + 53C3 + 54C3 + 55C3 = 36  56 + 9  70 + 1  56
= (53C4 + 53C3) + 54C3 + 55C3 = 2016 + 630 + 56
= (54C4 + 54C3) + 55C3 = 2702
io
= 55C4 + 55C3  Women are in majority in 2702 committees.
= 56C4 When men are in majority
Then committee contains
 (7M & 5W)
at
n 1
C r 1 11
5. =
n
Cr 6  No. of committee that can be formed
n 1 11 = 8C7  9C5
 =  6n + 6 = 11r + 11 = 8  126
r 1 6
 6n  11r = 5 …(i)
lic = 1008
n
 Men are in majority in 1008 committees.
C 6
Also, n 1 r =
C r 1 3
ub
n
 =2
r
 n = 2r …(ii)
 6(2r)  11r = 5 …[From (i) and (ii)]
P
 12r  11r = 5
 r=5
From (ii), n = 2  5 = 10
et
 nr = 10  5 = 50
n
6. Cr + 4.nCr – 1 + 6.nCr – 2 + 4.nCr – 3 + nCr – 4
= (nCr + nCr – 1) + 3(nCr – 1 + nCr – 2)
rg
+ 3(nCr – 2 + nCr – 3) + (nCr – 3 + nCr – 4)

n+1
= Cr + 3.n + 1Cr – 1 + 3.n + 1Cr – 2 + n + 1Cr – 3
= ( Cr + n + 1Cr – 1) + 2(n + 1Cr – 1 + n + 1Cr – 2)
n+1
Ta
+ (n + 1Cr – 2 + n + 1Cr – 3)
n+2 n+2 n+2
= Cr + 2. Cr – 1 + Cr – 2
= (n + 2Cr + n + 2Cr – 1) + (n + 2Cr – 1 + n + 2Cr – 2)
= n + 3Cr + n + 3Cr – 1
= n + 4 Cr
7. Required number of ways
= Total number of ways in which 5 balls of
different colours can be distributed among
3 persons
– Number of ways in which at least one person
gets no ball
= 35 – (3C1  25 – 3C2  15)
= 243 – 96 + 3 = 150
148
Textbook
Chapter No.
06 Functions
Hints
Classical Thinking  5x  x2  5x  x2
18. log   0 1
 6  6
f(x) = x2  3x + 2  f(1) = (1)2  3(1) + 2
ns
1.  x2  5x + 6  0 or (x  2)(x  3)  0.
=6 Hence, 2  x  3.
2. f(x) = x2  3x + 2 y 3
19. y = 2x  3  x =
f(a + h) = (a + h)2  3(a + h) + 2 2
io
= a2 + (2a  3)h  3a + 2 + h2 y3 x3
 f 1(y) =  f1(x) =
1 2 2
3. f(x) = x2 +
g[f(x)] = 5[f(x)]  6 = 5x2  6
at
x 20.
2
1 1 1 f(f(x)) = f(x2 + 1) = (x2 + 1)2 + 1 = x4 + 2x2 + 2
f   =   
1 22.
= 2 x
x  x 1 x 23. (fog) (x) = f[g(x)] = f (x3 + 1) = (x3 + 1)2
 
x
lic 24.
  1 
f  f    = f 1 
1 
 = f(1  x) =
x
4. f(x) = x2  6x + 9, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4   x    1 / x  x 1
f(3) = (3)2  6(3) + 9 = 0
x 1
f(x) = x2  6x + 5, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 25. f(x) =
ub
5. x 1
f(8) does not exist (since x = 8 does not belong x 1
to the domain of f).  1  1 1
 x 1
 f   = f   = x 1 =
8. f(x) = ax + 6  f(1) = a(1) + 6 = a + 6  f  x   x 1 x 1
1 x
x 1
P
f(1) = 11 11 = a + 6  a = 5
7x  4 
9. f(a + 1)  f(a  1) 3 g  x    4
3 4
 5 x  3 
= 4(a +1)  (a + 1)2  [4(a  1)  (a  1)2] 26. f[g(x)] = = =x
5  g  x    7  7x  4 
et
= 4(2  a) 5  7
 5 x  3 
3x 2  7 x  1 7 1
11. = x2 + x  is a polynomial
3 3 3 Critical Thinking
rg
function. 1. f(x) = f(x + 1)

14. As f (b) is not defined, f is not a function.  x2  2x + 3 = (x + 1)2  2(x + 1) + 3
 x2  2x = x2 + 2x + 1  2x  2  x = 1/2
Ta
7
15. For Dom(f), 5x  7 > 0  x > 2. f(x) = ax2 + bx + 2
5
 f(1) = a(1)2 + b(1) + 2 = a + b + 2
Hence, Df =  ,  
7
But f(1) = 3  3 = a + b + 2 a + b = 1 …(i)
5   and f(4) = a(4)2 + b(4) + 2 = 16a + 4b + 2
1 1 But f(4) = 42  42 = 16a + 4b + 2
16. 15x1 x  40 = 16a + 4b  4a + b = 10 …(ii)
5 5
By solving, (i) & (ii) a = 3 and b =  2
 1 1 
Hence, domain is  ,  .
 5 5 3. f(x + 1)  f(x) = 8x + 3
 [b(x + 1)2 + c(x + 1) + d]  (bx2 + cx + d)
17. For x = 3, 3, |x2  9| = 0 = 8x + 3
Therefore, log|x2  9| does not exist at  (2b)x + (b + c) = 8x + 3
x = 3, 3.  2b = 8, b + c = 3
Hence, domain of function is R  {3, 3}  b = 4, c = 1
149


1 1 13. Since, f(x) is even.
4. f (x) = x +  f (x3) = x3 + 3
x x  f( x) = f(x)
 1
3
ax 1 a x 1
[f(x)]3 =  x   =  x 3  3  + 3  x  
1 1  = n x

x  x  x
  (  x)  a  1
n x
x  a  1
 [f(x)]3 = f(x3) + 3f(x) 1 ax a x 1
 = n x
 [f(x)]3 = f (x3) + 3f     = 3
1 ( 1) x 1  a 
nn x
x  a  1
x   1
 = 1  1 = (1)n
1 ( 1) n
a.f (x) + b.f   =  5
1
5.
x x
  1
 n=  can satisfy the equation.
1 3
, b.f (x) + a.f   = x  5
1
On replacing x by
x x 14. The general expression for the function
ns
Solving two equations, satisfying f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y  R is
1 a  5 f(x) = [f(1)]x = ax for all x , y  R.
f(x) = 2 
 bx  
a b  x
2
 ab …[ f(1) = a]
io
3(2b  3a)
 f(2) = 15. f(1) = f(1) = 1
2(a 2  b 2 )
 function is many-one function.
1   2   f is neither one-one nor onto.
at
1
6. f(x) = (1 + cos 2x) + 1  cos   2 x  
2 2   3  16. For 0  [0,) in co-domain we cannot find any
  x  [0,) in domain such that f(x) = 0
2cos x cos   x 
 3   function is one-one but not onto.

2
lic
x2
1   2  17. f (x) = ,x3
= 1 + cos 2 x  cos   2 x  x 3
2   3 
x2 2  3y
ub
     Let y = f (x)  y = x=
 cos  2 x    cos   x 3 1 y
 3  3 
 y  1  Range of f (x) is R  {1}
2
=   cos 2 x+ cos  2 x + 
3 1 So, f is onto
4 2  3  For one-one, let f(x1) = f(x2)
P
   x1  2 x 2
 cos  2 x    = 2  x1 = x2
 3  x1  3 x2  3
3 1      Hence, f is one-one.

et
=  cos 2 x  2 sin  2 x   sin   

4 2   2   6  18. Let f(x1) = f(x2)  [x1] = [x2] 
 x1 = x2
3 1   1 {For example, if x1 = 1.4, x2 = 1.5, then
=  cos 2 x  2sin   2 x  .  [1.4] = [1.5] = 1}
4 2 2  2
rg
 f is not one-one.
3 1 3
=   cos 2 x  cos 2 x  = Also, f is not onto as its range I (set of integers)
4 2 4 is a proper subset of its co-domain R.
Ta
x2 3 y2 19. [x] = I (Integers only)

7. y= x 1  = f(y).
x 1 y 1 y 1
20. Let x1, x2  R, then f(x1) = cos x1,
9. As f (a) is not unique, & f(x2) = cos x2, Now f(x1) = f(x2)
 f is not a function.  cos x1 = cos x2  x1 = 2n  x2
 x1  x2,
11. Let f(x) = x2 + sin2x
 it is not one-one.
Here, f(x) = f(x)
Again the value of f-image of x lies in between
 f(x) is an even function. –1 to 1
12. If f(x) = 1 x  x 2  1 x  x 2 , then  f[R] ={f(x) : 1  f(x)  1}
So other numbers of co-domain (besides –1
f ( x) = 1 x  x 2  1 x  x 2 and 1) is not f-image. f[R]  R, so it is also not
 f ( x) =  f (x) onto. So this mapping is neither one-one nor
So, f(x) is an odd function. onto.
150
15

Chapter 06: Functions

21. x2  6x + 7 = (x  3)2  2 (3x  32 ) (3x  1)
 ≥ 0 and 2 x 2 ≥ 0
Here, minimum value is – 2 and maximum . (3  3 )
2x 2
(3  3 )
Hence, range of function is [–2, ). (3x  32 ) (3 x  1)
 ≥ 0 and ≥0
x (3x  3) (3 x  3)
22. For domain, take 0
1 x  x ( , 1] [2, ) and x (, 0](1, )
 Df = ( ,  1)  [0, )  x ( , 0] [2, )
23. 1+x0
Dom(f) = R    
2
29.
 x   1; 1  x  0  3
 x  1, x  0 1
Hence, domain is [1, 1]  {0}. For Range(f), let y = f (x) =
3x  2
  x  1 1 
ns
24. y = sin1 log3    1
 3x + 2 =  x =   2
  3  y 3 y 
 1 ≤ log3   ≤ 1
x  x is real if y  0.

3 Hence, Rf = R  {0}
io
1 x
 ≤ ≤3 30. f(x) is defined for all x  R  {0}.
3 3
 1≤x≤9 So, dom(f) = R  {0}
at
 x  [1, 9] 1  x2
Let y =
x2
25. f (x) is defined, if
1
x2  5x + 6  0 and 2x + 8  x2  0 x=

 (x  2)( x  3)  0 and (x  4)( x + 2)  0
x (  , 2]  [3, ) and x  [2, 4]
lic y 1
For x to be real, y  1 > 0  y  (1, )
 x  [2, 2]  [3, 4]
31. f(x) is defined for x2 + x  6  0, i.e., x   3, 2
26. The quantity under root is positive, when  Dom(f) = R  { 3, 2}
ub
1  3  x  1  3. x 2  3x  2 x 1
Let y = =
27. Domain of f(x) = R  {3}, x2  x  6 x3
and for Range : x  3  x < 3 or x > 3 3y 1
x=
P
Now, x < 3  x  3 < 0  |x  3| =  (x  3) y 1

( x  3) x is real for y  1  0, i.e., y  1
 f(x) = =1
x 3 Hence, range(f) = R  {1}
et
Similarly, for x > 3, f(x) = 1

 Range (f) = {1, –1}. 32. Here, f(x) = x2  x  1
28. f(x) is defined for  y2 = x2 + x + 1

 x2 + x + (1  y2) = 0
rg
8.3x  2
1 ≤ ≤1
1  32( x 1) 1 1 4(1 y 2 )
x=
(32 1)(3x  2 ) 2
 1 ≤ 1
1  32 x  2 1  4 y 2  3
Ta
x=
3x  3x  2 2
1≤ ≤1
1  32 x  2 For x real, 4y2  3  0
3x  3x  2 3x  3x  2 3
 2x2
+ 1 ≥ 0 and 1 ≤ 0  y
1 3 1  32 x  2 2
1 3x  3x  2  32 x  2  3 
 ≥0  Rf =  ,  
1  32 x  2
 2 
3x  3x  2 1 32 x  2
and ≤0
1  32 x  2 x 2  34 x  71
(3x  1) (3x  2  1) (3x 1)(3x  2  1) 33. Let =y
 ≥ 0 and ≥0 x2  2x  7
(3x.3x  2  1) (32 x  2 1)  x2 (1  y) + 2(17  y) x + (7y  71) = 0
x2
(3  1) (3  1) x
For real value of x, b2  4ac  0
 x x2
≥ 0 and 2 x  2 ≥0
(3 .3  1) (3  1)  y2  14y + 45  0  y  9, y  5.
151


34. f 1 (y) = {x  R: y = f (x)} 40. (hofog)(x) = (hof)(g(x))
 f 1 (2) = {x  R: 2 = f (x)}
= {x  R: x2  3 x + 4 = 2}
= (hof)  x2  1 
= {x  R: x2  3 x + 2 = 0} = {1, 2} 
= h f x2  1 
Let f(x) = y  x = f 1(y)
35.
 
= h  x 2  1  1
2
Now, y = 3x  5  
y 5 = h(x2 + 1 1)
x=
3 0 , if x  0
= h(x2) = 
y 5  x , if x  0
2
 f 1(y) = x =
3
Given, (gof)     (fog)   
5 5
1 x5 41.
 f (x) =  3  3
ns
3
1   5     5  
Also f is one-one and onto, so f exists and is  g f     f  g   
1 x5   3    3 
given by f (x) = .
= g(2)  f   = 2  1 = 1
3 5
io
3 
36. Given, f(x) = 2x(x  1)
42. Given,
 x(x  1) = log2 f(x)
 
 x2  x  log2 f(x) = 0 f(x) = sin2 x + sin2  x   + cos  x   cos x
at
 3  3
1  1  4log 2 f ( x)
x= 1   2 
2 = 1  cos 2 x  1  cos  2 x  
2   3 
1  1  4log 2 f ( x)
Only x =
2
lic
lies in the domain  2  
 cos  2 x    cos 
1  3  3
 f 1(x) = [1  1  4log 2 x ] 1 5 
2  2     
=   cos 2 x  cos  2 x     cos  2 x   
2 2   3   3 
ub
e x  e x
37. Let y = f(x) = +2 1 5    
e x  e x =   2cos  2 x   cos  cos  2 x   
2 2  3 3  3 
e2 x  1
 y2= 5
e2 x  1 =
P
2x 2x 4
 (y  2) e + y  2 = e  1
gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g  
5
 e2x =
1 y
=
y 1 
y 3 3 y
4  
et
 5 
 y 1  =1 …  g   1
 2x = loge    4  
3 y 
Hence, gof(x) is a constant function.
1  y 1 
Given, g(x) = x2 + x  2
rg
 x = loge   43.
2 3 y  1
and (gof)(x) = 2x2  5x + 2
1 1  y 1  2
f (y) = loge  
2 3 y   g(f(x)) = 4x2 10x + 4
Ta
1  (f(x))2 + f(x)  2 = 4x2  10x + 4

 x 1 2  (f(x))2 + f(x)  (4x2  10x + 6) = 0
 f 1 (x) = loge  
3 x  1  1  16 x 2  40 x  24
 f(x) =
x3 2
38. f(x) = 1  (4 x  5)
4x  5 = = 2x  3, 2x + 2
 3  5x 
2
t 3  3 x 1 f ( x)  1 2x
4x  1 
 f(t) = =  =x 44. f (x) =  =
4t  5  3  5x  x 1 f ( x)  1 2
4   5
 4x  1  1  f ( x)
x=
1  f ( x)
39. (gof) (1) = g (f (1)) = g (4) = 8,
 x  1 (  1)f ( x )    1
(gof) (2) = g (f (2)) = g (5) = 7  f ( x) = =
and (gof) (3) = g (f (3)) = g (6) = 9  x 1 (  1)f ( x )    1
152
15


10  x
8. ef(x) = , x  (10, 10)
Competitive Thinking 10  x
10  x 
f (25) 25 5  f(x) = log  
2. f(x) = x = = =1  10  x 
f (16)  f (1) 16  1 5
 200 x 
10  100  x 2 
 f 
200 x 
3. f(x) = 2x, x>3 = log 
2 
 100  x  200 x 
2
=x , 1<x3 10  
 100  x 2 
= 3x, x1 2
10(10  x) 
 as, x = –1, f(x) = f(–1) = 3(–1) = –3 = log  
10(10  x) 
as, x = 2, f(x) = f(2) = (2)2 = 4
10  x 
as, x = 4, f(x) = f(4) = 2(4) = 8 = 2log   = 2f(x)
ns
 f(–1) + f(2) + f(4) = 9  10  x 
1  200 x  1
4. Since, f(x) f(y) = f(xy)  f(x) = f 2 
 k = = 0.5
2  100  x  2
 f(1).f(2) = f(2)
f(x) = cos[2]x + cos[2]x
io
 f(1).4 = 4 9.
 f(1) = 1 ...(i) f(x) = cos(9x) + cos(10x)
…    3.14  9.85  9 and  9.85  10
Also, f(2).f   = f(1)
1
at
2 = cos(9x) + cos(10x)
= 2cos 
19 x  x
4 × f   = 1
1  cos  
 ...[From (i)]  2  2
2
 f   =
1 1
lic    19 
f    2cos 

 cos   ;
4 2  4  4
2
 1 1
 f    2   1
5. Given, f(x) = cos(log x)  f(y) = cos(log y) 2
  2 2
ub
1  x 
Then, f(x).f(y)  f    f ( xy )  11. f(x) = f(x)  f(0 + x) = f(0  x) is symmetrical
2  y  about x = 0.
= cos (log x) cos(log y)   f(2 + x ) = f(2  x) is symmetrical about x = 2.
P
1  x  12. f = {(1, 1), (2, 4), (0, 2), (1, 5)} be a linear
cos  log   cos (log xy ) 
2  y  function from Z to Z. The function satisfies the
= cos (log x) cos(log y)  above points, if f(x) = 3x  2
et
1 1 x
[2cos(log x)cos(log y )] = 0 13. Here, f(x) = log
2 1 x
1
1 x 1 x 
and f(x) = log  
rg
6. f(x + y) + f(x  y)  = log  

1 x y 1 x  1 x 
= a  a  x  y  a x  y  a  x  y 
2 =  log 
1 x 
 =  f(x) = f(x)
1 x 
Ta
1
= a x (a y  a  y )  a  x (a y  a  y )   f(x) is an odd function.
2
1
= (a x  a  x ) (a y  a  y ) = 2f(x)f(y)
2
14.
 
f( x) = sec log  x  1  ( x)2 
 
1 x  = sec log   x  1  x  
2
7. f(x) = log  
 
1  x 
= sec log  1  x  x 
2
 2x   
 2x  1  1  x 2   x2  1  2x 
 f = log  = log   1  x2  x2 
2 
1 x  2x   2
 x  1  2x 
 = sec log  
1    1  x2  x 
 1  x2    
1  x 
2
1 x   1 
= log   = 2 log  
 = 2f(x) = sec log  
1  x  1  x    1  x2  x 
 
153


= sec   log 1  x 2  x 
    |x|  1 as |x| > 2
 x  (–, –2)  (2, )  [–1, 1]
 
= sec log 1  x 2  x 
  22. f(x) = log
1
 f(x) is an even function. | sin x |
15. Consider option (A),  sin x  0  x  n + (1)n 0  x  n
f(x) = 3 cos x + 4 Domain of f(x) = R  {n, n  I}.
 f(–x) = 3 cos (–x) + 4 23. f(x) is to be defined when x2  1 > 0
= 3 cos x + 4 = f (x)  x2 > 1,  x < 1 or x > 1 and 3 + x > 0
 f(x) is an even function.  x > 3 and x  2
16. 
f(x) = sin log ( x  1  x ) 2
  Df = (3, 2)  (2, 1)  (1, )
ns
2
 f( x) = sin[log( x + 1  x 2 )] 24. f(x) = e 5 x  3  2 x
 ( 1  x 2  x) 
 5x  3  2x2  0
 f( x) = sin log  ( 1  x 2  x) 
 (x  1)  x    0
 3
 ( 1  x 2  x) 
 2
io
 1 
Df = 1, 
3
 f( x) = sin log   
 x  1 x 
2
 2
at
 f( x) = sin   log( x  1  x 2 )  25. sin x ≥ 0
 
 x  [2n, (2n + 1)] ...(i)
 f( x) =  sin log( x  1  x 2 )  16 – x2 ≥ 0
 
 x2 ≤ 16

 f( x) =  f(x)
f(x) is odd function.
lic  –4 ≤ x ≤ 4 ...(ii)
17. The function f(x) = log ( x 2  6 x  6) is defined, x  [–4, –]  [0, ]
when log (x2  6x + 6)  0
ub
26. To define f(x), 9  x2 > 0  |x| < 3
 x2  6x + 6  1  (x  5) (x  1)  0  3 < x < 3, ...(i)
This inequality holds, if x  1 or x  5. and 1  (x  3)  1
Hence, the domain of the function will be 2x4 ...(ii)
(, 1]  [5, ). From (i) and (ii), 2  x < 3 i.e., [2, 3).
P
18. Here, x + 3 > 0 and x2 + 3x + 2  0

27. 1  1 + 3x + 2x2  1
 x > 3 and (x + 1) (x + 2)  0, i.e., x  1, 2.
Case I : 2x2 + 3x + 1  1; 2x2 + 3x + 2  0
 Domain = (3, )  {1, 2}.
et
3  9  16 3  i 7
19. Df = Dg  Dh x= = (imaginary).
6 6
1
where g(x) = and h(x) = 2 x Case II : 2x2 + 3x + 1  1
log10 1  x 
rg
 2x2 + 3x  0  2 x  x    0
3
Now, Dg = {x  R : 1  x > 0, log10 (1  x) ≠ 0}  2
= {x  R : x < 1, 1  x ≠ 1} 3  3 
= {x  R : x < 1, x ≠ 0}   x  0  x   , 0 
2  2 
Ta
and Dh = {x  R : x + 2 ≥ 0}
In case I, we get imaginary value hence, rejected
= {x  R : x ≥ 2}
3
 Df = [(, 1)  {0}]  [2, )  Domain of function =  ,0  .
= [2, 1)  {0} 2 
20. f(x) = log|log x|, f(x) is defined if |log x| > 0 and  1 | x | 

x > 0, i.e., if x > 0 and x  1 28. f(x) = cos 1  
 2 
…[ |log x| > 0 if x  1] 1 | x |
 1≤ ≤1
 x  (0, 1)  (1, ). 2
1 x  2  1 ≤  | x | ≤ 2  1
21. 0
2 x   3 ≤ | x | ≤ 1
x 1  1 ≤ | x | ≤ 3
 0
x 2  x  [3, 3]
154
15


29. 1 ≤ log2(x2 + 5x + 8) ≤ 1 x2  x  4
35. Let y =
1 x2  x  4
 ≤ (x2 + 5x + 8) ≤ 2
2  (y  1) x2 + (y + 1) x + 4y  4 = 0
 x2 + 5x +
15
≥0 For real value of x, b2  4ac  0
2  (y + 1)2  4(y  1)(4y  4)  0
 15y2 + 34y  15  0
2 2
5 5 15
 x2 + 2   x +      +
5
≥0
2 2 2 2  15y2  34y + 15  0
  y  
 5
2
5 3 5
  x+  + ≥ 0 and x2 + 5x + 6 ≤ 0  y    0
 2 4  5  3
 (x + 3) (x + 2) ≤ 0  x [3, 2] 3 5
  y
5 3
30. x2 – 7x + 12  0
ns
 (x – 4) (x – 3)  0 36. Since maximum and minimum values of
 x  (–, 3]  [4, ) cos  sin x are 2 and  2 respectively,
therefore range of f(x) is [ 2, 2].
31. f(x) = 9  x 2
io
f(0) = 3, f(3) = 0 cos 2 x  7
37. cos 2x + 7 = a(2  sin x)  a =
 0  f(x)  3 2  sin x
 x  [0, 3] 1  2sin 2 x  7 2(4  sin 2 x )
at
a= =
2  sin x 2  sin x
x2
32. f(x) =  a = 2(2 + sin x)
| x  2|
 a  [2, 6] … [  1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1]
 1, x  2
f(x) = 
 1, x  2
lic 38. Let y = loge(3x2 + 4)
 Range of f(x) is {1, 1}. ey  4
 3x2 + 4 = ey  x2 =
3
33. Dom (f) = R – {2}
ub
Since, x2 ≥ 0
x2  4
For Range (f), let y = f (x) = ey  4
x2  ≥ 0  ey  4 ≥ 0  y ≥ loge 4
3
 y=
 x  2  x  2   y ≥ 2 loge 2
 x  2
P
So, range = [2 loge 2, )

 y = (x + 2)
Since, Dom (f) = R – {2} 39. Let y = loge 4  x 2  ey = 4  x 2
 x2
et
 e2y = 4  x2  x2 = 4  e2y  x = 4  e2 y
 y  (2 + 2) i.e. y  4  4  e2y ≥ 0
 Range (f) = R – {4}  e2y ≤ 4  2y ≤ loge 4
rg
1
x   x y≤ loge 4  y ≤ loge 2
34. f (x) = 2
log  x 2  x 
 y  (, loge 2]
Note that: log (x2 – x) > 0
Ta
i.e., log (x2 – x) > log 1 1 tan  1

 x2 – x > 1 40. f() =  tan  1 tan 
 x2 – x – 1 > 0 1  tan  1
1 1 4 1 5  f() = 2sec2  2
x= =
2 2  range of f is [2, ).
 1 5   1 5 
f(x) + 2f   = 3x
  x   x   >0 1
41. …. (i)
 2   2  x
 1 5  1  5  3
f   + 2f(x) =
1
 x   ,    ,    …. (ii)
2  x x
  2 
1  5 1  5 
xR–  ,  3f(x) =
6
 3x
 2 2 
x
155


2 2 5y 1
 f(x) =  x  f(x) =  + x  x(2  y) = 5y + 1  x =
x x 2 y
Since, f(x) = f(x) 5y 1
 f1(y) =
2 2 2 y
 x= +x
x x 5x  1
4  f1(x) = ,x2
 = 2x  x2 = 2  x =  2 2 x
x
 5x
, x  R   
option (B) is the correct answer. 5
48. We have, f(x) =
4x  5 4
Given expression =    
98 2 i
42. Let f(x) = y
i0
 3 99 
 x = f 1(y)
=     +    
32 2 i 98 2 i
5x
ns
i0
 3 99  i  33  3 99  y=
4x  5
= 0 +    
98 2 i  4xy + 5y = 5x
i  33
 3 99   5y = 5x  4xy = x(5  4y)
 2 2 i
io
   1 5y
x=
…  3 3 99 5  4y
for i  0, 1, 2, .,32
, y  R   
5y 5
g(y) = f1(y) =
at
= 66 5  4y 4
…[ each term in the summation is one or
49. For 1  N in co-domain we cannot find any
more but less than 2 when i = 33, 34, 35, …,98]
x  N in domain such that f(x) = 1
43. Function given by f(x) = ax + b
lic  function is into  f –1 (x) does not exist.
xb
f1(x) = 10 x 10 x
a 50. Let y = f(x) =
So, g(y) = y  3 10 x 10 x
ub
10 2 x 1
44. f(x) = |x|  y=
10 2 x 1
 x, if x0
f(x) =  1 y
  x, if x0  102x =
1 y
Therefore, the function f1(x) does not exist.
P
1 y
 2x = log10
45. Let f(x) = y  x = f1(y) 1 y
Now, y = 2x + 6 1 1 y
et
 2x = y  6 x= log10
2 1 y
y
x= 3 1 1 y
2  f 1(y) = log10
2 1 y
rg
y
 f1(y) = 3 1 1 x
2  f 1(x) = log10
x 2 1 x
 f1(x) =  3
2
Ta
16 x 16 x
1 51. Let y = f(x) =
46. Let f(x) = y  x = f (y) 16 x 16 x
Now, y = x3 + 5 16 2 x 1
 y  5 = x3  y=
1
16 2 x 1
 x =  y  5 3 1 y
 162x =
1 1 y
 f1(y) =  y  5  3
1 y
1  2x = log16
 f1(x) =  x  5  3 1 y
1 1 y 1 1 y
47. Let f(x) = y  x = f1(y). Now, x= log16  f 1(y) = log16
2 1 y 2 1 y
2x  1
y= , (x  5) 1 1 x
x5  f 1(x) = log16
xy + 5y = 2x  1  5y + 1 = 2x  xy 2 1 x
156
15


ab 5.8 x 1
52. ab= ,58= =4 62. f(x) =
10 10 x 1
Let e be an identity element of 4 f ( x ) 1 2x
 =
e.4 f ( x ) 1 2
 4 e=4 = 4  e = 10
10 f ( x ) 1
Now, let i be an inverse element of 4 x=
1  f ( x)
4i
 4i=e  = 10  i = 25  f ( x) 1 
10
2x  1
2   1 3f ( x)  1
 f(2x) = = 1  f ( x )  =
53. Let e be an identity element 2x  1  f ( x) 1  f ( x)  3
2   1
 a* e = a 
2ae
=ae=
5 1  f ( x ) 
5 2 x
1 63. f(x) = ;
2aa 5 25 x 1
ns
Now, a*a–1 = e  =  a–1 =
5 2 4a  x 
 
* –1 2(2 x) 25  x   x 1
 2 x=3  = f(f(x)) = f    x
5 4(3)  x 1 1
x 1
io
125
x= But f(f(x)) = x
48
2 x
54. Consider, f g(–4) = f [g (–4)]  =x
x  x  1
at
But g(–4) is not defined. In L.H.S., Put  = 1,
 f g(–4) = 4 is not true ( 1) 2 x x
 = = x;
55. f(g(1)) = f(3 4) = f(7) = 5  49 = 44 ( 1) x  x  1 x  x  1
2 2
lic   = 1
56. f(2) = 
2 1 5
2
64. Given, f(x) = ax + b, g(x) = cx + d
2 and f(g(x)) = g(f(x))
ub
 2 10  f(c x + d) = g(a x + b)
 f(f(2)) = f    52 
  2
5 29  a(c x + d) + b = c(a x + b) + d
  1  ad + b = cb + d
5
 f(d) = g(b)
2 1
P
57. Here, f(2) = =3 65. fog (x) = f [g(x)]

2 1 3
3 1 4  1  1
 f(f(2)) = f(3) = = =2 = f  x 3  = 8  x 3  = 8x
3 1 2    
et
2 1
 f(f(f(2))) = f(2) = =3 x 1 
2 1 66. (fog) (x) = f(g(x)) = f  
 2 
58. (fog)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x2) = sin x2 x 1 
rg
2
= 2  +1=x
59. f(x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x  2 
 fog(x) = sin x2 + cos x2  (fog) (x) = x  x = (fog)1(x)
1
Hence, (fog)1   =
1
Ta
1  cos 2  2
60. f[f(cos 2)] = f   = f (tan ) x x
1  cos 2 
 
1  tan 2  67. f(x) = sin 2 x  sin 2  x    cos x cos  x  
= = cos 2  3  3
1  tan 2  2
  
1 1 = sin 2 x  sin  x   
 1  399    3 
Here, f   =  25   = 
1 4 4
61. 
2  16   16    
 cos x  cos x cos  sin x sin 
 1
  3 3
  1 
 f f    = f  
399  
4 2
  
  2    16   = sin 2 x  sin x cos  cos x sin 
   3 3
1 1
 399  4  1  4 1 1 3 
=  25   cos x  cos x  sin x 
 =   = 2 2
 16   16  2  
157

 sin x 3 
2
73. Let f(x) be periodic with period T.
= sin2 x +   cos x  Then, f(x + T) = f(x) for all x  R
 2 2 
 x + T  [x + T] = x  [x]. for all x  R
cos 2 x 3  x + T  x = [x + T]  [x]
  sin x cos x
2 2  [x + T]  [x] = T for all x  R
sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x  T = 1, 2, 3, 4,…….
= sin 2 x   cos 2 x 
4 4 2 The smallest value of T satisfying
3 3 f(x + T) = f(x) for all x  R is 1.

sin x cos x  sin x cos x Hence, f(x) = x  [x] has period 1.
2 2
5 5 74. Let f (x) is periodic with period T.
= (sin2 x + cos2 x) = Then, cos (x + T)2 = cos x2 for all x  R
4 4
 cos (x + T)2 – cos x2 = 0
(gof)(x) = g f ( x)  = g   = 1
5
ns
  x + T 2  x 2    x + T 2  x 2 
4    –2 sin   sin  =0
 2   2 
   
68. As x  [x]  [0, 1),  x  R
xR
 0  x – [x] < 1,  x  R
io
 (x + T)2 – x2 = n or (x + T)2 + x2 = n
 1  1 + x [x] < 2,  x  R
xR
 1  g(x) < 2,  x  R Here, T is dependent on the value of x.
Hence, f(g(x)) = 1  x  R  f(x) is not periodic.
at
69. (gof)(e) + (fog)() = g(f(e)) + f(g()) 76. g(x) is neither injective nor surjective
= g(1) + f(0) (gof) (x) =  e 
x 2
=e 2x
= 1 + 0
= 1
lic This is an injective function.
1 1 1 1
77. f (1) = 1 – = and f (–1) = 1 – =
70. g(f(x)) = g( x ) =  x  2 2 2 2
and f(g(x)) = f([x]) =  x   f (1) = f (–1) but 1 ≠ –1
ub
 f is not one-one
When x ≥ 0,  x  = [x] =  x  Also, f(x) ≥ 0  x  R
 f(g(x)) = g(f(x))  for y < 0, there does not exist any x  R such
When x < 0, [x] ≤ x < 0 that f (x) = y
P
 f is not onto
  x ≥ x
78. At x = 0, f(x) is not defined.
  x  ≥ x ≥  x  ...[ [t] ≤ t for all t] 80. f(x) = f(y)
et
 f(g(x)) ≥ g(f(x)) x+2=y+2 x=y

 g(f(x)) ≤ f(g(x)) for all x  R  Function f is one-one
81. Consider option (A)
(gof)(x) = sin x2  (gogof)(x) = sin(sin x2)
rg
71.
j(x) = (fog) (x)
 (fogogof) (x) = (sin(sin x2))2 = sin2 (sin x2) = f (g (x))
Now, sin2(sin x2) = sin(sin x2) = f (1 – x)
 sin(sin x2) = 0, 1
Ta
1
=
2  1 x
 sin x = n, (4n + 1) n  I
2  (g o j o f) (x) = g o j (f(x))
 sin x2 = 0  x2 = n 1
 x =  n n  W =goj  
 x
72. | x | = –x, if x < 0  
 1 
= x, if x  0 =g  
Now, (fog) (x) = f [g(x)]  1  1 
 x
= | g(x) | + g(x)
= | | x | – x| + | x | – x  x  x 1
= g  =1– =
When, x < 0  x  1 x1 1 x
(fog) (x) = | – x – x | + (–x) – x = j(x)
= –2x – 2x = – 4x  Options (A) is correct.
158
15


82. Total number of distinct functions from  3
2
7
A  A = nn = 66 = x   +
 2 4
Number of bijections = n! = 6! Hence, f is many-one and not onto
 Number of functions which are not bijections =
66 – 6! 91. f:NI
f(1) = 0, f(2) = 1, f(3) = 1, f(4) = 2, f(5) = 2
83. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and f(6) = 3 so on.
B = {2, 3}
Total number of distinct functions from 1 0
A  B = 25 = 32 2 –1
3 1
The number of functions which are not onto = 2 –2
4
(all elements are either mapped to 2 or mapped 5 2
to 3) 6 –3
ns
 The number of onto functions from A to B
= 32 – 2 = 30 In this type of function every element of set A
has unique image in set B and there is no
84. Number of bijective function from a set of 10
element left in set B. Hence f is one-one and
elements to itself is 10P10.
io
onto function.
So, required number = 10!
92. f:NN
85. The total number of injective functions from a
 n+1
at
set A containing 3 elements to a set B  if n isodd
containing 4 elements is equal to the total f (n) =  2
number of arrangements of 4 by taking 3 at a n if n iseven
 2
time i.e., 4 P3  24 .
86.
lic
Number of injective mapping = 5P4= 120
Now for n = 1, f (1) =
11
=1
2
87. |x| is not one-one; x2 is not one-one; 2
and if n = 2, f (2) = = 1
x2 + 1 is not one-one. 2
ub
But 2x  5 is one-one because  f (1) = f (2), But 1 ≠ 2.
f(x) = f(y)  2x  5 = 2y  5  x = y  f (x) is not one-one.
Now, f(x) = 2x  5 is onto. n 1
f (x) = if n is odd
 f(x) = 2x  5 is bijective. 2
P
n 1
88. Let x1, x2  R such that f(x1) = f(x2) if y = then n = 2y – 1, ∀ y
2
 x1 =  x2 n n
 Also, f (x) = if n is even i.e., y =
et
f(x1) = f(x2) does not impty that x1 = x2 2 2

 f is not one-one. or n = 2y ∀ y
Consider an element 2 in the co-domain R.  f(x) is onto.
There doesnot exist any x is domain R such that
rg
f(x) = 2. 93. :NZ

 f is not onto. (1) = 0, (2) = 1, (3) = 1, (4) = 2,
(5) = 2, (6) = 3,  (7) = 3
89. Let x, y  N such that f(x) = f(y)   is one-one and onto.
Ta
Then, f(x) = f(y)  x2 + x + 1 = y2 + y + 1

94. Function f : R  R is defined by f(x) = ex. Let
 (x  y) (x + y + 1) = 0
x1, x2  R and f(x1) = f(x2) or e x1  e x2 or
 x = y or x = ( y  1)  N
x1 = x2. Therefore, f is one-one.
 f is one-one.
Let f(x) = ex = y. Taking log on both sides, we
Note that for y = 1 N, there does not exist any get x = log y. We know that negative real
x  N such that f(x) = 1 numbers have no pre-image or the function is
 f is not onto. not onto and zero is not the image of any real
90. f(x) = x2 + 3x + 4 number. Therefore, function f is into.
9 9 95. Here, (f  g) (x) = f(x)  g(x)
= x2 + 3x + – +4
4 4  x  0 = x, if x is rational
 (f  g) (x) = 
 2 9 7  0  x =  x, if x is irrational
=  x  3x +  +
 4 4 Let k = f  g
159


Let x, y be any two distinct real numbers. 98. (a) f(x) = cos (112x – 37) where f: R  R
Then, x  y  f can neither be injection nor surjection as
 x  y cos (112x – 37) is a periodic function and
Now, x  y – 1 < cos x < 1
 k(x)  k(y)  (f  g) (x)  (f  g) (y) (b) f(x) = x | x |
 f  g is one-one. Let x, y  A such that f (x) = f(y)
Let y be any real number x=y
If y is a rational number, then  f is injective
k(y) = y Also, let y = f (x)
 (f  g) (y) = y  x = f–1 (y)
If y is an irrational number , then y=x|x|
k( y) = y If x < 0, then y = –x2
ns
 (f  g) ( y) = y If x > 0, then y = x2
Thus, every y  R (co-domain) has its pre-  f–1 (y) = –x2, x  [–2, 0)
image in R (domain) = x2, x  [0, 2)
 f  g : R  R is onto. i.e., for each y  B, there exist x  A
io
Hence, f  g is one-one and onto.  f is surjective
96. Let x, y  R be such that  f(x) is bijection
f(x) = f(y) (c) f(x) = (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 5)
at
 x3 + 5x + 1 = y3 + 5y + 1 f(2) = 0 and f(3) = 0
 (x3  y3) + 5(x  y) = 0  f(2) = f(3) but 2 ≠ 3
 (x  y) (x2 + xy + y2 + 5) = 0  f is not an injection
 y
 (x  y)  x   
2
 5 = 0
3y2 
lic Note that as x  –, f(x)  – also,
as x  , f(x)  
 2 4  Range (f) = R
2
3y2  f is surjection
 x = y and  x   +
y
+50
ub
 2 4 (d) f(n) = n + 1
 f : R  R is one-one Let n and m  N such that f(n) = f(m)
Let y be an arbitrary element in n+1=m+1n=m
R (co-domain).  f is an injection.
P
Then, f(x) = y i.e., x3 + 5x + 1 = y has at least Let y = f(n)

one real root, say  in R  n = f –1 (y)
 3 + 5 + 1 = y y=n+1
 f() = y n=y–1
et
Thus, for each y  R there exists   R such  f–1 (y) = y – 1

that f() = y Note that for y = 1  N
 f : R  R is onto f–1 (1) = 1 – 1 = 0  N
rg
Hence, f: R  R is one-one onto. i.e., for y = 1  N, there does not exist any
n  N such that f(n) = 1
97. (a) n (G  G) = 9
 The number of non-biective functions  f is not surjection
Ta
from G  G to G is 39 = 19,683 99. Since, f(x) and g(x) has same domain and
(b) To find Bijective functions from A to A, co-domain A and B and f(1) = (1)2  1 = 0
1st element in domain A has 4 choices, 2nd 1 1
element in domain A has 3 choices and g(1) = 2 1  1=2 1=0
2 2
so on.
f(1) = 0 = g(1), f(0) = 0 = g(0)
 The Number of bijective functions from
f(1) = 2 = g(1), f(2) = 2 = g(2)
A to A = 4  3  2  1 = 24
(c) n (G  A) = 12 A = {1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {4, 2, 0, 2}
 The number of functions G to G  A  By definition, the two function are equal f = g
= 123 = 1728
100.  1  ( 3) 2  (sinx  3 cosx)  1  ( 3) 2
(d) n(A  A) = 16
 The number of surjective functions from   2  (sinx  3 cosx)  2
A to A  A is 0.   2 + 1  (sinx  3 cosx + 1)  2 + 1
160
16

  1  (sinx  3 cosx + 1)  3 2
103. f(x) = tan  x2
i.e., range = [1, 3] 9
 For f to be onto S = [1, 3]. 2
f(x) is real valued function when  x2 ≥ 0
101. Given, f(x) = sin x 9
 f : R  R is neither one-one nor onto as 2  
Rf = [1, 1].  x2 ≤  x    ,  = Domain of f(x)
9  3 3
 
f :   ,   [1, 1] When domain is in closed interval, we use
 2 2
differentiation method.
is both one-one and onto.
f : [0, ]  [1, 1] 2 1
f (x) = sec2  x2  (2x)
is neither one-one nor onto as 9 2
2  x2
Rf = [0, 1].
ns
9

f : 0,   [1, 1] is one-one but not onto as When f (x) = 0, x = 0
 2  
Rf = [0, 1]. Finding values of f(x) when x = 0,  ,
3 3
io
x2  1 x2  1  2 2 [End points of domain]
102. Let f( x ) = = = 1 2
x 1
2
x 1
2
x 1 2   
 f(0) = tan = 3 and f    = f   = 0
 x2 + 1 > 1; 9  3 3
at
2
 2  Range of function = 0, 3 
x 1
2
2 [Taking least value and greatest value for range]

So 1  2  1  2 ;
x 1
lic 104. f (x) = 2 + cos x > 0. So, f(x) is strictly monotonic
 1  f(x) < 1 increasing so, f(x) is one-to-one and onto.
Thus, f(x) has the minimum value equal to –1.
ub
Evaluation Test
1 1 x 1 3. Given, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  x, y  R

1. f (f (x)) =  
P
1  f (x) 1  1 x  f(2) = f(1+1) = f(1) + f(1) = 2f (1)

1 x
f(3) = f(2 + 1) = f(2) + f(1)
x 1 x
 f [f (f (x))] = f    =x = 2f(1) + f(1) = 3f(1)
 x 1
et
 x  x
Continuing in this way, we get
1 f(r) = rf(1)  N
2. fog(x) = x3 
x3 n n n
rg
 1
3   f(r) =  rf(1) = f(1)  r
Since,  x   = x3  3  3x.  x  
1 1 1 r 1 r 1 r 1
 x x x x = 7(1 + 2 + 3 +…. + n)
3
1  1  1 7n(n  1)
 x3  3   x    3  x  
Ta
x  x =
 x 2
1
Given, f(g(x)) = x3  3 4. Given, f(x) = x2  3
x
 1
3
 1  f(1) = (1)2  3 = 2
 f(g(x)) =  x    3  x  
x  x    (fof)(1) = f(2) = (2)2  3 = 1
 1  1  1
3
 (fofof)(1) = f(1) = 12  3 = 2 ....(i)
 f  x   =  x    3 x  
 x  x  x Similarly, (fofof)(0) = 33 ....(ii)
1
Put x  = t and (fofof)(1) = 2 ....(iii)
x From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
 f(t) = t3 + 3t (fofof)(1) + (fofof)(0) + (fofof)(1)
 f(x) = x3 + 3x
 f (x) = 3x2 + 3 = 2 + 33  2 = 29 = f 4 2  
161

  3(log10 x  2) log10 x
5
5. x= 3 1  ≤ 0, < 0 and x > 0
2(log10 x  3) log10 x  3
 3  C  3  C  3
5 4 3
= 5 C0 5
1
5
2
 2 ≤ log10x < 3, 0 < log10x < 3 and x > 0
 102 ≤ x < 103, 100 < x < 103 and x > 0
 C  3  C  3  C
2 1
5
3
5
4
5
5
 102 ≤ x < 103
 x [102, 103)
=  3  + 5(9) + 10  3 3  + 30 + 5 3 + 1
5
11. f(x) is defined for all x  R. So, dom(f) = R.

= 76 + 44 3 = 152.20 x
Let y = f (x)  y =
 [x] = [152.20] = 152 1 x 2
6. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) .....(i) 1  1  4 y2

 x=
Putting x = y = 1 in (i), we get 2y
ns
f(2) = 2f(1) For x to be real, 1  4y2  0 and y  0
 f(2) = 2(5) ...[ f(1) = 5(given)] 1 1
  y  and y  0
Putting x = 2 and y = 1 in (i), we get 2 2
f(3) = f(2) + f(1) = 3(5)
io
Similarly, f(4) = 4(5)
f(5) = 5(5)
...
at
...
...
f(100) = 100(5) = 500 lic
7. We have f(x) = (x  1) (x  2) (x  3) and
f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = 0  f(x) is not one-one.
For each y  R, there exists x  R such that
f(x) = y.
ub
Therefore, f is onto.
Hence, f : R  R is onto but not one-one.
8. f(x  y) = f(x) f(y)  f(a  x) f(a + y)
Putting x = 0 and y = 0, we get
P
f(0) = {f(0)}2  {f(a)}2

 1 = 1  {f(a)}2  f(a) = 0
Now, f(2a  x) = f(a  (x  a))
et
= f(a) f(xa)  f (aa) f(a+xa)

= f(a) f(x  a)  f(0) f(x)
= f(a) f(x  a)  f(x)
rg
...[ f(0) = 1 (given)]

=  f(x)
( x  2)( x  1)
Ta
9. f(x) =
( x  2)( x  3)
Hence, domain is {x : x  R, x  2, x   3}.
 log10 x 
10. Given, f(x) = log10  
 2(3  log10 x) 
Now, f(x) is defined, if
 log10 x  log10 x
log10   ≥ 0, >0
 2(3  log10 x )  2(3  log10 x)
and x > 0
log10 x log10 x
 ≥ 100 = 1, >0
2(3  log10 x) (3  log10 x)
and x > 0
162
16
Textbook
Chapter No.
07 Limits
Hints
Classical Thinking x2  3
10. lim
x 3 x  3 3 x  12
2
x 2  5 x  1 (1)  5(1)  1 3
2
ns
1. lim = = ( x  3)( x  3)
x1 x 1
2
(1) 2  1 2 = lim
x 3 ( x  4 3) ( x  3)
2. Applying LHospital’s Rule, we get x 3 2
= lim =
io
x a 1 1 x 3 x4 3 5
lim = lim =
x a xa x a 2 x 2 a
x2  1  x  1  x  1 x +1  x  1
3. Applying LHospital’s Rule, we get 11. lim = lim
at
x 1
x 1
2 x 1
 x  1 x  1
1  x 1 1 
1
1
lim = lim (1 x) 2 =  x  1  1
x 2 2 2 1
= lim   =
x 0 x 0
x 1 x +1 2
4. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
lic =1+
1
(1  x)5  1 5(1  x) 4 5 2
lim = lim =
x  0 (1  x )  1
3 x  0 3(1  x ) 2 3
3 x  3 x
ub
12. lim
(1  x )  1
n
5. lim =100
x 0 x
x
  
x 0
3 x  3 x 3 x  3 x
(1  x) n  1n = lim
 lim
(1  x )  1
= 100 x 0
x  3 x  3 x 
P
x 0
 n = 100 2 2 1
= lim = =
x 0 3 x  3 x 30  30 3
5 5 5 5
et
( x  2) 3  (a  2) 3 ( x  2) 3  (a  2) 3  x 3 
6. lim = lim 13. lim 
x a xa x  a ( x  2)  (a  2) 
x 3
 x  2  4  x 
 
2
5 ( x  3) x2  4x
= (a  2) 3
rg
3 = lim
x 3
 x2  4 x  x2  4x 
lim 2 x  1 x 1
7.
x 1 2 x  7 x  5
= lim
x 1 ( x  1)(2 x  5) ( x  3)  x2  4 x 
Ta
= lim =1
1 1
x 3 2( x  3)
 lim 
x 1 2 x  5 3 Alternate method :
Alternate Method: Apply LHospital’s rule.
Apply LHospital’s rule.
sin x  sin x 
14. lim = lim   x
8. Applying LHospital’s Rule, we get x  0 x x0  x 
x2  4 2x 4  sin x 
lim = lim = = lim   lim x =10=0
x 2 x 2  x  2 x 2 2 x  1 3 x0  x  x  0
( x 2  x  6) 2  x + 2   x  3
2 2
 
9. lim = x
lim sin sin
4  lim . 4  1
1
( x  2) 2  x  2 lim
2
x2 2 15.
0   0 4  4
2
= ( 2  3) = 25 4
163

sin 3 3x sin 3 3x 2sin x  sin 2 x 2sin x 1  cos x 

16. lim = lim 3  27 = 27
26. lim = lim
x 0 x3 x 0
 3x  x0 x3 x0 x3
sin x 1  cos x 
x
= 2 lim .
sin
x0 x x2
17. lim
sin x o
 lim 180   1
x 0 x x0 x 180 =21 =1
2
 x 
... x  radian  27. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
 180 
sin x  sin  cos x
lim = lim = cos 
sin  x  5 x 
2
sin  x  5 x 
2 x x x  1
18. lim = lim   x  5
x 0 x x 0 x  x  5 cosec 2  4
28. lim  lim (cosec  2) = 4
= 1(0 + 5) = 5 x  / 6 cosec   2 x  / 6
ns
sin 7 x.sin11x
19. lim   
x 0 5x2  x 
29. lim 2  2   2
1 sin 7 x sin11x
= lim  lim x

 sin    x  
5 x x   2 
x 0 x 0 2
io

1 sin 7 x sin11x
= lim  7  lim  11 Alternate Method:
5 x 0 7x x 0 11x
1 77 Apply LHospital’s rule.
=  7  11 =
at
5 5
3sin x  sin 3 x 4sin 3 x 30. lim

tan x
= lim

tan x 1  1  tan x 
20. lim = lim =4 x 0 1  1  tan x x 0 1  1  tan x
x0 x 3 x0 x3
2sin 
lic =  lim 1  1  tan x 
x 0
5cos  
21. lim  = 52  3 =  1  1  tan 0  =  2
 0 tan  3 1 4
3
 31. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
ub
x 1  sin x  1  sin x
2sin 2 lim
1  cos x 2 x0 x
22. lim = lim
x0 x x0 x  cos x cos x  1 1
= lim    = + =1
x
P
sin 2
x 0
 2 1  sin x 2 1  sin x  2 2
= 2lim 2 2  x = 0 Alternate Method:
x 0 x
4  
4 1  sin x 1  sin x 
lim 
et
x x2
x 0 
 
x 1 sin x  1 sin x 
 
2sin 2
1  cos x 2  4 2sin x
23. lim = lim = lim =1
x 0 tan 2 x x 0 x2 tan 2 x x 0

x 1 sin x  1 sin x 
rg
4
1 x2 1  8x   8x 
= lim = log  1   log 1  
2 x 0 tan 2 x 2  3   3  8 8
32. lim = lim . =
Ta
x x0 x x0 8 3 3
2sin .( x 2 ) 2 x
1  cos x 2 1 3
24. lim = lim =
x  0 sin 2 x x 0
2  x2  2 tan x
4sin x . 
4
  tan x x
33. lim = lim =1
Alternate Method: x 0 log(1  x ) x 0 log 1  x 
Apply LHospital’s rule two times. x

(1  cos 2 x ) sin 5 x (1  e x )sin x
25. lim 34. lim
x0 x 2 sin 3 x x0 x 2  x3
sin x   sin 5 x  5 x  3x 
2
 e x  1   sin x 
= 2 lim 
1
     =  lim   
x0
 x   5 x  3 x  sin3x  x0
 x   x  1  x
=
10 = 1  1  1
3 =1
164
16

Chapter 07: Limits
e1/ x e1/ x 1 x 2  a 2  x 2  b2
35. lim 1 
= lim 1
 lim  e1 44. lim
x 0  1 x0 x 0 e x 
x 2  c2  x 2  d 2
x 
e e .e
x
 2 2 
 3x / 2  3   3x / 2  3   1 c  1 d 
36. lim  x  = lim  x / 2 2 2  a  b 
= lim 2 2 
2
x2
2
x2  = a  b
2 2
x 2
 3 9  x 2 (3
 ) 3 

x  c  d
  a2  c2  d 2
b2
1 1 1 2  1 2 
= lim =  x x 
x2 3 3
x/2
6
xn 1
a x  bx  a x 1   bx 1  45. lim  lim =1
37. lim = lim    lim   n   1  n   1 
x0 x x 0
 x  x 0  x  x n 1  n  1  n 
 x   x 
a
= log a  log b = log  
ns
b
Critical Thinking
 5x  1   4 x  1 
   x5  243 x 5  35 5 135
5x  4x  x   x  1. lim = lim = (3)5  2 =
38. lim x = lim x 3 x2  9 x  3 x 2  32 2 2
x  0 4  3x x  0  4x  1   3x  1 
io
    xm  a m m mn 
 x   x  ... lim  a 
 x a x  a
n n
n 
5
log  
at
log5  log 4 4
= = x 5  a 5 5 5 5
log 4  log 3 4 2. lim = (a) 5  ( 3) = (a) 2 = 2
log   xa x 3  a 3 3 3 3a
3
7 7
39. lim
ax  bx  c
2
= lim
a
b
x

c
x
2
lic 3. lim
x2
x 2  22
3 3
=
7
2
2
3
 7
3
7 3
 (2) 2 2 =  4 =
28
3
x  dx 2  ex  f x  e f x 2
2 2
d  2
x x
x100  1 100 100  50
a 4. lim = (1) =2
ub
= a 00 = x1 x 50  1 50
d00 d
x4  1 x 4  14
2 x 2  3x  1 2  (3 / x)  (1 / x 2 ) 5. lim = lim =4
x 1 x 1 x 1
40. lim = lim =2 x 1
x  x2  1 x  1  (1 / x 2 ) x3  k 3 3 3
= k3  2 = k
P
lim 2
x k x  k2
41. Here, degree of Nr < degree of Dr 2 2
 ax 2  bx  c  3k 8
 4= k=
 lim  3 = 0 2 3
x  px  qx  r
 
et
xn  a n
(2x  3)(3x  4) 6. We know that, lim  n a n 1
42. lim xa xa
x   (4x  5)(5x  6)
x 5k k

rg
 3  4 lim  k(5) k 1
x  2   x3   x 5x 5
= lim 
x  x x k  5k
x  5  6 Given, lim  500
x 4   x5   x 5 x  5
 x  x
Ta
 k(5)k  1 = 500
=
 2  0 3  0  k(5)k  1 = 4 (5)4  1
 4  0  5  0 k=4
6 3
= = x9  a 9
20 10 7. lim = 9
xa xa
1
 x2  1  x 1 x   a 
 lim
2
43. lim   = lim x = 9
x    2x  1  x  1 x  a x  a 
  x 2  
 x  9 ( a) 9  1 = 9  a =  1
1 0 x  x 2  ...  x n  n
= 8. lim
20 x 1 x 1
1
= = lim
( x  1)  ( x  1 )  ( x  1 )  ...  ( x  1 )
2 2 3 3 n n
2 x 1 x 1
165


 x  1 x 2  12 x3  13 x n  1n  
 x   3 
3
3
= lim     ...    x3/ 2  27  
 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1  15. lim  = lim
 x9 
 x  3 x  3 
x 1
x9
 x  9  

= 1 + 2 (1)2  1 + 3 (1)3  1 + … + n (1)n  1
  x  3 x  3 x  9  
= 1+2+3+…+n = lim  
n (n  1)   x  3 x  3 
x9
=  
2
9  3 9  9 27 9
Alternate method: = = =
9 3 6 2
Applying LHospital’s Rule, we get
lim (1 + 2x + ……. + nx
n1
) x 3  x 2  18
16. Let y  lim
x 1 x 3 x 3
n  n  1
ns
Applying LHospital's rule, we get
=1+2+3+…+n=
2 y = lim (3x2 – 2x) = (27  6) = 21
x 3
x  x  x  ...  x  n
2 3 n
17. Applying LHospital’s Rule, we get
9. lim = 5050
io
x 1 x 1
x  x 2  x 3  14
n(n  1) lim = lim (1 + 2x + 3x2) = 17
 = 5050  n = 100 x 2 x2 x 2
at
x 4  4 x 3  8 x 2  16 x  16
18. lim
| x2| | 2h2| x2 x3  3 x 2  4
10. lim  lim  1
x  2x  2 h 0 2  h  2
 x  2
2
( x 2  4) x2  4 8
| x2| | 2h 2| = lim = lim =
and lim
x2
 lim
x  2 h 0 2  h  2
1
lic x2 ( x  2) ( x  1)
2 x2 x  1 3
Hence, limit does not exist. 19. By synthetic division,

x6 – 24x – 16
11. lim[ x ]  lim[1  h]  lim 0  0
= (x – 2) (x5 + 2x4 + 4x3 + 8x2 + 16x + 8)
ub
x 1 h 0 h 0
and lim[ x ]  lim [1  h]  lim 1  1 and x3 + 2x – 12 = (x – 2) (x2 + 2x + 6)

 x 1 h 0
h 0
x 6  24 x  16
Hence, limit does not exist.  lim
x2 x 3  2 x  12
P
( x  2)( x5  2 x 4  4 x3  8 x 2  16 x  8)
 1 2  = lim
lim 
1 2 
12.  2  = lim    x2 ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  6)
x2
 x  2 x  2x  x  2
 x  2 x ( x  2) 
x 5  2 x 4  4 x 3  8 x 2  16 x  8 168
( x  2) 1 = lim = = 12
et
= lim = x2 x2  2 x  6 14
x  2 x ( x  2) 2
Alternate Method:
 Apply LHospital’s Rule.
 2 1  2 1 
rg
13. lim    = lim   

     1 
x 1 1  x 2 x  1 1  x 1  x x
  x 1
 1 x  1 x8  2 x  1 8x7  2
= lim  lim = lim =3
= x 1 x 4  2 x  1 x 1 4 x 3  2
 1  x 1  x   2
Ta
x 1

2
 1  1

2 12   x 3   2x
1 x x2  5  3 2
lim 2 x  5
3 2
14. lim = lim   lim = =
1 1
x 1  x 1  x  2 x+2 x  2 1 3
1 x 3
1 x 3
  
1
 
1
1  x 3 1  x 3 
x2  7  4
= lim  
1

lim = lim
1
 2 x  = 3
x 1  x  3 x3 x 3
2 x 7
2 4
1 x 3
= lim 1+ x 1/3  = 2 23. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
x 1
Alternate method: x 2  10  19 1 3
lim = lim (2 x) =
Apply L Hospital’s Rule. x3 x 3 x3
2 x  10
2
19
166
16

Chapter 07: Limits
ax ax x  2a  x  2a
24. lim 29. lim
x0
x a a  x x 2a
x 2  4a 2
= lim
 ax ax  ax ax  x  2a 
x  2a
x  2a
x0
x a a  x  ax ax  = lim
x 2a ( x  2a) ( x  2a)
2  
= lim 1 x  2a
x0
a(a  x)  ax ax  = lim 
x 2a  x  2a
 
( x  2a) x  2a   
 
2 1
= =
a  a  0  a 0  a 0  a a =
1
=
4a 2 a
1
(2 x  3)( x  1) sin 2 x sin 8 x
ns
25. lim 30. lim  2  lim 8=28=6
x 1 2 x2  x  3 x0 2x x0 8x
(2 x  3)( x  1)  ( x  1)
= lim sin 3  sin  sin 3 sin  3
x 1 ( x  1)(2 x  3)  ( x  1) 31. lim = lim  lim  1  2
 0 sin   0 sin   0 sin  1
io
1 1
 
5 2 10 2sin 4 x cos 2 x  sin 4 x  x  cos 2 x
32. lim = lim 4
2sin x cos 4 x x 0  4 x  
   sin x  cos 4 x
x0
x2  4  x2  4 x x  2 2
at
26. lim = lim =4
x2 x x 2 2 x2
x x 2 2 x x 2 2    Alternate method:
= lim
x 2

 4 x x  2 2  2 sin 2 x 6 sin 6 x

6x = 2  6  4
lim 2 x
x2 x 3  23
lic x  0 5 sin 5 x

3 sin 3 x 53
 x  2 x x2 2  5x 3x
= lim
x2 x  2x  4
2
 2 tan 2 x 

 2  2 2 2  2 2  x x  
ub
4 x 2  tan 2 x  2x 
= = 2 33. lim  lim  2
 2  2  2  4 tan x x0 tan x
2 x0
3
Alternate Method:  2 tan 2 x 
 1
Apply LHospital’s Rule. tan 2 x  x lim  2 x 1
34. lim = x 0  =
P
x  0 3 x  sin x
 3 sin x  2
1  x 
3 5 x 2 5 x Alternate Method:
et
lim = lim Applying LHospital’s rule, we get

x4 1 5  x x4 1

2 5 x tan 2 x  x 2sec2 2 x  1
lim = lim
x  0 3 x  sin x x  0 3  cos x
5 x
=  lim 2 1 1
rg
5 x
x4 = 
3 1 2
1 1
= = 
9 3 4sin 2 x  2 x cos x
35. lim
Ta
x0 3 x  tan 3 x
1 2  x  3
28. lim sin x x cos x
x2 x2 4lim  sin x  2lim
=
x 0 x x  0 x =1
1+ 2 + x  3 3x tan 3x 3
= lim lim  lim
x2
 x  2  1+ 2+ x  3  x 0 x x 0 x
sin px
2+ x 2 p
= lim sin px 1(p) p
 1+ 
px
36. lim = lim = 
x2
 x  2 2+ x  3 x 0 tan3x x 0 tan3x 1(3) 3
3
3x
1
= lim
x2
 1+ 2+ x + 3  2+ x 2  Since, lim
sin px
x 0 tan3x
=4
1 1 p
= =   4  p = 12
2 34 8 3 3
167


1  cos x 1  cos 2 x 44. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
37. lim = lim
x0 x sin x x  0 x sin x 1  cos x   
1
 
sin x 1  
 1  ( x  2)
1 2
= lim . sin ( x  2) 
x0 x 1  cos x lim = lim
x  2 x2  2x x 2 2x  2
1 1
= 1.  1 1
11 2 = =
4  2 2
sin x 2 (1  cos x 2 ) sin x 2 1  cos x 2
38. lim = lim 2  x cos x  sin x  sin x
x0 x 6 x0 x x4 45. lim = lim
x 0 x 2 sin x x  0 2sin x  x cos x
1  cos x 2
= lim …[By LHospital’s rule]
x0 x4
 cos x
sin x 2 .2 x = lim
= lim x 0 3cos x  x sin x
4 x3
ns
x0
…[Again by LHospital’s rule]
sin x 2 1
= lim 2  1
x0 2 x 2 =
3
sin(2  x)  sin(2  x) 2cos2.sin x sin a
39. lim = lim
io
sin a  tan a sin a 
x 0 x x 0 x cos a
46. lim = lim
sin x a 0 sin 3 a a 0 sin 3 a
= 2 cos 2 lim = 2 cos 2
1
x = lim cosa
x 0
at
2
a 0 sin a cosa
cosax  cosbx
40. lim (1  cosa)
x 0 x2 = lim
a 0 (1  cos 2 a)(cosa)
ab ba
2sin   x .sin  x
= lim
x 0  a  b 
 2 
2
 2 
2 ba
lic = lim  
a 0
 1  1

 (1  cos a)cos a  2
  x. . . x
 2  a b ba  2 
x3 cot x  x3 cot x 1  cos x 
 ab ba   47. lim  lim   
ub
 sin  2  x sin  2  x 1 
x  0 1  cos x x 0 1  cos x 1  cos x
 
= lim        
x 0
  a  bx ba  2   3 
= lim x cot x 1 2 cos x

   x
  2   2  b 2  a 2  x0 1  cos x
b a2 2
= lim
 x 3 cot x  1  cos x 
P
= x0 sin 2 x
2
3
1  cos 2 x  x 
41. lim = lim 
x  0 sin x
  limcos x  lim(1  cos x)
x  0 cos 2 x  cos8 x   x0 x 0
et
= lim
2sin 2 x = (1)3(1)(1 + 1) = 2
x0  2x  8x   8x  2x 
2sin   sin   ( x  y )sec( x  y )  x sec x
 2   2  48. lim
y 0 y
rg
sin 2 x 1
= lim   x sec( x  y)  sec x  
x  0 sin 5 x.sin 3 x 15 = lim   sec( x  y) 
y 0
 y 
sin (  cos 2 x ) sin (    cos 2 x )
42. lim = lim
2
x2  x cos x  cos( x  y) 
Ta
x0 x x 0
= lim     lim sec( x  y)
sin ( sin 2 x)  sin 2 x y 0
 y cos( x  y)cos x  y 0
= lim  =
x 0  sin x2
x2   y   y 
 x 2sin  x + 2  sin  2  
1  cos x  cos 2x  cos x  cos 2x = lim     sec x
43. lim cos ( x  y )cos x 
x0 x4
y 0
y
(1  cos x )  cos 2 x (1  cos x )  
= lim
x 0 x4   y  y 
(1  cos x ) (1  cos 2 x )  x sin  x  2  sin  2  
= lim = lim    .     sec x
x 0 x4 y  0 cos ( x  y ). cos x
 y 
 2 
 x
2sin 2   2
= lim  2   2sin x = 2 = 1  x sin x 
x 0  2  2 = 1  sec x
x x 2  cos x . cos x 
 4
4
  = x tan x sec x + sec x = sec x(x tan x + 1)
168
16

Chapter 07: Limits
     54. Applying LHospital's rule, we get

2  3 sin   h   cos   h  
6  6  
49. lim   1
h 0 3 h ( 3 cos h  sin h) lim 2 = lim =1
 cot   cosec 
 2
4  3   1  
2 2
 sin   h   cos   h  
3 2 6  2 6  logsin x
= lim 55. lim tan x log sin x = lim
h 0 h ( 3 cos h  sin h) x x cot x
2 2
4     1
sin   h    cos x
3  6  6 = lim x 2 = 0
sin
= lim
h 0
h  3 cos h  sin h  x  cosec x
2
4 sin h 1 …[Applying LHospital’s rule]

= lim 
1  sinθ
ns
3 h 0 h ( 3 cos h  sin h) 56. lim (sec   tan ) = lim
4 1 4 


 cosθ
 1  = 2 2
3  3  0 3   
2
 cos  sin 
 2 2
io
3  cos x  2 = lim =0
50. lim       
x0 sin 2 x 2  cos  sin  cos  sin 
 2 2  2 2
(3  cos x)  4
= lim
  57. Applying LHospital’s Rule, we get
at
x0
sin 2 x 3  cos x  2
cos x  cosa   sin x 
lim = lim 
(1  cos x) 1 x a cot x  cot a x a  cosec2 x 
= lim =  
x0
(1  cos x)(1  cos x)  3  cos x  2  8
= lim sin3 x = sin3 a
lic xa
51. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get 58. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
x3 3x 2 2 cos x  1  2 sin x
sin x  x  cos x  1  lim  lim
6 = lim 6 cot x  1 x  cosec x
2
lim  
ub
x
x0 x5 x 0 5x4 4 4
6x 1
 sin x  2
= lim 6  lim  cos x  1  lim sin x = 2 1
 2
2
x 0 20 x 3 x0 60 x 2 x  0 120 x 2
P
cos x 1
= lim  sin   cos 
x0 120 120 59. lim
 

4 
sin x  x 4
52. lim
et
x0 x3   1 1 
x3 x5  2  sin .  cos . 
   ... = lim   2 2 
 x3 x5  
3! 5!     
= lim …  sin x = x    .... 4   
rg
x 0 x3  3! 5!    4 
 1 x  1 1 2
 
 lim     ...    sin    
x 0
 3! 5!  3! 6 = 2 lim  4
= 2(1) = 2
 
Ta

4   
x tan 2 x  2 x tan x  4
53. lim
x 0 (1  cos 2 x)2
60. Put   2x = 
x(tan 2 x  2 tan x) 
= lim  2x =    and as x  ,0
x 0 (2sin 2 x)2 2
x (tan 2 x  2tan x) 1  cos 2 x 1  cos     
= lim  lim  lim
4sin 4 x    2x  2
x 0  2  0
x
2
 1 2   x 2 3
  2
x  2 x  (2 x)3  (2 x)5  ...   2  x   x5  ...     
= 1  3 15   3 15   2sin 2
 sin 2 
lim 1  cos  2 1
= lim  lim 2  lim 
4
4 x 0  x 2
x 4
 
x 4 1    ...   0 2  0  2  0   
 3! 5!  4
4  2 
18 2 2 1
=     1 2 1
= (1) =
4 3 3 4 2
2 2
169


1  cos3 x  sin x 
61. lim  lim  sin x  x cos x  x tan x  2cos x  
 x  
2
x  x 0
 x 
1  cos3    h  =000+21=1
= lim
h 0 h2 a3x  a 2x  a x  1
1  cos3 h 67. lim
= lim x0 x2
h 0 h2
a2x  a x  a2x  a x  1
 1  cos h  = lim
= lim  2  . lim (1 + cos h + cos2 h) x0
x2
h 0
 h  h 0
(a 2 x  1)(a x  1)
1 3 = lim
= (1 + 1 + 1) = x0 x2
2 2
= 2 log a  log a = 2 (log a)2
2 sin x  sin x  1
2
ns
62. lim 12 x  3 x  4 x  1
x /6 2 sin 2 x  3 sin x  1 68. lim
x0 x sin x
( 2 sin x  1)(sin x  1)
= lim (4  3) x  3x  4 x  1
x /6 (2 sin x  1)(sin x  1) = lim
x0 x sin x
io
sin x  1
= lim =3 = lim
4 x (3x  1)  1(3x  1)
x /6 sin x  1 x 0 x sin x
63. Applying LHospital’s Rule, we get (4 x  1)(3x  1)
at
= lim
 3cos x + 3 sin x 
x 0 x sin x
3 sin x  3 cos x
lim = lim    4  1   3x  1 
x
x
 6x   x  6    
6 6
x   x 
= lim 
=
3.
2
3
 3.
1
2 = 1
lic x 0 sin x
x
6 3
= log 4  log 3
4 2  (cos x  sin x ) 5
ub
64. lim
x/ 4 1  sin 2 x
2x  1 2 x log 2
5 5 lim  lim
 (cos x  sin x ) 2  2  (2) 2 x  0 (1  x )1/ 2
 1 x 0 1 (1  x)1/ 2
= lim  2
x  / 4 (1  sin 2 x )  2
= 2 log 2 = log 4
P
5 5
(1  sin 2 x) 2  2 2
= lim x.2 x  x x2 2x  1
x/ 4 (1  sin 2 x)  2 70. lim = lim  lim
5 5
x0 1  cos x x  0 1  cos x x  0 x
et
y 2
2 2
= 2 log 2
= lim , where y = 1 + sin 2x
y2 y2
2 x  2 x cos x  cos x  1
5 1
5 71. lim
=  22 = 5 2 x0 x3
rg
2
 2x  1   1  cos x 
1 = lim   
65. Put cos x = y and x  1  y  0 x0
 x  x
2

1 x 1 cos y 1 log 2
 = lim
Ta
lim = (log 2) =
x 1 (cos 1 x ) 2 y 0 y2 2 2
By rationalizing, we get
sin x  e 1 
x  sin x
(1  cos y ) e x  esin x 1
lim 72. lim = lim e  
y 0 y 2 (1  cos y )
x0 2( x  sin x) 2 x  0
 ( x  sin x) 
1  cos y 1 1 1
= lim lim =  e0  1 =
y 0 y2 y  0 1  cos y 2 2
1 1 1 esin x  1
=  
2 2 4 x  esin x  1 x
73. lim = lim
x0 1  cos x x  0 1  cos x
3 2 3
66. f(x) = x(x  1)sinx  (x  2x )cosx  x tanx
x2
= x2 sinx  x3 cosx  x3 tanx + 2x2 cosx  x sinx
f ( x)  esin x  1 sin x 
Hence, lim 2 =  lim .  2 =2
x0 x  x 0 sin x x 
170
17

Chapter 07: Limits

1 log x log 1  ( x  1) 
e   e   2 e    2 82. lim = lim
74. lim = lim e x 1 sin  x x 1 sin (   x)
 0 sin 2   0 sin 2 
 log 1  ( x  1) 
[e  1]2 = lim
= lim  2 x 1 sin (1  x)
 0 e sin 
(e  1)2 log 1  ( x  1)  x 1

= lim 
2 x 1 x 1 sin (1  x )
= lim
 0 sin 2  1 log 1  ( x  1)  (1  x ) 1
e  2 = lim  =
  x 1 x 1 sin (1  x ) 
2
[log e]
= 1
1 83. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
1 1
sin(e x  3  1) cos x   sin x 
ns
75. lim f(x) = lim 1  x  lim (1  x) 2 1
x 3 x 3 log( x  2) lim 
x0 2x x 0 2 2
sin(e  1)
h
Alternate Method:
= lim
h  0 log(1  h)
sin x  log (1  x)
lim
io
sin(e h  1) e h  1 h x 0 x2
= lim . . =1
h 0 e 1
h
h log(1  h)  x3 x5 
 x    ... 
3! 5!
x = lim  
at
76. lim 1/ x
= 0 as e 1/ x  0 when x  0+ x 0 x2
x  0 1 e
 x 2 x3 x 4 
 e1/ x  1    x     ... 
2 3 4
77. Let f(x) =  1/ x  , then + lim  
 e 1
lic x 0 x2
 1   x2  1 1  x4
e1/ h 1  1/ h   x3     ...
 e1/ h  1   e  =1 2
lim f ( x)  lim  1/ h  = lim = lim  3! 3 4 =
1
x  0 h0 e
  1  h  0 1/ h  1  x 0 x2 2
e 1  1/ h 
ub
 e 
Similarly, lim f ( x) =  1. x e x  log (1  x)
84. Let y = lim
x 0 x 0 x2
Hence, limit does not exist. Applying LHospital's rule, we get
P
( x  1)  x 1 1
log 5  log log  5   ex  x ex 
5 = lim  5  y = lim 1 x
78. lim =1 x0 2x
x0 x x0 x
1 1 
et
79. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get = lim e x  e x  x e x  

x 0 2
 (1  x)2 
log x  1 1 1
lim = lim = 1 3
xe xe x  e x e = 1  1  0  1 
rg
2 2
1 log( x  a)  log a log x  1
1 85. lim  k lim 1
 x  log (1  x)  1 x
x0 x x  e xe
lim   = lim
Ta
x 0
 x2  x0 2x Applying LHospital’s rule on L.H.S., we get
1 1 
2
1 1 k  1
= lim   =   1  k = e 1  
x 0 2 1  x
  2 a e  a
lim x  x 1
81. lim
2log (1  x )  log (1  2 x ) 86. lim x x  e x  0 = e0 = 1
x0
x0 x2
 (1  x ) 2  b
2
log   87. lim (1  ax ) x = e
= lim  1  2x  x0
ax  b
x 0 x2 lim

 e x0 x
= e2
x2 
log 1  
 1  2x   1 = 1  eab = e2
= lim  ab = 2
x 0 x 2
1 2 x
1  2x None of the options satisfy this equation.
171


88. lim (log3 3x)log x3 = lim (log3 3  log3 x)log x 3  1  1
40 5
x 1 x 1
(2 x  1) 40 (4 x  1)5  2   4 
1 93. lim = lim  x  x
= lim 1  log 3 x  log3 x x  (2 x  3) 45 x 
 3 
45
x 1
 2 
1  x
lim log 3 x 
= e x 1 log 3 x
 e1  e 240.45
= 45 = 25 = 32
2
1
94. On rationalising, we get
 a x  bx  cx  x
89. lim   x2  1  x2
x0
 3  lim( x 2  1  x ) = lim
x  x 
x2  1  x
1
 a x  bx  cx  3  x 1
= lim 1    lim 0
x0
 3 
x 
x2  1  x
ns
 (a x  1) + (b x  1)  (c x  1)  x
1
95. lim
x
 x2  x  1  x2  1 
= lim 1  
x0
 3  x2  x  1  x2  1
= lim
x
x2  x  1  x2  1
io
 a x 1 b x 1 c x 1 
lim    
x  0  3 x 3x 3x 
= e  1
= lim
x
1 1 1 1
3
1 1  2  1 2
= elog (abc) = (abc) 3 x x x
at
1 1
= =
1 1 11 2
   x  1  tan x  x
90. lim  tan   x   = lim   96. On rationalising, we get
x0
 4  x0
 1  tan x 
lic 1
lim( x 2  8 x  3  x 2  4 x  3)
x 
 2 tan x  x 4x
= lim 1   = lim
 1  tan x 
x 
x0 x  8x  3  x2  4 x  3
2
ub
4
lim
2 tan x 1
.
x  0 1 tan x x
 lim =2
= e x   
8 3 4 3
 1   2  1   2 
lim
2

tan x
 x x x x 
1  tan x x
= ex  0
 
P
= e2 97. lim  x  x  x  x 
x 
 
1 x x x x
 x3 x5 x 7  x2 = lim
et
 x     .. 
1 x 
x x x  x
 sin x  x2 3! 5! 7! 
91. lim   = lim 
x0
 x  x0
 x  x x
  = lim
  x 
x x x  x
rg
1
 x 2 x4 x6  x2 1  x 1/ 2 1
= lim 1     ...  = lim 
x0
 3! 5! 7!  x  2
1  x 1  x 3/ 2  1
Ta
1   x 2 x 4 x6 
lim
x  0 x 2  3!

5!

7!
 ... 
 1 n2 (1  n)(1  n) 2(1  n)
= e  98. lim = lim = lim
n  n n  n(n  1) n  n
1 1
e

3!
e

6 2
1 
= 2 lim   1  2(1)   2
n  n
  1  4   
( x  1)(3 x  4)  x 1  x  x  3  x  
92. lim = lim       1 2 3 n 
x  x 2 ( x  8) x 
 3 8  99. lim  2  2  2  ....  2 
 x 1   
n 
n n n n 
 x n(n  1)
1  2  3  ....  n 
  1  4  = lim    nlim
2
 1  1  x  3  x   n 
 n2   n2
= lim     = 0

x  x  8   1  1 1
 1     lim 1   
 x 2 n 
 n 2
172
17

Chapter 07: Limits
 n  n  1 
2
 2  2  2  2 3 2 
n
  106. lim         ...    

3 3
1 + 2 + ... + n 3
 2  = 1
n
3  3   3  3 
100. lim = lim
n n4 n n4 4 2  2
n

1    
1  2  3  ...  n 3   3   = lim 2 1   2  
n
101. lim = lim    

1  3  5  ...  (2n  1)
n 2 n
 3 
n
1
3
n(n  1)
n(n  1) = 2(1  0) = 2
= lim 2 = lim
n n2 n 2n 2 1 1 1 1
107. lim   2  3  ...  n 
n n
2
1 n 
 2 2 2 2 
= lim =
n 2n 2 2   1 n 
1    
1   2  
ns
1.2 + 2.3 +3.4 +... + n (n +1)
102. lim = lim
n n3 n  2  1
1  
n
 2
 r (r 1)
r 1  1 
= lim = lim 1  n  = 1  0 = 1
io
n n3 n 
 2 
n n
r 2
 r  sin x 
= lim r 1 r 1
 x  sin x   1 x 
108.  = lim
at
n  n3 lim   
 x  cos x   1  cos x 
x  x 
n (n  1)( 2n  1) n ( n  1)  x 

= lim 6 2
= lim 1 = 1
n n3 x 
= lim
n (n  1) ( n  2)
=
1
lic 
…  lim
sin x
 lim
cos x 
 0
n 3 n3 3  x  x x  x 
12  2 2  32  ...  n 2
109. Put x =  y
ub
103. Given limit = lim As x   , y  
n  1  n3
2x  1 2 y  1
n 2  lim = lim
= lim x 
x  2x  1
2 y 
( y ) 2  2 y  1
n  1  n 3
1 n (n  1) (2n  1) 1
= lim 2 
P
n  6 1  n3 y 2
= lim =  =2
 1  1
y  2 1 1
1 2  1  2
1  n   n  y y
= lim
et
n  6  1  110. Put x =  y
 3  1
n  As x   , y  
1 2 1
= .1. = 4x2  5x  8 4( y)2  5 y  8

rg
6 (1) 3 lim = lim

x  4x  5 y   4y  5
( x  1)  ( x  2)  ......  ( x  100)
10 10 10
5 8
104. lim 4 
x  x10  1010 y y2
= lim
Ta
 1 10  2 10 5
 100  
10 y 
 4
x 1    1    ...  1 
10
  y
 x  x  x  
= lim  4 1
x   1010  = =
x10  1  10  4 2
 x 
= 100 111. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
xn n x n 1
1 lim x
 lim x
x  e x  e
1   2  n  n
105. lim 2 n
 5n  n = lim 5 1     = 5 n  n  1 x n  2 n! n!
n  n 
  5   = lim = lim x   0 ,
x  ex x  e 
Alternate Method: where n is any whole number
Here, 0 < 2 < 5
1
…[ n! is defined for all positive integers
 lim  2n  5n  n = 5 including zero]
n 
173

2 x  2 x 2x 1
9. lim  lim =
Competitive Thinking x 0 x x 0
x  2 x  2 x  2
(1  x ) n  1 (1 x) n 1
1. lim = lim = n(1)n – 1 = n
x0 x x  0 (1 x ) 1 ax ax
10. lim
x0 4x
x100  2100 100 100  77 100 23
2. lim = (2) = (2 ) 2x
x  2 x 77  2 77 = lim
 
77 77 x 0
4x ax ax
f ( x)  3
3. lim 2 = 1
x 1 x  1 =
4 a
 limf ( x)  lim3  lim( x 2  1)
x 1 x 1 x 1
 x 
 limf ( x)  3 = (0) 11.
ns
x 1
lim  
 1 x  1 x 
x0
 limf ( x)  3 = 0
x 1
 limf ( x) = 3 = lim
x  1 x  1 x 
x 1 x 0 1  x   1  x 
io
|x| | x|
4. Since lim
x
 1 and lim
x0 x0 x
 1,  lim
x 0
x
2x
 1 x  1  x 
hence, limit does not exist. =1
at
5. lim f(x) = lim [x  3] + lim | x  4 |
x 3 x 3 x  3 12. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
= lim [3  h  3] + lim |3  h  4| 2x
h 0
= lim [ h] + lim |  1  h|
h 0 h 0
h 0
lic lim
x  1 1
2
= lim
2 x 2 1
2x
x 0
x2  9  3 x0
= lim (1) + lim (1 + h) 2 x2  9

h 0 h 0
= 1 + 1 = 0 x2  9
ub
= lim =3
 1 2 
x 0
x2  1
6. lim  2  4 
y 1
 y  1 y 1
a  2 x  3x
 1 2  13. lim
P
= lim  2  2  x a 3a  x  2 x
 y  1  y  1 y  1 
y 1 2
a  2 x  3x a  2 x  3x
y2  1  2
= lim 
= lim 2
xa 3a  x  2 x a  2 x  3x
  y 2  1
et
y 1 y  1
3a  x  2 x

1 3a  x  2 x
= lim 2
y 1 y  1
3a  x  2 x 2
rg
= lim =
=
1
2
x a
3  a  2 x  3x  3 3
7. By rationalising, we get xe x  sin x  sin x 

14. = lim  e x 
Ta
lim 
1  2x 1 1  2x 1 x0 x x 0
 x 
lim = lim
x 0 x x 0
x  1  2x  1 
2 = e0  1 = 1  1 = 0
= lim =1
x 0 1  2 x  1
sin x x cos x
8lim  lim
8sin x  x cos x x
x 0 x 0 x
8. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get 15. lim =
x0 3tan x  x2 tan x x2
0
1 3lim  lim
2 x3
x 0 x x 0 x
lim 2 = lim 2 x  3
x 7 x  49 x 7 2x 8 1 7
= =
1 1 3 0 3
= lim 
x 7 4 x x  3 4(7)(2)
lim  1  = lim
x 2x 1 1
1 16. . =
= x 0
 tan 2 x  x0 tan 1
2 x 2 2
56
174
17

Chapter 07: Limits

x   sin x  
2
2sin 2
1  cos x 2 1  sin   2
=  lim   2    
17. lim = lim sin x 
x0 x2 x0 x2 
2 x  0  sin x   x 
x x  2 
sin sin 1
= 2 lim 2  lim 2 =
x0 x x0 x
1 1
2 2 2 =  (1)2 (1)2 =
2 2 2 2
sin 2 x+ cos x  1 cos x  cos 2 x sin 2 x
18. lim = lim 23. lim
x 0 x2 x 0 x2 x 0 2  1  cos x
x
2sin 2    2  1  cos x 
2
= lim   1  cos x 
cos x = lim 2 cos x = 1 = lim 
sin x
  
 2  2  1  cos x   2  1  cos x 
2 2
x 0
 x  x 0
x
x 0
  4
2  sin 2 x 
 
ns
= lim   2  1  cos x
 2 mx  x 0
 1  cos x 
1  cos mx  2sin 2 
19. lim  lim 
x  0 1  cos nx x0
 2sin 2 nx 

= lim
x 0
sin 2 x
x
 2  1  cos x 
 2  2
2 sin  
io
2
  2
   x 
 2  1  sin x   2 2
  sin mx   = lim    x 
2

at
  m x  sin x 
x 0 2
2
2 2
1 4   x 
= lim   . .
x 0 mx  4  nx 2 n 2 x 2   2
 sin
 2 


 nx 
2  

1
 2 
x 
 2  1  cos x 



 2 
 

lic  
 4
m2 m2 1
= 2 1  2 =  4 2 2 = 4 2
n n 2
ub
Alternate Method:
Apply LHospital’s rule, 4(tan   sin ) (tan   sin )
24. lim = 4lim
1  cos mx m sin mx  0 (1  cos 2) 2  0 (2sin 2 ) 2
lim = lim
x0 1  cos nx x  0 n sin n x  sin (1  cos )
= 4 lim
m 2 cos mx m 2 4sin 4  cos 
P
 0
= lim 2  2
x  0 n cos nx n 
2sin 2
20. Applying L-Hospital’s rule 2 times, we get    2
= lim  
 0 sin  sin 2  cos 
1  cos 4 4 sin 4  
et
lim = lim 
0 1  cos6  0 6 sin 6 2sin 2
   2 1
16 cos 4 4 = lim   
= lim =  0 sin 
       
2
cos 
0 36 cos6 9  2sin  2  cos  2  
rg
    
21. lim
1  cos 2 x  3  cos x 
x0 x tan 4 x = 1 lim    1

1
2  0 sin 
  cos 2    2
2sin 2 x  3  cos x    .cos 
Ta
= lim 2
x 0 x tan 4 x
x 2  tan 2 x  2 tan x 
2
  25. lim
 sin x   1  1
2
1  cos 2 x 
x0
4
= 2 lim        3  cos x  = 2
x 0
 x   tan 4 x  4
   2 tan x 
2
 4x  x2   2 tan x 
 1  tan 2 x 
 sin x  = lim
2sin 2 
 2sin x 
4
cos(sin x )  1  x0 2
22. lim = lim  2 

x2 x2
x 2  2 tan 3 x 
x0 x0 2
= lim
1  tan x   2sin x 
x0 2 2 2 4
sin 
sin x 
2
 2
= 2lim  2   sin x 4 x 2 tan 6 x
x 0 sin x2
4x2 = lim
16 1  tan 2 x  sin 8 x
2
x0
4
175


1  
= lim   
2
 

x0
 sin x  2 2
4 1  tan 2 x  cos 6 x 
2
 = lim
 x         
2 sin      
1  2 2  2 2
=
4 1  0  11 1 1 1
2 2
= lim  
 2   2
=
1      sin  2  2 
2
4
 
  
26. (x2 + 2x + 3) = (x + 1)2 + 2  2 2
 min (x2 + 2x + 3) is 2, i.e., a = 2
cot x  cos x
1  cos  1 1 31. lim
Now lim = ⇒b= x  (  2 x )3
 0 2 2 2 2
ns
n n
a
r
Put   2x = 
a r
bn r = bn   b    
r 0 r 0
x=  and as x  ,   0
n 2 2 2
=   (1 + 4 + 42 + …… + 4n)
1
io
 
2    
cot     cos   
lim  2 2   2 2
1  4n 1  1  4n 1  1  0 3
= n   =
2  4 1  3.2 n
at
 
tan  sin
= lim 2 2
27. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get  0 3
sin 2   sin 2  2sin  cos    
lim = lim
  
2 2  2
lic = lim
sin  sin cos
2 2 2
sin 2  0  3
= lim cos  
2 2
sin 2  
ub
=  1  cos 
sin
2 2 2
= lim
 0  3
cos  
28. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get 2
1  cos x  sin x  
lim  lim
P
sin  2 sin 2
x 1 tan 2 x x 1 2 tan x sec 2 x
2 4
= lim
1 1 1  0  3
= limcos3 x =  (1)3 = cos  
2 x 1 2 2 2
et
 
29. Applying L-Hospital’s rule, we get sin sin 2
= 2 lim 2  4  1
3tan x  tan 3 x  0  2

lim  2     16 cos
   2   2
4
rg
x
3 cos  x  
 6
2
3sec 2 x  3tan 2 x.sec 2 x =
= lim 32
x
  
 sin  x +  1
Ta
3
 6 =
16
  
3sec2  3tan 2 sec2
= 3 3 3 = 24   x 
 1  tan  2    (1  sin x ) 
 sin 32. Let l = lim   
2
x   x    (  2 x)3 
2 1  tan  
  2  
30. Put cos1 x = 
 x = cos  and as x  1,       x 
 tan  4  2   (1  sin x)
= lim   
1
  cos x  
 lim = lim (   2 x )3
x 1 x 1  1  cos  x
2
  Put   2x = 
= lim
    
2 cos   x=  and as x  ,0
2 2 2 2
176
17

Chapter 07: Limits

  37. Applying L-Hospital’s rule, we get
tan  1  cos 
4  2 1 1
 l = lim 
3 sin 1 x  tan 1 x 1  x2
= lim 1  x 2
 0 2
lim
  x0 x 3 x 0 3x
tan 2sin 2
= lim 4  2 4 1 2 x 2x
 0 
 
 4   16 = lim
2 (1  x 2 )3/ 2 (1  x 2 ) 2
4 16 x 0 6x
    
2
1  1 2  1 1
 tan sin  = lim     (1 2) 
=
1
lim  4  4   = 1 (1)(1) 2  1 6 x 0  (1  x 2 )3/ 2 (1  x 2 )2  6 2
 
32 0       32 32
 4  4   1  sin x  cos x  log e (1  x )
38. lim
x0 x3
1
ns
33. lim cos oscillates between 1 and 1. 1   x3 x5 x 7   x 2 x 4 x6 
x 0 x = lim 1   x     ....   1     .... 
x 0 x3 3! 5! 7! 2! 4! 6!
    
 Limit doesn’t exist.
 x 2 x3 x 4 
34. Here, f(0) = 0   x     ....  
 2 3 4 
io
1
Since 1  sin 1  1 1  1 1
x  x 3     x 4     ...
 3! 3   4! 4 
1 = lim
  x  x sin  x
at
3
x0 x
x
  1 1  1 1  1
We know that, lim | x | = 0 = lim       x     .... = 
x 0 x 0
  3! 3   4! 4   2
 lim f ( x) = 0
x 0
lic 39.
 1
 1  
lim (sin x) x    
sin x
1 x 0
  x  
(1 cos 2 x ) sin x
lim 2
sin x
35. = lim 1
1
x0 x x  0 x = lim(sin x) x  lim  
ub
x 0 x 0 x
 
|sin x | |sin x |
So, lim = 1 and lim =1 sin x sin x
= 0 + lim   = lim  
x0 x x0 x 1 1
Hence, limit does not exist. x 0
x x 0
x
sin x
1
P
1  cos 2( x  2) 2 sin( x  2) Let l = lim   ,then

36. lim = lim  
x 0 x
x2 x2 x 2 x2 sin x

1
Now, log l = log lim  
 
x 0 x
et
1  cos 2( x  2) 2 sin( x  2)
lim = lim  log l = lim( sin x log x)
x 0
x  2 x2 x 2 x2
log x
= 2 lim
sin( x  2)  log l =  lim
rg
x0 cosec x
x2 x2
1
 x  2  x  2  0  sin( x  2)  0
...   x sin 2 x
 sin  x  2   sin  x  2   log l =  lim = lim
  x  0  cosec x cot x x  0 x cos x
Ta
= 2 (1) = 2 tan x
 log l = lim  sin x = 1  0 = 0
and x0 x
2 sin  x  2
 l = e0 = 1
1  cos 2( x  2)
lim = lim (a  n)nx  tan x sin nx = 0
x2  x2 x 2 x2 40. lim
sin( x  2) x 0 x2
=  2 lim
(a  n)nx tan x  sin nx
x2  lim 
x2
  0
 x  2  x  2  0  sin( x  2)  0
x 0
 x x  x
… 
  sin  x  2   sin  x  2    lim (a  n) n 
tan x  sin nx
  n 0
x0
 x  nx
=  2(1) =  2
 [(a  n) n  1]n = 0
1  cos 2( x  2) 1
Hence, lim does not exist.  (a  n) n = 1  a = n +
x2 x2 n
177


2a sin x  sin 2 x  a cot x  a cos x  cos x  a
cot x  cos x
1 
41. lim =1 47. lim   lim a
x0 tan 3 x x  / 2 cot x  cos x
  
  x  / 2  cot x  cos x 
 x3   8 x3 
2a  x   ....    2 x   ....  cos

 a cot x  cos x  1 
3! 3! = a lim 
 lim     =1 2
x  / 2 cot x  cos x

x0 x 3  ....  
4 a = 1. log a = log a
2  a  1 x     x 3  ...
 lim 3 3 =1 27  9  3  1
x x x
x 0 x 3  ...
48. lim
x 0 5  4  cos x
a1=0a=1 (9 x.3x  9 x  3x  1) 5  4  cos x
= lim 
cos 4 x + a cos 2 x + b x 0 5  4  cos x 5  4  cos x
42. Since, lim is finite.
x4 9 x  3x  1  1 3x  1   5  4  cos x 
x0

cos 4 x + a cos 2 x + b
should be of the form
0
at  lim   
ns
x4 0
x 0 1  cos x
x = 0. Consequently, the value
 lim
3 x
 1 9 x  1  5  4  cos x 
cos 4x + a cos 2x + b must be zero at x = 0 x 0 x
i.e., 1 + a + b = 0 ….(i) 2 sin 2
2
io
Applying LHospital’s rule in the given limit, 3x  1 9 x  1
we get  5  4  cos x  
 4sin 4 x  2a sin 2 x = lim x x
lim x 0 x
sin 2
at
x0 4 x3 2
2
16cos 4 x  4a cos 2 x x2
= lim 4
x0 12 x 2 4
0

= 2  log 3  log 9  2 5 = 8 5  log3  2
This should be of the form
0
.
lic
  16  4a = 0  a = 4 49. lim e log x = lim x  0
x0 x 0
Putting the value of a in (i), we get
x x
b=3 e e e x  1  e x  1
50.  lim
ub
lim
x 0 x x 0 x
5 x  5 x 52 x  1
43. lim = lim x e x  1 ex  1
x0 2x x  0 5 .2 x
  lim   lim
0 x0 x x 0 x
52 x  1 1
= log5   = log 5
1
= lim  =–
2 x 5x 5
P
x0
1
e x  e x  2 ex  x  2
1 e
3 x  3 x  2 3  x 2
x
51. lim  lim
44. lim = lim 3 x 0 x2 x0 x2
x0 x2 x0 x2
et
(3  1)
x 
= lim
e  x 2
 2e x  1
= lim 
 ex  1  1
2
= lim x 2  . x
x 0 3  x
x 0 x 2e x x 0
 x  e
1
= (1)2.
2
 3x  1  1 1
rg
= lim    x e0
x 0
 x  3
e tan x  e x e x  e tan x  x  1
= (log 3)2 52. lim  lim
x0 tan x  x x  0 tan x  x
Ta
= lim e x  e 1
tan x  x
a x  bx a x log a  b x log b 
lim  lim
x0
 tan x  x 
x0 e 1
x x  0 ex
 ex  1 
a  e0  1 ….  lim  1
 log a  log b  log    x 0 x 
b
=1
46. Applying LHospital’s rule,
e 3x  6
1 e3( x  2)  1 1
4x  9x 4 x log 4  9 x log 9 53. lim = lim 
lim = lim x x x  2 sin (2  x ) x  2 3( x  2) sin(2  x)
x  0 x (4 x  9 x ) x  0 (4  9 )  x (4 x log 4  9 x log 9)
3  2  x 
2
2 =1– 3
log  
log 4  log 9 3
= =  ex 1 sin x 
2 2 ....  lim  1, lim  1
2  x 0 x x  0 x 
= log
3 =–3
178
17

Chapter 07: Limits

54. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get 59. Applying LHospital’s rule, we get
1 1
1 1 x
log e (1  x )  1 1  log x  x
lim = lim x x 
1  log 3 e lim  lim x = lim
3x  1 x  0 3 log 3 log x 1 1  2 x  x 2 x 1 2  2 x x 1 2 x ( x  1)
e3
x0
e
Alternate Method: Again applying LHospital’s rule, we get

log e 1  x  1 1
lim 
x log e x 1 4x  2 2
lim = = log3e
x0 3x  1 log 3
x
log(cos x )  tan x
lim  lim
log[( x  1)  1] x0 x2 x0 2x
55. lim 1
x 1 x 1  sec 2 x 1
 lim 
Alternate Method: x0 2 2
ns
Applying LHospital’s rule, we get 1
1 2
61. lim log(1  x ) = lim 2log(1  x) x
x0 x x 0
log x
lim  lim x  1
x 1 x  1 x 1 1  2log e e  2
io
 1

(4 x  1)3 ....  lim(1  x) x  loge e  1
56. lim x 0
x 0 x2  
sin log (1  3x)
4 Alternate Method:
at
 4x  1 
3 Apply LHospital’s rule.
  a
 x  1 1

= lim 62. lim (1  ax )  lim  1   ax    ax 
x
1  sin  x 4   log (1  3x)

x 0 2

4   x2 4 

3x
3
lic x 0 x 0
 
 1

 
= ea ….  lim(1  x) x  e 
x 0
4  
= (log e 4)3
3
ub
5
lim (1  5 x 2 )1/5 x 
2
1/ x 2
log(3  x )  log(3  x )  1  5x2  x 0  
57. lim k 63. lim   =
x0 x x  0 1  3x 2  3
   2 1/3 x2 
lim (1  3x )
Applying LHospital’s rule, we get x 0  
1 1 e5
P
 = ....  lim(1  x)1/ x  e 

lim 3  x 3  x k e3  x 0 
x0 1 = e2
2
 k= cosec x
et
3  1  tan x 
64. lim  
x  0 1  sin x
 
axe x  blog 1  x 
58. lim =3  1 
x 0 x2  lim (1  tan x)cosec x  cosec x 
rg
Applying L-Hospital’s rule on L.H.S., we get

x 0
 (1  sin x) 
 x b   
ae  axe x 
  1
sec x
lim  x  = 3 …(i)  lim  (1  tan x) tan x 
1
1  
x 0   x 0  1 
 2x 
Ta
 (1  sin x) sin x 
a+0b=0
.…  lim 1  x  x  e 
1 1
a=b …(ii) = esec 0 .

e  x 0 
From (i),
1
 1   e.  1
a  e x  xe x   e
 1 x 
lim =3
e  x
1/ x
x0 2x 65. lim x
Applying L-Hospital’s rule on L.H.S., we get x  0

 e x 1 x 
1 lim  
e x  e x  xe x    x 
1  x 
2
= e x 0  
a lim 3  e x 1 
x0 2 lim  1
 x 

x  0 
3a = e 
 =3a=2 = e1 + 1
2
From (ii), b = 2 = e2
179

= e 1   x 2  ....
1
x 11
66. lim(log x )1 log x
xe  2 24 
1 1
ex
= lim{1 log e x 1} 1 log x
(1  x)  e x
xe
 lim 2  11e
lim (log e x  1) 
1 x 0 x2 24
= e xe 1 log e x
= e1
e x  log(1  x)  (1  x ) 2
1 71. lim
p = lim 1  tan 2 x  x2
x0
67. 2x
x 0
1  x x 2 x3   x 2 x3 x 4 
1
tan 2
 lim 2  1     ....    x     .... 
x 0 x
 1! 2! 3! 2 3 4
lim x
= e x0 2x   
1  tan x 
lim  
2
 1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  .... 
x0 2  x 
= e
ns
 3 1  1 
= lim  3 x  x  3!  3  4   .... 
1 2
 p = e2 x0  
1  x2 
 log p =
2  1 1  
= lim  3  x    4   ....   3
io
a x
x a x 0
 3! 3   
68. lim  1
xa xx  aa 2 7 9
Applying LHospital’s rule on L.H.S., we get 3x 3  2 x 2  7 x  9 3  2  3
x x x
at
a x log e a  ax a 1 72. lim = lim
lim  1
x  4 x3  9 x  2 x  9 2
x  a x x 1  log x 
4 2  3
e x x
a a log e a  a.a a 1 3
 =1 =
a a 1  log e a 
lic 4
log e a  1  x3 x2 
 =1 73. lim  2 
log e a  1 x  3x  4 3x  2

 
 loge a  1 =  loge a  1
ub
 3x 4  2 x3  3x 4  4 x 2 
 2 loge a = 0 a = e0 = 1 = lim  
 (3x  4)(3x  2) 
x  2
1 1
[log(1 x )]
69. (1  x ) x  e x 2 x 2 ( x  2)
= lim
x  (3 x 2  4)(3 x  2)
1  x 2 x3 x 4   x x 2 x3 
P
x    ....  1     .... 
x 2 3 4   2 3 4 
e  
e  
 
2 1+ 
 x x 2 x3
 

  ....  = lim  x
 2 3 4 
x   4  2
 e.e  
 3  2  3  
et
 2
  x  x
 x x 2 x3 
      ....   2
 x x 2
x 3
 2 3 4 =
 e 1       ....      ....
 9
2 3 4 2!
  
rg
 3 x 1
 
 2 x 2  3 x  4  2 x 1
74. lim  2 
ex 11e 2 x 
 x  3x  5 
= e  x  ....
2 24
Ta
 1 
1  3 
 x 
(1  x)  e  ex 11e 2   3 4   
x
  x  ....   2 
1
 lim  2 24  2  x  x2

 lim   x 
x x 0  
x 0
 x  = lim  
 1  3  52
x 


= lim     
e 11e e x x
x  ....   
x0  2 24  2 3
= 22 = 2 2
1  x 2 x3 
1 1 x   .... 
70. (1  x)  e
[log (1 x )]
e
x

2 3 
 (1  2  3  4  5  6  ....)  2n
x x
75. lim xn = lim
n 
x x2 x x2
n 
n 2  1  4n 2  1
1  ....    ....
e 2 3
 e.e 2 3  1 2 3  
n     ....   2
  x x2  1  x x2 
2
 = nlim  n n n  
=
2 2

 e 1      ....       ....   ....   1 1  1 4 3
  2 3  2 ! 2 3   n  1 2  4  2 
 n n 
180
18

Chapter 07: Limits
76. lim
1  2  3  .....  n 81. Since, 0  x  y
n  n 2  100 x
 0 1
 1 y
n 2 1  
n(n  1)  n n
= lim 2 = lim x
n  2(n  100) n 
2 100 
2n 1  2 
 lim    0
n  y
 n   
1
1   x n  n
= 1
2  lim ( y  x ) = lim y 1    
n n n
  y  
n  
n 
= y (1 + 0)0 = y
 1 2 n 
77. lim    ..... 
n 
1  n 1  n
2 2
1  n 2  3.2n 1  4.5n 1
82. lim
n  5.2 n  7.5n
n 1 n2  n 1
ns
= lim  lim 
n  1 n 2
2 n  1  n2 2 5n 6(2 / 5)n  20
6.2 n  20.5n
= lim = nlim
 5n 5(2 / 5) n  7 
n n  5.2 n  7.5n
78.   2r  1
r 1
=x  
 n

io
20 2
∴ x = 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n – 1) = n2 =  ....  n ,    0
x2 = n4
7   
5 
1  2  ...  n 
3 3 3
at
∴ lim    1  n 
n
 x2  (10) n    1
83.
1  (10) n
= nlim  10  
 n  n  1 
2 2 lim
  n  1  (10) n 1   1 
4 (10)n 1 1  n 1 
= lim  
n 

n 4


lic 1
 10 
  1
10n 1
2 = nlim = 
 1
10 1  n 1 
n 2 .n 2  1  
 1 10
ub
= lim  n   10 
n  4n 4  =1
2
 1
1   1 1 1
= lim  n  = 84. Let x = or y = ,
4 4 y x
P
n 
so that x → , y → 0
14  2 4  ....  n 4 13  23  ....  n 3
79. lim  lim  sin x   1
n  n5 n  n5  lim = lim  y.sin 
x   x  y 0 y
  
et
n(n  1)(2n  1)(3n  3n  1)

2
= lim
n  30n 5 1
 lim y  limsin 0
n (n  1)
2 2 y 0 y 0 y
 lim
4n 5
rg
n 
85. Since, cos x can have any value from 1 to 1.
1  1  1  3 1 
= lim  1   2   3   2   limit does not exist.
30 n   n  n  n n 
1 1 1
2 86. Put x = – y
Ta
 lim 1   As x → – ∞, y → ∞
4 n  n  n 
(1)(2)(3) 1  6 x 2  cos3 x 5 x 3  3 
= –0= lim   
30 5
x  
 x2  5 x6  2 
6 y 2  cos3 y 5 y 3  3
1 1 1 1 1  = lim 
80. lim      ...   y y2  5 y6  2
n  1.3
 3.5 5.7 7.9 (2n  1)(2n  1) 
cos3 y 3
1  1   1 1   1 1  6 5 
= lim 1            .... y2 y3
n  2
 3   3 5   5 7  = lim 
y  5 2
1 2 1
 1 1  y y6
  
 (2n  1) (2n  1)  
6  0 5  0
= 
= lim 1 
1 1  1 1 0 1 0
 = 2
n  2
 2n  1  = 11
181


log x n  [ x ] log x n [ x]  x2  1 
87. lim = lim  lim 91. lim   x     0
x  [ x] x  [ x ] x  [ x ] x 
 x 1 
=01=1 x 2 (1  )  x (  )  1  
 lim 0
n 2  6n  6 x  x 1
88. Here, tn = Since the limit of the given expression is zero,
n!
Since, denominator is very large compared to therefore degree of the polynomial in numerator
numerator. must be less than denominator.
n 2  6n  6  1 –  = 0 and  +  = 0   = 1 and  = –1.
 lim 0
n  n!  x3  1 
92. lim  2  (ax  b)   2
89. We know that the measure of an interior angle x  x  1
 
of a regular polygon is
 n  2  .  x3 (1  a)  bx 2  ax  (1  b) 
ns
n  lim   = 2 ....(i)
x 
 x2  1 
Hence, required limit = lim
 n  2  = π
Since the limit of the given expression is a finite
n  n
non-zero number, numerator and denominator
Let lim bn  b. Then, are of the same degree.
io
90.
n 
 1a=0a=1
1 125  Putting the value of a in (i), we get
bn+1 =  2bn  2 
3 bn   bx 2  x  1  b 
at
lim  2
b  1 125  x 
 x2  1 
 nlim bn 1   2 nlim
   n lim b 2 
3  1 1 b 
n

 b  x  x 2  x 2 
n 
b=
1
3
125 
 2b  2 
b 
lic  lim
x 

 1 2
1 2

 x 
125
 b 2 b=2
b
3
 b = 125 b=2
ub
b=5
Evaluation Test
P
6 x  3x  2 x  1 3x.2 x  3 x  2 x  1 sin  e x 1  1
1. lim 2
= lim 3. lim
x0 x x0 x2 x 1 log x
et
 2  1  3  1 
x x
sin  eh  1
= lim   
x0
 x  x  = lim ....[Putting x  1 = h]
h 0 log 1  h 
= (loge 2)(loge 3)
sin  eh  1 eh 1 h
rg
= lim  
lim 1  x log 1  b 2  
1/ x
2. = 2b sin2  h 0 eh  1 h log 1  h 
x 0
sin  eh  1 eh 1 h
 
x log 1 b2 = lim  lim  lim
h h  0 log 1  h 
Ta
lim h 0 e 1
h h 0
 e x 0 x
= 2b sin2 
= 1.1.1 = 1
 e 
log 1 b 2
= 2b sin2 

2 2 2 2
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
 1 + b = 2b sin2 
2
4. lim
n  3
n
1 b 2 1  1
 sin  = 2
 b +  n  n  1 2n  1
2b 2 b = lim
n  6.n 3
1  1  1
We know that, b + ≥2 n 3 1   2  
b
= lim 
n  n
1 1 n 3.6
 b + ≥ 1
n 
2 b 2
=
 sin2 ≥ 1 6
π 1
 sin2  = 1   =  =
2 3
182
18

Chapter 07: Limits

n  n + 1 8. Applying L’Hospital’s rule, we get
5. S1   n  ,
2 2   cos x  sin x 
3
2
limπ
n  n + 1 2n + 1 x 1  sin 2 x
S2   n 2  4
6
3  cos x  sin x   cos x  sin x 
2
 n  n + 1 
2 = limπ
and S3   n 3   x 2cos 2 x
 4
 2  3  cos x  sin x   6  cos x  sin x   cos x  sin x 
3 2
 S  = limπ
S1 1  3  x 4sin 2 x
4
8
 lim  2   1 1 
3
n  S2 
3  0
n  n +1  n 2  n + 1 
2
=  2 2
1+  4 1
2  32 
ns
= lim 38 3
n 
n 2  n + 1  2n + 1
2 2 = =
2 2  4 2
36
Let y = lim  cos x 
cot x
18  n 2  n + 12  9.
io
x 0
= lim 2 
1+ 
n 
n  n + 1 2n +1  32  Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y = lim cot x log cos x
18 32 + n  n + 1 
 2 2
 x 0
at
= lim  log cos x
n  n + 1 2n + 1  log y = lim
n   32 2
x 0 tan x
2
32  1 Applying LHospital’s rule on R.H.S, we get
 1  
9 n4  n 9 1 9  tan x
= lim
16 n 
 1  1
1   2  
2
=  
16 1 4  64
lic log y = lim
x 0 sec 2 x
=0
 n  n   y = e0  y = 1
 12 3 52 7  x 1  a cos x   bsin x
6. lim      ...  10. lim =1
ub
x  1  x 3 1 x 1 x 1 x
2 3 2
  x 0 x3
 12  52  92  ... 3  7  11  ...    x 2 x 4 x6    x3 x5 
= lim    x 1  a 1     ...    b  x    ...
x 
 1  x3 1  x2    2! 4! 6!    3! 5! 
 lim =1
 x x

x 0 x3
P
   4k  3   4k 1 
2
1  a  b   x 2     x 4     ...
  b a a b
= lim  k =1 
k =1
  3! 2!   4! 5! 
 1 x 1  x2   lim
3
x 
=1
 
x 0 x2
et
 x 2 x x x x
 .....(i)


16  k  24  k   9 4  k   1
k =1 
= lim  k =1 k =1 k =1

k =1 If 1 + a  b  0, then L.H.S.   as x  0

x 
 1  x 3
1  x 2
 while R.H.S. =1, therefore 1 + a  b = 0
rg
  From (i),
 16 x  x  1 2 x  1  b a a b
 12 x  x  1  9 x 2 x x  1 
x 2     x 4     ...
   x   3! 2!   4! 5! 
= lim 6  lim =1
Ta
  x 0 x2
x 
 1 x 3
1 x 2

  b a
  = 1  b – 3a = 6
32 10 3! 2!
= 2 = Solving 1 + a  b = 0 and b  3a = 6,
6 3
5 3
tan x  sin x sin x  sin x cos x we get a =  ,b= 
7. lim  lim 2 2
3
x 0 x x  0 x3 cos x
 x  x 
sin x  2 sin 2   sin 2 1 
 2  = lim  sin x 2 2. 
= lim . .
x 0 x3 cos x x 0  x cos x  x  2 4 
   
 2 
1
=
2
183
Textbook
Chapter No.
08 Continuity
Hints
Classical Thinking 8. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

 f(0) = lim f(x)
 sin x  x 0
1. lim f(x) = lim   cos x 
ns
x 0 x0  x  sin  x
 k = lim
= 1 + 1 = 2 = f(0) 5x
x 0
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0  sin  x  

 k = lim  .
x 0
 x  5
io
1
2. lim f(x) = lim sinx2 = 0 = f(0) 
x 0 x 0 2  k = (1).
5
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

k=
at
1
5
 4x  x
3. lim f(x) = lim  1   9. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x 0 x0
 5 
(e3 x  1)sin x
4
 f(0) = lim f(x) = lim

 4x 
5
4x

= lim 1    = e 5 = f(0)
5
4
lic x 0 x 0 x2
 x 0  5   e3 x  1 sin x
  = lim  3 = 1 3  1
x 0 3x x
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0.  f(0) = 3
ub
4. Since, f(x) is continuous x = 0. 10. lim f(x) = lim (2 x + 1) = 3  f(1)
x 1 x 1
 f(0) = lim f(x) 2
x 0 lim f(x) = lim (x + 1) = 2 = f(1)
x 1 x 1
= lim (sin x  cos x)
P
x 0
1 1 1
= sin 0  cos 0 = 1 11. f  =1 =
2 2 2
5. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 1
lim f(x) = lim (x) =

et
f(0) = lim f(x) x

1
x
1 2
x 0
2 2
2 x + tanx 1 1
= lim lim f(x) = lim (1  x) = 1  =
x 0 x 1 1 2 2
x x
rg
 tanx  2 2
= lim  2 +  =2+1=3 1
x 0
 x   lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f  
x
1 
x
1 
2
6. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 1. 2 2
Ta
1
 f (1)  limf ( x)  f(x) is continuous at x = .
x 1 2
x2  1 12. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
 k  lim
x 1 x  1
 lim f(x) = f(1)
 k = lim (x + 1) 
x 1
x 1
 lim (8x – 1) = k
k=2 x 1
k=7
7. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
 f(0) = lim f ( x ) 13. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
x 0
 f(2) = lim f(x)
x2
k sin 3x sin 3 x
 = lim = lim 3  3 = lim (kx – 1)
2 x 0 x x  0 3x x2

k
=3 k=6  3 = 2k – 1
2  k=2
184
18

Chapter 08: Continuity

22. lim f ( x ) = lim x = 1
 lim f(x) = lim f(x)
 
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x  1) = 1 + 1 = 2
 2 = lim (c – 2x) x 1 x 1
x 1
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
2=c–2 x 1 x 1
c=4  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1.

15. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 23. lim f(x) = lim (x – 1) = – 1
x  0 x 0
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) 2
x 0  x 0 lim f(x) = lim x = 0
x  0 x 0
 lim (– x2 – k) = lim (x2 + k)
x 0 x 0  lim f(x)  lim f(x)
x  0 x  0
–k=k
ns
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
k=0
5  1
16. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 1. 24. lim f ( x ) = lim   x  =
x2  x  2
2  2
io
 
x 1 x 1
 3 1
lim f ( x)  lim  x    and f(2) = 1
 lim (2x + 1) = lim (3 – kx2) x  2 x2
 2 2
x 1 x 1
 2 + 1 = 3 – k(1)2  lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )  f(2)

x  2 x  2
at
k=0  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2.
17. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 3. 25. lim f ( x )  lim (1  x ) = 0
x 1 x 1
 f(3) = lim f ( x)
x 3
lic lim f(x) = lim(1  x 2 ) = 1 + 1 = 2
x 1 x 1
2
4=3+
 lim f(x)  lim f(x)
 =1 x 1 x 1
ub
 f (2)  lim f ( x) 26. 2
lim f(y) = lim (y  y  1) = 4  2  1 = 1
x  2 y  2 y  2
 x2  4  lim f(y) = lim (4y + 1) = 8 + 1 = 9

 f(2) = lim  a   8 = 4 + a y  2 y  2
 x2
P
x2 
 lim f(y)  lim f(y)
a=4 y  2 y  2
Also, f (2)  lim f ( x)  f(y) is discontinuous at y = 2.

x2
et
 f(2) = lim (x + b + 4)  8 = 6 + b 28. lim f(x) = lim x  2 = 1

x 3 x 3
x2
b=2 f(3) = 3  2 = 1
 lim f(x) = f(3)
rg
 x 3
19. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = .
2  f(x) is continuous at x = 3.
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) Since, 3  (2, 4)
 
Ta
x
2
x
2
 f(x) is continuous in (2, 4).
 lim (ax + 1) = lim (sin x + b) 29. For x > 0, f(x) = x
x x
2 2 Since f is a polynomial function, it is continuous
 a for all x > 0.
 a. +1=1+b b=
2 2 For x < 0, f(x) = x2
Since f is a polynomial function, it is continuous
20. lim f(x) = lim x2 = 1 and f(1) = 2 for all x < 0.
x 1 x 1
2
lim f(x) = lim x = 0
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1. x 0 x 0

21. lim f(x) = lim x 2 = 1 x  0 x  0
x 1 x 1
f(0) = 0
lim f(x) = lim  x + 5 = 6
x 1 x 1  f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1.  f(x) is continuous on R.
185


30. f(x) being a rational function, is continuous in
[0, 1] except at those points where the Critical Thinking
denominator (x  2) (x  5) = 0 1. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 5.
i.e., when x = 2 or x = 5  f(5) = limf ( x)
x 5
Since 2, 5  [0, 1]
x 2  10 x  25
 f(x) is continuous in [0, 1]. = lim
x  5 x 2  7 x  10
( x  5) 2
31. For x < 2, f(x) = x  1 = lim
x  5 ( x  2)( x  5)
Since f is a polynomial function,
55
it is continuous for all x < 2. = =0
52
For x > 2, f(x) = 2x  3
1
ns
Since f is a polynomial function, 2. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = .
2
it is continuous for all x > 2.
1
lim f(x) = lim (x – 1) = 1  f   = lim f ( x)
x2  x 2 2 x
1
2
io
lim f(x) = lim (2x – 3) = 1 1
x  2 x 2 x6 
 k = lim1 64
f(2) = 1 1
2 x 
x 3
at
 f(x) is continuous for all real values of x. 8
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
32. Since, f(x) is continuous in [0, 3]. 6 x5 1 1
3
k = lim1 = lim1 2 x3 = 2   
 it is continuous at x = 2. 3x 2
lic x
2
x
2
2 4
x2   x2 3. Here, f(2) = 0

 lim (3x  4) = lim (2x + k) lim f(x) = lim f(2 – h) = lim | 2 – h – 2 | = 0
x2 h 0 h 0
x2 x2
ub
lim f(x) = lim f(2 + h) = lim | 2 + h – 2 | = 0
 3(2)  4 = 2(2) + k x  2 h 0 h 0
 2 = 4 + k  k = 2  f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
4. Here, f(b) = 0
33. Since, f(x) is continuous in [2, 2].
P
lim f ( x ) = limf (b  h) = lim | b  h  b | = 0


 it is continuous at x = 0 and x = 1. xb h 0 h 0
lim f ( x ) = limf (b  h) = lim | b  h  b | = 0

 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x ) x  b h 0 h 0
x  0 x  0
 f(x) is continuous at x = b.
et
 lim ( x  a) = lim x
x0 x 0
 3 
5. Here, f   = 1 and lim f(x) = 1
a=0  4  x
3
rg
4
Also, lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x)
x 1 x 1 2  3 
lim f(x) = lim 2sin   h 
 lim x = lim (b  x ) x
3  h 0 9  4 
x 1 x 1 4

Ta
1=b1  2sin =1
6
b=2 3
 f(x) is continuous at x = .
34. Since, f(x) is continuous on [4, 2]. 4
 it is continuous at x = 2. 6. lim f(x) = sin–1 (0) = 0 = f(0)

x 0
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

x 2 x 2
1
 lim (6b  3ax)  lim (4 x  1) 7. lim f ( x )  lim x 2 sin ,
x 2 x 2 x0 x0 x
 6b  3a (2) = 4 (2) + 1 1
but 1  sin  1 and x  0
x
 6b + 6a = 7
 lim f ( x )  0  lim f ( x )  f (0)
7 x  0 x  0
a+b= 
6  f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
186
18


8. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 15. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = – 5.
 lim f(x) = f(0)  f(–5) = lim f(x)
x 0 x 5
1 x 2  3 x  10
 lim xa sin = 0, if a > 0  a = lim
x 0 x x 5 x 2  2 x  15
9. lim f ( x) = limf (0  h) ( x  2) ( x  5)
 a = lim
x  0 h 0 x  5 ( x  5)( x  3)
h h
= lim  lim 0 x2 7
h 0 1 h 0 1 a lim 
e 1
h 1 1 x  5 x 3 8
eh
h 1  kx  1  k x
lim f ( x )  lim f (0  h) = lim =0 16. lim f(x) = lim
x  0
1 x  0 x 0 x
ns
h 0 h 0
e 1 h
By rationalising, we get
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f (0)
x  0 x  0 2kx
lim f(x) = lim
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0. x  0 x 0
x  1  kx  1  kx 
io
sin 2 x k
10. lim = 2  f(0) = 2 lim =k
x 0 x
x 0 1  kx  1  kx
at
1
lim f(x) = lim(2 x 2  3x  2)  2
lim 1 x  x = e  f(0) x  0 x 0
x 0
1
1 1 1 Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
lim e x  lim = = = 0  f(0)
x 0 x 0 1
e   lim f(x) = lim f(x)
ex
lic x 0  x 0
 3 x 4 tan x   k = 2
lim    = 3 + 4 = 7 = f(0)
x 0  x x 
ub
 f(4) = lim f(x)
x4
1 1

11. lim f(x) = lim 5 = lim5 x h
=0 x 4  64 x
x  0 x  0 h 0 = lim
x4
x2  9  5
lim f(x) = lim [x] = 0, for all   R
 
P
x  0 x  0
x  x 3  64  x2  9  5
f(0) = (0) = 0 = lim
 f is continuous at x = 0, whatever  may be.
x4
x 2
 9   25
et
12. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = a.


=  lim
x 3  43  
2 
lim x
 x4 x  4   x 4
2  x2  9  5 

 f(a) = limf ( x)
x a
=
3 
(4) 4  16  9  5  
rg
xa x a 2  
= lim 
x a x a x a = 240
= lim  x a  = a + a =2 a
Ta
xa
13. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 1. tan ( x 2  x)

 f(0) = limf ( x) = lim
x 0 x 0 x
x3 2
 f(1) = lim f ( x)  lim tan[ x( x  1)]
x 1 x 1 x3  1 = lim  (x  1) = 1  (1) = 1
x 0 x( x  1)
x 3 2 x3 2
= lim 
x 1 x 3 13 x3 2 19. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x 1 1 1  f(0) = lim f(x)
= lim = =
 x 1  x 2  x 1  
x 0
x 1
x 3  2 3(4) 12
1  cos 4 x 2sin 2 2 x
 k = lim = lim
x 0 8x 2 x 0 8x 2
14. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0,
sin 2 2 x
1
 k = lim =1
f(0) = lim f(x) = lim (1  x ) = e x
x 0 4x2
x 0 x 0
187


20. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 
 f(0) = lim f ( x) 4
x0

 f   = lim f(x)
1  cos 4 x 4 
 a  lim x
4
x 0 x2
cos x  sin x
2sin 2 2 x  k = lim
= lim x cos 2 x
4
x 0 x2
cos x  sin x
sin 2 2 x  k = lim
= 2lim 4=24=8 x cos 2 x – sin 2 x
x  0 (2 x ) 2 4
cos x  sin x
21. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.  k = lim
x (cos x – sin x)(cos x + sin x)
4
 f(0) = limf ( x)
ns
x 0 1 1
 k = lim =
1  cos3 x cos x + sin x 2
 k = lim x
4
x0x tan x
1  cos3x 1 26. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
io
 k = lim 
x 0 x2 tan x  f(0) = limf ( x)
x 0
x
sin 2 x
32   1  cos kx  k 
2  k = lim
at
 k = 1 ....  lim    5x
x0
2 
2  x 0  x  2 sin 2 x 2
 k = lim 
9 x0 2x 5
k=
2 2
lic k=
5
1
22. If x  0, then the value of sin passes through
x 27. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have
[–1,1] infinitely many ways, therefore, limit of lim f(x) = f(0) = lim f(x)
ub
x 0  x 0
the function does not exist at x = 0. Hence, there
is no value of k for which the function is lim f(x) = lim e tan 2 x / tan 3 x
x  0 x  0
continuous at x = 0.  tan 2 x   tan 3 x 
 2x  3x 
= lim e 2x   3x 
P
x 0
 f(1) = lim f(x) 2

x 1  e3
 2 = lim (ax2 – b) f(0) = lim f(x)
et
x 1 x  0
2=a–b 2
 b  e3
The values of a and b in options (A), (B) and
(C) satisfies this relation. lim f(x) = lim (1 | sin x |) a / | sin x |
rg

x 0  x0
 option (D) is the correct answer. 
lim  | sin x | 
a 

 e x 0  | sin x | 
 ea
f(0) = lim f(x)
Ta
lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(0) x 0

x 0  x 0 2
 f(0) = lim f(x)  b = ea  e 3 = ea

x 0
2
 a=
cos [0  h] 3
 k = lim f(0 – h) = lim 2
h 0 h 0 [0  h] 
 2
cos [h]
 k = lim 2 
h 0 [h]  f   = lim f ( x)
2
  x
2
 
cos     k cos x 
 k = lim  2  3 = lim  
x    2x 
h 0 1 2
 k=0 Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get

188
18


k( sin x) Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
3 = lim
2 sin x 1
x
2  = lim  =
x 4  2  8
k 2
3= k=6
2
29. Since, f(x) is continuous x = 0. f(0) = lim f ( x )
x 0
 f(0) = limf ( x)
x 0 (a  x) 2 sin(a  x)  a 2 sin a
cos3 x  cos x  f(0) = lim
   lim x 0 x
x0 x2 Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get 2(a  x)sin (a  x)  (a  x) 2 cos(a  x)
3sin 3 x  sin x f(0) = lim
   lim x 0 1
x0 2x
 f(0) = 2a sin a + a2 cos a
ns
9cos3 x  cos x 9  1 34. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
  lim    = 4
x0 2 2 2 x4
 f(0) = lim f(x) = lim
sin 2 x
io
x 0 x 0

30. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = . Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
4
 1 
  
 f   = lim f(x)    1
at
4 x

f(0) = lim  2 x 4
4 x 0 2cos 2 x 8
1  tan x
 k = lim 35. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x  1  2 sin x
4

lic  f(0) = limf ( x )  lim
1
(27  2 x ) 3  3
1
x 0 x 0
 sec 2 x 2 9  3(243  5 x) 5
k = lim  =2
x   2 cos x 1
4 Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
ub
2
 1
31. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = , (27  2 x) 3 (2)
6 f(0) = lim 3 2
4
x 0 3
  (243  5 x) 5 (5)
 lim f(x) = f   5

6
P
x
6
3sin x  3 cos x
 lim =a  f(0) = lim f(x)
x 6x   x 0
6
et
1
Applying L'Hospital rule to L.H.S, we get  k = lim (cos x) x
x 0
3cos x + 3 sin x
lim =a 1
x
 6  log k  lim log (cos x )
6 x0 x
rg
 3 1 Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get

3 
2   3  2  sinx
   =a 
cos x
6 log k  lim
Ta
x 0 1
4 3 1
 =a a=  log k = 0
12 3
k = e0 = 1

32. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = . 
2 37. For f(x) to be continuous at x = ,
2

 f   = lim f(x) 
2
  x f   = lim f ( x)
2 2 x

2
1  sin x
  = lim 2  1  sin x
   2x 
2
x = lim
2
x cos 2 x
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get 2
 cos x 2  (1  sin x)
 = lim = lim
x
2
4    2 x  x
2
(1  sin x) 2
 2  1  sin x 
189


1  sin x  4x  1 
= lim 2x 
x
2
(1  sin x)(1  sin x)  2  1  sin x   2 = lim  x
x 

x 0 k 1
1
= lim
x
2
(1  sin x)  2  1  sin x  0
2 log 4
x
1 1
2=
= = log k
(1  1)  2  11  4 2  2 log k = log 4
 2 log k = 2 log 2
38. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, k=2
1  sin x  1  sin x
f(0) = lim f(x) = lim 43. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x 0 x 0 x
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get  f(0) = lim f(x)
x 0
ns
cos x cos x (e3 x  1)sin x
 = lim
f(0) = lim 2 1  sin x 2 1  sin x x 0 x2
x 0 1 x
sin
1 e3 x  1
180  
= (1 + 1) = 1
io
= lim  3
2 x0 3x x 180
180
 
 f(0) = lim f(x) =131 =
at
x0 180 60
cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
 f(0) = lim 44. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x0
x2  1  1  f(0) = limf ( x)
= lim
(cos 2 x  1)  sin 2 x

lic
x2  1  1

k
x 0
= lim
e5 x  e 2 x
x0
x2  1  1 x2  1  1 2 x  0 sin 3 x
= lim
  sin 2
x  sin 2 x   x2  1  1 Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
ub
x0 x2  1  1 k 5e5 x  2e 2 x
= lim
2 x 0 3cos3x
= lim
x0
2sin 2 x
x2
  x2  1  1  
k
=
5e0  2e0 5  2
= =1
= 2(1)2  02  1  1 = 4  2 3cos0 3
P
k=2
40. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 45. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0,
 2 x  2 x  f(0) = lim f(x)
 f (0)  limf ( x)  lim   x 0
et
x 0 x 0
 x  e x  esin x
= lim
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get x  0 2  x  sin x 
 (2 x  2 x )log e 2 
f(0) = lim   1  e x sin x  1 
rg
x 0
 1  = limesin x  
2 x 0  x  sin x 
= (20 + 20) loge 2
1  ex  1 
 f(0) = 2loge 2 = loge 4 = × e0 × 1 ...  lim  1
2  x 0 x 
Ta

1
3x +3 x  2 =
 f(0) = limf ( x) = lim 2
x 0 x 0 x2
(3x  1) 2
2 f(0) = lim f(x)
= lim x x x 0
x 0 3 = lim  x  1
cot x
x 0
(log 3) 2
= = (log3)2 x cot x
 
1
1 = lim (1  x) x 
x 0
 
 x 
 f(0) = limf ( x) 
1 lim 
 x  0  tan x 

x 0
= lim (1  x) x 
8x  2 x x 0
 
 2 = lim
x 0 k x  1 = e1 = e
190
19


47. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 51. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
 f(0) = lim f ( x)  f(0) = lim f(x)
x 0 x 0
1 log (1  kx )
 4x  1  x  5 = lim
= lim   x0 sin x
x0 1  4 x
 
log (1  kx )
 1

4
k
 5 = lim kx
(1  4 x) 
4x
sin x
= lim   x 0
x 0
 
1 4
 x
(1  4 x) 
4x
1 k
  5= k=5
1
e4
= = e8 52. f is continuous
e 4
 f(0) = lim f(x)
ns
x 0
48. f is continuous at x = 0
 lim f(x) = f(0) 1 1 
x0 k = lim  log 1  3x   log 1  2 x  
x 0  x x 
sin 3 x
 lim =k–2  3 log 1  3x  2 log 1  2 x  
io
x0 e2 x  1 = lim   
x 0
 3x 2 x 
sin 3x
=3+2=5
 lim 2 xx = k – 2
at
x0 e 1 53. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 7.
x  f(7) = lim f(x)
x 7
sin 3x
3 lim log x  log 7
 k = lim

x  0 3x
2 lim
e2 x  1
=k–2
lic x 7 x7
x0 2x Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
3 l
 =k–2 x 1
k = lim =
ub
2 x7 1 7
7
k=
2 54. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
 f(0) = limf ( x)
49. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. x 0
P
 f(0) = lim f ( x) log (1  2ax )  log (1  bx)

x 0  k = lim
2x
x0 x
 k = lim (sec2 x)cot  log (1  2ax) log (1  bx) 
x 0
 k = lim   2a   b
x 0   bx 
et
1 2ax
 k = lim(1  tan 2 x) tan
2x
x 0  k = 2a + b
k=e 55. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

rg
 f(0) = lim f(x)

50. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = , x 0
2 (3sin x  1) 2
 k = lim
 x 0 x log (1  x)
 f   = lim f ( x)
Ta
2
  x 2 2
2  3sin x  1   sin x 
1   . 
sin x   x 
= lim (sin x)  2 x
 k = lim 
x
2
x 0 log (1  x)
1 x
= lim 1  (sin x  1)  2 x (log3) 2  (1) 2
x
2
k= = (log 3)2
1
 sin x 1 
lim  
   2 x 
x 56. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
= e 2
 f(0) = lim f(x)
   x 0
 1 cos   x  
  1 lim  2 
 2   x 
log (sec2 x)
 x    = lim
= e  2 2   x 0 x sin x
= e0 log (1  tan 2 x) tan 2 x
= lim 
=1 x 0 tan 2 x x sin x
191


tan 2 x 60. lim f(x) = lim f(4 – h)
x  4 h 0
log (1  tan x) 22
= lim  x 4h 4
x 0 tan 2 x sin x = lim +a
x h 0 4h 4
12
= lim    a  = a – 1
h
=1 =1
1 h 0  h 
57. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. lim f(x) = lim f(4 + h)

x  4 h 0
 f(0) = lim f(x) 4h4

x 0
= lim +b=b+1
h 0 4h4
4  1
x 3
 12(log 4)3 = lim and f(4) = a + b

x 0 x  2

sin log  1  x  Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 4.
ns
p  3 
 lim f(x) = f(4) = lim f(x)
12(log 4)3 x4   x4
x a–1=a+b=b+1
 4x  1 
3  
p  p  b = – 1 and a = 1
io
= lim   
x0
 x   x   1 2
 sin  log 1  3 x  sin (a  1) x  sin x
 p    61. lim f ( x) = lim
x2 x  0 x  0 x
at
3
3  sin (a  1) x sin x 
= lim   (a  1)  
 12(log 4) = (log 4) (1)  
33p 3 x 0  (a  1) x x 
 1 
=a+1+1
p=4
lic =a+2
58. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 3. x  bx 2  x
lim f ( x ) = lim
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f (3) x  0 x 0 b x
x  3 x  3
ub
lim f ( x ) = f(3)
x  3 = lim
x  
1  bx  1
x 0 b x
 lim (2x2 + 3x + b) = 5
x 3 1  bx  1 0
= lim = = 0, if b  0
 2(3)2 + 3(3) + b = 5
P
x0 b b
 b =  22 Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
Also, lim f(x) = f(3)  lim f ( x) = lim f ( x ) = f(0)
x 3  
et
x 0 x 0
 x 92
 a+2=0=c
 lim  a  5
x 3  x  3   a = 2, c = 0
 (3 + 3 + a) = 5  a = 2, b  0 and c = 0
rg
 a = 1
62. lim f ( x)  lim e 1/ h  0
2 x  0 h 0
1 1
59. f   a lim f ( x )  lime1/ h  
Ta
2 2 x  0 h 0
1 7  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
2= a  a = ....(i) x  0 x  0
4 4
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
x 4  16
x  0 x  0
63. limf ( x) = lim
  x2
x2 x2
 lim 2 x 2  1  b  lim ( x 2  a)
x0 x0 ( x – 2)( x + 2)( x 2  4)
= lim
 2 0 1  b  0  a x2 x–2
7 = lim( x + 2)( x 2  4) = 32 and f(2) = 16
2+b= ....[From (i)] x2
4
 limf ( x)  f  2 
1 x 2
b= 
4  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2.
192
19

x2  4x  3 ( x  3) 1
64. lim f(x) = lim = lim = 1 1 1
1
x1 x 1 x 1
2 x 1 ( x  1) e 1h
0 1
= lim e
h
71. lim f(x) = lim = = 1
f(1) = 2 x  0 h 0 1 h 0 1 0 1
e 1h
1
1
 lim f(x)  f(1) eh
x1
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1. 1 1
1
1
e 1 eh = 1  0 = 1
h
65. When x < 0, x =  x lim f(x) = lim = lim
x  0 h 0 1 h 0 1 1 0
x eh 1 1
 lim f(x)= lim = lim (1) = 1 1
x  0 x 0 x x 0 eh
When x > 0, x = x  lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x)
x  0 x  0
x
 lim f(x) = lim = lim (1) = 1  f(x) is not continuous at x = 0.
ns
x  0 x 0 x x 0
 lim f(x)  lim f(x) 72. Since, f(x) is not defined at x = 0, 1,  1 and at
x  0 x  0
all other points f(x) is continuous.
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.  the given function is discontinuous at 3 points.
io
| x|
66. As is discontinuous at x = 0. 73. f(x) is discontinuous, when x2  3x + 2 = 0
x
i.e., (x  1) (x  2) = 0  x = 1, x = 2
|3 x  4 |

at
is discontinuous at 3 x – 4 = 0.
3x  4 x 1
74. f(x) =
4  x  3 x  4 
 x=
3  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 3, 4.
67. lim f(x) = lim |x| = lim (– x) = 0
lic 4  x2 4  x2
x  0 x 0 x 0 75. f(x) = 
x  4  x 2  x  2  x  2  x 
x  0 x 0
Since, f(x) does not exist at x = 0, 2, 2.
ub
lim f(x) = lim x = 1  there are three points of discontinuity.
x 1 x 1
lim f(x) = lim 1 = 1 76. lim f(x) = lim (4  3x) = 4  6 = 2

x 1 x 1
x  2 x  2
lim f(x) = lim (2x  6) = 4  6 = 2

P
sin x sin x
68. lim = lim =1 x  2 x  2
x  0 x x  0 x
f(2) = 4  3(2) = 2
sin x sin x lim f(x) = lim (2x  6) = 6  6 = 0
and lim = lim = 1
et
 
x 0 x x 0  x x 3 x 3
lim f(x) = lim (x + 5) = 3 + 5 = 8

 the given function is discontinuous at x = 0. x  3 x  3
 lim f(x)  lim f(x)

69. lim f(x) = 1 + 1 = 2
rg
x  3 x  3
x  0
 f(x) is continuous at x = 2 and discontinuous at
lim f(x) = 0
x  0 x = 3.
Ta

77. lim f(x) = lim x sin x =
x x
 x
 2
70. lim f ( x) = lim 2 2
x  0 x  0x2  2x  
x lim f(x) = lim sin (  + x) =
= lim 2 x
 x 2 2
x 0 x  2 x 2 2
1 
=  f(x) is discontinuous at x = .
2 2
x
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 (e 2 y 1) sin y
x 0  x 0 x  2 x
 78. lim f ( y ) = lim  2
y 0 y 0 2y y
x 1
= lim 2 = = log e  2  1 = 2
x 0 x  2 x 2
and f(0) = 4
 limf ( x) does not exist.
x 0  f(y) is discontinuous at y = 0.
193


sin 2 ax 2 84. Applying L'Hospital rule, we get
79. limf ( x)  lim a  a 2 and f(0) = 1.
x 0 x  0 (ax ) 2 5cos x 1 5cos x .log5   sin x 
lim
 
= lim
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0, when a  1 x
x x 1
2 2
2
80. Let f(x) = tan x cos


The point of discontinuity of f(x) are those =5 2
.log5sin
2
points where tan x is infinite.
= log 5
i.e., tan x = 

 and f   = 2 log 5
 x = (2n + 1) ,nI 2
2

 f(x) is discontinuous at x = .
sin 2 x sin  2
81. lim f(x) = lim = =0
1  cos 2 x 1  cos  
Here, lim f ( x) exists but not equal to f   .
  
ns
x x
2 2
x 2
cos x 2
lim f(x) = lim
    2x 
x
2
x
2  the discontinuity at x = is removable.
2

io

cos   h 
 2 1
x 2
= lim  2 
h 0   85. limf ( x )  lim
  2  h  x 0 x 0 tan x . log(1  x)
2 
at
 2 1
x 2
 sin h 1 1
= lim = lim  
h  0 2h
x 0 x2 tan x log 1 x 
1 1 x x
= (1) =
2 2
lic = (log 2)2  1 = (log 2)2
and f(0) = log 4
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x

x
  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
2 2
Here, limf ( x) exists but not equal to f(0).

ub
x 0
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = .
2  the discontinuity at x = 0 is removable.
x cos x  3tan x  
82. limf ( x) = lim 86. Since, f(x) is continuous in  0,  .
x 0 x 0 x 2  2sin x  2
P
x cos x  3tan x 
 f(x) is continuous at x = .
= lim x 4
x 0 x 2  2sin x 
 f   = lim f(x)
et
x 4
  x
4
3tan x
cos x   
= lim x tan   x 
2sin x   4 
x 0
x  f   = lim
rg
x 4 x
4
cot 2 x
1 3 Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
= = 1
02  
 sec 2   x 
Ta
 limf ( x) ≠ f(0)   = 1 = 1
x 0 f   = lim 4
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0. 4 x 2cosec 2 x
2
2 2
4
5x  e x 5x  1  1  e x 87. Since, f(x) is continuous in [1, 1].

83. limf ( x)  lim = lim
x 0 x 0 sin 2 x x 0 sin 2 x  it is continuous at x = 0.
5x  1 e x  1  lim f(x) = lim f(x)
 x 0  x 0
= lim x x
sin 2 x 1  px  1  px 2x  1
x 0
2  lim = lim
x0 x x 0 x  2
2x
log5  log e 1  lim
1  px   1  px  = 1
= =  log5  1
2 2 x 0

x 1  px  1  px 2 
 lim f(x)  f(0) 1
x 0
 p=
 f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0. 2
194
19


88. Since, f(x) is continuous for all x.  lim (ax + b) = 7
 f(x) is continuous at x = 2. x2
 f(2) = limf ( x)  2a + b = 7 ….(i)

x2
Also, lim f(x) = lim f(x)
x3  x 2  16 x  20 x 9 x 9
 k = lim  lim (ax + b) = 21
x 2 ( x  2) 2
x 9
( x  2)( x 2  3x  10)  9a + b = 21 ….(ii)

= lim
x 2 ( x  2) 2 Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 2, b = 3
( x  2) 2 ( x  5)
= lim 94. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0,
x 2 ( x  2) 2 1 1
=7 f(0) = lim f ( x) = lim

1  x  2  1  x  3
x 0 x 0 x
89. The given function is defined only in the
ns
 1 1   1 1 2 
interval [1,). For x > 2, y = 3x  2 which is a 1  x  x + ....  1  x  x + ....
2
straight line, hence continuous. Also, the given = lim  2 8   3 9 

function is continuous at x = 2.
x0 x
 option (C) is the correct answer. 1 1 1 1 2
io
   x +    x + ....
2 3  9 8
90. For all x  R, 1  sin x  1 = lim 
x 0 x
 f(x) is continuous for all real values of x.  1 1 1 1 
at
= lim    +    x + ....
91. Since, f(x) is continuous in [0, 8]. x 0
 2 3   9 8  
 it is continuous at x = 2 and x = 4. 1
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f(0) =
6
x  2 x  2
2
 lim (x + ax + 6) = lim (3x + 2)
lic   
x2
2
x2
95. f(x) is continuous in   ,  except at x = 0.
 (2) + 2a + 6 = 3(2) + 2  2 2
 10 + 2a = 8   
ub
For f(x) to be continuous in   ,  ,
 a = 1 ….(i)  2 2
Also, lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x4 x4 f(0) = lim f(x)
x0
 lim (3x + 2) = lim (2ax + 5b) e x  e x  2
x4 x4
 f(0) = lim
P
 3(4) + 2 = 2a (4) + 5b x 0 x sin x

 14 = 8a + 5b Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
22 e x  e x
b= ....[From (i)] f(0) = lim
et
5 x  0 x cos x + sin x
92. Since, f(x) is continuous in [2, 2]. Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
 it is continuous at x = 0 and x = 1. e x  e x
f(0) = lim
rg
x  0 – x sin x  cos x  cos x

 
x 0 x 0
e0  e0 11
 sin ax  = = =1
 lim   2  = lim (2 x  1) 0  2cos0 2(1)
x 0  x  x  0
Ta
a2=0+1a=3 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  2)( x  2)

96. f(x) =
Also, lim f(x) = lim f(x) | x  1| | x  2 |
x 1 x 1
 
x 1
 lim (2x + 1) = lim 2b x 2  3  1 Since, lim does not exist.
x 1 x 1
x 1 | x  1|
 2(1) + 1 = 2b 1  3  1 Also, lim
x2
does not exist
 3 = 4b  1 x 2 | x 2|
b=1  f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1, 2.
 a+b=3+1=4 For any x  1, 2, f(x) is the quotient of two
93. Since, f(x) is continuous on its domain. polynomials and a polynomial is everywhere
 it is continuous at x = 2 and x = 9. continuous. Therefore, f(x) is continuous for all
 x  1, 2.
lim f(x) = lim f(x)
x2   x2  f(x) is continuous on R  {1, 2}.
195


97. Since, f(x) is continuous in [0, ]. 2. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = a.
   f(a) = limf ( x)
 it is continuous at x = and x = . x a
4 2
x3  a 3
 lim f ( x) = lim f ( x)  b = lim

x  


x  
 x a xa
4 4
 b = 3a 31  3a 2
 lim  ( x + a 2 sin x) = lim  (2 x cot x  b)
 
x  
4

x  
4

 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(2)
 1    
  a 2  = 2   (1)  b x2 x2
4  2 4  lim (x2 – 1) = lim (2x – 1) = k

x2 x2
 
 a = b 3=3=k k=3
4 2
ns
 4. lim f ( x )  lim (3 x  8) = 7
ab= ….(i) x  5 x 5
4
Also, lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) lim f ( x )  lim 2k = 2k
  x  5 x 5
 
x   x  
 2 2 Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 5.
io
 lim   2x cot x + b   lim  (a cos 2x – b sin x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
 
x  
 
x   x 5 x 5
2  2
7
  7 = 2k  k =
at
 2   (0) + b = a(1)  b(1) 2
2  
b=ab 5. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0,
 a + 2b = 0 ....(ii)  f(0) = lim f (x)
lic 2
x 0
   0 +  = lim 2 x 2 1 
a= and b = x0
6 12
 =2+
ub
98. Since, f(x) is continuous in (, 6).  =–2
 it is continuous at x = 1 and x = 3. 1
Also, f   = 2
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x ) 2  
x 1 x 1
2
 x  1
   +=2
P
 lim 1  sin  = lim (ax + b)

x 1  2  x 1 2
 1 7
 1  sin  a  b  +=2  =
2 4 4
et
a+b=2 ...(i) 7 1
=–2= –2=–
Also, lim f ( x )  lim f ( x) 4 4
x 3 x 3 2 2
7  1 50 25
x  2 + 2 =       = 
 lim (ax + b) = lim  6 tan 
rg
4  4 16 8
x 3 x 3  12 
3 6. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 3.
 3a  b  6 tan
12  f(3) = lim f(x)
Ta
x 3
 3a + b = 6 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get a = 2, b = 0 x2  9
 2(3) + k = lim
x 3 x  3
( x  3)( x  3)
Competitive Thinking  6 + k = lim
x 3 x 3
1. f (2) = k (2)2 = 4k  6 + k = lim( x  3)
x 3
lim f ( x) = lim 3 = 3
x2   x2 6+k=6k=0
Since the function is continous at x = 2,
7. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0,
lim f ( x) = f (2)
x2   lim f(x) = lim f(x)
 
x 0 x 0
 4k = 3
3 1 kx  1 kx 2 x 1
k =  lim  lim
4
x0 x x  0 x 1
196
19


Applying L'Hospital rule on L.H.S, we get 13. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0,
k

 k  f(0) = lim f(x)
x0
2 1  kx 2 1  kx
lim  1 2
e x  cos x
x0 1 = lim
k k x 0 x2
  = –1  k = –1 2
2 2 e x  1  1  cos x
= lim
8. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. x 0 x2
 f(0) = limf ( x) ex 1
2
1  cos x
x 0
= lim  lim
3sin x 3sin x 3 x 0 x2 x 0 x2
  2k = lim = lim =
x 0 5x x  0 5  x  5 1 3
=1+ =
3 2 2
 k=
ns
10
9. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. f(0) = limf ( x)
x 0
 f(0) = lim f(x)
x0
log(1  2 x )sin x
 k = lim
io
x x2
2sin 2 x 0
1  cos x 2  x
= lim = lim x
x0 x x0 x2 4 sin
log(1  2 x) 180  
4  k  lim  2
at
x 0 2x x 180
 f(0) = 2(1)(0) = 0 180
Alternate method:
 
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.  k = 1 2  1 
 f(0) = lim f(x)
x0
lic 180 90
1  cos x 15. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

 f(0) = lim
x0 x  f(0) = lim f(x)
x0
ub
f(0) = lim sin x = 0  k = lim log(13x) (1 + 3 x)
x0
x0
log(1  3x )
10. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.  k = lim
x0 log(1  3x )
 f(1) = limf ( x)
log(1  3x)
P
x 1
log x lim 3
 k = lim k= 3x
x 0
x 1 x  1 log(1  3 x)
lim  3
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get x 0 3 x
et
1  k = 1
k = lim x = 1
x 1 1 16. Since the function is continuous at x = 0,
rg
11. For f(x) to be continuous at x = , lim f(0) = f(x)

x0
1  sin x  cos x
f() = lim f(x) = lim  k = lim log (sec2 x)cot
2x
x  x  1  sin x  cos x x 0
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get = lim cot 2 x logsec2 x

Ta
 cos x  sin x x0

f() = lim
x  cos x  sin x log (1  tan 2 x)
= lim
 f() = –1 x 0 tan 2 x
12. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. =1
 f(0) = limf ( x)
x 0 17. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
e  1 sin x 
2
kx f(0) = lim f ( x)
 4 = lim x 0
x 0 x3 1
   x
 e  1   k = lim  tan   x  
kx 2
sin x 
 4 = lim  k 2   x 0
 4 
x 0  k x 2 2
x 
  1
2  1  tan x  x
4=k = lim  
x  0 1  tan x
 k = ±2  
197



   
tan x 2 2
 1
 x 1 x  a
  1
1  tan x   = lim
tan x
= lim 
x 0

 tan x
2a x  a  x  a x  a

 


 1
 x
1  tan x   
 tan x
 1 x a
  = lim   1
e 1
= 1 = e 2
2a x  a  x  a

x a 
 
e
1  xa 
= lim   1
 log 2 2x 
log x 8
18. lim 2a x  a
 x  a 
x 1
= lim log 2 2  log 2 x 

log x 23 1 1
x 1
= (0 + 1) =
2a 2a
= lim 1  log 2 x 
3 log x 2
ns
x 1
3
log2 x f(0) = lim f(x)
= lim 1  log 2 x  x0
x 1
log(1  ax )  log(1  bx)
lim log 2 x 
3  f(0) = lim
io
x 1 log 2 x x 0 x
= e
= e3 Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
Since the function is continuous at x = 1, a b

 
at
 lim f(x) = f (1) f(0) = lim 1 ax 1 bx
x 1 x 0 1
 e3 = (k – 1)3  f(0) = a + b
e=k–1
k=e+1
lic23.

Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
f(2) = limf ( x)
19. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, x2
f(0) = lim f(x) x 2  (A  2) x  A

x0  2 = lim
log e 1  x   log e 1  x 
x 2 x2
ub
= lim x ( x  2)  A( x  1)
x0 x  2 = lim ,
x2 x2
1 1 which is true if A = 0

 
P
f(0) = lim 1 x 1 x
1
x0 1 24. lim f ( x)  lim x sin ,
x0 x0 x
 f(0) = 2
1
20. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. but 1  sin  1 and x  0
et
x
 f(0) = lim f(x)  limf ( x) = 0
x0
x 0
= lim (x + 1)cot x Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x0
rg
x
 f(0) = lim f(x)
 
1 tan x x0
= lim 1  x  x 
x0
  k=0
= e1 = e
Ta
25. f(x) = sin x

21. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = a.  f(0) = sin 0 = 0
 f(a) = lim f(x) 2 2 2 2
lim x + a = 0 + a = a
2
xa 
x0
x  a  xa Since the function is continuous at x = 0,
= lim
xa
x2  a 2 lim f ( x) = f (0)
x0 
x  a  xa
= lim  0 = a2
xa x  a. x  a
a=0
1  x  a  xa  2 2 2
lim x + a = 1 + a
2
= lim   
x 1
xa x+a  xa 
=1
1  x a 
= lim   1 f (x) = bx + 2
2a x  a  x a 
   f (1) = b + 2
198
19


Now, lim f(x) = f (1)  1

1
x 1
 k = lim  4  h 2  4h  e h 
h 0
1=b+2  
 k =  4  0  0  e 
1
 b = –1
a + b + ab = 0 – 1 + 0 (–1) = –1 1
k=
4

  f(0) = lim f(x)
 f   = lim f(x) x0
 2  x  2 log e (1  x 2 tan x)
= lim
1  sin x x 0 sin x3
  = lim
x   2x  log e (1  x 2 tan x) x 2 tan x 
ns
2
= lim   
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get x 0
 x 2 tan x sin x3 
 cos x  log e (1  x 2 tan x) x3 tan x 
 = lim = lim   
2 
x
2
x 0
 x 2 tan x sin x3 x 
io
  = lim
cos x  f(0) = 1
x 2
 
at
cos f(0) = limf ( x)
x 0
= 2 =0
2 1 2 
= lim   2 x 
x 0 x
 e 1

27. Since, f(x) is continuous at x =
4
,
lic = lim
e2 x  1  2 x
x  0 x (e 2 x  1)

 f    lim f ( x) Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
 4  x  4
2e 2 x  2
ub
f(0) = lim
k = lim
1  2 sin x x0 x  2e 2 x   1 e 2 x  1
x   4x
4 Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get 4e 2 x
f(0) = lim
2 x  2e 2 x   e 2 x  2   2e 2 x
P
 2 cos x 1 x0
k = lim k=
x 4 4 4
4
 f(0) = =1
22

et
28. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = . 32. Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

4

 f(0) = limf ( x)
 f   = lim f ( x) x 0
4
   k   10 
rg
x
4   log    log 2
tan x  cot x  16   3 
 a = lim
 20 x  3x  6 x  10 x
x
4 x = lim
4 x 0 1  cos8 x
Ta

= lim
10 x
 3x  2 x  1
sec x  cosec x
2 2
x 0 2sin 2 4 x
a = lim
x 1  10 x  1 3x  1   2 x  1 
4
   . 
 2 +  2 = 4  x x  x 
2 2
a= = lim 2
x 0 sin 4 x
2  16
29. If f(x) is continuous from right at x = 2, then 16 x 2
f(2) = lim f(x) (log10  log3)(log 2)
=
x2 32
 k = lim f(2 + h)  k   10  1  10 
h 0
   log   .log 2 = log   log 2
1  16   3  32  3 
 1

 k = lim (2  h) 2  e 2  (2  h )  k 1
h 0
   
16 32
199


1 x 1
k= 37. f(x) =
2 x 3  6 x 2  11x + 6
1
log3   x 1
….  a  x
log x
k= 3 2 a =
     2  x  3
x  1 x
33. lim f(x) = lim f(2 – h)  the points of discontinuity are x = –1, x = –2 and
x  2 h 0
x = –3.
2h 2
= lim +a  The number of discontinuities is 3.
h 0 2h 2
2
38. lim f(x) = lim 2 – x = 1
= lim    a  = a – 1
h x  1 x 1
h 0  h  f (1) = 1 – 1 = 0
lim f(x) = lim f(2 + h) lim f (x)  f (1)
x  2 h 0 x 1
ns
2h2  The function is discontinuous at x = 1
= lim +b=b+1
h 0 2h2 lim f(x) = lim x – 10 = – 5
x 5 x 5
and f(2) = a + b
f (5) = 2(5) = 10
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 2,
lim f (x)  f (5)
io
 lim f(x) = f(2) = lim f(x)
 
x 5
x2 x2
 The function is discontinuous at x = 5
a–1=a+b=b+1 lim f (x) = x – 10 = –7
 b = – 1 and a = 1
at
x 3
34. Given, f(x) = |x| + |x  1| f (3) = 2 – 32 = –7

lim f (x) = f (3)
  x  ( x  1), if x  0 x 3

 f(x) =  x  ( x  1), if 0  x  1
 x  ( x  1),
 if x  1
lic  The function is continuous at x = 3
39. Given, f(x) = [x], x  ( 3.5, 100)
 2 x  1 , if x  0 As we know greatest integer function is

 f(x) =  1 , if 0  x  1 discontinuous on integer values.
ub
 2 x  1 , if x  1 In given interval, the integer values are

( 3,  2,  1, 0, …., 99).
lim f ( x)  lim( 2 x  1)  1
x  0 x 0  the total number of integers are 103.
lim f ( x)  lim 1  1
40. To find the point of discontinuity, consider
P
x  0 x 0
f(0) = 1 lim f(x) = 1 and lim f(x) = 1

x 0  x 0
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  f (0) lim f(x) = e
9
and lim f(x) = 0
x  0 x  0
x  3 x  3
et
 f(x) is continuous at x = 0. lim f(x) = 15 and

x  6
lim f ( x)  lim 1  1
x 1 x 1
log 15 x  89 
lim f(x) = lim
lim f ( x)  lim (2 x  1)  1 x  6 x  6 x6
rg
x 1 x 1
log 1  15a 
f (1) = 2(1)  1 = 1 = 15 lim
a 0 15a
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  f (1)
x 1 x 1 …[Put x – 6 = a]
Ta
 f(x) is continuous at x = 1. = 15
Hence, f(x) is discontinuous at 3.
|x|
35. | x | is continuous at x = 0 and is  a=3
x
x2  9
discontinuous at x = 0.  lim
xa x  5x2  9x  9
3
|x|
 f(x) = | x | +
x
is discontinuous at x = 0.
= lim
 x  3 x  3
x 3 x  
 3 x 2  2 x  3 
2x2  7 2x2  7
36. f(x) = = 2 =1
x ( x  3)  1( x  3)
2
( x  1)( x  3)
2x2  7 41. Since, f(x) is continuous at every point of its
= domain.
( x  1)( x  1)( x  3)
 it is continuous at x = 1.
 the points of discontinuity are
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
x = 1, x = – 1 and x = – 3 only. x 1 x 1
200
20

 lim (5x – 4) = lim (4x2 + 3bx)  lim  2sin x  = lim   sin x +  

x 1 x 1
x x
 1 = 4 + 3b
2 2
 2 (1) = (1) + 
 b = 1
  +  = 2 ....(i)
42. Since, f(x) = [x] is continuous at every non Also, lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
integer points. x

x

2 2
 option (C) is the correct answer.
 lim   sin x     lim  cos x 
43. Let g(x) = |x| and h(x) = sin x. x
2
x
2
Then, f(x) = (hog) (x) for all x  R.  (1) +  = 0

As both g and h are continuous functions on R. +=0 ....(ii)
 f(x) is also continuous for all x  R. From (i) and (ii), we get
   = 1,  = 1
ns
44. Since, f(x) is continuous in 0,  .
 2 
48. For f(x) to be continuous at x = ,
 2
 it is continuous at x = .
4   
lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f  
io
 1  tan x    
 2 
 f   = lim f(x) = lim x
2
x
2
 4  x 4 x 4x  
  
4
Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get  lim A sin x + B = – 2 sin  
at
x

 2 
  sec 2 x 2
f   = lim  –A+B=2
4
  x 4
4
 A – B = –2 …(i)
 2 1
 f  = =
4 4 2
lic For f(x) to be continuous at x =

2
,
45. Since, f(x) is continuous at each point of its 

lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f  
domain. x

x
 2
ub
 it is continuous at x = 0. 2 2
 f(0) = lim f(x) 

x 0
 lim A sin x + B = cos
x
 2
2
 2 x  sin 1 x 
= lim  1   A+B=0 …(ii)
x 0
 2 x  tan x 
P
On solving (i) and (ii), we get

Applying L'Hospital rule on R.H.S., we get A = –1 , B = 1
 1 
2  49. Since, f(x) is continuous for all x in R.
1  x2 
f(0) = lim 
et
x 0 
1 
2   f(0) = lim f ( x)
 1  x2  x 0
2 1 1 sin(p  1) x  sin x
rg
   q = lim
2 1 3 x 0 x
46. lim f ( x ) = 0, lim f ( x ) = 0 and  sin(p  1) x sin x 
x 1 x 1
 q = lim  (p  1)   
x 0
 (p  1) x x 
Ta
f(1) = 0
 lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f(1)  q = (p + 1) + 1
x 1 x 1 q=p+2
 f(x) is continuous at x = 1. The values of p and q in option (C) satisfies this
lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 1 condition.
x2   x2
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x ) 51. Since, f is continuous at every point in R.

x  2 x  2
 f is continuous at x = 2n.
 f(x) is not continuous at x = 2.
 lim f ( x )  lim f ( x ) = f(2n)
 
x   2n  x   2n 
47. Since, f(x) is continuous over [ , ].
   lim  (bn + cos x) = lim  (an + sin x)
 it is continuous at x =  and x = . x   2n  x  2n 
2 2
 bn + cos 2n = an + sin 2n
x
 
x
   bn + 1 = an  an  bn = 1
2 2
So, option (C) is correct.
201


Also, f is continuous at x = 2n + 1.  an = bn+1 1
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) = f(2n + 1)  an  bn+1 = 1

x  (2n 1)  x  (2n 1)
Replacing n by n  1, we get
 lim  (an + sin x) = lim  (bn+1 + cos x)
x  (2n 1) x  (2n 1) an1  bn = 1
 an + sin(2n + 1) = bn+1 + cos(2n + 1) So, options (A) and (D) are correct.
Hence, option (B) does not hold.
....[ f(x) = bn+1 + cos  x, x  (2n + 1, 2n + 2)]
Evaluation Test
1  cos(1  cos x ) a 2  ax  x 2  a 2  ax  x 2
1. f(0) = lim = lim
ns
x 0 x4
x 0 ax ax
 2  x  ax ax a 2  ax  x 2  a 2  ax  x 2
 2sin  2     2
  ax ax a  ax  x 2  a 2  ax  x 2
2sin 
2
 2   a 2  ax  x 2    a 2  ax  x 2    a  x  a  x 
io
  = lim   
= lim 4
x 0
 a  x    a  x    a 2  ax  x 2  a 2  ax  x 2 
x 0 x  
 
2
  x    x 
at
2sin sin 2    sin 2   
2 2ax ax ax
= lim

  

 2  2 
= lim 2
x 0
2x a 2  ax  x 2  a 2  ax  x 2
x 0
  x 
x 4 sin 2   
  2  a  a a 
x 4
lic =
a  a
2 2
sin  
= 2lim 2  1  1
4 3  f(0) =  a
x 0
x 4 2 8
  2
ub
2 5x .2 x  7 x  7 x.2 x  5x
4. lim
x 0 x
2. f is continuous at x = 0. 2sin 2
2
 log(1  x 2 )  log(1  x 2 )  5 x (2 x 1)  7 x (2 x 1)
 f (0) = lim   = lim
P
x 0
 sec x  cos x  x 0 x
2sin 2
  2
 2  1  2 x 1  5 x 1 7 x 1  1
log(1  x )  log(1  x ) 
2
= lim  = lim     2
et
x 0  1  cos 2 x   x 0 2  x  x x  sin x /2 1
  
 cos x  2
x /4 4
   
 5
 cos x log 1  x 2   log 1  x 2    = 2(log 2)  log 
rg
= lim    7  
x0  sin 2 x 
  It is discontinuous at x = 0 and it is removable.
  log 1  x  log 1  x
2 2
   5. lim f(x) = – 1
 cos x 
Ta
 x a
  x2  x2  
= lim   lim f(x) = 1
x 0
 sin 2 x  
x a
 x2   f(x) is discontinuous at x = a.
 
1  1 
= (cos 0)  2  6. a = lim
sin 3  x log 1  3 x 
  e  1 x
 tan
2
 1  x 0 1
x 5 x
=2
sin  x  3
log(1  3 x )
 x  
3
3. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have  3x

 x
3
3x
f (0)  lim f ( x ) = lim
 tan x   x  e  1  5 x  x
x0 2
x0 1
  5 x
2 5 x
a  ax  x  a  ax  x
2 2 2 2
= lim
 x
2
x 0 ax ax
202
20

 x  . (1)3x
3
(1)3
=
(1)  x  (1)5 x .x
2
2
3
=
5
7. For f to be continuous at x = 2,
1
f(2) = lim  x  1  2  x 
x 0
1
= lim 1  ( x     x -2 = e1
x 0
8. Given function is continuous at (– , 6).
ns
 at x = 1 and x = 3, function is continuous.
If the function f(x) is continuous at x = 1, then
lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
x 1 x 1
io
 1 + sin =a+b
2
 a+b=2 .....(i)
If the function is continuous at x = 3, then
at
lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
x  3 x  3
3
 3a + b = 6 tan
12
 3a + b = 6
lic
.....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), a = 2, b = 0
9. Since, x and | x | are continuous for all x.
ub
 x + | x | is continuous for x  (– , ).
10. Given, f(x) = [x]2  [x2]
for  1 < x < 0, f(x) = (1)2  0 = 1
for x = 0, f(x) = 02  0 = 0
P
for 0 < x < 1, f(x) = 02  0 = 0

for x = 1, f(x) = 12  1 = 0
for 1  x  2, f ( x)  12  1  0
et
for x  2, f ( x)  12  2  1
for 2  x  3, f ( x)  12  2  1
for x  3, f ( x)  12  3  2
rg
for 3  x  2, f ( x)  12  3  2
for x  2, f ( x)  22  4  0
Ta
for 2  x  5, f ( x)  22  4  0
for x  5, f ( x)  22  5  1
Hence, the given function is discontinuous at all
integers except 1.
203
Textbook
Chapter No.
01 Mathematical Logic
Hints
Classical Thinking
23. Let p : x2 is not even,
1. ‘Bombay is the capital of India’ is a statement. q : x is not even
The other options are exclamatory and Converse of p  q is q  p
ns
interrogative sentences. i.e., If x is not even then x2 is not even
2. ‘Two plus two is four’ is a statement. 24. Let p : x > y
The other options are imperative sentences q:x+a>y+a
io
3. Even though 2 = 3 is false, it is a statement in Converse of p  q is q  p
logic with truth value F. i.e., If x + a > y + a, then x > y
5. ~q: Ram studies on holiday, 25. Let p: You access the internet
at
‘and’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol q: You have to pay the charges
 Symbolic form is p  ~q. Inverse of p  q is ~p  ~q
6. p: There are clouds in the sky, ~q: It is not i.e., If you do not access the internet then you do
lic
raining, ‘and’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol. not have to pay the charges.
 p  ~q 26. Let p: A child concentrates
7. ~p: The sun has not set, ~q: The moon has not q: A child learns
ub
risen, ‘or’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol. Contrapositive of p  q is ~q  ~p.
 ~p  ~q
27. ~p: Sita does not get promotion and ‘’ symbol
8. ~p: Rohit is short, ‘or’ is expressed by ‘’ indicates ‘if and only if’.
symbol, ‘and’ is expressed by ‘’ symbol.
P
32. r: It is raining, c: I will go to college.

9. p: Candidates are present, The given statement is r  c  c  r
q: Voters are ready to vote
r: Ballot papers  r : no Ballot papers 33. Distributive law
et
‘and’ and ‘but’ are represented by ‘’ symbol. 35.

10. ~p: She is not beautiful, ‘’ indicates ‘or’. p q pq (p  q)  p
rg
T T T T
11. ~p: Ram is not lazy, ~q: Ram does not fail in the
T F F T
examination, ‘’ indicates ‘or’.
F T F T
15. “Implies” is expressed as ‘’. F F F T
Ta
 symbolic form is p  q
36.
16. (~d: Driver is not drunk) implies p q ~q p  q p ~q (p  q)  (p 
(~a: He cannot meet with an accident).
~q)
17. “if and only if” is expressed as ‘’ T T F T F F
 symbolic form is a  b. T F T F T F
F T F F T F
19. p: A, B,C, are distinct points
q: Points are collinear F F T F T F
r: Points form a triangle 37.
 p implies (q or r), i.e., p  (q  r) p  p p  p pp (pp)(p p)
20. ‘m  n’ means ‘If m then n’, T F F T F
 option (C) is correct. F T T F F
204

Chapter 01: Mathematical Logic

38. 52. Given statement is ‘ x  N, x + 5 > 4’
p q ~q p  ~q ~(p ~q) p  ~(p  ~q)  ~ [  x  N, x + 5 > 4]
T T F F T T   x  N, such that x + 5 ≤ 4
T F T T F F i.e., there exists a natural number x, for which
F T F F T T x+54
F F T F T T 54. Current will flow in the circuit if switch p and q
are closed or switch r is closed.
39.
It is represented by
(p q)  (p  q)  r.
p q p  q p q p  q
(p  q)  option (A) is correct.
T T T F F T T
T F F F T T F Critical Thinking
ns
F T T T F F F 1. ‘Incorrect statement’ means a statement in logic
F F T T T T T with truth value false.
Options (A) and (C) are not statements in logic.
40. Option (C) is a true statement, since x = 3  N Option (D) has truth value True.
io
satisfies x + 5 = 8. Option (B) is a statement in logic with truth
value false.
41. Option (D) is the required true statement, since
x = 6  W satisfies x2  4 = 32 3. p: One being lucky,
at
q: One should stop working
43. p: Manoj has the job, q: he is not happy  Symbolic form: (p  ~p)  ~q
The dual of p  q is p  q.
4. p: Physics is interesting.
44. De Morgan’s laws
lic q: Physics is difficult.
 Symbolic form: ~ (~p  q)
45. ~[p  (~q)]  ~p  ~(~q)  ~p  q
5. p: Intelligent persons are polite.
46. p : I like Mathematics q: Intelligent persons are helpful.
ub
q : I like English.  Symbolic form: ~ (~p  ~q)
~ (p  q )  ~ p  ~ q
6.
 Option (D) is correct.
~p  (q  ~r) (p  q)  r
 ~T  (T  ~F)  (T  T)  F
P
47. p: 5 is an integer
q: 5 is irrational  F  (T  T) TF
~ (p  q )  ~ p  ~ q FT F
F
et
 Option (D) is correct.

7.
48. We know that,
(~p  q)  ~(p  q) ~p  (p  ~q)
p  q  (p  q)  (q  p)
 (~F  F)  ~(F  F)  ~F  (F  ~F)
rg
 (p  q)  [(p  q)  (q  p)]  (T  F)  ~F  T  (F  T)

  (p  q)  (q  p) TT TT
…[By Demorgan’s Law] T T
 (p  q)  (q  p)
Ta
8.
…[ (p  q)  p  q]
(p  q)  (~q  ~p) (~p  q)  (~q  p)
49. p : It is Sunday  (T  F)  (~F  ~T)  (~T  F)  (~F  T)
q : It is a holiday  F  (T  F)  (F  F)  (T  T)
FF FT
 Symbolic form p  q
T F
~ (p  q)  p  ~ q
i.e., It is Sunday, but it is not a holiday 9.
a : ~(p  ~r)  (~q  s) b : (p  s)  (q  r)
50. [q  (p  r)]  q  ((p  r))  ~(T  ~F)  (~T  F)  (T  F)  (T  F)
 q  (p  r)  ~(T  T)  (F  F) TF
51. pq  ~ pq  ~T  F F
FF
 ~ (p  q)  p  ~ q
F
205


10. pqFTF 20. p  (p  q)
p~qF~TFFF  p  (~p  q)
qpTFF  (p  ~p)  (p  q) …[Distributive law]
pqFTT  F  (p  q) …[Complement law]
pq …[Identity law]
11. ~p~q~F~TTFF
p  (q  p)  F  (T  F)  F  F  T 21. (q)  (p) is contrapositive of p  q and
p~qF~TFFT hence both are logically equivalent to each
q~pT~FTTT other.
12. Consider option (C) 23. (p  q)  [~r  (p  q)]  (~p  q)
(p  q)  (p  r)  (T  T)  (T  F)  (p  q)  (~p  q) …[Absorption law]
TT  (p  ~p)  q …[Distributive law]
ns
T Tq …[Complement law]
 option (C) is correct. q …[Identity law]
13. The truth value of statement p  (~q  r) is F 24. (p  q)  (q  ~p)
 p  T and (~q  r)  F
io
 ~q  F and r  F (p  q) 
p q ~p pq q  ~p
 qT (q  ~p)
 Truth value of p, q, r are T, T, F respectively. T T F T F F
at
T F F F T F
14. The truth value of statement p  (p  ~q) is F F T T T T T
 p  T and (p  ~q)  F F F T T T T
 p  T and q  T
lic  (p  q)  (p  ~q) = ~p
15. The truth value of statement q  p is F 25.
 q  F and p  F p ~p ~(~p) ~(~p)  p
 p  F and q  T T F T T
ub
 p  q is T F T F T
Alternate Method: All the entries in the last column of the above
truth table is T.
p q q q  p pq pq qp  ~(~p)  p is a tautology.
P
T T F T T T T
26. Consider option (C)
T F T T F F T
p  ( q  p)
F T F F F T F
et
F F T T T T T  ~p  (q  p) …[p  q  ~p  q]
 (~p  p)  q
16. Contrapositive of (p  q)  r is …[Associative and commutative law]
r  (p  q), i.e., r  p  q
rg
Tq …[Complement law]

17. Let p: x is zero T …[Identity law]
q: we cannot divide by x
27. Consider option (D)
Converse of p  q is q  p.
Ta
(p  q) 
18. p: Seema solves a problem
p q pq q p  ~q
(p  ~q)
q: She is happy T T T F T T
i. pq ii. p  q T F T T T T
iii. q  p iv. qp F T T F F F
(i) and (iii) have the same meaning, F F F T T T
(ii) and (iv) have the same meaning.
19. b: It is the bride’s dress
r: It is the red dress p q pq p  (p  q) (p  (p  q))  q
i. br ii. b  r T T T T T
iii. r  b iv. r  b T F F F T
(i) and (iv) have the same meaning, F T T F T
(ii) and (iii) have the same meaning. F F T F T
206


29. Consider option (D) 40. ~[ p  ( ~ q  ~ p)]
~(p  ~q)  (p  q)  ~ p  ~ (~ q  ~ p) …[De Morgan’s law]
 (p  ~q)  (p  q) …[ p  q  ~p  q]  ~ p  [ ~ ( ~ q )  ~ (~ p) ]
 p  (~q  q) …[Absorption law]  ~ p  (q  p)
pT …[Complement law]  ( ~ p  q )  ( ~ p  p) …[Distributive law]
T …[Identity law] (~pq)F …[Complement law]
30. Consider option (C) ~pq …[Identity law]
41. Negation of ~s  (~r  s) is
p q q pq (pq) pq (pq)(pq)
~[~s  (~r  s)]
T T F T F F T
 s  (r  ~s) …[De Morgan’s law]
T F T F T T T
 (s  r)  (s  ~ s) …[Distributive law]
F T F T F F T
ns
 (s  r)  (F) …[Complement law]
F F T T F F T
 (s  r) …[Identity law]
31.
42. ~ (p  ~q)  ~(~p  ~q) …[ p  q  ~p  q]
(~p  ~q)
io
p q r ~p ~ q ~p  ~q qr pq
 (q  r)
T T T F F F T F 43. Negation of p  (~ p  q) is
T T F F F F F F ~[p  (~ p  q)]
at
T F T F T F F F  ~p  (p  ~ q) …[De Morgan’s law]
T F F F T F F F  (~p  p)  (~p  ~q) …[Distributive law]
F T T T F F T F
 F  (~p  ~ q) …[Complement law]
F
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
lic F
F
 ~p  ~q …[Identity law]
F F F T T T F F 44. ~[p  (p  ~q)]  p  ~[p  (~q)]
 Given statement is contradiction. …[ ~ (p  q)  p  ~ q]
ub
32. consider option (B)  p  (~p  q)
p q ~q p  ~q pq (p  ~ q)  (p  q) 45. [~(~p  q)  (p  r)]  (~q  r)
T T F F T F  [(p  ~q)  (p  r)]  (~q  r)
T F T T F F
P
…[De Morgan’s law]

F T F F T F  p  (~q  r)  (~q  r)
F F T F T F …[Distributive law]
33. Consider option (B)  p  [(~q  r)  ~q]  r …[Associative law]
et
 p  (~q)  r …[Absorption law]

p q p q pq p  q (pq)(pq)
 (p  r)  ~q …[Commutative law]
T T F F T T T
rg
T F F T F T F 46. Option (A) : (~p  q)  (~q  p)

F T T F F F T  (p  q)  (q  p)
F F T T F T F
…[ p  q  ~p  q]
34. Here, x = 4, 5, 7, 9 satisfies x + 1  10
Ta
pq
 option (B) is correct.
Option (B) : (p  q)  (~p  ~q)
35. Option (A) is the true statement, since square of  (~p  q)  (~q  p)
every natural number is positive. …[ Distributive law]
36. Option (C) is false, since for every natural  (p  q)  (q  p)
number the statement x  1  0 is always true. pq
Option (C) : (p  ~q)  (q  ~p)
37. Dual of ‘(p  q)  s’ is ‘(p  q)  s’.
 ~(~p  q)  ~(q  p)
39. Negation of (p  q)  (q  r) is …[De Morgan’s law]
[(p  q)  (q  r)]  ~(p  q)  ~(q  p)
 (p  q)  (q  r)  ~[(p  q)  (q  p)]
 (p  q)  [(q)  r]  ~(p  q)
 (p  q)  (q  r) Which is logically not equivalent to p  q.
207


47. p: Saral Mart does not reduce the prices. 11.
q: I will not shop there any more. p q ~p ~p  q p  (~p  q)
Symbolic form is p  q T T F T T
~ (p  q)  p  ~ q T F F F F
i.e., Saral Mart does not reduce the prices and F T T T T
still I will shop there.
F F T T T
48. ~ [ x  R, such that x2 + 3 > 0]  From the table p  (~p  q) is false when p is
=  x  R, x2 + 3  0 true and q is false.
53. The symbolic form of circuit is 12. Since (p   q)  ( p  r)  F
(p  q)  (~p  q)  (p  ~p)  q  p   q  T and  p  r  F
…[Distributive law]  p  T, ~ q  T and ~ p  F, r  F
Tq
ns
 p  T, q  F, r  F
…[Complement law]
 The truth values of p, q and r are T, F, F
q …[Identity law]
respectively.
54. The symbolic form of circuit is
13. Since both the given statements p and q have
io
[(~p  ~q)  p  q ]  r
truth values T,
 [~(p  q)  (p  q)]  r …[De Morgan’s law]
Tr …[Complement law]  p  q  T  T  T, and
pqTTT
at
r …[Identity law]
14. Given p  q
Competitive Thinking Its contrapositive is q  p and converse of
the contrapositive is p  q.
2.
lic
“Not a correct statement” means it is a statement
whose truth value is false. 15. Let p : Ram secures 100 marks in maths
Option (A) is not a statement. q : Ram will get a mobile
Options (C) and (D) are statements with truth Converse of p  q is q  p
ub
value true. i.e., If Ram will get a mobile, then he secures
‘ 3 is a prime’ is false statement. 100 marks in maths.
 Option (B) is correct.
16. Inverse of q  p is ~q  ~p
4. Man is not rich : ~ q
P
i.e., If a triangle is not equiangular then it is not

Man is not happy : ~ p equilateral.
 The symbolic representation of the given
statement is ~ q  ~ p. 17. Let p : It is raining
et
q : I will not come

5. ~ p : Ram is not rich Contrapositive of p  q is q  p
~ q : Ram is not successful i.e., If I will come, then it is not raining.
~ r : Ram is not talented
rg
 The symbolic form of the given statement is 18. Let p: x is a prime number, q: x is odd.
~p  ~q  ~r. Contrapositive of p  q is  q   p
7. ~p : roses are not red 19. p: The weather is fine.
Ta
~p  q : roses are not red or the sun is a star. q: My friends will come and we will go for a
8. ~ p : Boys are not playing picnic.
~p  q : Boys are not playing or they are happy.  Statement is p  q
Contrapositive of p  q is  q   p
9. Consider option (C) i.e., if my friends do not come or we do not go
(p  q)  q  (T  T)  T for a picnic then weather will not be fine.
 (T  F)  T
FT 20. Contrapositive of p  q is  q   p
T The contrapositive of the given statement is “If
you are not a citizen of India, then you are not
10. pF born in India”.
p  r  T and p  q  F
 p  F, r  F and p  F, q  T 22. p  (q)  p  q
 Truth values of q and r are T and F respectively.  q  p
208


23. Consider option (D) 31. Since p  ~p  T,
1 2 3 4 5 6 (~q  p)  (p  ~p)  (~q  p)  T  T
p q p p  q q  p (q  p)  (~q  p)  (p  ~p) is a tautology.
T T F F T F 32. Consider option (C)
T F F F T F [A  (A  B)] 
F T T T F T A B A  B A  (A  B)
B
F F T F T F T T T T T
The entries in the columns 4 and 6 are identical. T F F F T
 p  q  (q  p) F T T F T
24. Consider option (B) F F T F T
(p  q)  ~ p
 (p  ~p)  (q  ~p) …[Distributive law]
ns
 F  (q  ~p) …[Complement law] p q qp ~p ~p q (q p)  (~p q)
 q  ~p …[Identity law] T T T F F T
 ~p  q …[Commutative law] T F T F T T
io
25. (p  q)  (~q  p) F T F T T T
 (p  q)  (p  ~ q) …[Commutative law] F F T T F T
 p  (q  ~q) …[Distributive law] 34.
at
pT …[Complement law]
p …[Identity law] p q ~p pq ~pq (~p  q) (p  q) 
 q [(~p  q) q]
26. (p  ~q)  q  (~p  q)
T T F T T T T
 [(p  q)  (~q  q)]  (~p  q)
lic
…[Distributive law]
T F F F T F T
F T T T T T T
 [(p  q)  T]  (~p  q)] …[Complement law]
F F T T F T T
 (p  q)  (~p  q) …[Identity law]
 (p  q  ~p)  (p  q  q) 35. p  q is logically equivalent to q  p
ub
 (T  q)  (p  q) …[Absorption law]  (p  q)  (q  p) is a tautology
 T  (p  q) But, it is given contradiction.
pq Hence, it is false statement.
P
36. Option (C) is the correct answer, since there

1 2 3 4 5 6 exists a real number x = 0, such that x2 = 0.
p p Zero is neither positive nor negative.
p q qp qp
et
(q  p) (q  p) 37. Dual of ~p  (q  c)  ~p  (q  t)
T T T T T T
T F T T T T 38. ~[(p  ~q)  q]
F T F T T T  ~(p  ~q)  ~q …[De Morgan’s Law]
rg
F F T T F T  (~p  q)  ~q
The entries in the columns 4 and 6 are identical. 39. ~[~s  (~r  s)]
 p  (q  p)  p  (p q)  s  (r  ~s) ...[De Morgan’s law]
Ta
28. ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q is not true as it contradicts  (s  r)  (s  ~s) ...[Distributive law]

De Morgan’s law.  (s  r)  F ...[Complement law]
 Option (D) is not true. sr ...[Identity law]
29. p  ( p  q)  p   p)  q 40.  (p  q)  ( p  q)
…[Associative law]  ( p   q)  ( p  q) …[De Morgan’s law]
Fq …[Complement law]   p  ( q  q) …[Distributive law]
F …[Identity law] pT …[Complement law]
30. (p  q)  (p  q)  (p  p)  (q  q) p …[Identity law]
…[Associative and
41. [p  (p  q)]
commutative law]
 F  F …[Complement law]  p   (p  q) …[ (p  q)  p  q]
F  p  (p  q) …[De Morgan’s law]
 Given statement is contradiction.  p  q …[Absorption law]
209


42. Since (p  q)  p  q, 49. ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q
(p  q)  p  q
50. Let p : 2 is prime, q : 3 is odd
43. Since (p  q)  p  q,  ~(p  q)  p  ~q
~[(p  q)  (~p  r)]
51. p: Hema gets admission in good college.
 (p  q)  ~(~p  r) q: Hema gets above 95% marks.
 (p  q)  (p  ~r) …[De Morgan’s law]
 Statement is p  q
45. ~ (p  q)  p   q
1 2 3 4 5 6
p Q q p  q ~(p  ~q) pq 54. Given statement is
T T F F T T  x  S, such that x > 0
T F T T F F  ~ (  x  S, such that x > 0)
ns
F T F T F F   x  S, x  0
F F T F T T i.e., Every rational number x  S satisfies x  0.
The entries in the columns 5 and 6 are identical.
55. The current will flow through the circuit if p, q,
 ~(p  ~q)  p  q
io
r are closed or p, q, r are closed.
46. Let p : A is rich, q : A is silly  option (C) is the correct answer.
 ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q
57. The symbolic form of the given circuit is
at
47. Let p: He is rich, q: He is happy (p  ~p)  q  T  q …[Complement law]
 ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q q
48. p: 72 is divisible by 2. 58. Symbolic form of the circuit is
q: 72 is divisible by 3.
lic (p  ~q)  (~p  q)  (p  ~q)  (q  ~p)
 (p  q)   p   q  ~ (p  q)
ub
Evaluation Test

1. x + 3 = 10 is an open sentence.
P q r ~q p  ~q (p  ~q)  r
P
 It is not a statement.
 option (C) is correct. T T T F F T
T T F F F T
2. Since p  q is false, when p is true and q is T F T T T T
et
false. T F F T T F
p  (q  r) is false, F T T F F T
 p is true and q  r is false F T F F F T
rg
F F T T F T
 p is true and both q and r are false.
F F F T F T
3. Since contrapositive of p  q is ~q  ~p,  (p  ~q)  r is a contingency
contrapositive of (~p  q)  ~r is  option (C) is correct.
Ta
~(~r)  ~(~p  q)  r  (p  ~q) 8. Consider option (A)

p q p  q p  q ~(p q) (p  q) (p  q))
4. Let p: x is a complex number
T T T T F F
q: x is a negative number
T F F T F F
 Logical statement is p  q F T F T F F
 converse of p  q is q  p F F F F T F
 option (B) is correct.  (p  q)  (~(p  q)) is a contradiction.
 option (A) is correct.
5. Since inverse of p  q is ~p  ~q,
inverse of (p  ~q)  r
(p  q)  (p  r)  (T  T)  (T  F)
is ~(p  ~q)  ~r TTT
i.e., ~p  q  ~r  option (C) is correct.
210


11. The statement “Suman is brilliant and dishonest
iff suman is rich” can be expressed as
Q  (P  ~R)
The negation of this statement is
~(Q  (P  ~R))
12. (q)  (p) is contrapositive of p  q.
 p  q  (~q)  (~p)
 option (D) is true.
13. Let p : switch s1 is closed.
q: switch s2 is closed.
~p : switch s1 is open
q : switch s2 is open
ns
The current can flow in the circuit iff either
s1 and s2 are closed or s1 and s2 are closed.
It is represented by (p  q) (p  q).
io
14. (~p  ~q)  (p  q)  (~p  q)
 ~p  (~q  q)  (p  q)…[Distributive law]
 (~p  T)  (p  q) …[Complement law]
at
 ~p  (p  q) …[Identity law]
 (~p  p)  (~p  q)
 T  (~p  q)
 ~p  q
lic
15.
1 2 3 4 5 6
ub
p q ~q p  q p  ~q ~(p  ~q)
T T F T F T
T F T F T F
F T F F T F
F F T T F T
P
The entries in the columns 4 and 6 are identical.

 ~(p  ~q)  p  q
 statement-l is true.
et
Also, all the entries in the last column of the

above truth table are not T.
 ~(p  ~q) is not a tautology.
rg
 statement-2 is false.
Ta
211
Textbook
Chapter No.
02 Matrices
Hints
Classical Thinking 1 1
7. M23 = =3
1 2
1 1 1 0 
1.  2 3  = 0 1  A 8. A12 = (1)1+2 M12 = (1)3 (3) = 3
   
ns
Applying R2  R2 – 2R1, 9. A21 = (1)3 M21 =  (3) =  3
 1 1   1 0  2 3
10. A32 = (1)3+2.M32 = (1)5 =2
 2  2 1 3  2 1    0  2 1 1  2 0  A 4 5
       
io
1 1  1 0  1 1
 0 5    2 1  A
11. A31 =  131 = 3  1 =  4
    1 3
A32 = (3  2) =  (5) = 5
at
1 2 1 A33 = 1  2 =  1
2. A=  
 3 2 5   Co-factors are  4, 5,  1
Applying R1  R2, 12. Matrix of co-factors
 3 2 5 
A~ 
lic =  Aij  22 = 
 A11 A12   2   3 
  = 
1 2 1  A 21 A 22   5 1 
Applying C1  C1 + 2C3, = 
2 3

ub
13 2 5   5 1
A~ 
 1 2 1 T 2 3
T
 2 5
 adj A =  Aij  22      3 1
 5 1  
1 1 2 
Let A =  2 1 3 
P
3. 13. Matrix of co-factors is :

 3 2 4   A11 A12 A13   3 3 9 
 A ij    A 21 A 22 A 23  =  0 1 2 
Applying R2  R2  2R1 and R3  R3  3R1, 33 
et
 A 31 A32 A 33   0 0 3 
1 1 2  T
A ~ 0 3 1  3 3 9 
adj A =  A ij  33   0 1 2 
T

0 5 2 
rg
 0 0 3 
Applying R3  R3    R2,
5
 3 0 0 
3  
 adj A =  3 1 0 
1 1 2 
Ta
 9 2 3 
A ~ 0 3 1 
 1 14. adj AB – (adj B) (adj A)
0 0   = (adj B) (adj A) – (adj B) (adj A)
 3
which is an upper triangular matrix. ….[adj AB = (adj B) (adj A)]
=O
4. M11 = minor of a11 = |a22| = a22
…[By leaving first row and first column] 15. | adj (adj A) | = | A | = 12  10 = 2
16. |A| = a3
5. The minor of element a21 = M21 = 1
|A| |adj A| = |A (adj A)| = |A| I
…[By leaving R2 and C1]
|A| 0 0
2 3
6. M31 = …[By leaving R3 and C1] = 0 | A | 0 = |A|3 = (a3)3 = a9
4 2
= 8 0 0 |A|
212

Chapter 02: Matrices

17. If |A|  0, then A1 exists 3 2 4
 |A| is non zero  |A| = 1 2 1
0 1 1
2 3
18. |A| = = 12  12 = 0 = 3(2 + 1) – 2(1 – 0) + 4(1 – 0)
4 6
= 9 – 2 + 4 = 11
 A1 does not exist.  k = 11
19. The multiplicative inverse of A = A–1 25. By definition of inverse,

2 1 I3I31 = I3
A  = 1 0  I3–1 = I3
7 4
4 1 26. Consider option (B),
adj A =  A1 is a matrix and |A|1 is a number.
2 
ns
 7
 option (B) is not true.
1 1  4 1
 A = .adjA    28. The given system of equations can be written in
|A|  7 2 
matrix form AX = B, where
io
1 2 x 3
3 2 A=   , X =  y  and B =  4 
20. Let A =   | A | = 14 ≠ 0
1  4  2 3    
1 2  x  3
at
 4 2  Now,     = 4
adj A =   2 3  y   
1 3
Applying R2  R2  2 R1,
4 2 1 2   x  3


A–1 =  14 14 

lic 0 1  y  =  2 
     
 1 3 
 x + 2y = 3, and …(i)
 14 14 
 y = 2 …(ii)
y=2
ub
21. The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is
 1 putting y = 2 in (i), we get
0 x + 2(2) = 3
A1 =  a 
   x = 1
 0 b 
Alternate method:
P
 3 2 1 AX = B  X = A1 B
22. Let A =  4 1 1  |A| = 1  0 |A| = 1  0
 2 0 1  1  3 2   3 2 
A1 =
et
 2 1  =  2 1
1    
1 2 3
 3 2   3   1
adj A =  2 5 7  X=   4 =  2 
 2  1   
rg
 2 4 5
 x = 1, y = 2
1 2 3
 A =  2 5 7 
–1  29. AX = B
Ta
 2 4 5  3 4 2   x    1
 2 3 5  y  =  7 
     
23. The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is, 1 0 1   z   2 
1   3 4 2   x   1
a 0 0
  R2  5R3   3 3 0   y  =  3
   
1
A1 =  0 0

 1 0 1   z   2 
b
   1 4 0  x   5 
0 1
R1  2R3   3 3 0  y  =  3
   
0
 c 
 1 0 1   z   2 
1
24. Given, A1 = adj A  x  4y = 5, and …(i)
k
 3x + 3y = 3 …(ii)
 k= A Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 3
213


1 34 39   94 39 
30. |A| = –
2
0 6. AB =    adj (AB) =  82 34 
82 94  
i 
0 A is a 2  2 matrix
adj A =  2  7.
   |adjA| = | A | = 10
 0 i 
i 
0   i 0  8. A is a 3  3 Matrix
1 2
 A–1 = =  | adj A | = | A |2 = (12)2 = 144
1    0 2i 
 0 i  
2 9. Given, A is a singular matrix.
31. adj (AB) = adj (B) adj (A)  |A| = 0
n 1
Since adjA  A ,
Critical Thinking adjA  0
ns
 1 3 2  1 0 0   adj A is also singular
1.  3 0 5   A  0 1 0 
    10. A (adj A) = |A|.In
 2 5 0  0 0 1 
Where, n = order of the matrix
io
Applying C2  C2 – 3C1 and C3  C3 + 2C1, 3 2  1 0  10 0 
 A (adj A ) = 
 1 3  3 2  2  1 0  3 0  2  1 4  0 1   0 10 
 3 0  9 5  6   A  0 1  0 0  0 
   
at
11. A is a Singular matrix.
 2 5  6 0  4  0 0  0 1  0 
 |A| = 0 and A.(adj A) = |A|. I = 0.I = 0
1 0 0  1 3 2   A (adj A) is a zero matrix.
  3 9 11  A 0 1 0 
 2 1 4  0 0 1 
lic
12. adj A = 
d
 c
b 
a 
 2 3 3 
a b
2. A =  2 2 3   adj (adj A) =  =A
c d 
ub
 3 2 2 
Applying C2  C2 + 2 C1, 4 0 0
2 1 3 13. A. (adj A) =  0 4 0  …(i)
A ~  2 6 3   0 0 4 
P
 3 4 2 
1 0 0 
Applying R1  R1 + R3, = 4 0 1 0 
5 5 5  0 0 1 
et
A ~  2 6 3 
= 4.I
 3 4 2  Since A(adj A) = |A|.I,
3. a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31 |A| = 4
rg
= 1(4  3) + 3[(4  1)] + 2(6  2) = 0 From (i), |A| . |adj A| = 64

and |A| = 1(4  3)  2(6  6) + 1(3  4) = 0 64
 |adj A| = = 16
 a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31 = |A| 4
Ta
(n 1)2
4. Matrix of co-factors, Also, |adj (adj A)| = A
 4 1 4  (3 1)2
 A ij    3 0 4  = A
33  
 3 1 3  = (4)4 = 256
adj(adjA) 256
 4 3 3  = = 16
 adj N  [Aij ]3T3 =  1 0 1  = N adjA 16
 4 4 3 
1 a 2
t z  14. The matrix is not invertible if 1 2 5 = 0
5. Co-factor matrix of X = 
y  x  2 1 1
 Transpose of adj X = co-factor matrix of X  1(2 – 5) – a(1 – 10) + 2(1 – 4) = 0
t z   – 3 + 9a – 6 = 0
= 
y  x  a=1
214


15. The given matrix will be invertible, if  1 2 1
 1 4 21. Let A =  2 1 0   |A| = 2  0
3 0 1 0  1 0 1 
1 1 2 Now, co-factor of element a32 of A = A32
 (0 – 1) + 1(– 6 + 1) + 4(– 3)  0 1 1
 A32 = (–1)3+2 =2
 –  – 5 – 12  0 2 0
   – 17 A32 2
 Element a 23 of A 1    1
2 0 1 | A | 2
16. |A| = 5 1 0 =10 Alternate method:
0 1 3 |A| =  2 ≠ 0
 3 1 1  2 1
1
ns
adj A =  15 6 5 adj A =  2 2 2 
 1 2 3
 5 2 2 
 3 1 1   1 1
1  2 1 2 
(adj A) =  15 6 5
io
 A1 =  
|A|  A1 =  1 1 1
 5 2 2 
 1 3
 1 
 2 2
at
 1  4 1 
17. A =  6 3 0   Element a23 of A1 = 1.
 2 0 0  22. If AC = B, then A = BC1
|A| = 6  0
lic  A = 
 3 1 1 5
1
 |A1| =
1
=
1
6 0   0 1 
|A| 6
 3 1  1 5 
 6|A1| = 1 =    1 
6 0   0
ub
2 0 0  3 16 
= 
18. D =  0 3 0  
6 30 
 0 0 4 
23. If XAY = I, then A = X–1 Y–1 = (YX)–1
P
The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is

 3 2 2 1   8 5
1  Here, YX =   7 4  =  11 7 
2 0 0 5 3    
  1
1  8 5
D1 =  0 0
et
  A=  

3
  11 7 
0 1
0  7 5
 4  =  
 11 8
rg
1 1 
 D1 = diag  , , 
2 3 4 24. (BA)1 = C
 A–1B1 = C  A–1 = CB
19. Since PQ = – 5I3,
Ta
 1 0 1   2 6 4 
1
(PQ)–1 = – I3  A–1 =  1 1 3   1 0 1 
5  2 0 2   1 1 1
0 1 0  3 5 5 
20. |A| = 1 0 0 = – 1  0 =  0 9 2 
0 0 1  2 14 6 
0 1 0
25. AB = AC
adj A   1 0 0 
 A1 AB = A1 AC
 0 0 1
 IB = IC
0 1 0 B=C
 A–1 =  1 0 0  = A  For B = C, A1 must exist
 0 0 1   A is non-singular
215


26. Since AA1 = I, 32. 4A3 + 2A2 + 7A + I = 0
7 1  4A1A3 + 2A1A2 + 7A1A + A1I = 0
x 2  34 17  1 0  4A2 + 2A + 7I + A1 = 0
3   = 
 7  3 2  0 1   A1 = (4A2 + 2A + 7I)
 34 17 
33. (A1BA)2 = (A1BA) (A1BA)
 7x  6 x  4 
  34
1 0 = A1B(AA1)BA
17  = 
  0 1  = A1BIBA
 0 1 
= A1B2A
By equality of matrices,
x4
(A BA) = (A1B2A) (A1BA)
1 3
=0x4=0 = A1B2(AA1)BA
17
x=4 = A1B2IBA
= A1B3A
ns
27. A2 – 3A – 7I = 0 In general,
1 (A1BA)n = A1BnA
 A  3I  7A1 = 0  A1 = (A  3I)
7
34. AX = B
io
1   5 3   3 0  
 A1 =   
7   1 2  0 3  1 1 2   x1  3
2 0 1   x  = 1 
 2 3     2  
 3 2 1   x3   4 
at
 7 7 
=  
 1  5  Applying R1  2R1 + R3 ,
 7 7   5 0 5  x1  10 
 2 0 1  x  = 1
28. A2 = 
 x 1  x 1
  = 
 x2  1 x
=
lic
1 0 
0 1 
   2
 3 2 1  x3 
 
 4 
1 0 1 0  x 1  
Applying R1  R1  5R2,
x=0
 5 0 0   x1  5 
1 0 
ub
 A=   2 0 1  x  = 1 
    2  
0 1 
 3 2 1   x3   4 
A2 = I
 5x1 = 5  x1 = 1
 A1 A.A = A1 I 2x1 + x3 = 1  x3 = 3
P
 I.A = A1 I 3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 4  x2 = 2

 A1 = A  1
 X =  2 
et
29. AB = 3I
 3 
 A1 AB = 3 A1 I
 B = 3A1
35. X = A1 D
1
rg
 A–1 = B  AX = D
3  1 1 2   x  3
2 2 1 1   y  =  5 
30. A  A + 2I = 0     
Ta
 A.A  A + 2I = 0  4 1 2   z  11
 A1.A.A  A1.A + 2 A1.I = 0 Applying R1  R1 + R2, R3  R3 + R2,
 A  I + 2 A1 = 0
 3 0 1 x 8
 2 A1 = I  A 2 1 1   y =  5 
1      
 A1 = (I  A)  6 0 1  z  16 
2
Applying R3  R3  R1,
31. A2 + mA + nI = 0  3 0 1  x  8 
 A.A + mA + nI = 0  2 1 1   y  = 5 
 A1.A.A + mA1 .A + nA1.I = 0      
 3 0 0   z  8 
 A + mI + nA1 = 0
 nA1 = A  mI  3x = 8  x =
8
1 1 3
A = (A + mI)
n 3x  z = 8  z = 0
216


1  
2x + y + z = 5  y =  1  tan 
3 1 1 2
A 1  adjA   

8 |A| sec 2  tan  1 
3 2  2 
 

1
X =   AB = I  B = IA–1  B = A1
3  
   1  tan 
0
  1 2 = cos2  . AT
 B=  
  2    2
sec tan 1 
2  2 
 0 0
36. A =  0 2 0  41. F () . F ()
 0 0 1  cos   sin  0   cos  sin  0 
=  sin cos  0    sin  cos  0 
ns
|A| = 3 = 1 ≠ 0
T
 0 0 1   0 0 1 
 2 0 0  2 0 0
adj A =  0  
 0 =  0  0
 1 0 0 
0 = 0 1 0  = I
0 3  0 0 3 
io
   0 0 1 
 2 0 0
 [ F() ]1 = F()
=  0  0

at
0 0 1 

 2 0 0
A =  0
1
 0

lic 1. a11 = 1, a12 = 1, a13 = 0
1 0
0 A21 = (1)2+1 = 1
 0 1  2 1
1 0
1 sin  A22 = (1)2+2 =1
ub
37. A  1  sin 2   0 1 1
 sin  1
1 1
 1  sin   A23 = (1)2+3 = 1
adj A =  1 2
sin  1 
 a11.A21 + a12.A22 + a13.A23 = 1  1+ 1  1 + 0  1
P
1 1 1  1  sin   =0
 A = (adj A) = sin 
A 1  sin 2   1 
1 2 3 
1  1 sin    1 sin  
A = 1 1 5 
et
=    sec 2    2.
cos    sin  1 
2
  sin  1 
 2 4 7 
cos x sin x a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33
38. |A| = = cos2x + sin2x = 1
rg
 sin x cos x = 2(10 – 3) + 4[– (5 – 3)] + 7 (1 – 2)

Since A (adj A) = |A|.I, = 14 – 8 – 7 = – 1
1 0  1 0  1 0 0  k 0 0 
A(adj A) = 1  =  
Let I =  0 1 0  , then kI =  0 k 0 
Ta
0 1  0 1  3.
 0 0 1   0 0 k 
39. Since A(adj A) = A . I,
k 2
0 0
k 0  1 0   
2 2  adj(kI) =  0 k2 0  = k2I
 0 k  = (cos  + sin )  0 1 
    0 0 k 2 

k=1
2  3
4. A= 
40.

| A | = 1 + tan = sec2
2 
 4 1 
2 2
 2  3  2  3
  3A2 = 3    4 1 
 1  tan   4 1   
2
adjA   
 tan   16 9   48 27 
1  = 3  =  
 2   12 13   36 39 
217


 48 27   24 36  2 2
3A2 + 12A =   14. |A| =
 36 39   48 12  2 2
 72  63 =44=0
= 
 84 51  1 1
|B| = =11=0
 51 63 1 1
 adj (3A2 + 12A) =  
84 72   A1 and B1 does not exist
5. adj (M) – (adj M) is a null matrix as   14 1

adj (M) = (adj M) 15. Let A =  2 3 1  = 0
 6 2 3 
6. |Adj A| = |A|n1 = dn1
Since A1 does not exist,
ns
7. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then
A =0
|adj A| = | A |2
= (16)2  14 1
= 256  2 3 1
io
6 2 3
4 2
8. |A| = = 16  6 = 10   (9  2) 14 (6  6)  1 (4  18) = 0
3 4
 7 = 14
| adj A | = |A|n1
at

  = 2
where n is the order of matrix.
 | adj A| = |A| = 10 16. Since inverse of matrix A does not exist,
|A| = 0
9. adj(X) = 3–1 (adj X)
lic 1 2 x
…[ adj(kA) = kn–1 (adj A)]  4 1 7 = 0
= 2 adj X 2 4 6
ub
10. A (adj A) = | A| In  1(6 – 28) – 2(–24 – 14) + x(16 + 2) = 0
10 0  –22 + 76 + 18x = 0
   = |A| In  18x = –54
 0 10 
 x = –3
1 0 
P
 10   = |A| In
0 1  1 1 1 1 0 0 
 10 In = |A| In 17. A = 1 1 1 , I3 = 0 1 0 
 
 |A| = 10 1 1 1 0 0 1 
et
11. Since A(Adj A) = |A| I,  2 1 1

|A| = 10 A – 3I3 =  1 2 1 
rg
|Adj A| = |A|n1  1 1 2 
 |Adj A| = |A|31 = |A|2 = 102 = 100 2 1 1
1 4 4  | A – 3I3| = 1 2 1
Ta
12. adj P =  2 1 7  1 1 2
1 1 3  =0
 the matrix A – 3I3 is non-invertible.
|adj P| = |P|2 …[ |adj A| = |A|n1]
1 4 4 18. |A| = k2 + 1, which can be never zero.
 2 1 7 = |P|2 Hence matrix A is invertible for all real k.
1 1 3 5 4
2
19. |A| =  2
 |P| = 1( 4)  4( 1) + 4(1) 3 2
 |P|2 = 4  |P| =  2 2 4 
adj A = 
 3 5 
13. |adj A| = |A|n1 = |A|21 = |A|
Adj(adj A) = |A|n2 A = |A|0 A = A 1  2 4 
A1 =   3 5 
 option (B) is the correct answer. 2  
218


0 3  2 5 0
20. |A| = =6≠0
2 0 25. Let A =  0 1 1 
1  1 0 3 
A1 = adjA = (adj A) ….[Given]
A |A|=1≠0
T
1 1  3 1 1 
 = = 
A 6 adj A =  15 6 5
 5 2 2 
 1 1 
 2 2  3 15 5 
21. |U|=  =10
 1 1  =  1 6 2 
 2   1 5 2 
 2
 1 1   3 15 5 
ns
 2 2  1
adj U =   A–1
= adj A =  1 6 2 
 1 1  |A|
 1 5 2 
 2 2 

0 1 0
io
 1 1 
 2 26. |A|= 1 0 0 = 1  0
1 1 2 
 U = (adj U) =  = UT 0 0 1
|U|   1 1 
 2 2   0 1 0 
at

adj A =  1 0 0 
 1 3 
22. A = [aij]22  A =    0 0 1 
3 0
 |A| = 9
0 3 
lic  A–1 =
1
| A|
(adj A)
adj A = 
 3 1  0 1 0 
3 
=  1 0 0  = A
T
1  0 1  0 3
A1 =
ub
 =   0 0 1 
9  3 
1 9  3 1 
3 3 4
3 2 1 2
23. |A| =  3, adj A = 0 3  27. A  2 3 4 = 1 ≠ 0
0 1  
0 1 1
P
–1 1 1 2
 A =    1 1 0 
3 0 3 
adj A =  2 3 4 
3
1 1 2   2 3 3
et
(A–1)3 = 0 3 
27   1 1 0
=
1 1 2  1 2  1 2   A1
=  2 3 4 
   
27 0 3  0 3  0 3   2 3 
rg
3
1  1 26  3 4 4
=
27  0 27  A2
=  0 1 0 
 2 2 3
Ta
1 0 0 
24. Let A = 3 3 0  1 1 0 
5 2 1 A3 = A2. A =  2 3 4  = A
1
 2 3 3
| A | = 3 ≠ 0
 3 0 0  a 0 0 
adj A =  3 1 0  28. The inverse of diagonal matrix 0 b 0  is
0 0 c 
 9 2 3 
1 1 
A1 = adj A a 0 0
|A|  
0 1 0
 3 0 0   b 
1 
= 3 1 0  
1

3  0 0 
 9 2 3   c 
219


 The inverse of the given diagonal matrix is  A2 + cA +dI
1  1 00  c 0 0 d 0 0 
0 0
2
  =  0 15  + 0 c c  + 0 d 0
 
1  0 10 14  0 2c 4c   0 0 d 
A1 =  0 0

3
  1  c  d 0 0 
0 1

0
4 
=  0 1  c  d 5  c 
 0 10  2c 14  4c  d 
1  Since, 6A1 = A2 + cA + dI
a 0 0
a 0 0   
1 6 0 0  1  c  d 0 0 
29. If B = 0 b 0  , then B–1 =  0 0
 0 4 1 =  0 
b     1  c  d 5  c 
0 0 c   
ns
0 1 0 2 1   0 10  2c 14  4c  d 
0
 c   by equality of matrices,
2  1  1 + c + d = 6 and 5 + c = 1,
k 0 0  2 0 0
     c =  6 and d = 11
io
3 1
 A–1 =  0 0=

0

0

l 3 1 2 3
   
0 0 4  0 1 32. A = 1 3 5 
0
at
 m   4   2 1 6 
2 1 T
 =  k = 4, 13 4 5 13 9 1 
k 2 adj A =  9 0 3  =  4 0 2 
3
l
1
=  l = 9 and
3
lic  1 2 1   5 3 1 
T
4 1  6 6 12   6 12 18 
=  m = 16 adj(adj A) = 12 18 6  =  6 18 30
 
m 4
ub
 k + l + m = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29 18 30 36  12 6 36 
6 12 18 
0 1 2 
Let B =  6 18 30
30. A = 1 2 3 
12 6 36 
P
 3 1 1 
6 12 18
1 1 1  4
2 B  6 18 30 = 1296 = 6  0
2 2
 
et
–1 12 6 36
A =  4 3 1
5 3 1   468 144 180 
T
 468 324 36 
  
2 2 2 adjB=  324 0 108  =  144
 0 72 
rg
1 1  36 72 36   180 108 36 

 sum of all the diagonal entries = +3+ =4
2 2
 468 324 36  13 9 1 
1 0 0 1   = 1  4 0 2 
Ta
 B1  144 0 72

31. A 0 1 1 =60 64   36  
 180 108 36   5 3 1 
0 2 4
6 0 0  33. (B1A1)1 = (A1)1 . (B1)1 = A . B
adj A = 0 4 1 2 2   0 1  2 2 
 A.B =   =
0 2 1   3 2   1 0  2 3 
 
6 0 0  34. (M1)1  (M1)1
1 
 A 1
= 0 4 1  (M1)1 = (M1)1 is not true
6
0 2 1 
35. A3 = I
1 00 1 0 0  1 0 0
 A–1A3 = A–1.I
A2 = 0 11  0 1 1  =  0 1 5 
     (A1A)A2 = A1
0 2 4  0 2 4   0 10 14   IA2 = A1  A2 = A–1
220


36. A2 – A + I = 0 10 0 0   10 0 0 
 A.A  A + I = 0   0 10 0    5   5   5   
  
 A1.A.A  A1.A + A1. I = 0  0 0 10   0 0 10 
 A  I + A–1 = 0
 –5 +  = 0   = 5
 A1 = I  A
42. (A2 – 5A) A–1 = A.A.A–1 – 5A . A–1
37. Given, B =  A–1 BA
= A – 5I
 AB = –AA–1BA
 1 2 3  5 0 0 
 AB = I (BA)  AB = –BA
=  1 1 2    0 5 0 
Now (A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B)
= A2 + AB + BA + B2  1 2 4  0 0 5 
= A2 + B2 [ BA = – AB]  4 2 3
=  1 4 2 
ns
38. Since AA–1 = I,
 1 2 1
2x 0  1 0 1 0 
 x x   1 2  = 0 1 
       1 1  x  2
43.  1 1  y  =  4 
2x 0  1 0       
io
  0 2 x  = 0 1 
     x + y = 2 and –x + y = 4
By equality of matrices,  x = –1, y = 3
at
1
x=  1 2 3   x  1
2  0 4 5   y   1
44.     
1 2  0 0 1   z  1
39. A=  
4 3
lic z=1
Ax = I  A1Ax = A1 I 4y + 5z = 1
 x = A1  y = –1
|A| = 5 x + 2y – 3z = 1
ub
1  3 2  1  3 2  x=6
 A1 =  4 1  =  4 1
5   5  1 3 3   x  12 
–1 45. 1 4 4   y   15 
40. AA = I     
1 3 4   z  13
P
1 2 2   3 2 2 1 0 0 
1 
 2 1 2   2 3   = 0 1 0  Applying R1 R1  R3,
5 
 2 2 1   2 2 3 0 0 1   0 0 1  x   1
1 4 4   y   15 
et
 2  4      
1 0 5  1 3 4   z  13 
  1 0 0 

 0 1
α2 
= 0 1 0  Applying R2  R2  R3,
5 
rg
0 0 1   0 0 1  x   1

  0 1 0   y    2 
0 0 1  2α      
 5  1 3 4   z  13 
 By equality of matrices,
Ta
 – z = –1  z = 1
α2
=0=2 y =2
5
x + 3y + 4z = 13  x = 3
4 2 2  (x, y, z) = (3, 2, 1)
41. 10 A =  5 0
1
  …[ B = A ] 1
46. Applying R2  R2 + 2 R1,
 1 2 3 
1 1 1   x   0 
4 2 2 3 0 0   y    3 
    
 10 A A =  5
1
0   A 1 3 1   z   4 
 1 2 3  Applying R1  R1  R3,
4 2 2   1 1 1   0 2 0   x   4 
 10 I =  5 0    2 1 3 3 0 0  y    3 
    
 1 2 3  1 1 1  1 3 1   z   4 
221


 –2 y = – 4  y = 2 1 2 2
3x = 3  x = 1  U =  2 1 1

x + 3y + z = 4  z = – 3  1 4 3
 x  1  1 2 2
  y   2 
    | U | =  2 1 1 = 3
 z   3
1 4 3
1
 U exists
a b c 
 1 2 
47. Let M =  x y z  , then  3 0
3
 l m n   
7 5
 U 1   1
0   1  b   1  3 3 
ns
 
M 1    2    y    2 
   
 3 2 1
0   3   m   3   
 sum of elements of U1 = 0
 by the equality of matrices,
io
49. a11A11 + a12A12 + a13A13
b = 1, y = 2, m = 3
= cos(cos  0) + sin[(sin  0)] + 0(00)
1 1 a  b 1 = cos2 + sin2 = 1
x  y
M  1   1    
at
  = 1  1  tan  
 0   1 l  m   1 50. I+A= 
 tan  1 
 by the equality of matrices,  1 tan  
IA= 
1 
a  b = 1, x  y = 1, l  m = 1
lic   tan 
 a = 0, x = 3, l = 2  | I  A | = 1 + tan2  = sec2   0
1  0  a  b  c 0 1  tan    1
T
 tan  
M 1   0   x  y  z 0 adj (I  A) =   = 
= 1 
ub
     tan  1   tan 
1 12  l  m  n  12  1
 (I  A)1 = [adj (I  A)]
 by the equality of matrices, |IA|
a + b + c = 0, x + y + z = 0, l + m + n = 12  cos 2   sin .cos  
= 
P

 c = 1, z = 5, n = 7 sin .cos  cos 2  
 sum of diagonal elements of M = a + y + n  (I + A) (I  A)1
=0+2+7=9  1  tan  
 cos 2   sin  cos  
= 
et
1 
 
 tan   sin  cos  cos 2  
 a1  a 2  a 3   cos 2   sin 2  2sin  cos  
48. Let U1 =  b1  , U2 =  b  and U =
 2
b 
 3
=  
 2sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  
3
rg
 c1   c 2   c3 
 cos 2  sin 2 
 (I + A) (I  A)1 =   ...(i)
1   sin 2 cos 2 
AU1 = 0   cos   sin  
Ta
B() = 
0   sin  cos  
 1 0 0   a1  1   cos 2  sin 2 
 B(2) =  ...(ii)
 2 1 0 b  = 0   sin 2 cos 2 
   1  
 3 2 1   c1  0   (I + A) (I  A)1 = B(2) ...[From (i) and (ii)]
 al  1  51. x2 – 25x + 24 = 0
  2a  b  = 0   (x – 1) (x – 24) = 0
 1 1     x = 1 or x = 24
3a1  2b1  c1  0 
 k = 1 or k = 24
 by the equality of matrices, For k = 1,
a1 = 1, b1 = 2 and c1 = 1 1 2 1
Similarly a2 = 2, b2 = 1 and c2 = 4 |A|= 3 2 3 =0
a3 = 2, b3 = 1 and c3 = 3 1 1 1
222


For k = 24, = A1 AA(A1) ...[ AA = AA (given)]
1 2 1
= (A1A) (A(A1))
| A | = 3 2 3 = –92 ≠ 0 = I(A1 A) = I.I = I2 = I
1 1 24
53. M2N2(MTN)1(MN1)T
1 2 1   M2N2N1(MT)1 (N1)TMT
A = 3 2 3   M2N(MT)1(NT)1MT
1 1 24  = M2N(M)1(N)1(M)
 45 69 1 
T
 45 47 4  ...[ For skew-symmetric matrices M and N,
adj A =  47 23 1  =  69 23 0 
 
MT = M, NT = N]
 4 0  4  1 1  4 
...  (kA) 1  A 1 
1
= M2NM1N1M
 45 47 4   k 
ns
 –1
A =
1 1 
adj A =   69 23 0  = M(MN)(NM)1M
|A| 92
 1 1  4  = M(NM)(NM)1M …[ MN = NM (given)]
= M.I.M = M2
52. BB = (A1A) (A1A)
io
= (A1A) (A(A1))
at
Evaluation Test
1 2 2  1 tan 
1
1  1 tan  
T
5. =
2. |A| = 2 1 1
1  4 3
lic
= 1(1)  2(7) + 2(9)   tan 
 1    tan 
sec  
2
1 
=30 1  1  tan 
=  tan 
 1
A exists. sec2   1 
ub
T
 1 7 9   1 2 0 
 1  tan   1  1  tan  
 adj A =  2 5 6  =  7 5 3   tan    2 
 1  sec   tan  1 
 0 3 3   9 6 3 
1 1  tan 2  2 tan  
P
 1 2 0  =  
1  sec2   2 tan  1  tan 2  
5 3
1
 A =  7
3  cos 2  sin 2 
 9 6 3  =  
 sin 2 cos 2 
et
 sum of the elements of A1

1 By equality of matrices, we get
= ( 1  2 + 0  7  5  3 + 9 + 6 + 3) = 0
3 a = cos 2, b = sin 2
rg
3. (adj A) A = |A| In
1 2 3  x   6 
2 0 3 1 0 0  2 4 1  y    7 
0 1 0  6.     
A = 1 1 2    3 2 9   z  14 
3 2 0 0 0 1 
Ta
Applying R2  R2  2R1, R3  R3  3R1,

1 0 0
= 11 0 1 1 2 3   x  6
0   0 0 5   y  =  5 
0 0 1       
 0 4 0   z   4 
11 0 0
=  0 11 0   5z = 5  z = 1
 0 0 11 4y = 4  y = 1
x + 2y + 3z = 6  x = 1
1 2 4 
4. Let A =  3 19 7   1 2 1
 2 4 8  7. Let A =  2  3 
 |A| = 0  1 0 3 
 A1 does not exist. Matrix will not be invertible, if |A| = 0
223


1 2 1 1 0 0   3 2 6 
 2  3 =0  A 0 1 0  = 1 1 2 
1 0 3 0 0 1   2 2 5 
 1(3) + 2(9)  1() = 0 3 2 6
=9  A = 1 1 2 
 2 2 5 
8. Given, |A|  0 and |B| = 0
 |AB| = |A| |B| = 0 |A| = 1
and |A1 B| = |A1| |B| 1
A1 = adj A
|A|
1  1 
= |B| ....  | A 1 |  A1 = adj A
|A|  | A |  
=0 1 2 0
ns
 AB and A1 B are singular. 13. det A = 1 1 2
9. (AB) = B A1 1 1 2 1 1
 1 1 = 13
io
 2
2
 B A = 2
1 1
  det (adj (adj A)) = (det A)(3 1)
1 0
….  adj(adjA)  A
(n 1)2 
 4  
 
at
10. 2
(A  8A)A 1
= A.A.A  8A.A 1 1 = (det A)4 = (13)4
= A  8I 14. Since A(adj A) = |A|.I
 1 4 4  8 0 0  Replacing A by adj A, we get
=  4 1 4   0 8 0 
lic adj A (adj(adj A)) = |adj A|I
 4 4 1  0 0 8   A1.|A| (adj(adj A)) = |adj A|I
 7 4 4  1 
….  A 1  (adjA) 
=  4 4 
ub
7  |A| 
 4 4 7  1
  A (adj (adj A)) = |A| .I 2
 1 0 2  ….[ |adj A| = |A|n1]

A =  2 1 2 
P
11.   A1(adj (adj A)) = 2I

 3 4 1   A1 (adj (adj A)) = I
|A| = 1  0 Given, A1(adj (adj A)) = kI
et
T
 9 8  5    9 8 2   k=
adj A =  8 7 4  =  8 7 2 
1 1 1 
 2 2 1  5 4 1
15. A = 0 2 3
rg
  9 8 2   2 1 0 
 A =  8 7 2 
1
 3 1 1
 5 4 1
B = adj A =  6 2 3 
Ta
A2 – A – 3I  4 3 2 
  5 8 4   1 0 2   3 0 0 
 5 5 5 
=  6 9 4  –  2 1 2  – 0 3 0 
 adj B =  0 10 15 = 5A
 2 0 3   3 4 1  0 0 3 
10 5 0 
  9 8 2 
 adj B = C ….[ C = 5A(given)]
=  8 7 2 
 5 4 1  |adj B| = |C|
adjB
1  1
12. AA = I C
1 2 2  1 0 0 
 A  1 3 0  = 0 1 0 
 0 2 1  0 0 1 
224
Textbook
Chapter No.
03 Trigonometric Functions
Hints
Classical Thinking 8. 4cos2 x + 6sin2 x = 5

 4 + 2sin2 x = 5
  1  
2. tan = cot  tan = tan    
ns
2   sin2 x = = sin2  x = n 
2 4 4

  = n + – 5
2 9. sec2  + tan2   ….(i)
3
….[ tan  = tan    = n + ]
io
5
 1 + tan2  + tan2  =
3. tan 3x = 1 3
  2
 tan 3x = tan  3x = n +  2 tan2  =
at
4 4 3
tan   tan   1  
....    tan2  = = tan2     = n 
  n    3 6 6
 x=
nπ
+

,nI
lic ….[ tan2  = tan2    = n  ]
3 12
10. tan  + tan 2 + 3 tan  tan 2 = 3
 
4. tan 3x = cot x  tan 3x = tan   x   tan  + tan 2 = 3 (1  tan  tan 2)
ub
2 
tan   tan 2 
π π  = 3  tan 3 = tan
 3x = n + – x  4x = n + 1  tan  tan 2 3
2 2
 
n    3 = n  +   = (3n + 1)
 x= + = (2n + 1) 3 9
P
4 8 8
5. sin2  + sin  = 2 11. Let the angles of the triangle be x, 2x and 3x.
 (sin – 1) (sin + 2) = 0 Then, x + 2x + 3x = 180  x = 30
 angles of the triangle are 30, 60 and 90.
et
 sin  = 1, –2
Since, sin  –2  a : b : c = sin30: sin60 : sin90
 1 3
 sin  = 1 = sin   = : :1=1: 3 :2
2 2
rg
2
 12. By sine rule,
  = n + (1)n ,nI
2 sin A sin B
=
 sin   sin   a b
Ta
....  
  n 2 / 3 sin B
   n  1    
2 3
cos  sin   sin B = 1 = sin 90  B = 90
6. cot   tan  = 2   =2
sin  cos 
 cos2   sin2  = sin 2  cos 2 = sin 2 13. s  a = 3  b + c  a = 6 ....(i)
  s  c = 2  a + b  c = 4 ....(ii)
 tan 2 = tan  2 = n + Adding (i) and (ii), we get b = 5
4 4
n 
Since, B = 90o
 =   b2 = a2 + c2  a2 + c2 = 25 ….(iii)
2 8
Solving, we get a = 3, c = 4
1  
7. sin2 = = sin2   = n  14. We know that,
4 6 6
a b c
….[ sin2  = sin2    = n  ] = = =k
sin A sin B sin C
225


b c 21. By Napier’s analogy, we have
 = c– 2 b = 0 ….(i)
1 1 BC bc A bc
tan = cot x=
2 2 2 bc 2 bc
By projection rule,
a = b cos C + c cos B AB ab C
22. tan = cot
2 ab 2
b 3
 3 +1= + c ab  AB
2 2 = tan  
ab  2 
 2 ( 3  1 ) = 2 b + 3 c ….(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get .... A  B  C  
2( 3 +1) = ( 3  1 ) c  c = 2 AB AB ab
 tan cot =
2 2 ab
15. Let a = 4 cm, b = 5 cm, c = 6 cm
a bc 456 15
ns
s= = =  3 –1  1 
2 2 2 28. sin–1   – sin   = 60 – 30 = 30
 2   2
A(ABC) = s (s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
1
15  15  15  15  15 29. sin1 = tan1 x
io
=   4   5   6  = 7 2
2 2  2  2  4
 
 = tan1x  tan  x
sin B sin B b 6 6
16. = =
at
sin (A  B) sin C c 1
x=
….[ A + B + C = , A + B =  – C] 3
17. 2s = a + b + c = 16 + 24 + 20 = 60  s = 30 3
30. Let  = sin–1  
 cos
B
=
s s  b 

30  6
=
3
lic 5
2 320 4  3 
sin  2sin 1    = sin 2
ac

ABC   2B  5  
18. 2ac sin = 2ac sin
ub
2 2 = 2sin  cos 
= 2ac cos B  3   3 
= 2sin  sin 1    cos  sin 1   
c2  a 2  b2  5   5  
= 2ac
2ca 2
….[By cosine rule] 3 3 –1
P
=2 1    ….[cos (sin x) = 1 x 2 ]

= c + a  b2
2 2 5 5
abc 12 3 4 24
19. s= = =6 =2  =
5 5 25
et
2 2
B (s  c)(s  a) 23 1  2 
sin = = = 31. sin  3sin 1    = sin 3,
2 ca 12 2   5 
rg
B s(s  b) 6 1 1 2  2
cos = = = 2
2 ca 12 2 Where  = sin–1   ...   sin 1   , sin   
5    5 
5
B B 2 3
 sin + cos = = 2 = 3sin   4sin 
2 2 2
Ta
3
2 2 2
= 3   – 4  
2
A C ...[ = sin–1   , sin  = ]
sin sin  5   5 5 5
2 2 = ac(s  b)(s  c)(s  b)(s  a)
20. 6 32 118
B (s  a)(s  c)bc  ab = – =
sin 5 125 125
2
sb 32. cos–1 (cos12) – sin–1 (sin 14) = 12  14 = 2
=
b
But a, b and c are in A. P.  2b = a + c  3    
33. tan–1  tan  = tan–1  tan     
 2b + b = a + b + c  4    4 
3b  
 3b = 2s  s = = tan–1   tan 
2 4
 
3b
sb b 1  π 
 = 2 = = – tan–1  tan  = 
b b 2  4 4
226

Chapter 03: Trigonometric Functions
34. If x = sec , then x2  1 = sec2   1 = tan  3  8 

45. sin–1   + sin–1  
1 5  17 
 cot–1 = cot–1 (cot ) =  = sec–1 x  2 2 
x 1
= sin–1  1     3
2
3 8 8
1   
5  17  17 5 
 
cot 1   3  =   cot  3
1
35.
…  sin x + sin y = sin x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 
1 1 1
 5
= =
6 6  3 15 8 4  77 
= sin–1      = sin–1  
 5 17 17 5   85 
36. cos–1 (–1) =   cos–1 1 =  – 0 = 
3 4
46. cos–1 – sin–1 = cos–1 x
 1   1 
37. sin   sin 1     = sin   sin 1    5 5
ns
3  2  3  2  3 16
 cos–1 – cos–1 1  = cos–1x
   5 25
= sin    = sin = 1 3
3 6 2

3
cos–1 5 – cos–1 = cos–1 x
5
io
5  5    cos–1 x = 0  x = 1
39. cos–1  cos  + sin–1 cos  =
 3  3 2
Critical Thinking
at
 
....  sin 1 x + cos 1 x = 
 2 1 1
1. tan  + = 0  tan   
3 3
 1  1  1  

cos cos 1 
40.
  7 
  sin    = cos
 7  2
=0
lic  tan  = tan 30
 tan  = tan (180  30) and
tan  = tan (360  30)
 
41. cot–1 x + cot–1 y =    tan 1 x  +   tan 1 y   tan  = tan 150 and tan  = tan 330
ub
2  2 
  = 150 and 330
 
....  tan –1 x  cot –1 x   2. cos  = 1  2x2
 2
=  – (tan–1 x + tan–1 y)  cos = 1 – 2 cos2 40 ….[ cos 40 = x]
P
2
4  = – (2 cos 40 – 1)
= =
5 5 = – cos (2  40) = – cos80
 cos = cos(180 + 80) = cos260o
et
42. tan–1 ( 3 )  cot–1 (– 3 ) and cos = cos (180 – 80) = cos100o

= tan–1 3 –    cot
1
3   = 100 and 260°
 
rg
1
= tan–1 3 + cot
–1
3 – 3. cos = and 0 <  < 360
2
 
= –=–  cos  =  cos 60
2 2
 cos  = cos (180  60) and
Ta
1 2

cos  = cos (180 + 60)
–1 1 –1 2 –1 2 11  cos  = cos 120 and cos  = cos 240
43. tan + tan = tan
2 11 1 2
1    = 120 and 240
2 11
15 3 4. cosec  + 2 = 0
= tan–1 = tan–1
20 4 1
 sin  = 
2
44. tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan–1 A
 sin  =  sin 30
–1  x y  –1  sin  = sin (180 + 30) and
 tan   = tan A
 1  xy  sin  = sin (360  30)
x y  sin  = sin 210 and sin  = sin 330
A=
1  xy   = 210 and  = 330
227

5. cos  + 3 sin  = 2   
 x = 2n + – = 2n +
1 3 3 4 12
 cos  + sin  = 1   
2 2 or x = 2n – – = 2n –
     3 4 12
 sin      1  sin       
 6  2
  2 6 3 13. 1 + cot  = cosec 
1 cos 
   =1+  sin  + cos  = 1
6. tan  = 3  tan    n  sin  sin 
3 3
Dividing both sides by 2 , we get
For  <  < 0,
  
 2 4 sin  sin + cos  cos = cos
Put n = 1, we get  =     4 4 4
3 3 6
    
tan   tan   cos     = cos – = 2n 
ns
7. (1  tan ) (1  tan )  2  =1  4  4 4 4
1  tan  tan  
   = 2n or  = 2n +
 tan( + ) = 1   +  = = 45 2
4
14. sin x  cos x = 2
io
1   1 1
8. tan  =  = tan    ,  sin x. – cos x. =1
3  6 2 2
1   
at
sin  = = sin      cos  x   = – 1 = cos 
2  6  4
3   
and cos  =  = cos     x+ = 2n  
2  6 4
 5
lic  x = 2n +
3
or 2n –
5
 principal value of  =  – = 4 4
6 6
1 2  
9. cot + tan = 2 cosec  = 15. cot  + cot     = 2
ub
sin  cos  sin  4 
1    
 cos = = cos     = 2n  cos    
2 3 3 cos   4  2
 
sin   
sin    
P
  4 
10. tan  + tan     = 2
2     
1
 sin   2  = 2sin  sin    
 tan  + = 2  tan2  – 2tan  + 1 = 0 4  4 
et
tan   
   
  = cos       – cos     
 tan  = 1 = tan   = n +  4   4 
4 4
      
 sin   2  = cos   – cos  2  
rg
1    4   4   4
11. sin  = – = sin   = sin  
2 6  6  
 sin   2   cos   2  
1
1    4  4  2
tan = = tan   = tan  
Ta
3 6  6  1 1 
  cos 2 sin 2 
   2 2 
  =  
 6  1 1  1
+  cos 2 sin 2  =
7  2 2  2
Hence, general value of  is 2n + .
6 2 1 
 cos 2   cos  
1
 cos 2 =
1 2 2 2 3
12. cos x – sin x =
2  
 2  2n     n 
Dividing both sides by 2 , we get 3 6
1 1 1 1
cosx – sin x = 16. sin2 x  2cos x + =0
2 2 2 4
   
 cos   x  = cos  + x = 2n   1  cos2 x  2cos x +
1
=0
4  3 4 3 4
228


Putting cos x = t, we get 23. tan  tan 2 = 1
1 2 tan 
1 – t  2t + = 0  4t2 + 8t  5 = 0
2
 tan  =1
4 1  tan 2 
1 5  2 tan2  = 1 – tan2 
 t = or t = –
2 2  3tan2  = 1
5 1 
Since, cos x   tan2  = = tan2  
2 3 6
1   
 cos x = = cos  x = 2n    = n 
2 3 3 6
17. 4 sin2 + 2( 3 +1) cos = 4 + 3 24. sin3 = 4sin  sin (x + ) sin (x – )
 4 – 4cos2  + 2( 3 +1) cos = 4 + 3  sin3 = 4sin  (sin2 x cos2   cos2 x sin2 )
ns
 4cos2 – 2( 3 + 1) cos + 3 = 0  3sin  – 4sin3  = 4sin  (sin2 x – sin2 )

sin2 x =    sin2 x = sin2
3
2( 3  1)  4( 3  1) 2  16 3 
 cos  = 4
  3
8

 x = n 
io
3 1
 cos = or 3
2 2
  25. (cos  + cos 7) + (cos 3 + cos 5) = 0
  = 2n  or 2n 
at
6 3  2 cos 4 cos 3 + 2 cos 4 cos  = 0
18. cos 7 = cos   sin 4  2 cos 4 (cos 3 + cos ) = 0
 sin4 = cos – cos7  4 cos 4 cos 2 cos  = 0
sin 23 
 sin4 = 2 sin (4) sin (3)
 sin 4 = 0  4 = n or
lic 4
23 sin 
=0
1   cosAcos 2Acos 22 Acos 23A....cos 2n 1A 

sin 3 = = sin  
2 6 ….  sin 2n A


 n
ub
  2 sin A 
 3 = n + (–1)n
6  sin 8 = 0
n n   8 = n
 = , + (–1)n
4 3 18 n
 
P
8
1  tan 2  1 1
19. =  cos2  – sin2  =
sec2  2 2 3
26. sin (A + B) = 1 and cos (A – B) =
1  2
et
 cos 2 = = cos  
2 3  
A+B= and A – B =
  2 6
 2 = 2n    = n   
3 6 A= ,B=
rg
3 6
20. 3 tan 2 + 3 tan 3 + tan 2 tan 3 = 1
tan 2  tan 3 1  27. We have, sec  + tan  = 3 ….(i)
 =  tan5 = tan 1
1  tan 2 tan 3 6
Ta
3  sec   tan  = ....(ii)

  1  3
 5 = n + = n  
6  6 5 ….[ sec2  – tan2  = 1]
By solving (i) and (ii), we get
21. tan  + tan 2 = tan 3 (tan .tan 2  1)
1 1  1
tan   tan 2 tan  = 3  =
  tan 3 2  3 3
1  tan  tan 2
 2 tan 3  0  3  = n 
 tan  = tan  
6
n
 = 
3   = n +
6
22. 2tan2  = sec2   2tan2  = tan2  + 1  7
 = and in [0, 2]
  6 6
 tan2  = 1 = tan2     = n 
4 4 Hence, there are two solutions.
229


28. r sin  = 3,  tan  + cot  = 2
r = 4 (1 + sin ) sin  cos 
  2
Eliminating r, we get cos  sin 
3 1
= 4 + 4 sin   =2
sin  sin  cos 
1 3 
 sin = ,–  sin 2 = 1 = sin
2 2 2
1  3  
 sin = ....  sin     2 = (4n + 1)
2  2 2
  5 
  = , – = in [0, 2]   = n +
6 6 6 4
2cos2 x + 3 sinx – 3 = 0 34. cos 2 = sin
ns
29.
 2 – 2sin2 x + 3sin x – 3 = 0  
 cos 2 = cos    
 (2 sinx – 1) (sin x – 1) = 0 2 
1  
 sin x =
or sin x = 1  2 = 2n     
io
2 2 
 5 
x= , , i.e., 30, 150, 90.  
6 6 2   = n    
4 2
at
30. No solution as | sin x |  1, |cos x | 1 and both of
2 sin 
them do not attain their maximum value for the 35. 2 sec + tan = 1  + =1
cos  cos 
same angle.
 sin  – cos  = – 2
31. tan ( cos ) = cot ( sin )
lic 
1
cos  –
1
sin = 1

 tan ( cos ) = tan    sin   2 2
2   
  cos     = cos (0)
ub
  cos  = –  sin   4
2
 
1 + = 2n  0   = 2n –
 sin  + cos  = 4 4
2
1 1 1 36. sin x – 3 sin 2x + sin 3x
P
 sin  + cos  = = cos x – 3 cos 2x + cos 3x

2 2 2 2
 (sin x + sin 3x) – 3 sin 2x – (cos x + cos 3x)
  1
 cos  cos + sin  sin = + 3cos 2x = 0
4 4 2 2
 2 sin 2x cos x – 3 sin 2x – 2 cos 2x cos x
et
 1
 cos     = + 3 cos 2x = 0
 4 2 2  sin 2x(2 cos x – 3) – cos 2x(2 cos x – 3) = 0
32. cos2  + sin + 1 = 0  (sin 2x – cos 2x)(2 cos x – 3) = 0
rg
 1 – sin2 + sin + 1 = 0  3
 cos 2x = sin 2x …  cos x  
 sin2 – sin – 2 = 0  2
 (sin + 1) (sin  – 2) = 0  
 cos 2x = cos   2 x 
Ta
 sin  = 2, which is not possible and 2 

3  
sin = –1 = sin  2x = 2n ±   2 x 
2 2 
Therefore, solution of the given equation lies in Neglecting (–) sign, we get
 5 7  n 
the interval  ,  . x= 
 4 4  2 8
    37. sec 4 – sec 2 = 2

33. sin  cot   = cos  tan   1 1
 4  4    – =2
cos 4 cos 2

   
 sin  cot   = sin   tan    cos 2 – cos 4 = 2cos 4 cos 2
4
 2 4 
 cos 2 – cos 4 = cos 6 + cos 2
  
 cot  =  tan  ...[ 2 cosA cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)]
4 2 4
230


 cos 6 + cos 4 = 0  3tan2  – tan4  = 0
 2cos 5 cos  = 0  tan2  (3 – tan2 ) = 0
 C  D   C  D   tan  = 0 or tan2  = 3
…  cos C  cos D  2cos   cos  
  2   2  
 tan  = 0 or tan2  = tan2
 cos  = 0 or cos 5 = 0 3
  
  = (2n + 1) or 5 = (2n + 1)   = m or  = n  ,
2 2 3
 n  where m and n are integers.
  = n + or  = 
2 5 10 4
42. sec2  =
38. sin 2x + sin 4x = 2 sin 3x 3
 2 sin 3x cos x  2 sin 3x = 0
2
3  3
 sin 3x = 0 or cos x = 1 3x = n or x = 2n  cos     
2
ns
4  2 
n
x= or x = 2n 
3  cos2  = cos2  
6
39. Let 3 + 1 = r cos  and 3 – 1 = r sin . 
io
  = n ±
   
2 2
Then r = 3 1  3 1 =2 2 6
…[ cos2  = cos2    = n  ]
 1 
at
1  
3 1   
tan =
3 1
= 

3
1 
= tan   
4 6
43. cos 2 =   
2  1  cos 

1 

2
1  
 3
2 1
=

lic  2 cos2  1 =
2
( 2 cos  1)
12
2 1
The given equation reduces to  2 cos2  – 1 – ( 2 cos  – 1) = 0
2
2 2 cos ( – ) = 2
ub
  2  1  
 
 cos   
 = cos


 ( 2 cos  1)  2 cos   1    = 0
2  

 12  4  
    2 1
– = 2n    = 2n  +  2 cos  – 1 = 0 or 2 cos  + 1 =
12 4 4 12
P
2
4 2 1 2
40. sec   cosec  =  2 cos  = 1 or 2 cos  =
3 2
 3(sin  – cos ) = 4 sin  cos 
et
1 1
 cos  = or 2 cos =
 3(sin  – cos ) = 2 sin 2 2 2
Squaring on both sides, we get 9(1 – s) = 4s2, 1 1
where s = sin2  cos  = or cos  =
2 2
rg
 4s2 + 9s – 9 = 0
1  1
3  cos  = …  cos   
 (s + 3) (4s – 3) = 0  s = 2  2
4

Ta
….[ sin 2  –3]  cos  = cos

4
3 
 sin2 = = sin    = 2n 
4 4
 2 = n + (–1)n 
1
1   3  44. cos 2 =
= n  (1) n sin 1    3
2   4 
1  tan 2  1
 =
1 1  tan 2  1  tan 2
3
41. Using sec 2 = = , we can write
cos 2 1  tan 2   3 – 3 tan2  = 1 + tan2   2 = 4 tan2 
the given equation as 1
 tan2  =
2 1  tan 2  2
tan  + =1
1  tan 2  1
 tan8  =
 tan2  (1 – tan2) + 1 + tan2  = 1 – tan2  16
231


Now, 32 tan8  = 2 cos2   3 cos  3  3  24 3(1  3)  1
 cos = = = 3  
1 2 4 4  2
 32   = 2 cos  – 3 cos 
 16  5
2 =
 2 cos  – 3 cos  – 2 = 0 6
 (2 cos  + 1)(cos  – 2) = 0
49. 2sin2 x + sin2 2x = 2
But cos  – 2 ≠ 0
 (1  cos 2x) + (1  cos2 2x) = 2
 2 cos  + 1 = 0
1
….[sin2  + cos2  = 1 and 2sin2  = 1  cos 2]
 cos  = –
2  cos 2x (cos 2x + 1) = 0
2  cos 2x = 0 or cos 2x =  1
 cos  = cos 
3  2x = (2n + 1) or (2n + 1) 
2 2
ns
  = 2n ±  
3  x = (2n + 1) or (2n + 1)
4 2
45. cot  = sin 2, (  n) Putting n =  2,  1, 0, 1, 2, we get
cos  3   3 
 = 2 sin  cos 
io
sin  x= , , , ,
4 4 4 4 4
 2 sin2  cos  = cos  3   3 
and , , , ,
 cos  (2 sin2  – 1) = 0 2 2 2 2 2
at
1 Since,   < x < 
 cos  = 0 or sin2  =
2   3
 x=± ,± ,±
 4 2 4
 cos  = 0 or sin2  = sin2  
4
lic  option (B) is the correct answer.
  50. sin 5x + sin 3x + sin x = 0
  = (2n + 1) or  = n 
2 4   sin 3x = sin 5x + sin x = 2 sin 3x cos 2x
  = 90 and 45  sin 3x = 0  x = 0
ub
 at   90 and 45, 
… 
1   
or cos 2x =    cos    cos    
 thegiven equation is satisfied. 2 3   3  
46. 2
2sin  = 3cos   
 2x = 2n       x  n   
P
 2 – 2cos2  = 3 cos  3  3  
 2cos2  + 3 cos  – 2 = 0   
x= ....  0  x  
3  9  16 3  5 3  2
 cos  = =
et
4 4
51. sin7 = sin 4 – sin
Neglecting (–) sign, we get
 sin7 + sin  – sin 4 = 0
1  
cos  = = cos     = 2n   2sin 4 cos 3 – sin 4 = 0
rg
2 3 3
 sin 4 (2 cos 3 – 1) = 0
 5
The values of  between 0 and 2 are , . 1
3 3  sin 4 = 0 or cos 3 =
2
Ta
 
47. 5 cos2 + 2cos2 +1=0 Now, sin 4 = 0  4 =    =
2 4
 5(2 cos2  – 1) + (1 + cos ) + 1 = 0 1  
and cos 3 =  3 =   =
 10 cos2  + cos – 3 = 0 2 3 9
 (5 cos + 3) (2 cos – 1) = 0 Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
1 3
 cos  = , cos = – 52. cos 3 = sin 2
2 5
 
 3  cos 3 = cos   2 
  = ,  – cos–1   2 
3 5
 
2  3 = 2n    2 
48. 2sin  + 3 cos  + 1 = 0 2 
 2 – 2cos2  + 3 cos  + 1 = 0 2n    
=   
 2 cos2  – 3 cos  – 3 = 0 3 6 3 
232


2n   a 2  c2  b 2 b 2  c2  a 2
=  or  = 2n  But cos B = , cos A =
5 10 2 2ac 2bc
Since,  is acute sin(A  B) 1
 = 2 (a + c – b – b – c2 + a2)
2 2 2 2
 sin(A  B) 2c
= = 18
10 a 2  b2
=
5 1  5  1 c2
 sin  = …  sin 18  
4  4  61. We know that,
a b c
53. a sin x + b cos x = c = = =k
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
 sin x  cos x  2 3 c
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a  b2
2  = = =k
2 sin B sin C
ns
c 3 A
 cos  sin x + sin  cos x =
a  b2
2 k=3
c 3
 sin ( x  )  1, which is not  =3 3
sin B
a 2  b2
io
 sin B = 1
possible. B 2 C
 B = 90
 there is no solution.
Hence, the triangle is a right angled triangle.
at
54. 2 sin2  = 4 + 3cos  From the figure,
BC 2
 2  2cos2  = 4 + 3 cos  cos C = =
AC 3
 2cos2  + 3cos  + 2 = 0
 cos  
3  9  16
,
lic 62. Since the angles are in A.P., therefore B = 60
By sine rule,
4
which are imaginary, hence no solution. b sin B 3 3
=  =  C = 45
c sin C 2 2sin C
ub
32  52  7 2
55. cos C =  A = 180 – 60 – 45 = 75
2 3 5
1 63. B = 60, C = 75
 cos C =  A = 180 – 60 – 75 = 45
2
By sine rule,
P
 C = 120
b a b 2
 option (B) is the correct answer. =  = b= 6
sin B sin A sin 60o sin 45o
sin B 2(c2  b 2  a 2 ) b
et
56. 2 cos A =   64. According to the given condition,

sin C 2bc c 6(sin A  sin B  sin C)
a+b+c=
 c2 = a2  c = a 3
 k (sin A + sin B + sin C) = 2 (sin A + sin B
rg
c2  a 2  b2 1 
57. cos B =  cos B   B  + sin C)
2ac 2 3
a b c
where k = = =
58. (a + b + c) (a – b + c) = 3ac sin A sin B sin C
Ta
 a2 + 2ac + c2 – b2 = 3ac k=2 ….[ sin A + sin B + sin C  0]

 a2 + c2  b2 = ac a 1
 = 2  sin A = .…[ a  1 ]
a 2  c2  b2 1 sin A 2
But cos B    B  60o
2ac 2 
A=
6
81  64  x 2 2 145  x 2
59. cosC    65. Let the angles of the triangle be 2x, 3x and 7x.
2.9.8 3 144
 2x + 3x + 7x = 180o  12x = 180o  x = 15o
 x  49  x  7
2
 the angles are 30o, 45o and 105o
sin(A  B) sin Acos B  sin Bcos A  a: b: c = sin 30 : sin45 : sin 105
60. =
sin(A  B) sin C 1 1 3 1
= : :
a b 2 2 2 2
= cos B – cos A
c c = 2 : 2 : ( 3 + 1)
233


BC BC BC C A 3b
cos sin cos 71. a cos2 + c cos2 =
66. 2 = 2 2 2 2 2
A BC A
sin sin sin s(s  c) s(s  a) 3b
2 2 2  a +c =
ab bc 2
BC BC
2sin cos  2s(s  c + s  a) = 3b2
= 2 2
 A A  2s(b) = 3b2  2s = 3b  a + b + c = 3b
2sin    sin  a + c = 2b  a, b, c are in A.P.
2 2 2
sin B  sin C bc 1 1 1
= = 72. , , are in A. P.
sin A a 2A 2 B C
sin sin sin 2
bc sin B  sin C 2 2 2
67. = 1 1 1 1
a sin A  – = –
2 C 2 B 2 B A
ns
BC BC sin sin sin sin 2
2sin cos 2 2 2 2
= 2 2
A A ab ac
2sin cos  –
2 2 (s  a)(s  b) (s  a)(s  c)
io
BC BC ac bc
sin   cos   = –
=  2   2  (s  a)(s  c) (s  b)(s  c)
BC A
cos   cos  b(s  c)  c(s  b) 
 2    a  
at
2 
BC sa   (s  b)(s  c) 
sin
= 2 c   a(s  b)  b(s  a) 
A =    
cos  s  c   (s  a)(s  b) 
A
2
BC
lic  abs – abc – acs + abc = acs – abc – bcs + abc
 (b – c) cos = a sin  ab – ac = ac – bc  ab + bc = 2ac
2 2
1 1 2
1  cosCcos(A  B) 1  cos(A  B)cos(A  B)  + =  a,b,c are in H. P.
ub
68. = c a b
1  cos(A  C)cos B 1  cos(A  C)cos(A  C)
1 73. A, B, C are in A. P. then angle B = 60,
1  (cos 2A  cos 2B)
2  A  B  C  180o 
= ….  
1
 A  C  2B  B  60 
o
1  (cos 2A  cos 2C)
P
2
1 a 2  c2  b2
1  (1  2sin 2 A  1  2sin 2 B)  cos B = ,
2 2ac
=
a 2  c2  b2
et
1 1
1  (1  2sin 2 A  1  2sin 2 C)  =  a2 + c2 – b2 = ac
2 2 2ac
sin A  sin 2 B a 2  b2  b2 = a2 + c2 – ac
2
= = 2 2
sin A  sin C
2 2
a c
rg
cos A cos B cosC

74. + +
36  100  (14) 2 a b c
69. cos =
2.6.10 b  c  a  a  c2  b 2  a 2  b 2  c2
2 2 2 2
  = 120  Obtuse angled triangle =

Ta
2abc
70. Since A, B and C are in A.P., therefore a b c
2 2 2
=
  A  B  C  180o  2abc
B = 60 ….  
 A  C  2B  B  60 
o
75. We have, a : b : c = 1 : 3:2
Since sides a, b and c are in G.P., therefore i.e. a = , b = 3 , c = 2 
b2 = ac
3  4 2   2
2
6 2 3
a 2  c2  b2 cosA = = =
cos B = 2( 3 ) (2 ) 4 3 2 2
2ac
1 a 2  c2  b2  A = 30
 = , ….[ b2 = ac] 1
2 2b 2 Similarly, cos B =  B = 60,
2 2 2 2
b =a +c –b 2
 a2 + c2 = 2b2 cos C = 0  C = 90.
 a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. Hence, A : B : C = 1 : 2 : 3
234


C C A B
76. (a2 + b2  2ab) cos2 + (a2 + b2 + 2ab) sin2 tan  tan
2 2 82. 2 2
A B
 C C tan  tan
= (a2 + b2 )  cos 2  sin 2  2 2
 2 2
(s  b)(s  c) (s  a)(s  c)
 C C 
– 2ab  cos 2  sin 2  s(s  a) s(s  b)
 2 2 =
(s  b)(s  c) (s  a)(s  c)
= a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C 
s(s  a) s(s  b)
= a2 + b2  (a2 + b2  c2) = c2
(s  b) s(s  c)  (s  a) s(s  c)
A B A B
=
cos cos  sin sin (s  b) s(s  c)  (s  a) s(s  c)
A B 2 2 2 2
77. 1 – tan tan = s(s  c)(s  b  s  a) ab
2 2 A B = =
cos cos
ns
2 2 s(s  c) (s  b  s  a) c
 A B
cos    AB
=  2 2 83. Let t = tan  
A B  2 
cos cos
io
2 2 1  t2 4 1  t2 1
cos (A – B) =  = t=
C 1 t 2
5 1 t 2
3
sin
= 2 AB 1
at
A B So, tan   =
cos cos  2  3
2 2
1/ 2 AB ab C
 (s  a)(s  b)bc.ac  Then, tan   = cot
=   2  ab 2
2c
lic
 ab.s(s  a)s(s  b) 

1
=
63
cot
C
 C = 90
c 3 63 2
= =
s a  bc 1
  = (6) (3) sin 90 = 9 square units.
2
ub
sin B b2  c2  a 2 b
78. cos A =  =
2sin C 2bc 2c 84. Let the common multiple be x.
 b2 + c2 – a2 – b2 = 0  c2 = a2
 c = a  Triangle is isosceles
 the sides are (2x),   
6x , 
3 1 x
 
P
 3  1 x is the largest side.

79. a = sin , b = cos  and c = 1  sin  cos 
Since 1  sin  cos  is greater than sin and cos If  is the angle opposite to side  
3  1 x , then
et
.
   
2 2
(2 x) 2  6x   3  1 x
 C is the greatest angle, cos    
a 2  b2  c2 2  (2 x)  ( 6 x)
 cos C =
2ab
rg
3 3

sin   cos   (1  sin  cos )
2 2
2 6
=
2sin  cos  3 1
1
 cos      75
Ta
=  = cos 120 2 2
2
 C = 120 85. We have,
 31 
s  s  a   s  b  s  c  1  
80.   AB 1  cos(A  B)  32 
bc bc tan  = =
 2  1  cos(A  B)  31 
A A 2A 1  
= cos2  sin2 = cos = cos A  32 
2 2 2
ab C 1
 cot =
C (s  a)(s  b) ab 2 63
81. tan = =1 1
2 s(s  c) 1 C
 cot =
9 2 63
C C
 tan = tan 45o  = 45o
2 2 C 7
 tan =
 C = 90 2 3
235


C b2  c2  a 2 a 2  b2  c2 a 2  c2  b2
1  tan 2    + =2
Now, cos C = 2 2bc(ka) 2ab(kc) 2ac(kb)
C  a2 + c2 = 2b2
1  tan 2  
2 Hence, a2, b2, c2, are in A. P.
7
1   sin 3B 3sin B  4sin 3 B
 cos C = 9 = 1 91. = = 3 – 4 sin2 B
7 8 sin B sin B
1   = 3 – 4 + 4 cos2 B
9
 
4(a 2  c2  b 2 ) 2
 c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C =–1+
1 4(ac) 2
 c2 = 25 + 16 – 40  = 36  c = 6 2
8  a 2  c2 
 
2 
= – 1+ 
ns
86. ab2 cos A + ba2 cos B + ac2 cos A + ca2 cos C ... 2b 2  a 2  c 2 
+ bc2 cos B + b2c cos C (ac) 2
= ab(b cos A + a cos B) + ac(c cos A + a cos C) (a 2  c 2 ) 2
=–1+
+ bc (c cos B + b cos C) 4(ac) 2
io
= abc + abc + abc = 3abc 2
(a 2  c 2 ) 2  4a 2c 2  c2  a 2 
= 2
=  
87. Let a =  – , b =  + , c = 3 2 2 4(ac)  2ac 
at
Since 3 2 2 is the largest side, the largest cos B cosC
92. cot B + cot C – cot A = + – cot A
angle is C. sin B sin C
a 2  b2  c2 sin Ccos B  cos Csin B
 cos C = = – cot A
2ab
lic sin Bsin C
 cosC =     2   2  2 2  3  
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin(B  C) cos A
= –
2(   ) sin Bsin C sin A
(   )  2  sin 2 A  sin Bsin Ccos A a 2  bccos A
2 2
 cos C = – = cos   = =
ub
2(   )
2 2
 3  sin Asin Bsin C (abc)
2 (b 2  c 2  a 2 )
C= a 2  bc
3 = 2bc
(abc)
P
b c a
2 2 2
88. cos A = 3a 2  b 2  c 2 3a 2  (b 2  c2 )
2bc = 
2(abc) 2(abc)
1 9  c 2  16
 cos 60 =  3a 2  3a 2
2  3 c
et
2  cot B + cot C – cot A = 0

 3c = c2 – 7 2(abc)
 c2  3c  7 = 0 ….[ b2 + c2 = 3a2]
rg
2cos A cos B 2cos C a b 93.

89. + + = + B(c, d)
a b c bc ca
2(b 2  c 2  a 2 ) a 2  c 2  b 2
+ 2(a  b  c )
2 2 2
 +
2abc 2abc
Ta
2abc
a b  A(a,b)
= + O
bc ca
3b 2 +c2 +a 2 a b (AB)2 = (a – c)2 + (b – d)2
 = + (OA)2 = (a – 0)2 + (b – 0)2 = a2 + b2
2abc bc ca
3b c a a b and (OB)2 = c2 + d2
 + + = + Now from triangle AOB,
2ac 2ab 2bc bc ca
 b2 + c2 = a2 (OA) 2  (OB) 2  (AB) 2
cos  =
Hence, A = 90 2OA.OB
a 2  b 2  c2  d 2  {(a  c) 2  (b  d) 2 }
90. cot A, cot B and cot C are in A. P. =
2 a 2  b2 . c2  d 2
 cot A + cot C = 2 cot B
cos A cosC 2cos B ac  bd
 + = =
sin A sin C sin B (a  b 2 )(c 2  d 2 )
2
236


94. Let the fourth side be of length d.  A B  2 B A
101. cot  cot  a sin  bsin 2 
d  2 2  2 2
120° 3
A C  C 
D  cos 2   2 B A
2 =   a sin  bsin 2 
A B
 sin sin   2 2
60° 5
 2 2
B  B A
sin sin 
 C  2 2
From the figure, = cos  a b
 2   sin A B 
In  ADC, sin
 2 2
AC2 = CD2 + DA2 – 2.CD.DA.cos 120
 (s  a)(s  c) (s  b)(s  c) 
…[By Cosine rule]  
s(s  c) ac bc
In  BAC, = a b 
ns
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2.AB.BC.cos 60 ab  (s  b)(s  c) (s  a)(s  c) 
…[By Cosine rule]  bc ac 
 32 + d2 – 2  3  d cos 120 = 22 + 52 s(s  c)  sa   s  b  
2  2  5cos 60 =    ab    ab 
ab  sb  s  a  
io
2
 d + 3d – 10 = 0  d = – 5 or d = 2
 s  a  s  b 
 d=2 = s(s  c)  
 (s  a)(s  b) 
at
95. (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C
=a+b+c  2s  a  b 
= s(s  c)  
= (b cos C + c cos B) + (c cos A + a cos C)  (s  a)(s  b) 
+ (a cos B + b cos A)
s(s  c)
=a+b+c
lic
….[By projection rule] =c
(s  a)(s  b)
= c cot
C
2
sin BcosC cos Bsin C
96. 
sin A sin A Alternate Method :
b c  Let a = 1, b = 3 , c = 2 and A = 30,
ub
=  cosC  cos B 
a a  B = 60, C = 90.
=1 …[By projection rule] Hence, the given expression is equal to 2, which
is given by option (D).
A (s  b)(s  c)
97. sin 
P
2 bc A B C
102. Let cot , cot and cot be in A.P.
A 2 2 2
 bc sin2 = (s  b) (s  c) B C A
2 Then, 2 cot = cot + cot
2 2 2
et
 x = bc
 we need to prove that
98.  is right angled, C = 90
s(s  b) s(s  c) s(s  a)
1 1 2 = 
 = ab sin90o = ab (s  a)(s  c) (s  a)(s  b) (s  b)(s  c)
rg
2 2
2
s  (s  c) (s  a) 
42 = 4  ab  = a2b2
1 R.H.S. = 
  
2  (s  b)  (s  a) (s  c) 
Ta
1 1 s  scsa 
99. = bcsin A  9  .36sin A =  
2 2 sb  (s  a)(s  c) 
1  2s  a  c 
 sin A   A  30 s
2 =  
sb  (s  a)(s  c) 
 BC bc A
100. tan   cot s (s  b) 2
 2  bc 2 =2
(s  b) (s  a)(s  c)
 90  3 1 A
 tan   cot  2b  a  c 
 2  3 1 2  
...  2s – 2b  2s –  a  c 
A 3 1 3 1 2 3  2  s – b   2s – a – c 
 tan     2 3
 
2 3 1 2
A s(s  b)
  15o  A  30o =2 = L.H.S.
2 (s  a)(s  c)
237

103. Since sin–1 x cannot be greater than


.  a cos x  bsin x   a 
2  bcos x   b  tan x 
110. tan1   = tan–1  a 
 sin–1 x = sin–1 y = sin–1 z =
  bcos x  a sin x  1  tan x 
2  bcos x   b 
Therefore, x = y = z = 1 a
Putting these values in the expression, we get = tan–1 – tan–1(tan x)
b
9
1+1+1– =0 a
111 = tan–1 – x
b
2 2   
104. A = tan–1    tan A = sin (  x) 
3 3 1  cos x  1  2
111. tan   = tan  
5 3  1  sin x  
B = cosec–1    tan B = 1  cos(  x) 
3 4  2 
ns
  x  x 
1  tan A tan B
cot (A + B) =  2sin ( 4  2 )cos( 4  2 ) 
tan A  tan B = tan–1  
 x
2 3 6  2cos 2 (  ) 
1   4 2 
6
io
= 3 4 = 12 =   x   x
2 3

17 17 = tan1  tan      
3 4 12   4 2  4 2
 1 x   3a 2 x  x 3   3a 2 x  x 3 
at
105. sin2  2 tan 1 
112. tan–1  2 
= tan–1  3 2 
 a(a  3 x )   a  3ax 
2
 1  x 
  x   x 3 
2 –1 1 x  3     
= sin (2), where  = tan
 a a 
2
1 x
lic
1 x
= tan–1
 x 
2
2 tan    1  3  
=   , where tan  =  a 
 1  tan  
2
1 x
x
 2 1+ x 
2
Put = tan 
ub
  a
  4 1+ x 1  x 
=  1 x  = = 1 – x2  The given expression becomes
1+  1+ x   1  x +1+ x 
2
 3tan   tan 3  
  1  x   tan–1  –1
 = tan (tan 3)
 1  3tan 2
 
P
  2   x
106. The principal value of sin1 sin   = 3 = 3tan–1
  3  a
 2     
= sin–1 sin      = sin–1 sin    = –1 1  x
2
2x
113. 3sin–1 – 4 cos
et
  3    3  3 1 x 2 1  x2
5 5 2x 
107. Let sin–1 = x  sin x = + 2 tan–1 =
13 13 1 x 2 3
Putting x = tan , we get
rg
25 12
 cosx = 1  =  2 tan   –1  1  tan  
2
169 13 3sin–1   – 4 cos  
 1  tan    1  tan  
2 2
 5  1 12  12
 cos  sin 1  = cos  cos  =
Ta
 13   13  13  2 tan   
+ 2 tan–1   =
–1  1  tan 2
  3
108.  = sin [sin (–600)]
  = sin–1 [–(sin 240)]  3sin–1 (sin 2) – 4 cos1 (cos2)
  = sin–1 [– sin(180 + 60)] 
+ 2 tan–1 (tan 2) =
    3
  = sin–1 (sin60) = sin–1 sin     
  3  3  3(2) – 4 (2) + 2(2) =
3
 cos x  sin x  –1  1  tanx  
109. tan–1   = tan    6 – 8 + 4 =
 cos x + sin x   1  tan x  3
   
= tan–1  tan   x  
π
=  tan–1 x =
 4   6 6
  1
= –x  x = tan =
4 6 3
238

 1  x2  1  52
114. tan–1   121. (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 =
 x  8
 
 (tan–1 x + cot–1 x)2
 1  tan 2   1 
= tan–1     52
– 2tan–1 x   tan 1 x  =
 tan   2  8
(Putting x = tan ) 2  52
 –2 tan–1 x + 2 (tan–1 x)2 =
 sec   1  1  cos   4 2 8
= tan–1  –1
 = tan  
 tan    sin   3 2
 2(tan–1 x)2 –  tan–1 x – =0
8
 2  
 2 sin 2   3
= tan –1
  tan–1 x = – ,
  4 4
 2 sin cos 
 2 2 
ns
 tan–1 x = –  x = –1
   1 4
= tan–1  tan  = = tan–1 x
 2  2 2   1 1 
   
 1 1 1 
115. Let x = sin  and x = sin  122. cos  tan  tan 1  = cos  tan 1  3 2  
io
 3 2  1 1
 1    
Hence
  3 2  
 sin–1 (x 1 x – x 1  x 2 ) = cos {tan–1(1)}
–1
at
= sin (sin 1  sin  – sin  1  sin  )
2 2
 1
= cos =
= sin–1 (sin  cos  – sin  cos ) 4 2
= sin–1 sin ( – )
 4
=  –  = sin–1 (x) – sin–1 ( x ) 123. Let  = cos1  
lic 5
1 4 3
116. cos 1   =   sec1x =   cos  =    tan  =  
x   5 4
 x = sec  3
ub
  = tan1  
 tan  = sec 2   1 = x2  1 4 
1  4 3 3 3
117. sin 1  cos 1 x   cos 1  tan 1  tan 1  tan 1
5 2 5 5 4 5
P
–1 1   3 3 
 sin = – cos–1 x = sin–1 x 
–1  4 5  –1  27 
5 2 = tan   = tan  
3 3
 1  .   11 
1
 x=  4 5
et
5
x 1 x 1 
118. sin–1 x + sin–1
1
+ cos–1 x + cos–1
1 124. tan–1 + tan–1 =
x2 x2 4
x x
 x 1 x 1 
rg
  
1  1  
= {sin–1(x) + cos–1 (x)}+ sin 1    cos 1    
x 2 x2  = 

 x  x   tan–1 
1   x  1  x  1   4
    x  2  
= + =  x  2  
2 2
Ta
 2 x ( x  2)  
   x 2  4  4 x  x 2  1  = tan 4
–1
119. sin x + cos x = –1  
2 2 x ( x  2)
   3  =1
–1
 cos x = – sin–1 x = – = 4x  5
2 2 5 10 5
 2x2 + 4x = 4x + 5  x = 
–1 –1 –1  2
120.  = sin x + cos x – tan x= – tan–1 x
2
 1 
  125. tan–1  –1
 – tan  cos   = x
Since, – < tan–1 x <  cos  
2 2
   1 

–1
> – tan x > –   cos  
2 2  tan–1  cos   =x
  cos  
0< – tan–1 x <   1  
2  cos  
239


1  cos   c1x  y   c 2  c1 
 tan x = 130. tan–1   + tan
–1
 
2 cos  
c
 1 y x   1  c 2c1 

1  cos  2sin 2  c c  1
 sin x = = 2 = tan2    + tan–1  3 2  + …. + tan–1
    1  c3c2  cn
1  cos  2cos 2 2
2  x 1
  1 1 
 yc
  c c 
–1 –1
ax ax  = tan   + tan  1 2 
1
126. tan–1 + tan–1 = 1 x . 1
 1 1 
a a 6   
 y c1  c1c2 
 ax ax 
 a  a    1 1 
 tan–1   =  c c  1
 1  a  x a  x  6 + tan  2 3  + ….+ tan–1
–1

 a a  1 1  cn
ns
 c 2c3 
2a 2  1 
 = tan =  x2 = 2 3 a2 1
x 2
6 3 x 1 1
= tan–1   – tan–1   + tan–1   – tan1  c 2 
 y  c1   c1 
 a   b  1
127. tan1  1
io
 + tan   1  1 
bc ca + tan–1   – tan–1  c3  + ….+ tan–1  
 c2   cn 1 
 ac  bc  a 2  b 2  1 1
= tan1  
– tan–1  c n  + tan–1  c n 
at
 ac  bc  c
2

  x  y 
….  tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   x
  1  xy   = tan–1  
 y
= tan1 (1)
lic
….[ c2 = a2 + b2]
 d  –1  d 
 131. tan–1   + tan  
=  1  a a
1 2  
 a 2a 3 
1
4
 d 
ub
+ ……..+ tan–1  
3 3 8  1  a n 1a n 
128. tan–1 + tan–1 – tan–1
4 5 19
 a 2  a1  –1  a 3  a 2 
 3 3  = tan–1   + tan  
   8  1  a1a 2   1  a 2a 3 
= tan–1  4 5  – tan–1
P
3 3 19  a n  a n 1 
1    + …....+ tan–1  
 4 5  1  a n 1a n 
= tan–1
27
– tan–1
8 = (tan–1 a2 – tan–1 a1) + (tan–1 a3 – tan–1 a2)
et
11 19 +…….+ (tan–1 an – tan–1 an–1)

 27 8  = tan–1 an – tan–1 a1 = tan–1  a n  a1 
–1  11  19   1  a n a1 
= tan  27 8 
rg
1     (n  1)d 
 11 19  = tan–1  
 1  a1a n 
 425 
= tan–1    
132. tan  2 tan 1    
 425  1
Ta
  5 4
  
= tan–1 (1) =
4  2 
 1 5 1

= tan  tan  tan (1) 
 xy  –1  yz  –1  xz  1
129. tan–1   1 
 + tan   + tan    25 
zr
  x
 r  yr 
 xy yz xz xyz   5 
= tan  tan 1  tan 1 (1) 
    3   12 
= tan–1  zr xr yr r 
  x2  y2  z2     5 
 1     1  12  1  
  r2   = tan  tan  
  1  5 
= tan–1 ()   12  
 7
= =–
2 17
240

  1    2  3 1
  1  = cot–1 
3
  1 
133 sin 3 sin 1    = sin sin 1 3   4    
 3 2 
  5     5   5   

 3 4   1  75  4   = cot–1 (1) =
= sin sin 1    = sin sin  125   4
 5 125     
140. Let sin–1 a = A,
 71  71
sin–1 b = B,
= sin sin 1  =
 125  125 sin–1 c = C
 sin A = a, sin B = b, sin C = c
 7    7  7
134. cot cos 1    = cot  cot 1    = and A + B +C =  then
  25     24   24
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
 x  = 4 sin A sin B sin C
…  cos 1 x = cot 1 
 1  x  2  sin A cos A + sin B cos B + sin C cos C
ns
= 2 sin A sin B sin C
135. Let sin1x =   x = sin   sin A (1  sin A) + sin B (1  sin 2 B)
2
1 1
cos (2 sin–1 x) =  cos 2 = + sin C 1  sin 2 C = 2 sin A sin B sin C
9 9
io
1 1  a (1  a 2 ) + b (1  b 2 ) + c (1  c 2 ) = 2abc
 1  2sin2 =  1 – 2x2 =
9 9 
2 1 8 2 4 141. tan–1 x ( x  1) + sin
–1
x2  x  1 =
 2x = 1 – = x = 2
at
9 9 9
tan–1 x( x  1) is defined when
2
x= x (x + 1)  0 ….(i)
3
–1
 1 
136. sin  2 tan 1    + cos [tan–1 (2 2 )]
lic sin x  x  1 is defined when
2
x(x + 1) + 1  1 or x(x + 1)  0 ….(ii)

 3   From (i) and (ii),
 2/3  –1 x(x + 1) = 0 or x = 0 and –1.
= sin  tan 1  + cos [tan (2 2 )] Hence, number of solutions is 2.
ub
 1  1/ 9
3 142. Let cot–1 x =   x = cot 
= sin [ tan–1] + cos [tan–1 2 2 ]
4 Now cosec  = 1  cot 2  = 1 x 2
  1 1
 3     sin = =
P
    cosec 1  x2
 1  4   1
= sin sin  cos cos 1 
2  1
 
2
 3
1   
 1 2 2    = sin–1
    1  x2
 4
  
et
 1 
3 1 14
= + =  sin (cot–1 x) = sin  sin 1 
5 3 15  1 x  2
1
=
rg
 3 
137. Given, tan–1 x = sin–1   1  x2
 10  1
  3  –1 = (1  x 2 ) 2
 x = tan sin 1    = tan {tan 3}
Ta
  10   1
143. Let cos–1 x =   x = cos   sec  =
x=3 x
 1 4  1 1
138. tan  cos 1  sin 1  tan = sec 2   1 = 1 = 1 x 2
 x2 x
 5 2 17 
= tan (tan–1 7 – tan–1 4) Now,
 
sin cot 1 (tan  = sin cot –1 
 74  3 1
= tan  tan 1  
 = x
1  x2 

  1  28   29 
Again, putting x = sin 
 1  1  sin 2  
 1  1 
–1 1 –1 –1 5  + cot–1 3  sin cot–1  1  x 2  = sin cot
–1
 
139. sin + cot 3 = cot   x   sin  
5  1   
 5  = sin cot–1 (cot )

= cot–1(2) + cot–1(3) = sin  = x
241


144. Putting 148. The given equation can be written as
a = tan, b = tan  and x = tan  in the given 2
tan1 x + cot1 x + cot1 x =
expression, we get 3
sin–1 (sin 2) – cos–1 (cos 2) = tan–1 (tan 2) 2   
 2 – 2 = 2   –  =   cot1 x = – …  tan 1 x + cot 1 x = 
3 2  2
Taking ‘tan’on both sides, we get
 
tan ( – ) = tan   cot1 x =  x = cot x= 3
6 6
tan   tan 
 = tan 
1  tan  tan  149. cot1  + cot1  = cot1 x
ab    1 
 =x  cot–1  –1
 = cot x
1  ab     
ns
 1  sin x  1  sin x    xy  1  
145. cot–1   …  cot 1 x + cot 1 y = cot 1  
 1  sin x  1  sin x    x  y 
 ( 1  sin x  1  sin x )   1
x=
= cot–1  
io
 ( 1  sin x  1  sin x )
( 1  sin x  1  sin x )   xy  1 
  150. Since, cot–1 x – cot–1 y = cot1  
( 1  sin x  1  sin x )   yx 
at
 (1  sin x )  (1  sin x)  2 1  sin 2 x  ab  1 bc  1 ca  1
= cot–1    cot1 + cot1 + cot1
(1  sin x )  (1  sin x ) ab bc ca
 
= cot1 b  cot1 a + cot1 c  cot1 b
= cot –1 
 2(1  cos x) 

lic + cot1 a  cot1 c
 2sin x 
=0
  x 
 2cos 2   

ub
= cot–1   2  151. tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z =
 2sin  x  cos  x   2
    
 2   2   x  y  z  xyz  
 tan–1   =
–1  x –1   x  1  xy  yz  xz  2
= cot   cot  = cot  cot     
P
 2   2   x  y  z  xyz  
   = tan 2
x 1  xy  yz  zx 
=–
2
 xy + yz + zx – 1 = 0
et
 1 1 1
146. cos  cos 1  sin 1  cos 1  Alternate Method:
 5 5 5 
1
  1 1 
Let x = y = z =
= cos   cos 1  = – sin
rg
1 3
 cos 
 2 5  5 1 1 1 
Then, tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 =
 24  3 3 3 2
= – sin  sin 1 
25 
Ta
 Option (D) holds for these values of x, y, z.

2 6 2x
=– 152. Since, 2 tan–1 x = tan–1
5 1  x2
 2
147. tan–1 (1 + x) + tan–1 (1 – x) = –1 1  1 1  –1 5
2  4 tan =2  2 tan 5  = 2 tan
5   1
 1
 tan–1 (1 + x) = – tan–1 (1 – x) 25
2
20
 tan–1 (1 + x) = cot–1 (1 – x) 10
= 2 tan–1 = tan –1 24 = tan–1 120
–1 –1  1  24 100 119
 tan (1 + x) = tan   1
1 x  576
1 1 1 120 1
1+x=  1 – x2 = 1  x = 0  4 tan–1 – tan–1 = tan–1 – tan–1
1 x 5 239 119 239
242


120 1 54 2
  x=
119
–1 239 (120  239)  119
= tan = tan–1 9
120 1 (119  239)  120
1 .
119 239 2
156. Given, sin1 x + sin1 y =
 3
= tan–1 1 = 2 
4  cos–1 x + cos–1 y =  – =
3 3
a(a  b  c) b(a  b  c)  If sin 1 x + sin 1 y = , 
153.  = tan–1 + tan–1 …
bc ca 1 1 
 then cos x + cos y =   
–1 c(a  b  c)
+ tan 2
ab   1 3  
157. sin  tan 4  
abc   
Let s2 =
ns
abc 2
    
  = tan–1 a 2s2 + tan–1 b 2s 2 + tan–1 c 2s 2    3  
= tan–1 (as) + tan–1 (bs) + tan–1 (cs)   1  4  
= sin sin  2  
 as  bs  cs  abcs3     3  
= tan–1   1   4 
io
2    
1  abs  acs  bcs 
2 2
    
 s  (a  b  c)  abcs   2
  x 
 tan =    ….  tan 1 x = sin 1  
at
 1  (ab  bc  ca)s
2
   1  x  
2
2 2
 s[(a  b  c)  (a  b  c)]    3  3 9
=   = sin  sin 1      
 1  s (ab  bc  ca) 
2
  5   5  25
lic
….[ s2 (abc) = (a + b + c)]  1 
=0 158. cos(tan1x) = cos cos 1 
 1  x  2
Alternate Method :   
ub
Let a = b = c = 1. Then, 1
…  tan 1 x = cos 1  
  1  x2 
 = tan–1 3 + tan–1 3 + tan–1 3 =   
 tan  = 0 1
=
1 1 1 1  x2
P
–1
154. 4 tan – tan–1 + tan–1
5 70 99 159. tan(cos1 x)
–1 120 –1 1 –1 1
= tan + tan – tan  1  x2 
119 99 70 = tan  tan 1 
et
 x 
 1 1 

 120  –1  99 70  
= tan –1
 + tan  1  x2 

 119  1 1  …  cos 1 x = tan 1 
1  .   x 

rg
 99 70 
–1  29  1 x 2
= tan–1 
120 
 + tan   =
 119   6931  x
Ta
120 29
= tan–1 – tan–1  15 
160. cos–1   + 2 tan–1  
1
119 6931
 17  5
–1 120 –1 1
= tan – tan  1 
119 239 –1  15  –1  1  25 
 = cos   + cos  
= tan–11 =  17   1  1 
4  25 
1 2  15   12 
155. sin–1 + sin–1 = cos–1   + cos–1  
3 3  17   13 
1 4 2 1  2 2 
= cos–1    1    1    
= sin–1  1   1   15 12 15 12
 3 9 3 9   17 13  17   13  
 
 54 2
= cos–1 
= sin –1 140 
  
 9   221 
243


5 x  5 x 5
161. We know 1 ....  A.M.  G.M.  x = n + ,nZ
2 6
Since, cos (ex)  1 ...[ tan  = tan    = n + , n  Z]
So, there does not exist any solution.
162. Applying R1  R1 – R3 and 3. tan 5 = cot 2
R2  R2 – R3 in the given determinant, we get  
 tan 5 = tan   2 
1 0 1 2 
0 1 1 =0 
 5 = n +  2
sin  cos  1  4sin4
2 2 2

 1 + 4sin 4 + cos2  + sin2  = 0  7 = n +
2
 4 sin 4 = – 2
n 
1 =
ns

 sin 4 = 7 14
2
7 11 4. cot  + tan  = 2
 4 = or
6 6 1
 + tan  = 2  1 + tan2  = 2 tan 
io
 tan 
Since, 0 <  < 2tan 
2  = 1  sin 2 = 1
 0 < 4 < 2 1  tan 2 
at
7 11 
= or  2 = n + (1)n
24 24 2
n 
163. Given, x = sin1 K, y = cos1 K =  ( 1)n
2 4
 sin x = cos y = K
lic tan 3  1
  5.  3
 sin x = sin   y  tan 3  1
2 
  
tan 3  tan  
ub
 x= y x+y= 4 = 3
2 2 
 
1  tan 3 tan  
sin B sin A 4
164. 
b a    
8 sin 30  tan  3   = tan
P
b sin A 2
 sin B = = =  4 3
a 6 3
  7
2  3  = n +  3 = n +
 sin (sin–1 x) = 4 3 12
3
et
n 7 
2 = 
x= 3 36
3
tan 3 x  tan 2 x
165. On expanding determinant, 6. 1
rg
1  tan 3 x tan 2 x
cos2 (A + B) + sin2 (A + B) + cos 2B = 0
 tan (3x  2x) = 1  tan x = 1
 1 + cos2B = 0  cos2B = cos

  tan x = tan
 2B = 2n +   B = (2n + 1) , n  Z. 4
Ta
2

 x = n +
4
7. tan  + tan 2 + tan  . tan 2 = 1
1. tan2 x = 1  tan  + tan 2 = 1  tan  . tan 2
 
 tan2 x = tan2  x = n  
tan  tan 2
=1
4 4
1  tan .tan 2
2. cot x = – 3  tan( + 2) = 1
1 
 tan x =  tan(3) = 1 = tan
4
3
 n 
5  3 = n + = +
 tan x = tan 4 3 12
6
244

   
8. tan  =  1  tan  = tan  2   + = n + (– 1)n
 4  3 4
 
1
 cos  = cos
    = n  ( 1) n 
and cos    2   4 3
2  4
13. sin 6 + sin 4 + sin 2 = 0
  7
 general value is 2n +  2   = 2n +  sin 6 + sin 2 + sin 4 = 0
 4  4
 2 sin 4 cos 2 + sin 4 = 0
 If tan   tan  and cos   cos    sin 4 (2 cos 2 + 1) = 0
… 
   2n     sin 4 = 0 or 2 cos 2 + 1 = 0
1
9. cos x = |sin x|  4 = n or cos 2 =
2
 ± cos x = sin x n 
= or cos 2 = – cos
ns
 tan x = ± 1 4 3
As cos x is positive, 

π cos 2 = cos    
x = 2n ± , n Z  3

4
2
io
cos 2 = cos
10. 2 3 cos  = tan  3
2
 2 3 cos2  = sin  2 = 2n 
3
at
 2 3 sin2  + sin  – 2 3 = 0 
1  7 8  = n 
 sin  =  sin  = , 3
4 3 4 3 lic 14. cos2 x – 2 cos x = 4 sin x – sin 2x
which is not possible  cos2 x – 2 cos x = 4 sin x – 2 sin x cos x
6 3   cos x (cos x – 2) = 2 sin x (2 – cos x)
and sin  = = = sin
4 3 2 3  cos x(cos x – 2) – 2 sin x (2 – cos x) = 0
  cos x(cos x – 2) + 2 sin x (cos x – 2) = 0
  = n + (–1)n
ub
3  (cos x – 2)(cos x + 2 sin x) = 0
 cos x + 2 sin x = 0 ….[ cos x ≠ 2]
11. sin + cos = 1
 cos x = – 2 sin x
Dividing both sides by 12  12 = 2 , we get
1
P
1 1 1  tan x =  = tan  (say)

sin   cos   2
2 2 2
 x = n + 
  1
 sin  cos + cos  sin =  1
et
4 4 2  x = n + t an 1    , n  I
2  
  1 
 sin     = = sin Since, 0 ≤ x ≤ 
 4  2 4
 1
 x =  + t an 1   
rg
….[ sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B]  2


  3sin2 x + 10 cos x  6 = 0
+ = n + (–1)n 15.
4 4  3 (1  cos2 x) + 10 cos x  6 = 0
Ta
n    3 – 3 cos2 x + 10 cos x – 6 = 0
  = n + (–1) –
4 4  3 cos2 x – 10 cos x + 3 = 0
 3 cos2 x – 9 cos x – cos x + 3 = 0
12. 3 cos   sin   2
 3 cos x (cos x – 3) – 1 (cos x – 3) = 0
 3  (cos x  3) (3 cos x 1) = 0
2
Dividing both sides by  12 = 2,
 cos x = 3, (which is not possible)
we get 1
or cos x =
3 1 2 3
cos  + sin  =
2 2 2 1
 cos x = = cos  (say)
  1 3
 sin  cos + cos  sin =
3 3 2  x = 2n  
   1
 sin     = sin    x = 2n  cos1  
 3 4 3  
245


16. tan (cot x) = cot (tan x) 20. sin x + sin y + sin z = 3 is satisfied only when
  3
 tan (cot x) = tan   tan x  x=y=z= , for x, y, z  [0, 2].
2  2
  option (A) is the correct answer.
 cot x = n + – tan x
2
 3
 21. The given equation is defined for x  , .
 cot x + tan x = n + 2 2
2
Now, tan x + sec x = 2 cos x
cos x sin x  sin x 1
 + = n +  + = 2 cos x
sin x cos x 2 cos x cos x
2  cos 2 x + sin 2 x    (sin x + 1) = 2 cos2 x
 = n +
2 sin x cos x 2  (sin x + 1) = 2 (1 – sin2 x)
ns
2   (sin x + 1) = 2(1 – sin x)(1 + sin x)
 = n +
sin 2x 2  (1 + sin x)[2(1 – sin x) –1] = 0
2 4  2(1 – sin x) – 1 = 0
 sin 2x = =
   1   sin x   1 otherwise cos x = 0 and 
io
n  2n …
2  tan x,sec x will beundefined 
1
 p   q   sin x =
17. tan   = cot  
at
2
 4   4 
 5
 p   q  x= , in (0, 2)
 tan   = tan    6 6
 4  2 4 
 number of solutions = 2

p  q
= n + 
lic  3
4 2 4 22. The given equation is defined for x  , .
p 1 q 2 2
 =n+ 
4 2 4 Now, sec x cos 5x + 1 = 0
ub
pq 2n  1  sec x cos 5x = 1
 =
4 2  cos 5x =  cos x
 p + q = 2(2n + 1)  cos 5x + cos x = 0
 2 cos 3x.cos 2x = 0

P
18. We have, x – y = ….(i)  cos 3x = 0 or cos 2x = 0

4
and cot x + cot y = 2  
 3x = (2n  1) or 2x = (2n  1)
1 1 2 2
et
  2 ….(ii) (2n  1) (2n  1) 

tan x tan y x= or x =
From (i) and (ii), we get 6 4
1 1  5 7 11  3 5 7
 2 x= , , , , , , , in [0, 2]
rg
   tan y 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4
tan  y  
 4  number of solutions = 8
 (1 – tan y) tan y + 1 + tan y 23. 3 sin2 x – 7 sin x + 2 = 0
Ta
= 2tan y (1 + tan y)  3sin2 x – 6 sin x – sin x + 2 = 0

 3 tan2 y = 1  3sin x (sin x – 2) – (sin x – 2) = 0
1 
 tan2 y = = tan 2  (3 sin x – 1) (sin x – 2) = 0
3 6
1
  sin x = or 2
y= ….[smallest +ve value] 3
6
From (i), 1
 sin x = ….[ sin x  2]
   5 3
x= +y= + =
4 4 6 12 1 
Let sin–1 = , 0 <  < are the solutions in
19. tan 2 = 1 3 2
The value of tan  is positive if  is in 1st and 3rd [0, 5]. Then, ,  – , 2 + , 3 – , 4
quadrant. + , 5 –  are the solutions in [0, 5].
 Option (B) is the correct answer.  number of solutions = 6
246

24. sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0 28. (2 cos x  1) (3 + 2 cos x) = 0

 sin 5x + sin x + sin 3x = 0 1  3 
 cos x  ...  cos x  
 2 sin 3x cos 2x + sin 3x = 0 2  2
 sin 3x (2 cos 2x + 1) = 0 
 sin 3x = 0 or 2 cos 2x = –1  x = 2n 
3
1
 3x = n or cos 2x =  5
2 x = , in [0, 2]
3 3
n 
 x= or cos 2x = – cos 29. (1 + tan ) (1 + tan 4) = 2
3 3
   1 + tan  + tan 4 + tan .tan 4 = 2
cos 2x = cos      tan  + tan 4 = 1  tan .tan 4
 3
tan   tan 4
2  =1
cos 2x = cos 1  tan .tan 4
ns
3
2  tan ( + 4) = 1
2x = 2n   tan 5 = 1
3
   
x = n 
  5 = …     0, 
io
3 4   16  
2 4     3   
 x = , , …  x   ,    =
3 3   2 2  20
at
25. sin x – sin 2x + sin 3x = 2 cos2 x – cos x 1
30. sin x cos x =
 sin x + sin 3x – sin 2x = cos x (2 cos x – 1) 4
 2 sin 2x cos x – sin 2x = cos x (2 cos x – 1) 1 
 sin 2x = = sin
lic
 sin 2x (2 cos x – 1) = cos x (2 cos x – 1) 2 6
 2 sin x cos x = cos x or 2 cos x – 1 = 0 
 2x = n + (1)n
1 1 6
 sin x = or cos x = 0 or cos x =
2 2 n n 
x=
ub
 (1)
  2 12
 sin x = sin or cos x = 0 or cos x = cos
6 3     
x= ...  x   0,  
n   12   2 
 x = n + (–1) or x = (2n + 1)
6 2
P
31. sin 2x + cos 2x = 0


or x = 2n   (sin 2x + cos 2x)2 = 0
3
 sin2 2x + cos2 2x + 2 sin 2x cos 2x = 0
   5
x= , , , …[ x  (0, )]  1 + sin 4x = 0  sin 4x = 1
et
6 3 2 6
  
26. cos 2x + k sin x = 2k  7  4x = n + (1)n  
 2 
 1  2 sin2x + k sin x  2k + 7 = 0

rg
 2 sin2x  k sin x + 2k  8 = 0  4x = n + (1)n+1

2
k  k 2  8(2k  8) n 
 sin x =  x=  (1)n 1
4 4 8
k  (k  8) k4
Ta
 sin x = = ,2 11 15

4 2  For  < x < 2, the values of x are , .
8 8
Since, sin x  2
and 1 < sin x < 1 32. cos 2 = sin   1  2 sin2 = sin 
k4  2 sin2 + sin   1 = 0
 1< <12<k4<2  (2 sin   1) (sin  + 1) = 0
2
1
2<k<6  sin  = or sin  = 1
2
27.  7 2  52  (7cos x +5sin x)  7 2  52 1  
 sin  = = sin   = n + (1)n
  74  (7cos x +5sin x)  74 2 6 6
  8.6  2k + 1  8.6 3
and sin  = 1 = sin
  4.8  2k  3.8 2
Integral values of k are  4,  3,  2,  1, 0, 1, 2,3 3
  = m + (1)m
Number of integral values of k = 8 2
247


 5 3       
 = , ,  cos  x   cos  x    cos  x  
6 6 2  6  6  6   
 number of solutions = 3 
– 2 cos  = 0
6
33. tan  = cot 5
 tan  – cot 5 = 0     
 cos  x   2 cos x cos  2cos  = 0
sin  cos 5  6  6 6
 – =0
cos  sin 5   
 2 cos  x   cos (cos x – 1) = 0
 cos 5 cos  – sin 5 sin  = 0  6 6
 cos (5 + ) = 0  
 cos  x   (cos x – 1) = 0
  6 
 cos 6 = 0 = cos
ns
2  
 cos  x   = 0 or cos x = 1
  6 
 6 = 2n 
2  
 3 5
x+ = (2n + 1) or x = 2n
 6 = ± , ± , 6 2
io
2 2 2  
x+ = ± or x = 0
  5 6 2
=± ,± ,
12 4 12  2
at
x= , ,0
and sin 2 = cos 4 3 3
 sin 2 = 1 – 2 sin2 2      
 x = 0, …  x    ,  
 2 sin2 2 + sin 2 – 1 = 0 3  2 2  
 (2 sin 2 – 1)(sin 2 + 1) = 0
lic  number of solutions = 2.
1
 sin 2 = or sin 2 = –1
2      1
35. 8 cos x cos   x   cos   x    = 1
 6  6  2
ub

 sin 2 = sin   or sin 2 = – 1
6 
 8 cos x  cos 2  sin 2 x   = 1
1
   6 2
 2 = n + (– 1)n or 2 = (4n – 1)
6 2
 8 cos x   sin 2 x   = 1
3 1
P
 5  4 2
 2 = , or 2 = –
6 6 2
 8 cos x   1  cos 2 x   = 1
1
 5  4 
= , or  = –
et
12 12 4 3
 2 (4 cos x – 3 cos x) = 1
  5
 the common values of  are – , and .  2 cos 3x = 1
4 12 12
1
 cos 3x =
rg
Hence, there are 3 values of  satisfying the 2

given equation.

 cos 3x = cos
  3
  
Ta
34. cos2  x   + cos2 x – 2cos  x   cos   2n  

 6  6 6 x= 
3 9

= sin2  5 7 
6 x= , , …[ x  [0, ]]
9 9 9
   
 cos2  x   +  cos 2 x – sin 2  Sum =

+
5
+
7
=
13
 6   6  9 9 9 9
   13
– 2cos  x   cos   = 0 k=
 6 6 9
     
 cos2  x   + cos  x   cos  x   36. cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0
 6  6  6  
 cos x + cos 4x + cos 2x + cos 3x = 0
   5x 3x 5x x
– 2 cos  x   cos = 0  2cos  cos  2cos  cos = 0
 6 6 2 2 2 2
248

5 x  3x x 40. Let the angles of the triangle be 4x, x and x.

 cos  cos  cos  = 0
2  2 2  4x + x + x = 180  6x = 180  x = 30
sin120o sin 30o sin 30o
5x x  
 cos .2cos x .cos = 0 a b c
2 2
 a : (a + b + c)
 
 x = (2n + 1) , (2k + 1) or (2m + 1)  = (sin 120) : (sin 120 + sin 30 + sin 30)
5 2
3 32
 3 7 9  3 = :  3: 32
 x = , , , , , , in 0  x < 2 2 2
5 5 5 5 2 2
cos A cos B cosC
37. sin 5x = cos 2x 41. Given, = = …(i)
a b c
  By Sine rule,
 sin 5x = sin   2 x 
2  sin A sin B sin C
ns
  ….(ii)
 n  a b c
 5x = n + (–1)   2 x  From (i) and (ii), we get
 2 
cos A cos B cos C
n  n
 = =
io
 5x + (–1) 2x = [2n + (–1) ] sin A sin B sin C
2  cot A = cot B = cot C
n  n  A = B = C = 60
 x [5 + 2 (–1) ] = [2n + (–1) ]
2  ABC is equilateral.
at
 2n    1n   3 2 3
x=  n 
 = a = (2) 2 = 3
 5  2   1  2 lic 4 4
ab
38. By sine rule, 42. sin A sin B =
c2
a b c (k sin A)(k sin B)
= =  sin A sin B =
sin A sin B sin A k 2 sin 2 C
ub
b c  sin2 C = 1  sin C = 1 …[ sin C  1]
=
sin B sin A
 C = 90
2c c  ABC is right angled.
 = ...[ b = 2c, B = 3C]
sin 3C sin C
P
cos A cos B cos C

sin 3C 43. Given,   …(i)
 =2 a b c
sin C By sine rule,
3sin C  4sin 3 C sin A sin B sin C
et
 =2   …(ii)
sin C a b c
 3 – 4sin2 C =2 From (i) and (ii), we get
cos A sin A
1  =
rg
 sin C =  C = 30 cos B sin B

2
 sin (A – B) = 0  A = B
B = 3  30 = 90 Similarly, we get,
 A = 60 ...[Remaining angle of ABC] B=C
Ta
3  A=B=C
 sin A = sin 60 =
2 Thus,  ABC is an equilateral triangle.
39. Let x be the common multiple. sin A sin B sin C

44.  
a b c
 A + B + C = 12x = 180  x = 15
 A = 45, B = 75, C = 60
In  ABC, a = 2b and
a b c A  B = 60  A = 60 + B
  k
sin 45 sin 75 sin 60o
o o
sin(60  B) sin B
 
1 3 1 3 2b b
 a= k, b  k, c  k
2 2 2 2 sin B 1
 =
33 3 sin(B  60) 2
 a+b+ c 2  3b
2 2  2 sin B = sin B cos 60 + cos B sin 60
249


3 3 49. Let a = 3, b = 5, c = 7
 sin B = cos B
2 2 a 2  b2  c2 9  25  49 15 1
cos C = =  =–
1 2ab 2  3 5 30 2
 tan B =  B = 30 2
3  C =
 A = 30 + 60 = 90 3
 ABC is right angled. 50. Since, c 13 is the smallest side.
 C is the smallest angle.
cos 2A cos 2B
45.  b 2  a 2  c2 48  49  13
a2 b2  cosC  
2ab 27 4 3
1  2sin A 1  2sin 2 B
2
=  3 3
a2 b2  cos C = 
2 2 3 2
1 1 2sin A 2sin 2 B
= 2 2 
ns
+  C = 30
a b a2 b2
1 1  sin 2 A sin 2 B  b 2  c 2  a 2 9  16  4 7
=  2  2 2  2  51. cos A  = =
a 2
b 2bc 2  3 4 8
 a b 
7
io
1 1  a b   A = cos–1  
=  …  Bysine rule,  . 8
a 2 b2  sin A sin B 
bc ca ab
52. Let   k
at
ac sin A  sin C 11 12 13
46. =
b sin B  b + c = 11k ….(i)
AC AC c + a = 12k ….(ii)
2sin   cos   and a + b = 13k ….(iii)
=  2   2 
sin B
lic From (i) + (ii) + (iii), 2(a + b + c) = 36k
 a + b + c = 18 k ….(iv)
2sin B AC Now, (iv) – (i) gives, a = 7k
= cos   ….[ 2B = A + C]
sin B  2  (iv) – (ii) gives, b = 6k
ub
AC (iv) – (iii) gives, c = 5k
= 2 cos   Now,
 2 
a 2  b 2  c 2 (7k) 2  (6k) 2  (5k) 2
2 2 2 cos C = 
47. sin A + sin B = sin C 2ab 2  (7k)  (6k)
P
 49k 2  36k 2  25k 2 60k 2 5

 sin C = 1  C = A = = =
2 84k 2
84k 2
7
a b c 10
  b 53. a(b cos C  c cos B)
et
sin A sin B sin C

 a 2  b2  c2 c2  a 2  b2 
a b 10 = ab c 
   C a B  2ab 2ca 
sin A sin B 1
 a = 10sin A, b = 10sin B ….[By cosine rule]
rg
1 1  a 2  b2  c2 c2  a 2  b2 
A(ABC) = ab = (10 sin A) (10 sin B) = a  
2 2  2a 2a 
1 1
=  100  sin A  sin B =  2(b2  c2 )  b2  c2
Ta
2 2
1 54. We have, b = 3 , c = 1, A = 30
Maximum value of sin A sin B =
2 b2  c2  a 2
1 1 cos A =
 A (ABC) =  100  2bc
2 2
3 ( 3) 2  12  a 2
= 25 sq. units  
2 2. 3.1
82  102  62 128 4  a = 1, b = 3 , c = 1
48. cos A =  
2.8.10 160 5  b is the largest side. Therefore, the largest angle
3 B is given by
 sin A =
5 a 2  c2  b2 1  1  3 1 o
cos B =    = cos 120
3 4 24 2ac 2.1.1 2
 sin 2A = 2 sin A. cos A = 2. . =
5 5 25  B = 120
250

55. a4 + b4 + c4 = 2 c2 (a2 + b2) 60.

A
 a4 + b4 + c4  2a2c2  2b2c2 + 2a2b2 = 2a2b2
 (a2 + b2  c2)2 = 2a2b2
60°
 a2 + b2  c2 =  2ab 30° x
x
a 2  b2  c2 2ab 1
 = =
2ab 2ab 2 30° 120 60° 60°
B x x C
 cos C = cos 45 or cos 135 D
From the figure,
 C = 45 or 135
x 2  x 2  AB2 2 x 2  AB2 1
cos 120 = 2
 2
=
56. We have, b + c = 2a ….(i) 2x 2x 2
 4x2 – 2AB2 = – 2x2
 b  c
2
b c a
2 2 2
 2bc  a 2
cos60  =  3x2 = AB2  AB = x 3
ns
2bc 2bc
1 4a 2  2bc  a 2 1 3a 2  a2 : b2 : c2 = (2x)2 : x2 : (x 3 )2 = 4 : 1 : 3
    1
2 2bc 2 2bc 1 1 3
2 61.  
3 3a ac bc abc
io
 
2 2bc a  b  2c 3
 =
 bc = a2 ….(ii) (a  c)(b  c) a  b  c
From (i) and (ii), we get  (a + b + 2c) (a + b + c) = 3(a + c) (b + c)
at
b+c=2 b c  a2 + b2 – c2 = ab
a 2  b2  c2 ab 1
  = = cos 60o
2
 b c =0b=c  cos C = =
2ab 2ab 2
From (i), a = b = c
lic  C = 60o
  ABC is equilateral. 1 1 3
62. C = 60, + =
sin A sin Acos B  cos Asin B ac bc abc
57. 
ub
sin C sin BcosC  cos Bsin C 3 1 1
  
a a cos B  bcos A abc ac bc
 
c bcosC  ccos B 63. a2 cos2A  b2  c2 = 0
 ab cos C  ac cos B = ac cos B  bc cos A b2  c2
P
 cos2A =
 ab cos C + bc cos A = 2ac cos B a2
a 2  b2  c2 b 2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b 2 Since, cos2A ≤ 1 i.e., cos2A < 1
  
2 2 1 b2  c2
 < 1  b2 + c2  a2 < 0
et
c2  a 2 a2
 b2 = c2 + a2  b2  b2 = b2  c2  a 2
2   0 ….[ 2bc > 0]
 a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. 2bc
rg
 
58. 4 sin A = 4 sin B = 3 sin C  cos A < 0  A   ,  
2 
 4a = 4b = 3c or a = b
2 3 b
Ta
 4a  64.  1
a2  a2    2 a
a 2  b2  c2  3 
 cos C = = b
2ab 2 a  a  1
a
16a 2 8a 2
2a 2  a2  b<a
= 9 = 9 =1 8 = 1
c<b<a
2a 2 a2 9 9
 B = 60 ….[ Angles are in A.P.]
59. Largest side is p  pq  q . If largest angle is
2 2
3 b
Consider  1
, then 2 a
p 2  q 2  p 2  pq  q 2 1  2  3 b
cos  = = – = cos    
2pq 2  3  2 a
2  3 a < 2b
=
3  3a2 < 4b2
251


 4b2  3a2 > 0  a2 = b2 + bc
Now, b2 = a2 + c2  2ac cos 60 Now, a =  + 1, b =  – 1, c = 
 c2  ac + (a2  b2) = 0  ( + 1)2 = ( – 1)2 +  ( – 1)
a  4b 2  3a 2  2 + 2 + 1 = 2 – 2 + 1 + 2 – 
 c=  2 – 5 = 0   ( – 5) = 0
2
  = 0, 5
65. A
cosC  cos A cos B
67. 
ca b
2x + 1 x2  1 (bcosC  ccos B)  (bcos A  a cos B)
=
b(c  a)
/6 ac
= …[By projection rule]
b(c  a)
ns
B 2
C
x +x+1 1
b2  a 2  c2 =
cos C = b
2ba
 ( x 2  1) 2  ( x 2  x  1) 2  (2 x  1) 2 68. Since, a, b, c are in A. P.,
io
 cos =
6 2( x 2 1)( x 2  x  1)  2b = a + c
3 ( x 2  1) 2  ( x 2  3x  2)( x 2  x ) C A
 = a cos 2    c cos 2  
2 2
at
2 2( x 2  x  1)( x 2 1)
a 1  cos C  c 1  cos A 
3 ( x 2  1) 2  ( x  1)( x  2) x( x  1) = 
 = 2 2
2 2( x 2  x  1)( x 2 1)
a  c  a cos C  c cos A
 3 =
x 2
 1  x  x 2  1  x  2 
2
lic =
2
x 2
 x  1 x 2  1
=
a  c  b
2
x 2  1 x( x  2)
 3= 2b  b
ub
x2  x  1 =
2 2
 3( x 2  x  1) = 2x + 2x  1
3b
=
  
3  2 x2  
  3 1 = 0 3 2 x  2
On solving, x2 + x   3 3  5 = 0 a  b  c 16  24  20
P
69. s=  = 30
2 2
 x = 3 + 1,   2  3  s(s  b)
 B
cos   =
Since, x cannot be negative. 2 ac
et
 x=1+ 3 30(30  24) 9 3

= = =
66. By sine rule, 16  20 16 4
rg
a b
= A C B
sin A sin B 70. sin .sin  sin
2 2 2
a b
 = 
(s  b)(s  c)

(s  a)(s  b)
=
(s  a)(s  c)
sin 2B sin B
Ta
bc ab ac
a
 sin 2B = sin B (s  b) (s  a)(s  c) (s  a)(s  c)
b  =
b ac ac
a
 2 sin B cos B = sin B  s  b = b  s = 2b
b
a 71. a:b:c=2:3:4
 =b
2cos B Let a = 2x, b = 3x, c = 4x
a a  b  c 9x
 =b s= 
 a  c2  b2 
2 2 2
2 
 2ac  9x  9x  9 x  9 x 
   2 x   3x   4 x 
2 2
 a c = b (a + c – b ) 2 2 2 2  2  2 
 a2 (b – c) – (b + c) (b – c) b = 0 3 15 x 2
 a2 – b (b + c) = 0 =
4
252

2
abc 8x  3
R= =  42 + c2 = 4   + 3
4 15
 2 
 15 x =3+3
r= =
s 6 =6
R : r = 16 : 5
76. A = 75, B = 45
C C
72. 2
(a  b) cos 2
+ (a + b)2 sin2  C = 180 – 75 – 45 = 60
2 2 By sine rule,
C C
= (a2 + b2  2ab) cos2 + (a2 + b2 + 2ab) sin2 a

b
2 2 sin A sin B

= (a2 + b2) cos 2

C
2
C
 sin 2 
2 
2  3 1  b
ns
sin 75 sin 45
 C C
2ab cos 2  sin 2  b=4
 2 2
1
= a2 + b2  2ab cos C area of ABC = ab sin C
2
= c2
io
….[By cosine rule] 1
 
=  2 3  1  4  sin 60
2
73. a, b, c are in A.P.  2b = a + c
 2s  2b = 2s  (a + c) = 62 3
at
 2(s  b) = s  a + s  c
77.  = a2  (b  c)2
 2s(s  b) = s(s  a) + s(s  c)
= 2bc  (b2 + c2  a2)
 4s2(s  b)2 = s2(s  a)2 + s2(s  c)2
 b2  c2  a 2 
lic
+ 2s2(s  a) (s  c) = 2bc – 2bc 
 2bc
 = 2bc (1  cos A)

4s 2 (s  b) 2 s 2 (s  a) 2
 = 2 A
s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)   = 2bc . 2 sin ....(i)
2
s (s  c)
2 2
2s (s  a)(s  c)
2
ub
+ + 1
s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) Also,  = bc sin A
2
Taking square root on both sides, we get 1 A A
s(s  b) s(s  a) s(s  c)
= bc . 2 sin cos
2 = + 2 2 2
(s  a)(s  c) (s  b)(s  c)
P
(s  b)(s  a) A A
  = bc. sin cos ....(ii)
B A C 2 2
 2 cot = cot + cot
2 2 2 A 1
 tan = ....[From (i) and (ii)]
et
2 4
74. We have, a = 1, b = 2, C = 60
1 78. a2 sin 2C + c2 sin 2A
Area of triangle = absin C
2 = a2(2 sin C cos C) + c2 (2 sin A cos A)
rg
 2  2
=
1
(1)(2)sin 60 
3 = 2a2  cosC  + 2c2  cos A 
2 2  ab   bc 
 1 1 
1    2 ab sin C  2 bc sin A,
Ta
75. = ab sin C .... 

2 
 sin C  2 , sin A  2 
1
=  1  2  sin 60  ab bc 
2
 a cosC  ccos A  b
3 = 4   = 4   = 4
=  b  b
2
cos C =
a 2  b2  c2
79. tan
A
=
 s  b  s  c  , tan B
=
 s  a  s  c 
2ab 2 s s  a  2 s s  b
1  4  c2
 cos 60 =  A B
2(1)(2) (a + b + c)  tan  tan 
 2 2
1 5  c2
 =   s  b  s  c    s  a  s  c  
2 4 = a  b  c  
 c2 = 3  s s  a  s  s  b  
253

sc  sb sa  1 1

= 2s      2a 
s  s  a s  b  2 2
1 1 1
 a i.e., | a | 
sc  sbsa  2 2 2 2 2 2
= 2s  
s   s  a  s  b  
 
 y
83. Let tan–1   = 
 2s  a  b  2
 
= 2 s s  c  
  s  a  s  b    tan  =
y
2
s s  c
= 2c …[ 2s – a – b = c] sec2 = 1 + tan2
 s  a  s  b  4  y2
=
C 4
 2c cot
ns
2  y
 sec  tan 1  = sec
C  2 
A B 2c cot 2
 tan  tan  4  y2
2 2 abc =
io
4
80. a = 2 = QR, 4  y2
P =
7 2
b= = PR,
at
2
1
5 c b 84. cos (2 tan–1 x) =
c = = PQ 2
2
 
 2 tan–1 x =
s=
abc
2
8
= =4
2
Q
a
lic R 3
,
3
–1  
2sin P  2sin Pcos P 2sin P(1  cos P)  tan x = ,
= 6 6
2sin P  2sin Pcos P 2sin P(1 cos P) 1 1
ub
x= ,
P 3 3
1  cos P 2sin 2
= = 2 = tan2 P
1  cos P P  1 
2cos 2 2
85. cos cot 1    = cos (tan1 2)
2   2 
P
(s  b)(s  c) (s  b) 2 (s  c) 2    1
= = 1
s(s  a) 2 = cos cos 1   =
  1  (2) 2   5
2 2  
 7  5
et
4  4  2  1  x2 
 3 
= 
2  2 and cot (cos1 x) = cot  tan 1 
=  
2  4   x 
 x  x
rg
 2 x +1  = cot  cot 1 
81. sin1   is defined for  1 x 
2
1  x2
 3 
 1 
1 
2 x +1
1 Given, cos cot 1    = cot (cos1 x)
  2 
Ta
3
 –3 ≤ 2x + 1 ≤ 3  –4 ≤ 2x ≤ 2 1 x 1 x2
   =
2x1 5 1  x2 5 1  x2
 6x2 = 1
82. Given, sin1 x = 2 sin1 2a
1
  x=
Since,   sin1 x  6
2 2
  7  7  5
   2 sin1 2a  86. cos = cos  2   = cos
2 2 6  6  6
  7 5
   sin1 2a   cos = cos
4 4 6 6
    7   5  5
 sin     sin (sin1 2a)  sin  cos1  cos  = cos1  cos  =
 4 4  6   6  6
254

53  50 3      
87. cos = cos     tan–1 tan     =  –  =
5  5 5  4  2 4 2
 3     1
= cos 10   = =  tan1 x =  x = tan =
 5  6 6 6 3
3
= cos 92. Putting x = tan , we get
5
  1  x2  1  1  x 
2

  3     sin  tan 1    cos  2 
= sin    = sin     2x   1  x 
2 5   10 
53       1  tan 2   1  1  tan  
2

 1  = sin  tan 1    cos 
 sin1  cos  = sin  sin  = 2 tan  1  tan 2


 5   10  10     
88. tan–1(cot x) + cot–1 (tan x) = sin [tan–1 (cot 2) + cos–1 (cos2)]
ns

  
= tan–1  tan   x   + cot–1 cot   x  
π π  = sin [tan–1 {tan ( – 2) }+ cos–1 (cos 2)]
2 2 2
     

π π = sin =1
= –x+ –x 2
io
2 2
=  – 2x  2a   2b 
93. sin–1  2 
+ sin–1  2 
= 2tan–1 x
89. cos–1 x + cos–1(2x) = –  1  a   1  b 
at
 cos–1 2x = – – cos–1 x Putting a = tan  and b = tan , we get
 2x = cos ( + cos–1 x)  2tan  
 2 tan  
2x= (cos ) cos (cos–1 x) – (sin) sin (cos–1x) sin–1  2 
+ sin–1   = 2tan–1 x
 1  tan    1+ tan 2 
2x = – x  x = 0  
But x = 0 does not satisfy the given equation.
lic  sin [sin (2)] + sin [sin (2)] = 2 tan–1 x
–1 –1
 No solution will exist.  2( + ) = 2tan–1 x

2 2  x = tan ( + )
90. Let  = cos–1  cos  =
ub
5 5 tan θ + tan 
x=
1 2   1  tan θ tan 
tan  cos 1   tan 2
2 5 Resubstituting the values of a and b, we get
ab
1  cos  x=
=
P
1  ab
1  cos 
2 94. Putting x = tan  in the given equation, we
1 get
5
et
=
2  1  x2  1   1  tan 2   1 
1 cot 1    cot 1  
5  x   tan  
   
5 2  sec   1 
rg
= = cot 1 
5 2 
 tan  
 
2
5 2  1  cos  
= = cot 1  
    sin  
Ta
5 2 5 2
 2  
 2sin 2
  
2
= 5 2 = cot  1


 2sin cos  
= 5 2  2 2 
1 x 1  
91. tan–1 = tan–1 x = cot 1  tan 
1 x 2  2
1  tan   1    
 tan–1  = cot 1 cot   
= . ....[Put x = tan]
 2 2 
1  tan   2
    
= 
–1  tan 4  tan    2 2
 tan  =

1  tan tan   2 =


tan 1 x
 4  2 2
255


    2 
cos1 cot     cos 1 sin     1
95. sin2  sin 1  + tan2(sec–12) + cot2(cosec–14)
  2    3   2 
 3 = sin2 30 + tan2 60 + cot2 
= cos1 (0) + cos1   2
 2  1
 3
2
=   + + 15
  2

=  cos 1  cos  73
2  6 =
4
 
= 
2 6 101. Let cos–1a = 
2  cos  = a
=
3 1 1
 cosec  = 
1  cos θ 2
1 a2
ns
1
1
96. Let cot   =    1
 2 Let cot–1   =
 1 a 
2
1 2
 cot  =  sin  =
2 5 1
 cot  =
io
Let cos1 x =  1 a2
 x = cos   tan  = 1  a 2
  1 
Now, tan (cos1 x) = sin  cot 1    1 1
at
  2   cos  = =
1 tan  2
2  a2
 tan  = sin 
2
102. tan cos 1  tan 1 
4 2
 tan  =
5
lic  5 3
5  
 x = cos  =  16 
3  1   
= tan  tan 1 
25  2
 tan 1 
 4 3
ub
  x 1  x 2    
97. tan sin 1     sin x 
1 5
 
  2 2  
  3 2 
  x  1  x 2    1  4  3  
= tan  tan  
= tan sin 1    sin x  3 2
1
P
  2     1  .  
  4 3  
  sin   cos   
= tan sin 1      17 
  2   = tan  tan 1 
et
 6
Put sin –1 x   17
...   =
 x  sin   6
    
= tan sin 1 sin        
rg
 3 3
  4   
103. cos  2sin 1  cos 1 
 4 4 
 
= tan      = tan = 1  3
= cos  sin 1  sin 1  cos 1 
3 3
 4  4
Ta
 4 4 4 
 2  3
98.
tan 1  3   sec (2) = 1 
3 3 = 4
= cos   sin 1 
2 4
 2
cosec 1   2   cos   12 
1
4

3
5 
= – cos  cos 1  = –
3 3
 4 4
99. Let tan–1 2 =   tan  = 2  
104. cos  2  tan 1  tan 1 5  
1
and cot–1 3 =   cot  = 3
  5 
 sec2 (tan–12) + cosec2 (cot–13)
= sec2  + cosec2 = 1 + tan2  + 1 + cot2  = cos  2(cot 5  tan 5) 
1 1
= 2 + (2)2 + (3)2 = 15  π 
= cos  2   
–1
100. Let cosec 4 =   cosec  = 4   2 
cot2  = cosec2  – 1 = (4)2 – 1 = 15 = cos  = –1
256

105. 3 tan1 x + cot1 x = π

 tan–1 
5x 
2 
= tan–1 (1)
 2 tan1 x + tan1 x + cot1 x = π  1  6x 

 2 tan1 x + = 
5x
=1
2 1  6 x2
  1 – 6x2 = 5x  6x2 + 5x – 1 = 0
 tan1 x =
4
 (x + 1)  x   = 0  x = – 1,
1 1

 tan (tan1 x) = tan  6 6
4
But x = – 1 does not hold.
x=1
1
106. Given,  x=
6
sec–1 x = cosec–1 y
1 1 4
111. tan–1 x + tan–1 y =
ns
 cos–1   = sin–1   5
 x  y
  4π
1  1  – cot1 x + – cot1 y =
 cos–1   = – cos–1   2 2 5
 x 2  y 
io
 cot1 x + cot1 y =
1 1  5
 cos–1   + cos–1   =
 x  y 2
x  x y
112. tan –1 – tan –1 
at
 
 x
– cosec–1  
13 y x y
107. sin–1   =
 13  2  12   y
1
–1  13  –1  12  –1 x –1  x
= sec   = cos   = tan – tan 
y 
 12   13 
lic y  1 
 x

sin–1   = sin–1  
x 5

 13   13  x  1 y
= tan –1 –  tan 1  tan 1 
 x=5 y  x
ub
x y 
108. 4 sin1 x + cos1 x =  = tan –1 + tan –1 –
y x 4
 3 sin1 x + sin1 x + cos1 x = 
 x x    
 3 sin1 x =  – = tan–1 + cot–1 – = – =
P
2 y y 4 2 4 4
 
…  sin 1 x + cos 1 x    x 1  1  x  1  
 2 113. tan 1    tan  
 x  2   x  2  4
et
 
 3 sin1 x =  sin1 x =
2 6  x 1 x 1 
  
 1  tan 1
 x 2 x2  = 
 x = sin =
6 2 1   x  1   x  1   4
rg
  x  2   x  2  

109. a + < 2tan1 x + 3cot1 x < b x 1 x 1  x 1   x 1 
2   1   
 x2 x2  x2  x2
Ta
 a + < 2(tan1 x + cot1 x) + cot1 x < b

2  x2 + x  2 + x2  x  2 = x2  4  x2 + 1
  2x2 = 1
 a + <  + cot1 x < b
2 1
x= 
 2
 a  < cot1 x < b  
2
As 0 < cot1 x < , 114. A + B + C = 
  tan–1 2 + tan–1 3 + C = 
a= and b = 2
2  23 
  + tan–1   +C=
 1  2  3 
110. tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x =
4  5 
 tan–1   + C = 0
 2 x  3x    5 
 tan–1   = –1
 1  (2 x )(3 x )  4  – tan (1) + C = 0
257


π  sin  = 1  p , sin  = p and sin  = q
– +C=0
4
The given equation can be written as
π
C= 3 3
4 ++= += –
4 4
115. 2 tan1 (cos x) = tan1 (2 cosec x)  3 
 tan1 (cos x) + tan1 (cos x) = tan1 (2 cosec x)  cos ( + ) = cos    
 4 
 tan [tan1 (cos x) + tan1 (cos x)]
 cos  cos  – sin  sin 
= tan  tan 1 (2cosec x) 
   
tan (tan 1 cos x )  tan (tan 1 cos x) = cos          cos    
 =2 cosec x  4   4  
1  tan (tan 1 cos x ).tan(tan 1 cos x )
 p 1 p – 1 p p
cos x  cos x
ns
 = 2 cosec x
=   
1  cos 2 x 1 1
2
1 q  . q
 2 cos x = 2 cosec x . (1  cos x)  2 2 
 cos x = cosec x . sin2 x 1
 0 = 1 q – q 1–q=qq=
 cos x = sin x
io
2

x=
4 1 5 2 1
119. 2 tan–1 + sec–1 + 2 tan–1
at
  5 7 8
 sin x + cos x = sin + cos
4 4  1 1 1 5 2
1 1 = 2  tan 1  tan 1   sec
=   2  5 8 7
2 2
–1 –1 –1 
lic  1
 
1 
 5 2 
2
116. sin x + sin y + sin z= = 2 tan 1  5 8   tan 1    1

2 1  1  1    7 
  
Put sin–1 x = , sin–1 y = , sin–1 z =  5  8  
ub

 ++= …[ sec–1 x = tan–1 x 2  1 ]
2
   13 1
+= –   cos ( + ) = cos     = 2 tan 1  tan 1
2 2  39 7
P
 cos  cos  – sin  sin  = sin  ….(i) 1 1

= 2 tan 1  tan 1
and, we have 3 7
sin  = x  cos  = 1  x 2  1 
et
 2  
Similarly, cos = 1 y 2
= tan 1   3    tan 1 1
 1 
2
7
 From (i), we get 1    
 3
  
1  x 2 . 1 y 2 = xy + z
rg
Squaring on both sides, we get  2x 

...  2 tan 1 x  tan 1 , if  1  x  1
x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1  1  x 2

3 1
Ta
117. Given cos–1 x + cos–1 y+ cos–1 z = 3 = tan–1 + tan–1

4 7
 0  cos–1 x  
 3 1 
 0  cos–1 y   and 0  cos–1 z     
Here, cos–1 x = cos–1 y = cos–1 z =  = tan –1
 4 7 
1  3  1  
 x = y = z = cos  = – 1   
4  7  
 xy + yz + zx = (–1) (–1) + (–1)(–1) + (–1) (–1)
=1+1+1=3 120. sin–1 cos (sin–1 x) + cos–1 sin (cos–1 x)
118. Let  = cos–1 p ,  = cos
–1
1 p = sin 1 1  x 2  cos 1 1  x 2
and  = cos–1 1  q  cos  = p, …  cos  sin 1 x   sin  cos 1 x   1  x 2 
 
cos  = 1  p

and cos  = 1  q =
2
258

2 1 3 
121. sin–1x + cos–1y = =  + cos1  .cos   sin  
5
2 2 
  2
 – cos–1 x + – sin–1 y =    
2 2 5 =  + cos1  cos .cos   sin .sin  
2 3  3 
–1 –1
  – cos x – sin y =
   
=  + cos1 cos      =  +  
5
–1 –1 2 3  3  3
 cos x + sin y =  – =
5 5 
=
2 2 3
1  1 
122. sin1   + sin  
 3   3  2x 
126. tan1 y = tan1x + tan1  
2 2 1
2
 1  x2 
ns
= sin1   + cos
1
1  
 3  3 = tan1x + 2 tan1x
 tan1y = 3 tan1x
…. sin 1 x  cos 1 1  x 2 
   3x  x3 
Since, 3tan1x = tan1  2 
io
2 2 1  2 2   1  3x 
= sin1   + cos  
 3   3  3 x  x3
 y=
   1  3x 2
at
= …. sin 1 x + cos 1 x  
2  2
1 
  127. tan–1  tan 2A  + tan–1 (cot A) + tan–1 (cot3 A)
  2 
 1  3   
123. cos  tan    = cos cos 1
1
lic 
2 
 1  2 tan A  
= tan 1   1
     tan  
 cot A  cot 3 A 
  4  3  2  1  tan A    1  cot A 
2 4
 1   
  4  
   
 4   0  A  4 , 
ub
= cos cos 1     
  5   1 1 1  x  y  
…  tan x  tan y    tan  , 
=
4   1  xy  
5 for x, y  0 and xy  1 
 
P
 
124. Let sin–1 x = 
 x = sin   cot A 1  cot 2 A  
=   tan 1 
tan A 
  tan 1
 
 1  tan A   1  cot A  1  cot A  
2 2 2
2x 1  x 2 = 2 sin  cos 
et
= sin 2  tan A  1  cot A 

=   tan 1    tan 
 sin –1
 2x 1  x2  = sin–1 (sin 2)  1  tan A 
2 
 1  cot A 
2
rg
= sin–1 [sin ( – 2)]  tan A  1  tan A 

=   tan 1    tan  
 1  tan A   tan A  1 
2 2
 1   
 2  x  1  4    2   tan A    tan A 
  =  + tan–1  1
  tan  
  2
 1  tan A 
2
Ta
   1 tan A 
...    2   

2
 =+0 …[tan–1(– x) = – tan–1 x]
 
 0    2   =
 2 

=  – 2 128. Consider option (A),
=  – 2 sin–1 x sin (cos1 x) = cos (sin1 x) = 1  x 2
 A = , B = –2
…  sin 1 x = cos 1 1  x 2 , cos 1 x = sin 1 1  x 2 
1  
125. Let x = cos    = cos x
x 1   
Now, cos1 x + cos1   3  3x 2  129. sin [cot–1 (x + 1)] = sin  sin 1
1

2 2   x  2x  2 
2
1  cos  3  1
=  + cos   1  cos 2   =
 2 2  x  2x  2
2
259


 1  3
And cos (tan–1x) = cos  cos 1  133.  = cos–1  
 1 x 
2 5
1 3
=  cos  =
1  x2 5
4
1 1  tan  =
Thus, = 3
x  2x  2
2
1  x2
 
1
1  = tan–1  
 x2 + 2x + 2 = 1 + x2  x = – 3
2
1

 tan  =
 a  3
130. cot (cos–1 x) = sec  tan 1  2 2  
  b a  tan α  tanβ
   tan ( – ) =
1  tan α . tanβ
ns
  x    a2 
 cot cot 1    = sec sec 1 1  2 2  4 1
 1  x2  b  a  
    3 3 = 9
 =
4 1 13
x b 1 .
 = 3 3
io
1 x 2
b a2
2
 
x2 b2  9 
 = –1  9  –1  13 
1 x 2 b2  a 2  –  = tan   = sin  
at
 13   1  9 
2

1 x 2 b2  a 2    
 =   13  
x2 b2
1 2b  a 2
2   x 
 2 =
x b2
lic …  tan 1 x  sin 1 
 

 1  x 
2

b
x=  9 
2b 2  a 2 = sin–1  
 5 10 
ub
1 4
131. 2 cot1    cot1   ( x  1) 2 A Bx  C
2 3 134.   2
x3  x x x 1
4
= 2 tan1 (2)  cot1   ( x  1) 2 Ax 2  A  Bx 2  Cx
3  
P
x( x 2  1) x( x 2  1)
 1 
...  cot –1  x   tan –1   , if x  0   x2 + 2x +1 = (A + B)x 2 + Cx + A
 x 
Equating coefficients on both sides, we get
 4  1  4 
et
=   tan 1  A + B = 1, C = 2, A = 1
  cot  
 3  3 B=0
 2x  1 1  1 
….[ 2 tan1 (x) =  + tan1  2 
, if x > 1]  cosec1  1
 + cot   + sec C
1 x  A
  B
 
rg
4 4   5
=   tan 1    cot 1   = 0 
3 3 2 3 6
 4 
=    tan 1    cot 1   
4
Ta
a b 5 4
135. =  =
 3  3  sin A sin B   sin B
sin   B 
 2 
=
2 5 4 4
 =  tan B =
 cos B sin B 5
=
2   5
Now, tan A = tan   B  =  cot B =
1 
 2   2  4
132. tan sin  cos  l 
  3   tan C = tan(  (A + B))
  1    =  tan(A + B)
= tan1 sin  sin  l   …  cos x = sin 1  x 
1 1 2
 5 4
  3        
=
 tan A  tan B =  4 5 = 9
 1   1  tan A . tan B  5 4
= tan1   = 6 1  
40
 3  4 5
260

 1   100  n  1  n  
 2.  = cot  tan 1  
 C = tan–1  9   n 1 1  n  n  1  
 1 
2
1    
 9   100
= cot   tan 1  n  1  tan 1 n 
n 1 
1 = cot [(tan 2 – tan 1) + (tan 3 – tan–12) + …..
–1 –1 –1
 C = 2 tan–1  
9
+ (tan–1 101 – tan–1 100)]
1 1 = cot (tan–1101 – tan–11)
136. 2y = 1  y =  sin x =
2 2   101  1  
= cot  tan 1  
x=
 5 7  11
, , , in 2  x  2   1  101  
6 6 6 6
  100  
ns
 number of points of intersection = 4 = cot  tan 1  
 102   
 1 1  x     50  
sin  x  tan     = cot  tan 1   
1     51  
137. A – B =
io
  1  x  
 sin   cot  x  
1
  51  
 
   = cot cot 1   
 50  
 1  x  
at
  cos  x  tan    
1
51
1    =
– 50
  1  x 

 sin   tan  x  
1
 
   140. (cos  + i sin ) (cos 2 + i sin 2)
 
lic …(cos n + i sin n) = 1
0
1 2 i
 e  e …e 2i in
=1
=  
   n  n+1
0
 2 
i θ
ub
 e 2
= e0
=
1
I n  n+1 θ
2  = 2k, kI
2
4kπ
1 =
P
138. sin , cos  and tan  are in G.P. , k I

6 n  n+1
1
 cos2  = . sin . tan  1  icosθ
6 141. Let z =
et
1  2icosθ
sin 
 6 cos2  = sin . 1  icosθ 1  2icosθ
cos  z= 
1  2icosθ 1  2icosθ
 6 cos3  = sin2 
rg
1  2icos θ  icos θ  2cos 2 θ

 6 cos3  + cos2   1 = 0 z=
1  4cos 2 θ
1
Here, cos  = is the only real root.
2 1  2cos 2 θ  3icos θ
Ta
z=
 1  4cos 2 θ
  = 2n 
3 As z is a real number,
Im (z) = 0
 100  n

139. cot   cot 1 1   2k   3cos θ
 n 1  k 1  =0
1  4cos 2 θ
 100 
= cot   cot 1 1  2  4  6  ...  2n    cos  = 0
 n 1 
π
 100    = (2n + 1) ,(n  I)
= cot  cot 1 1  n  n  1   2
 n 1 
 100  1  
= cot  tan 1  
 n 1 1  n  n  1  
261

Evaluation Test
1. sin 3x = 3 sin x  4 sin3x 5 7 

 x= ,
31 8 8
 sin x = (3sin x  sin 3 x)
4  The values of x satisfying the given equation
cos 3x = 4 cos3x  3 cos x  3 5 7 
between 0 and 2 are , , , .
31 8 8 8 8
 cos x = (cos3x  3cos x)
4 
These are in A.P. with common difference .
Given, cos 3x cos3x + sin 3x sin3 x = 0 4
1
 cos 3x  (cos 3x + 3 cos x) 2 2x
3. 16sin x  16cos = 10
ns
4
1 sin 2 x 2
+ sin 3x (3 sin x  sin 3x) = 0  16 161 sin x = 10
4
1 2 16
 cos 2 3x+ 3cos x cos3x +3sin x sin 3 x  sin 2 3 x   0  16sin x  2x
= 10
io
4 16sin
 cos2 3x  sin2 3x + 3(cos 3x cos x Let t = 16sin
2x
+ sin 3x sin x) = 0 16
 cos 6x + 3 cos 2x = 0 t+ = 10  t2 + 16 = 10t
at
t
 4 cos3 2x  3 cos 2x + 3 cos 2x = 0  t2  10t + 16 = 0  (t  2) (t  8) = 0
 4 cos3 2x = 0  t = 2 or t = 8
 cos 2x = 0 2x 2x
 2x = (2n + 1)

lic  16sin
4sin 2 x
= 2 or 16sin
4sin 2 x
=8
2  2 = 21 or 2 = 23
 2 2
 x = (2n + 1)  4 sin x = 1 or 4 sin x = 3
4 1 3
ub
 sin2 x = or sin2 x =
4 4
2. sin x 8cos 2 x = 1
 
 sin x 2 2 cos x = 1 ….  8  2 2   sin2x = sin2   or sin2x = sin2  
6   3  

P
1 
 sin x |cos x| =  x = n ±
or x = n ±
2 2 6 3
Case I:  7 5 11  4 2 5
1 x= , , , or x = , , ,
et
If cos x > 0, sin x cos x = 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3

2 2  There are 8 solutions in [0, 2].
1 1
 sin 2x = 4. The maximum value of a sin x + b cos x is
2 2 2
rg
1 a 2  b2 .
 sin 2x =
2  Maximum value of sin x + cos x is 2 and the
 3 9 11 maximum value of 1 + sin 2x is 2.
 2x = , , ,  The given equation will be true only when
Ta
4 4 4 4
….[ x  (0, 2),  2x  (0, 4)] sin x + cos x = 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2
 3 9 11 If sin x + cos x = 2
 x= , , , 1 1
8 8 8 8  cos x  + sin x  =1
st th
But cos x > 0 (x must be in 1 or 4 Quadrant) 2 2
 3  
 the possible values are , .  cos x cos + sin x sin = 1
8 8 4 4
Case II:   
 cos  x   = 1
If cos x < 0,  4
1 1 
sin x(cos x) =  sin 2x =   x  = 2n,
2 2 2 4
5 7 
 2x = ,  x = 2n + ….(i)
4 4 4
262

1 + sin 2x = 2  sin 2x = 1  3tan  tan 3  


 3 = 3
 1  3tan  
2
 sin 2x = sin
2
 3 tan 3 = 3

 2x = n + (1)n.  tan 3 = 1 = tan

2
4
n 
x= + (1)n. ….(ii) 
2 4  3 = n +
4
The value of x [, ] which satisfies both (i) 
   = (4n + 1)
and (ii) is . 12
4
9 3
5. sin4 x + cos4 x = sin x cos x 8. A(ABC) =
 (sin2x + cos2x)2  2 sin2x cos2x = sin x cos x 2
ns
1 1 1 9 3
1 (2 sin x cos x)2 = .2sin x cos x  bcsin A =
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 3 9 3  2 3
 1  sin2 2x = sin 2 x   bc  = …  sin A  sin  
io
2 2 2 2 2  3 2 
 sin22x + sin 2x  2 = 0  bc = 18
 (sin 2x + 2) (sin 2x  1) = 0
b2  c2  a 2
cos A =
at
 sin 2x = 1 ….[sin 2x  2] 2bc
 2 (b  c) 2  2bc  a 2
 sin 2x = sin  cos =
2 lic 3 2bc
 (3 3) 2  2 18  a 2
 2x = n + (1)n 
1
=
2 2 218
n    18 = 27 + 36  a2
x= + (1)n
2 4  a2 = 27 + 36 + 18 = 81
ub
 5  a = 9 cm
 The value of x in [0, 2] are and .
4 4
 There are 2 solutions. 9. B
6. 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5
P
30
 2 x   x  3 1
 1  tan 2   2 tan 2 
 3  + 4 =5
 1  tan 2 x   1  tan 2 x 
et
 2  2 105 45
A C
x
Let tan = t
2 Let B = 30, C = 45  A = 105
rg
 3  3t2 + 8t = 5 + 5t2 2
 8t  8t + 2 = 0 sin A sin B sin C
 
 4t2  4t + 1 = 0  (2t  1)2 = 0 a b c
1 x sin105 sin 30 sin 45
t=  tan = tan    
2 2 3 1 b c
Ta

x
2
= n +   x = 2n + 2
 b=
 
3 1 sin 30

3 1
sin105 2sin105
 2 
7.

 3 

tan  + tan    + tan     = 3
3  c=
 
3 1 sin 45
=
3 1
sin105 2 sin105
tan  3 tan   3
 tan  + + =3 1
1  3 tan  1  3 tan  A(ABC) = bc sin A
2
tan (1  3tan 2 )  (tan   3)(1 3 tan )
1 3 1 3 1
 (tan  3)(1  3 tan ) =    sin105
 =3 2 2sin105 2 sin105
1  3tan 2 
 
2
3 1
9 tan  3tan 
3
=
 =3 4 2 sin (60 45)
1  3tan 2 
263

 
2 2
3 1 n2 n 1
=  3  4 + 4  =
 3 1 1 1   2n  n
4 2      n 2  4n  4 n 1
 2 2 2 2  1+ =
n2 n
 
2
3 1   n2 + n2 + 4n + 4 = n2 + n
=
 3 1   n2  3n  4 = 0
4 2    (n + 1) (n  4) = 0
 2 2 
 n = 1 or n = 4
3 1 But n cannot be negative.
=
2  n=4
bc ca ab 2(a  b  c)  The sides of the  are 4, 5, 6.
10. Let   k =
ns
11 12 13 36 12.
abc
A
=
18
….(By property of equal ratio) E O B

io
b + c = 11k, c + a = 12k, a + b = 13k,
a + b + c = 18 k r 72 r
 a = 7k, b = 6k, c = 5k
at
b2  c2  a 2
cos A = D C
2bc
36k 2  25k 2  49k 2 360
= In ODC, OD = OC = r, DOC = = 72
2(6k)(5k) 5
12k 2 1
lic
 A(ODC) =
1 1
r.r. sin 72 = r2 sin 72
= = 2 2
60k 2 5
5 2
1  A2 = Area of pentagon = r sin 72
 cos A = 2
ub
5
A1 = Area of circle = r2
11. A A1 r 2
 =
A2 5 2
r sin 72
2
n+1 n
P
2 2 2 
= = sec 18 = sec
5cos18 5 5 10
B C
n+2 b2  c2  a 2
et
13. cos A =
Let AC = n, AB = n + 1, BC = n + 2 2bc
 Largest angle is A and smallest angle is B. 4  3  a2
 cos 30 =
 A = 2B 4 3
rg
Since, A + B + C = 180 3 7  a2
 =  7  a2 = 6
 3B + C = 180 2 4 3
 C = 180  3B  a2 = 1
Ta
 sin C = sin(180  3B) = sin 3B a=1 ….[ a  1]

sin A sin B sin C
 = = 1 1
n2 n n 1 = bcsin A =  2  3  sin 30
2 2
sin 2B sin B sin 3B
 = = 1 3
n2 n n 1 = 3 =
2sin Bcos B sin B 3sin B  4sin 3 B 2 2
 = = a  b  c 1 2  3 3  3
n2 n n 1 s = = =
2cos B 1 3  4sin B
2 2 2 2
 = =  = rs
n2 n n 1
n2 n 1  3 2
 cos B = , 3  4 sin2B =  r = = 
2n n s 2 3 3
2 n 1 3(3  3) 3 3 3 3 1
 3  4(1  cos B) = = = =
n 93 6 2
264

14. a4 + b4 + c4 = 2a2(b2 + c2) a   3 

=  cos  cos 
 a4 + b4 + c4  2a2b2  2a2c2 = 0 2  2 4
 a4 + b4 + c4  2a2b2 + 2b2c2  2a2c2 = 2b2c2 a   1 
= 0   
b  c2  a 2  =   
2 2
 2
2bc 2  2 
 b2 + c2  a2 = a
2bc  P=
2
b  c  a2
2 2
2bc 1
 cos A = = =
2bc 2bc 2 A B
16. tan and tan are the roots of the quadratic
 A = 45 2 2
equation 6x2  5x + 1 = 0
15.  A A B 5 A B 1
4  tan + tan = , tan tan =
2 2 6 2 2 6
ns
A B 5 5
tan  tan
p A  2 2 = 6 = 6=1

 tan    =
 2 2  1  tan A tan B 1  1 5
8 2 2 6 6
io
B a C  A  B 
 tan   1
5  2 
Let length of altitude = p 8 AB 
at
 =
Since, A + B + C =  2 4
 5  
 A+ + =  A+B=  C=
8 8 2 2
 A=
 5 
 =
lic  ABC is a right angled triangle.
8 8 4 acsin B
1
 ac
1 1
Area of  = ap = bc sin A 17. r= = 2 =
s 1 a  bc
ub
2 2 (a  b  c)
 2
 ap = bc sin …[ sin B = sin 90 = 1]
4
1 ac acb
 ap = bc   r = 
acb acb
P
2
bc ac(a  c  b) ac(a  c  b)
 p= …(i) = = 2 2
2a (a  c) 2  b 2 a  c  2ac  b 2
acb
et
By sine rule, = ….[ a2 + c2 = b2]

a b c 2
= =
sin

sin

sin
5  Diameter = a + c  b
4 8 8
rg
18. A = 55, B = 15, C = 110


a sin a b c
 b= 8 = 2a sin   = = =k
1 8 sin 55 sin15 sin110
 a = k sin 55, b = k sin 15, c = k sin 110
Ta
2
5  c2  a2 = k2 sin2 110  k2 sin2 55
a sin
c= 8 = 2 a sin 5 = k2(sin 110 + sin 55) (sin 110  sin 55)
1 8  165 55   55 165 
= k2  2sin cos   2sin cos 
2  2 2  2 2 
 From (i), = k2 sin 165 sin 55
 5 = k2 sin 15 sin 55
2a sin . 2a sin
8 8 = 5 
p= 2a sin sin = (k sin 55) (k sin 15)
2a 8 8
= ab
2a  5 
=  2sin sin  19. A, B, C are in A.P.
2  8 8
 A + C = 2B
a   5    5   
= cos  8  8   cos  8  8   Also, A + B + C = 180
2       B = 60
265


sin A sin B sin C 1  tan  1  tan 
  k = 
a b c 1  tan  1  tan 
 sin A = ak, sin B = bk, sin C = ck 1  tan    1  tan  
2 2
a c =
 sin 2C + sin 2A 1  tan 2 
c a
2 1  tan 2  
a c =
= (2 sin C cos C) + (2sin A cos A) 1  tan 2 
c a
a c 2 2 2 2b
= (2 ck cos C) + (2ak cos A) = = = =
c a 1  tan 2  cos 2 a a
= 2ka cos C + 2kc cos A 1  tan 2  b
= 2k(a cos C + c cos A) 
= 2kb …[ b = a cos C + c cos A] 22. sin1 x + sin1 2x =
ns
3
= 2 sin B 
 sin1 2x =  sin1 x
3 3
=2 ….[ B = 60]
2  
 2x = sin   sin 1 x 
io
= 3 3 
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 = sin cos (sin1 x) – cos sin (sin1 x)
20. 2 cot 3 = 2 tan   = tan + tan1 3 3
at
3
  3 3
3 1
 1 1   2x = cos (sin1 x)   x …. (i)
1  33  2 2
= tan  1 1 Let sin1 x = 
lic
 1   
 3 3  sin  = x
33 cos  = 1  x 2
= tan1  
 9 1   cos (sin1 x) = 1  x 2 ….(ii)
ub
1 6 From (i) and (ii), we get
= tan  
8 3 1
2x =  1  x2  x
1 3 2 2
= tan
4
 4x = 3 1 x 2  x
P
  1
 cot   2cot 1 3  =  5x = 3 1  x 2
4    3
tan   tan 1 
4 4  25x2 = 3  3x2 (squaring both sides)
et
  3  28x2 = 3
1  tan tan  tan 1 
4  4 3
=  x2 =
  1   28
tan  tan  tan 
rg
4  4 3 1 3 1 3
 x= =  =
3 28 4 7 2 7
1  1
= 4  43 = 7 (From the given relation it can be seen that x is
3 43
Ta
1 positive)
4
 33    
1 a 23. L.H.S. = sin1  sin  + cos
1
 cos 
21. Let cos 1   =   7   7 
2 b
 13   19 
a + tan1   tan 1
 + cot   cot 
 cos1   = 2  8   8 
b
 2      
 cos 2 =
a = sin1 sin  5    + cos1 cos    7  
  7    
b
   

 1 a   1 a 
tan   cos 1    + tan   cos 1    + tan1   tan    
 4 2  b    4 2  b    8  
  
  
= tan     + tan    
 + cot1   cot     
4  4    8 
266

 2   3   4 
= sin1  sin   cos 1   cos  = sin1 1  
 7   7  27
 
       23 
+ tan1  tan  + cot
1
 cot  = sin1   = sin1 (0.852)
 8   8   27 
2 3 3 5 3 1.732
=     = 0.866, 0.852 < 0.866
7 7 8 8 2 2
….[ cos1 (x) =   cos1 x]  sin1 (0.852) < sin1 (0.866)
  13 …[ sin1 x is also an increasing function]
=   = 2  
7 7 7  3
1
13 a  3 sin1   < sin1  2 
  3  
7 b
ns
 1 
a = 13, b = 7  3 sin1   < ...(ii)
 a + b = 13 + 7 = 20 3 3
 3
3
24. sin 14
+ sin1
5
+ sin1
16 sin1   = sin1 (0.6) < sin1  2 
5  
io
5 13 65
4 3 
4 
2 2
= sin1  1    
5 5
1     + sin
1 16  sin1   < …(iii)
5  13  13  5   65 5 3

at
From (ii) and (iii), we get
 4 12 5 3  16
= sin1      + sin1 1
B = 3 sin1   + sin1   < + =
3   
 5 13 13 5  65
3 5 3 3 3
 48  15  1  16 
= sin1 
 65
 + sin  
  65 
lic  B<

3
….(iv)
 63   16  From (i) and (iv), A > B
= sin1   + sin1  
 65   65  
cot1 x + cot1 y + cot1 z =
ub
 2  26.
 1   63    16  2
= cos1 + sin1  
  65    65   1  1  
   tan x +  tan y +  tan1 z =
2 2 2 2
 16   16 
= cos1   + sin
1
   tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = 
P
65
   65 
 tan (tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z) = tan  = 0
 Let A = tan1 x, B = tan1 y, C = tan1 z
=
2 tan  A  B   tan C
 tan (A + B + C) =
et
25. 2 = 1.414 1  tan (A  B) tan C

 2 2  1 = 2  1.414  1 = 2.828  1 = 1.828 tan A + tan B
 tan C
1  tan A tan B
 2 21> 3 ….[ 3  1.732 ] =
rg
tan A  tan B
1  tan C
 tan1 (2 2  1) > tan1  3 1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan Btan C
….[ tan1 x is an increasing function] =
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A
Ta

 2 tan1 (2 2  1) > 2   tan (A + B + C) = 0
3
 tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

 A> ….(i)  tan (tan1 x) + tan(tan1 y) + tan(tan1z)
3
= tan(tan1 x) tan(tan1 y) tan(tan1 z)
sin 3  = 3 sin   4 sin3 
 x + y + z = xyz
 3 = sin1 (3 sin   4 sin3 )
1  1  9 9  
Put sin  = 27. cos1   cos  sin  
3  2 10 10  
1  9  9 
  = sin1   = cos1 cos

cos  sin sin 
3  4 10 4 10 
1  1 1 
3
  9 
 3 sin1   = sin1 3   4    = cos1  cos    
3  3  3     4 10  
267


 5  18    1 1 
= cos1 cos      
  20    tan  x 2  =
1
1 1
 1    4
 23 
= cos1  cos  
  x 2
  20  2 x 
 = tan = 1
 23  2x  1
= cos1  cos  2   4

  20   2 + x = 2x – 1
 17    17  x=3
= cos1 cos    and 0 ≤ ≤
  20   20
17
=
20
17
ns
 Principal value is .
20
 23 
28. tan1 2 + tan1 3 =  + tan1  
1 2 3 
io
….[ 2  3 > 1]
1
=  + tan (1)
at
=   tan1 1
 tan 1 + tan 2 + tan1 3 = 
1 1
lic
1 1 2
29. tan1 + tan1 = tan1 2
1  2x 4x  1 x
 1 1 
 1  2x  4x  1  1 2
 tan1   = tan
ub
 1  1 1  x2

 1  2x 4x  1 
4x  1  2x  1 2
 = 2
1  2 x  4 x  1  1 x
P
6x  2 2
 =
4x  8x2  1  2 x  1 x2
 x2 (6x + 2) = 2(8x2 + 6x)
et
 6x3 + 2x2 – 16x2  12x = 0

 6x3  14x2  12x = 0
 3x3  7x2  6x = 0
rg
 x(3x2  7x  6) = 0
 x(x  3) (3x + 2) = 0
2
 x = 0, 3, 
Ta
3
But x > 0,  x=3
1 
30. cot1 x + sin1 =
5 4
1
 tan1
1
+ tan 1 5 = 
x
1
1 4
5
 x 
….  sin 1 x  tan 1 
 1 x 
2
1 1 
 tan1  tan 1 
x 2 4
268
Textbook
Chapter No.
04 Pair of Straight Lines

Hints
Classical Thinking 8. L1: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

Equation of any line passing through origin and
1. Joint equation of pair of lines having slopes m1 perpendicular to L1 is given by
ns
and m2 and passing through the origin is bx2  2hxy + ay2 = 0
y2  (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2 x2 = 0 …(interchanging coefficients of x2 and y2 and
change of sign for xy term)
 3x2  4xy + y2 = 0
Alternate method:  The required equation is ay2  2hxy + bx2 = 0
io
Equations of the lines are y = x and y = 3x 9. The required equation is
respectively. 3x2 + 7xy + 5y2 = 0
i.e. y – x = 0 and y – 3x = 0 i.e. 3x2 – 7xy – 5y2 = 0
at
 the combined equation of the pair of lines is 11. Given equation of pair of lines is
(y – x)(y – 3x) = 0 ax2 + 10xy + y2 = 0
 y2 – 3xy – xy + 3x2 = 0  3x2  4xy + y2 = 0
lic  A = a, H = 5, B = 1
2. The required equation is Let the slopes of the lines given by
be m1 and m2
8
y2    xy  x2 = 0 2H A
3 m1 + m2 = and m1m2 =
B B
 3x2 + 8xy  3y2 = 0
ub
Given that m2 = 4m1
2 2 2H
3. x + xy  12y = 0  m1 + 4m1 = = –10  m1 = –2
 x2 + 4xy  3xy  12y2 = 0 B
A
 x(x + 4y)  3y(x + 4y) = 0 and m1  4m1 = = a  4m12 = a  a = 16
P
 (x  3y)(x + 4y) = 0 B
 x  3y = 0 and x + 4y = 0 12. Given equation of pair of lines is
ax2 + 4xy + y2 = 0
4. 3x2  10xy  8y2 = 0  A = a, H = 2, B = 1
et
 3x2  12xy + 2xy  8y2 = 0 m1 + m2 = 4 and m1m2 = a

 3x(x  4y) + 2y(x  4y) = 0 Given that m1 = 3m2
 (3x + 2y)(x  4y) = 0  3m2 + m2 = 4  m2 = 1
rg
 3x + 2y = 0 and x – 4y = 0 Hence, m1 = 3
5. It is a homogeneous equation of degree 2 in  a = (1)(3) = 3
x and y. 13. Given equation of pair of lines is
ax2 + (3a + 1)xy + 3y2 = 0
Ta
 Option (C) is the correct answer.

3a  1
6. Equation of straight lines parallel to  A = a, H = ,B=3
2
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and passing through point
(x1, y1) is found by shifting the origin to (x1, y1) 1
Given that m1 =  m1m2 = 1
 The required equation is m2
a(x – x1)2 + 2h(x – x1)(y – y1) + b(y – y1)2 = 0 Now, m1m2 =
a a
 =1 a=3
3 3
7. L1 = x2 – y2 = 0 represents pair of straight lines
 3a  1  10
passing through the origin Also, m1 + m2 = –   =
To find equation of pair of straight lines  3  3
parallel to L1 and passing through (3, 4), shift 1 10 2
 m1 + =  3m 1 + 10m1 + 3 = 0
the origin to (3, 4) m1 3
 (x  3)2 – (y  4)2 = 0 1
 m1 = or 3.
 x2 – y2 – 6x + 8y – 7 = 0 3
269


14. Given equation of pair of lines is  a = cos   sin , h = cos , b = cos  + sin 
6x2 + 41xy – 7y2 = 0 The acute angle  between the pair of lines is
41 given by
 a = 6, h = , b = 7
2 2 cos 2   (cos 2   sin 2 )
 and  are angles made by the two lines with tan  =
2cos 
X-axis
 their slopes m1 and m2 respectively are  tan  = tan    = 
m1 = tan  and m2 = tan  20. Given equation of pair of lines is
6 x2 – 4hxy + 3y2 = 0
tan .tan  = m1m2 =   A = 1, H = 2h, B = 3
7
Now,  = 60
15. Given equation of pair of lines is
6x2  xy  y2 = 0  tan  = 3
ns
1 2 H 2  AB
 a = 6, h =  , b = 1  tan  =
2 AB
If  is the acute angle between the pair of lines,
2 4h 2  3 15
then   3 = h=
io
4 2
2 h 2  ab
tan  = 21. Given equation of pair of lines is
ab 3x2 + 18xy + by2 = 0
at
1  a = 3, h = 9, b = b
2 6 Now  =   tan = 0 
 tan  = 4 =1
5 2 81  3b
  = tan1 (1) = 45
lic  tan  =
3 b
16. Given equation of pair of lines is 2 81  3b
0=
3 xy  y 2  0 3 b
ub
3  81 = 3b  b = 27
 a = 0, h = , b = –1
2 22. Given equation of pair of lines is
3 3 3x2 + 10xy + 8y2 = 0
2 0 2
4 2  a = 3, h = 5, b = 8
P
 tan  = = = 3
0 1 1 Now  = tan1(p)  tan  = p
  = tan–1 ( 3 ) = 60 2 25  24
 tan  =
17. Given equation of pair of lines is 11
et
11y2 – 4xy + 4x2 = 0 2 2

i.e. 4x2 – 4xy + 11y2 = 0 p= =
11 11
 a = 4, h = –12, b = 11
rg

2 144  44 2(10) 4 y2 + (1 – 2)xy – x2 = 0
 tan  = = =
4  11 15 3  a = – , b = 
1  4  Now a + b = 0
Ta
  = tan  
3  the lines are perpendicular
 Angle between the lines is 90.
2x2 – 3xy + y2 = 0 24. Given equation of pair of lines is
3 xy = 0
 a = 2, h = ,b=1 1
2  a = 0, h = ,b=0
2
9
2 2 Now, a + b = 0
4 98 1
 tan  = = =  the lines are perpendicular to each other.
3 3 3
 angle between the pair of line is 90.
 cot  = 3   = cot1 (3) 25. Given equation of pair of lines is
19. Given equation of pair of lines is x2 + ky2 + 4xy = 0
x2 (cos   sin ) + 2xy cos  k
 a = 1, h = ,b=4
+ y2 (cos  + sin ) = 0 2
270

Chapter 04: Pair of Straight Lines

The pair of lines are coincident if h2  ab = 0  a + b = 2 + (2) = 0
k2  Option (A) is the correct answer.
 h2 = ab  = 4(1)
4 33. It is a homogeneous equation of degree 2 in x
k=4 and y
Hence, it represents a pair of lines and
a+b=0
3x2 +2hxy + y2 = 0
 lines are perpendicular
 a = 3, h = h, b = 1
The two lines are real and coincident if 34. Given equation of pair of lines is
h2  ab = 0 3y2 + 9xy + kx2 = 0
 h2 – ab = h2  3 i.e. kx2 + 9xy + 3y2 = 0
for these lines to be real and coincident,  a = k, b = 3
The lines are perpendicular
h2  3  0  h2  3
ns
 a+b=0
27. Given equation of pair of lines is  k + 3 = 0  k = 3
9x2  12xy + 4y2 = 0 35. Given equation of pair of lines is
a = 9, h = 6, b = 4 a2x2 + bcy2 = a (b + c) xy
Now, h2  ab = (6)2  9  4 = 0
io
 A = a2, B = bc
 The lines are coincident. Since the lines are mutually perpendicular,
28. The condition for a pair of straight lines to be A+B=0
at
real and coincident is h2 – ab = 0  a2 + bc = 0
Consider the equation 4x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 36. Consider 2x2 + 3xy  2y2 + 5x + 5y + 3 = 0
 a = 4 , h = 2, b = 1 Comparing the given equation with
h2  ab = (2)2  (4)(1) = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
 Option (A) is the correct answer.
lic a = 2, b = 2, c = 3, f =
5 5
,g= ,h =
3
2 2 2
Condition for equation to represent pair of lines
6x2 + hxy + 12y2 = 0
is abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
ub
h
 A = 6, H = , B = 12 5 5 3
2  2(2)(3) + 2      
Since lines are parallel,  2  2  2
2 2 2
H2 – AB = 0 5 5 3
 2    (2)    3  
P
h2 2 2 2

 = 6(12)  h2 = (24)(12)
4 75 50 50 27
= 12 +  +  =0
4 4 4 4
 h =  12 2
 Condition is satisfied
et
30. Given equation of pair of lines is  Option (A) is the correct answer.
4x2 + hxy + y2 = 0 37. Given equation of pair of lines is
The lines are coincident y2 + xy + px2  x 2y = 0
rg
 H2 = AB 1 1
h2  a = p, b = 1, c = 0, f = –1, g = ,h=
 = 4(1) 2 2
4 The given equation represents pair of straight
Ta
h=4 lines if
31. Given equation of pair of lines is abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
1   1 
x2 + xy + y2 = 0  p(1)(0)  2( 1)     p(1)
2
1  2  2 
 a = 1, h = , b = 1 2
2  1 
1   0=0
2 -3  2 
Here, h  ab = <0
4 1 1 1
Hence, the lines are imaginary.  p =0p=
2 4 4
32. The condition for a pair of straight lines to be 38. Given equation of pair of lines is
perpendicular is a + b = 0. 6x2 + 11xy  10y2 + x + 31y + k = 0
Consider the equation 2x2 = 2y(2x + y) 31 1 11
i.e. 2x2  4xy  2y2 = 0  a = 6, b = 10, c = k, f = ,g= ,h=
2 2 2
 a = 2, b = 2 Now, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
271

 31  1  11   31 
2
1
2
 6(10)k + 2      6    10   6x2 – xy – 12y2 – 8x + 29y – 14 = 0
 2  2  2   2 2
1
 11 
2
a = 6, b = 12, h =
 k  = 0 2
2
2 h 2  ab 17  17 
361 5415  tan  = =   = tan 1  
 k = k = 15 ab 6  6
4 4
39. Given equation of pair of lines is 44. Given equation of pair of lines is
3y2 – 8xy – 3x2 – 29x + 3y – 18 = 0
x2 – y2 – x – y – 2 = 0
 a = –3, b = 3
 1 Now, a + b = –3 + 3 = 0,
 a = 1, b = –1, c = –2, f = ,g= ,h=0
2 2  The lines are perpendicular to each other.
Now, abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
ns
2 1 2 9
 2– + =0 = x2  y2  2y  1 = 0
4 4 4 4
 a = 1, b = 1
 2 = 9 Now, a + b = 1 + (1) = 0
io
=3  The lines are perpendicular to each other.
at
3x2 + 2hxy  3y2  40x + 30y  75 = 0 3xy  4y = 0
 A = 3, B = 3, C = 75, F = 15, G = 20, H = h  a=b=0
Now ABC + 2FGH  AF2  BG2  CH2 = 0 Now a + b = 0
 (3)(3)(75) + 2(15)(20)(h)  The lines are perpendicular to each other.
lic
3(15)2  (3)(20)2  (75)h2 = 0 47. Given equation of pair of lines is
 675  600h  675 + 1200 + 75h2 = 0 x2 + 2 3 xy + 3y2  3x  3 3 y  4 = 0
 h2  8h + 16 = 0
 a = 1, h = 3,b=3
ub
 (h  4)2 = 0
 3
2
2
 h = 4,4 Now, h  ab =  (1) (3) = 0
 the lines are parallel.
2x2  5xy + 3y2 + 8x  9y + 6 = 0 48. Given equation of pair of lines is
P
9 5 4x2 + 2pxy + 25y2 + 2x + 5y – 1 = 0

 a = 2, b = 3, c = 6, f = – , g = 4, h =  a = 4, b = 25, h = p
2 2
The point of intersection is given by The lines are parallel
et
 h2  ab = 0  h2 = ab
 hf  bg gh  af 
 , 2 
 p2 = 4(25) = 100
 ab  h ab  h 
2
 p = 10
rg
  5  9   5   9  
     3(4) 4    2    49. Given equation of pair of lines is
     2 ,    2    (3, 4)
2 2 2 2
px2  8xy + 3y2 + 14x + 2y + q = 0
 5 5 
 2(3)    2(3)     a = p, b = 3, c = q, f = 1, g = 7, h = 4
2  2
Ta
  This lines are perpendicular if a + b = 0

 p + 3 = 0  p = 3
Since the equation represents a pair of lines
3x2 + 10xy + 3y2 – 15x – 21y + 18 = 0  abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
21 15  9q  56 + 3  147  16q = 0
a = 3, b = 3, c = 18, f = ,g= ,h=5
2 2  25q  200 = 0  q = 8
The point of intersection is
  21   15   15   21  
 (5)  2   (3)  2   2  (5)  (3)  2   ax2 + 6xy + by2 – 10x + 10y – 6 = 0
    ,   
A = a, B = b, C= 6, F = 5, G = 5, H = 3
 (3)(3)  (5) 2 (3)(3)  (5) 2 
  The lines are perpendicular
   a + b = 0  a = b
 15 3  Also these lines satisfy the condition
  , 
 8 8 ABC + 2FGH  AF2  BG2  CH2 = 0
272


 6a2 + 2(75)  25a + 25a + 54 = 0  m 1 m 1
 tan =  3 =
 6a2  96 = 0  a2  16 = 0  a =  4 3 1 m 1 m
51. Given equation of pair of lines is  3(1 – m)2 = (1 + m)2

2x2 – 10xy + 12y2 + 5x – 16y – 3 = 0  3(1 + m2 – 2m) = (1 + m2 + 2m)
5  m2 – 4m + 1 = 0 ….(i)
 a = 2, b = 12, c = –3, f = –8, g = , h = 5 The equation of line passing through origin is,
2
y
Equation of perpendicular drawn from origin on y = mx  m =
x
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
Substituting the value of m in (i), we get
bx2  2hxy + ay2 = 0 2
 12x2 + 10xy + 2y2 = 0  y  y 2 2

  – 4   + 1 = 0  x – 4xy + y = 0
i.e., 6x2 + 5xy + y2 = 0 x
   
x
5. Slope of QR = –2.
ns
P(2, 1)
Slope of PQ = m1
Critical Thinking
m1  2
 tan 45
1. The lines passing through origin and parallel to 1  m1 (2)
45 45
io
the given lines are y = m1x and y = m2x. m 2 Q R
 1 1 2x+y = 3
 the combined equation is 1  2m1
(y  m1x)(y  m2x) = 0 1
at
 m1m2x2  (m1 + m2)xy + y2 = 0  m1 = 
3
2. From the diagram, the required lines are  Equation of PQ passing through point P (2, 1)
x and having slope m1 is
3yx=0
y =
3
i.e.,
lic x=2
1
y  1   ( x  2)
3
and
 3(y  1) + (x  2) = 0 …(i)
x
y= i.e., 3y+x=0 Slope of PR = m2 = 3 …[PQ  PR]
3 30
ub
 Combined equation is 30  equation of PR is
y – 1 = 3(x – 2)
( 3 y  x)( 3 y + x) = 0
 (y  1)  3(x  2) = 0 …(ii)
i.e., 3y2  x2 = 0  The joint equation of the lines is
P
3. Given line 2x  y = 0  Slope = 2 [3(y – 1) + (x – 2)][(y – 1) – 3(x – 2)] = 0

Let the slope of required line be m  3(y – 1)2 – 8(y – 1)(x – 2) – 3(x – 2)2 = 0
m2
 3(x2 – 4x + 4) + 8(xy – x – 2y + 2)
 tan 30 = – 3(y2 – 2y + 1) = 0
et
1  2m 2 2
 3x – 3y + 8xy – 20x – 10y + 25 = 0
1 m2
 = 6. x2  7xy + 12y2 = 0
3 1  2m
(x  3y)(x  4y) = 0
rg
 m2 + 16m  11 = 0 …(i) Hence, the lines are intersecting and

Since, the line passes through origin, its non-perpendicular.
equation is
7. ( x  2)2  y 2 + ( x  2)2  y 2 = 4
Ta
y
y = mx  m =
x i.e. ( x  2)2  y 2  4  ( x  2)2  y 2
Substituting the value of m in equation (i), we Squaring both sides, we get
get
2
(x 2)2 + y2 = 168 ( x  2)  y 2 +(x +2)2 + y2
 y  y  x2  4x + 4 + y2 = 16 + x2 + 4x + 4 + y2
  + 16    11 = 0
 x  x 8  x  2
2
 y2
2 2
 11x  16xy  y = 0
 x  2
2
 x2  y2
4. Let y = mx be the equation of line.
Again squaring both sides, we get
Slope of the given line y = – x – 3 is –1 (x + 2)2 = (x + 2)2 + y2
Since, the pair of straight lines and the given  y2 = 0
line form an equilateral traingle, angle between This is an equation of pair of two coincident
them is 60. straight lines.
273


8. ax2 + (a + b)xy + by2 + x + y = 0 4
16. Slope of the line 4x + 3y = 0 is m = 
 ax2 + bxy + x + axy + by2 + y = 0 3
 x(ax + by + 1) + y(ax + by + 1) = 0 kx2  5xy  6y2 = 0
 (x + y)(ax + by + 1) = 0  6m2  5m + k = 0
9. pq(x2 – y2) + (p2 – q2)xy = 0  4
2
 4
 6     5    + k = 0
 pqx2 – pqy2 + p2xy – q2xy = 0  3  3
 px(py + qx) – qy(py + qx) = 0 32 20
 (px – qy)(py + qx) = 0 k  =0
3 3
 px – qy = 0 and py + qx = 0
12
 Required equation of the line is px – qy = 0 k= k=4
3
10. x2 + 6xy = 0  x(x + 6y) = 0
 x = 0 and x + 6y = 0 are two straight lines. 17. Substituting the value of y in the equation
ns
x = 0 represents Y-axis. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
ax2 + 2hx(mx) + b(mx)2 = 0
11. y2  x2 + 2x  1 = 0
 a + 2hm + bm2 = 0
 y2  (x2  2x + 1) = 0
 (y  0)2  (x  1)2 = 0
io
18. Let y = mx be a line common to the given pair
This is equation of pair of straight lines passing of lines,
through (1, 0). It satisfies the given equations
 am2 + 2m + 1 = 0 and
at
12. The given equation represents a pair of straight …(i)
lines passing through (5, 6). m2 + 2m + a = 0 …(ii)
13. Given equation of pair of lines is On solving (i) and (ii), we get
ax2 + xy  by2 = 0 m2 m 1
Comparing the equations, with
lic  2 
2(1  a) a  1 2(1  a)
Ax2 + 2Hxy + By2 = 0  a 1
1  m2 = 1 and m = –  
 A = a, H = and B = –a  2 
2
ub
 (a + 1)2 = 4  a = 1 or – 3
 the equation represents a pair of straight lines
But for a = 1 the two pair have both the lines
for all real values of ‘a’.
common.
14. The combined equation of pair of straight lines So a = –3 and the slope m of the line common to
passsing through origin and perpendicular to 3x2 both the pairs is 1.
P
+ xy  2y2 = 0 is given by Now x2 + 2xy + ay2 = x2 + 2xy – 3y2

2x2  xy + 3y2 = 0 = (x – y)(x + 3y)
i.e. 2x2 + xy – 3y2 = 0 and ax2 + 2xy + y2 = –3x2 + 2xy + y2
et
Since the required lines pass through (2, 3) = –(x – y)(3x + y)
 By shifting the origin to (2, 3), we get Thus, required equation is (x + 3y)(3x + y) = 0
2(x  2)2 + (x  2)(y + 3) – 3(y + 3)2 = 0 i.e., 3x2 + 10xy + 3y2 = 0
 2x2 + xy  3y2  5x  20y  25 = 0
rg
19. The equation of given lines are

15. Separate equation of lines represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 …(i)
3x2 – 8xy + 5y2 = 0 are
x  y = 0 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 …(ii)
Ta
3x  5y = 0 Let the line common to both be y = mx.

It will satisfy both the above equations.
Line perpendicular to x  y = 0 i.e. y = x and
passing through (1, 2) is Hence, a + 2mh + bm2 = 0 …(iii)
(y  2) = 1(x  1) and a + 2mh + bm2 = 0 …(iv)
i.e. x + y  3 = 0 …(i) Now eliminating ‘m’ from the equations (iii)
Line perpendicular to 3x  5y = 0 and (iv), we get
3 m2 m 1
i.e. y = x and passing through (1, 2) is = =
5 2ha  2ha ba  ba 2bh  2bh
5 ha  ha
(y  2) = ( x  1)  m2 = ....(v)
3 bh  bh
i.e. 5x + 3y  11 = 0 …(ii) (ab  ba) 2
and m2 = ....(vi)
 combined equation is 4(bh  bh) 2
(x + y  3)(5x + 3y  11) = 0 From (v) and (vi), we get the required condition.
274


x2 + hxy + 2y2 = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
 A = 1, H =
h
,B=2 given that m2 = m1
2 2h
Now, m1 + m2 = m1 + m1 =
Given that m1 = 2m2 b
h 1 2h
Now, m1 + m2 = and m1m2 =  m1 = ...(i)
2 2 b(1  )
1 2 1 1
 (2m2)m2 =  2(m2) =  m2 =  a a
2 2 2 m1.m2 = m1.m1 =  m1 = …(ii)
b b
h h
Also, 2m2 + m2 =  m2 =  from (i) and (ii), we get
2 6
1 h a 2h
 = h=3 =
b b(1   )
ns
2 6
21. If the gradients of two lines are in ratio 1 : n, Squaring both sides, we get
h2 (n  1)2 (3  1) 2 4 4h2 = ab(1 + )2
then = = =
ab 4n 4.3 3 25. Given equation of pair of lines is
io
Alternate Method: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
m1 2
Gradients =1:3 Given that, m1 = m2
m2
at
2 a
 m1 = m, m2 = 3m m1 m2 = m2 m2 =
b
2h 2h
m1 + m2 = –  m + 3m = – 1
b b  a 3
 m2 =  
m=
h
2b
lic b
2 2h
Also, m1 + m2 = m2 + m2 =
a a b
m1.m2 =  m.3m =
b b  1 2
 1
ub
a 2
a h2 4  a  3   a 3 2h
 3 m2 =  3. 2 =
h
 =     +   =
b 4b b ab 3  b    b  b
22. Given equation of pair of lines is Cubing both sides, we get

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 2
2 1
 2 1

P
 a  3  a  3  a  3.  a  3  8h
3
Given that m1 = 5m2 a a
    3 .
      .     = 3
2h b b  b   b   b  b  b
 m1 + m2 = 5m2 + m2 =  
b 2
 a  a 6ah 8h 3
et
h h2      2 = 3
 m2 =  m 22  2 ...(i) b b b b
3b 9b
a  1 2

m1m2 = (5m2)m2 =   a 3  a 3 2h 
b ….        
rg
  b   b  b 

a
 m 22  ...(ii)
5b  ab(a + b)  6abh + 8h3 = 0
 From (i) and (ii), we get 26. Given equation of pair of lines is
Ta
5h2 = 9ab 2x2 – 5xy + 3y2 = 0

23. Let the gradient of one line be m. 5
 the gradient of second line is 2m  a = 2, h = ,b=3
2
We know, 5 2
2h  m1 + m2 = and m1.m2 = …(i)
m + 2m = 6 3
b
1 1
2h 2h Slopes of lines = and
 3m = m= …(i) m1 m2
b 3b
a a
 Required equation of pair of lines is
Also, m  2m =  2m2 = …(ii)  1 1  1
b b y2     xy + x2 = 0
 from (i) and (ii), we get m
 1 m 2  m m
1 2
2
 2h  a 8h 2 a 8h 2  m1  m 2  1
2  =  =  ab =  y2    xy + x2 = 0
 3b  b 9b 2 b 9 m m
 1 2  m m
1 2
275


 5  1  tan 2  
2  6  1 2  m2  2m   +1=0
y   1  tan  
2
 xy + x =0
 2  2
 
   m2  2m sec 2 + 1 = 0
3 3
 1  tan 2  
 2y2  5xy + 3x2 = 0 ….   sec 2 
 1  tan 
2

27. Let the angle made by one of the lines with
y
X-axis =  But m =
x
 The angle made by other line with Y-axis = 
On eliminating m, we get
 m1 = tan ,
y2 – 2xy sec 2 + x2 = 0.
m2 = tan (90  ) = cot 
a 31. Let the equation of one of the line which bisects
 m1m2 = =1 the angle between the co-ordinate axes be y = x
b
ns
a  m1 = tan 45o = 1
 =1a=b Let m2 be the slope of the other line.
b
a
28. Given equation of pair of lines is Now, m1m2 =
b
io
x2(sec2  – sin2 ) – 2xy tan  + y2 sin2  = 0 a
Since m1 = 1, we get m2 =
 a = sec2   sin2 , h =  tan , b = sin2  b
2 tan  2h
Now, m1 + m2 = , Also, m1 + m2 =
at
sin 2  b
sec2   sin 2  a 2h
m1 m 2 = 1+ =
sin 2  lic b b
 m1 – m2 = (m1  m 2 ) 2  4m1m 2  a + b = –2h
2 tan 
2
 sec 2   sin 2   32. Let the equation of one of the lines be y = x
=  2   4    m1 = tan 45 = 1
 sin   sin 
2
 
a
ub
4 tan 2  Now, m1m2 =
=  4(sec2  cosec 2  1) c
sin 4  a
Since m1 = 1, we get m2 =
= 4sec2  cosec2  4sec2  cosec 2  4 c
=2 b
Also, m1 + m2 =
P
c
29. Given equation of pair of lines a b
(tan2  + cos2 )x2 – 2xy tan  + sin2  y2 = 0  1+ =
c c
a = tan2  + cos2 , h =  tan , b = sin2 
et
abc
If 1 and 2 are the angles made by lines with  =0
c
X-axis, then tan 1 = m1 and tan 2 = m2
a+b+c=0
2 tan 
rg
Now, m1 + m2 = = 2sec  cosec 

sin 2  33. The line makes angles  and  with X-axis
tan 2   cos 2   m1 = tan  and m2 = tan 
m1m2 = = sec2  + cot2 
sin 2  1 1
 cot  = and cot  =
Ta
m1 m2
 m1  m2 = 4 sec a cosec a – 4(sec a  cot a)
2 2 2 2
= 4sec 2a (cosec2a – 1) – 4cot 2a

Given equation of pair of lines is
2x2  3xy + y2 = 0
= 4cot 2a (sec2a  1)
3
 a  2,h  ,b  1
= 4cot 2  tan 2  2
=2 Now, m1 + m2 = 3 and m1m2 = 2
1 1 m 2  m 22
30. The equation of one of the lines passing through  cot2  + cot2  = 2
 2 = 1
origin is y = mx. m1 m 2 (m1m 2 ) 2
The line makes an angle  with the line y = x =
(m1  m 2 ) 2  2m1m 2
 m1  m 2  (m  1) (m1m 2 ) 2
 tan  =  1  m m  =  1  m
 1 2 (3)  2(2)
2
5
= =
2 2
 (1 + m) tan  = (m  1) 2 (2) 2 4
276


34. Given equation of pair of lines is 2 h 2  ab
ax2  bxy  y2 = 0  tan  =
ab
b
 A = a, H = , B = –1
2  2 p2  1
 tan  = =  p2  1
Since lines make angles  and  with X-axis, 11
 m1 = tan and m2 = tan  tan2 = p2 – 1
b  sec2  1 = p2 – 1
Now, m1 + m2 =  tan  + tan  = b   = sec1 p
1
a 39. Given equation of pair of lines is
and m1m2 =  tan  tan  = a
1 (x2 + y2) sin + 2xy = 0
tan   tan   a = b = sin , h = 1
We know, tan ( + ) =
1  tan  tan   2 1  sin 2  
ns
 tan =  
b b  2sin  
= =  
1  ( a) 1  a
cos  
  = tan1  1
 = tan (cot)
35. Given equation of pair of lines is  sin  
io
2 2
(x + y ) 3 = 4xy    
  = tan1  tan      =  
 a= 3 , h =  2, b = 3  2  2
at
2 43 1
 tan  = = ax2 + xy + by2 = 0
2 3 3
1
 1    A = a, H = , B = b
  = tan1  2
 3
 =
6
lic Now,  = 45  tan  = 1
2  ab
4x2  24xy + 11y2 = 0  tan 45 = 4
ab
ub
 a = 4, h =  12, b = 11
 (a + b)2 = (1  4ab)
h 2  ab 144  44 4
 tan  =  2 =2 =  a2 + b2 + 6ab  1 = 0
ab 15 3 The above equation is satisfied by
  = tan1   
4 a = 1 and b =  6
P
 3
37. Given equation of pair of lines is k
 a =  tan2 A, h = ,b=1
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 2
et
 A = a, H = h, B = b 2 h 2  ab
 tan 2A =
 2 H 2  AB  ab
tan  =  
 AB 
rg
  k2
2  tan 2 A
 4h 2  4ab  tan 2A = 4
=  1  tan 2 A
 ab 
  k2
Ta
2  tan 2 A
 3a 2  3b 2  10ab  4ab  2 tan A 4
=   =
 ab  1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 A
 
k2
….[3a2 + 3b2 + 10ab = 4h2]  + tan2 A = tan2 A  k = 0
4
 3(a  b) 2  42. Here, a1 = a, h1 = h, b1 = b,
 tan  =  
 ab  5
  a2 = 2, h2 = , b2 = 3
2
  = tan1  3 Given that 1 = 2
= 60  tan 1 = tan 2
25
38. Given equation of pair of lines is 2 6
2 h 2  ab 4
x2 – 2pxy + y2 = 0  =
ab 5
 a = 1, h = p , b = 1
277

2 h 2  ab 1 Since the lines are perpendicular

 =  A+B=0
ab 5
 3a + (a2 – 2) = 0
Squaring both sides, we get  a2 + 3a – 2 = 0
4  25(h2  ab) = (a + b)2 Since, the equation is a quadratic equation in ‘a’
100(h2  ab) = (a + b)2 and B2 – 4AC > 0,
Comparing with given condition, The roots of ‘a’ are real and distinct.
k(h2  ab) = (a + b)2, we get  Lines are perpendicular to each other for two
k = 100 values of ‘a’.
43. Comparing the given equations with 47. Given equation of pair of lines is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get, ay2 + (1  2) xy  ax2 = 0
7
a1 = 3, h1 = , b1 = 4 1   2
 A = a, H =
ns
2 ,B=a
2
5
a2 = 6, h2 = , b2 = 1 A + B = (a) + a = 0
2
 Angle between the given lines is 90.
If 1 and 2 are acute angles between the two
Now, consider xy = 0. Here, A = B = 0
io
pairs of lines, then
A+B=0
 49 
2  12   the angle between the lines is 90
tan 1 =  4 = 1  Correct option is (C).
at
 3 4  7
  48. Given equation of pair of lines is
 
4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = 0
 1 = tan1  
1
a = 4, h = 6, b = 9
 25
7

lic Here,
2 6  h2  ab = (6)2  (4)(9) = 36  36 = 0
tan 2 =  4  =  1  Hence, the lines are real and coincident.
 6 1   7 
ub
  49. Given equation of pair of lines is
 
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + 1 = 0
 2 = tan1  
1
A = 1, B = 1, C = 1, F = f, G = g, H = 0
7 The given equation represents a pair of lines
Hence, 1 = 2.  ABC + 2FGH  AF2  BG2  CH2 = 0
P
44. Given equation of pair of lines is  (1)(1)(1) + 2fg(0)  (1)f2  1(g)2  (1)(0)2 = 0
a2x2 + bcy2 = a(b + c)xy  f2 + g2 = 1
a(b  c)
et
 A = a2, H = , B = bc 50. Given equation of pair of lines is

2 ax2 + by2 + cx + cy = 0
Since the lines are coincident c c
 H2  AB = 0  A = a, B = b, C = 0, F = ,G= ,H=0
2 2
rg
2
 a(b  c)  2 Now ABC + 2FGH – AF2 – BG2 – CH2 = 0
    a (bc) = 0
 2  c
2
 ab(0) + 2  
c c
2
 a (b  c) = 02   (0)  a  
 2  2  2
Ta
 a = 0 or b = c 2
c
45. Given equation of pair of lines is  b    0(0)2 = 0
2  
(p  q)x2 + 2(p + q)xy + (q  p)y2 = 0  ac2 + bc2 = 0
 a = p  q, h = p + q, b = q  p
 c2(a + b) = 0
Since, the lines are mutually perpendicular
 c(a + b) = 0
 a+b=0
 (p  q) + (q  p) = 0 51. Given equation of pair of lines is
The above equation is true for all values of p hxy + gx + fy + c = 0
and q. f g h
A = B = 0, C = c, F = ,G= ,H=
2 2 2
3ax2 + 5xy + (a2 – 2) y2 = 0 Now, ABC + 2FGH – AF2 – BG2 – CH2 = 0
2
h
 0 + 2  
5 f g  h 
 A = 3a, H = , B = a2 – 2    – 0 – 0 – c   = 0
2  2  2  2  2
278

f gh ch 2  3 
2
  0 2   
4 4 1  2 
 fg = ch  =
3  1
52. Given equation of pair of lines is  ( + 1)2 = 9(9  4)  2 + 38  80 = 0
xy + a2 = ax + ay  ( + 40)( – 2) = 0   = 40, 2
i.e. ax + ay – xy – a2 = 0 57. Given equation of pair of lines is
a 2 a 1 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
 A = 0, B = 0, C = – a , F = , G = , H = 
2 2 2 
Now, ABC + 2FGH – AF2 –BG2 – CH2 =  tan  = 1
4
2
 a  a  1   1  2 h 2  ab
= 0  2      (a 2 )    0  1=
 2  2  2   2 ab
ns
 the given equation represents a pair of straight lines.
 4(h2 – ab) = (a + b)2
53. Given equation of pair of lines is  4h2 – 4ab = a2 + 2ab + b2
2x2 + 5xy + 3y2 + 6x + 7y + 4 = 0  a2 + 6ab + b2 = 4h2
io
5
a = 2, b = 3, h = 58. Given equation of pair of lines is
2 x2 – 3xy + y2 + 3x – 5y + 2 = 0
 = tan1 m  tan  = m 5 3 3
a = 1, b = , c = 2, f = ,g= , h=
at
25 2 2 2
2 6
4 1 Now, abc + 2 fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
tan  = m=
23 5 9
2 + 2     
5 3 3 25 18
    – – – = 0
lic =2
 2 2
  2  4 4 4
x2 + y2  2x  1 = 0 ….(i)
x + y = 1 intersects the above pair of lines 9
2 2
 It satisfies equation (i) 4 1
tan  = =
ub
 x2 + y2  2x(x + y)  (x + y)2 = 0 1 2 3
 2x2 + 4xy = 0  x2 + 2xy = 0  cot  = 3
 a = 1, b = 0, h = 1  cosec2  = 1 + cot2  = 1 + 9 = 10
2 12  0 59. The joint equation of the pair of straight lines
P
 tan   joining the origin to the points of intersection of

1
the line lx + my + n = 0 and
   tan 1 (2) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
et
lx  my 
55. Given equation of pair of lines is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2g  x
2x2 + 5xy + 2y2 + 3x + 3y + 1 = 0  n 
2
3 3 5 lx  my   lx  my 
a = 2, b = 2, c = 1, f = ,g= ,h= + 2f   y + c  n  = 0
rg
2 2 2  n   
 25 
2  4
Here, l = 2, m = 1, n = 1 and
2 h 2  ab  4  3 a = 3, b = 0, c = 1, f = 0, g = 2, h = 2
 tan  = = =
Ta
ab 22 4  3x2 + 4xy – 4x(2x + y) + (2x + y)2 = 0

 3x2 + 4xy – 8x2 – 4xy + 4x2 + y2 + 4xy = 0
  = cos1  
4 4
 cos  =  x2 – 4xy – y2 = 0
5 5
 A = 1, B = 1, H = 2
56. Given equation of pair of lines is 2 4 1
 tan  = 
x2  3xy + y2 + 3x  5y + 2 = 0 0
5 3 3 
a = 1, b = , c = 2, f = ,g= ,h=  
2 2 2 2
1
 = tan1    tan  =
1 60. Given equation of pair of lines is
3 3 9x2 + y2 + 6xy – 4 = 0
2 h 2  ab
 a = 9, b = 1, h = 3
Since, tan  = h2 – ab = 32 – 9(1) = 0
ab
 The lines are parallel
279


Now, 9x2 + 6xy + y2 = 4  12g2 + 49g + 37 = 0
 (3x + y)2 = 4  3x + y =  2  (g + 1)(12g + 37) = 0
Hence, the lines are parallel and not coincident. 37
 g = 1 or 
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 66. Given equation of pair of lines is
 A = a, B = b, H = h 12x2 + 7xy – py2 – 18x + qy + 6 = 0
The lines are parallel q 7
 H2 = AB a = 12, b = –p, c = 6, f = , g = –9, h =
2 2
 h = ab The lines are be perpendicular
Now ABC + 2FGH  AF2  BG2  CH2 = 0  a + b = 0.
 abc + 2fg ab  af2  bg2  abc = 0  12 – p = 0  p = 12
 ( a f  b g)2 = 0  af2 = bg2 Also, abc + 2 fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
ns
2
q
 12(–12)6 + 2   (– 9)   – 12  
62. Given equation of pair of lines is q 7
x2 + k1y2 + 2k2y = a2 2 2 2
a = 1, b = k1, c =  a2, f = k2, g = 0, h = 0 7
2
– (–12)(–9)2 – 6   = 0
io
2  
 a + b = 0  k1 = 1
63q 147
Substituting value of k1 in the given equation of  – 864 – – 3q2 + 972 – =0
lines, we get 2 2
at
x2  y2 + 2k2y  a2 = 0  23 – 21q – 2q2 = 0
23
 a2  k 22 = 0  k2 =  a  (q – 1)(2q + 23) = 0  q = 1 or –
2
(x2 + y2)(h2 + k2  a2) = (hx + ky)2
63.
 x2(h2 + k2  a2) + y2(h2 + k2  a2)
lic 67. Given, ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 2gx
= h2x2 + k2y2 + 2hkxy a1x2 + 2h1xy + b1y2 = 2g1x
 x2(k2  a2) + y2(h2  a2)  2hkxy = 0 ax 2  2hxy  by 2 g
 
 A = k2  a2, B = h2  a2 a 1 x 2  2h1 xy  b1 y 2 g1
ub
The lines are perpendicular We have,
 A+B=0 (ag1  a1g)x2 + 2(hg1  h1g)xy + (bg1  b1g) y2 = 0
 k2  a2 + h2  a2 = 0  h2 + k2 = 2a2  A = (ag1  a1g), B = (bg1 b1g)
P

2x2 – 4xy – py2 + 4x + qy + 1 = 0  A+B=0
q  (ag1  a1g) + (bg1  b1g) = 0
a = 2, b = – p, c = 1, f = , g = 2, h = 2
2  (a + b)g1 = (a1 + b1) g
et
The lines are perpendicular,

68. The separate equations of lines represented by
 a+b=0
x2  7xy + 6y2 = 0 are
2p=0p=2
x – 6y = 0 and x – y = 0
rg
The equations represents pair of lines

2 Let the 3 points be as shown in figure.
q
2(2)(1) + 2   (2) (2)  2  
q
 A(0, 0)
2
  2
 
Ta
+ 2(2)2  1(2)2 = 0
2 x–y=0
 q  8q = 0  q = 0 or 8 x – 6y = 0
65. Given equation of pair of lines is G(1,0)
12x2 + 7xy + by2 + gx + 7y – 1 = 0 (x1, y1)B C(x2, y2)
7 g 7
 A = 12, B = b, C = –1, F = , G = , H = 0  x1  x2
2 2 2 We know =1
The lines are perpendicular 3
 A + B = 0  12 + b = 0  b = 12  x1 + x2 = 3 ….(i)
Also, ABC + 2FGH – AF2 – BG2 – CH2 = 0 and y1 + y2 = 0 ….(ii)
Also, x1 – 6y1 = 0 ….(iii)
 (12)(12)(1) + 2  
7 g  7 
   x2 – y2 = 0 ….(iv)
 2  2  2 
2 2 2 [Points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) lie on the lines AB
7 g 7 and AC respectively]
 (12)    (12)    (1)   = 0
 
2 2  2   On solving, we get the co-ordinates of B and C.
280

3 3
B   ,  and C   , 
18 3

 5 5  5 5  Competitive Thinking
Hence, the equation of third side i.e., BC is
1. Let OA and OB be the required lines.
3 3 3
y   angles made by OA and OB with X-axis are 30
5 = 5 5
18 3 18 and 150 respectively.
x  1 1
5 5 5  their equations are y = x and y =  x
3 3
 2x – 7y – 3 = 0.
i.e., x  3y = 0 and x + 3y = 0
69. The given pair of lines can be separated as:
 The joint equation of the lines is
L1 = (l + 3 m)x + (m  3 l )y = 0
L2 = (l  3 m)x + (m + 3 l )y = 0  x  3 y  x  3 y  = 0  x2  3y2 = 0
and L3 = lx + my + n = 0 Y
ns
 The slopes S1, S2 and S3 of the three lines
respectively are,
(l  3m) (l  3m) l
S1 = , S2 = , S3 = B 150
io
(m  3l ) (m  3l ) m A
Angle between L1 and L3 is
60 60
S1  S3
13 = tan–1
at
1  S1S3 30
X X
O
 l  3m  l
   
= tan1  m  3l  m
 l  3m   l 
1     
lic
 m  3l   m  Y
 3m 2  3l 2
= tan 1
 tan 1  3  = 60 2. The lines trisecting the first quadrant are as
ub
l 2  m2
shown in the figure.
Angle between L2 and L3 is Y
y= 3 x
 l  3m  l
   
S2  S3  m  3l  m
P
23 = tan–1 = tan1

1  S2S3  l  3m   l  1
1      y= x
 m  3l   m  3
60
et
3m 2  3l 2
= tan1 = tan1 ( 3) = 60 30
m l
2 2
O X
 Angle between the lines L1 and L2 = 60  The joint equation of the lines is
rg
Hence, the triangle is equilateral. 

y

1 

x  y  3x = 0
3 

70. The equation of line is y = 2 2 x + c
 y  2 2x 
  3 y  x  y  3 x  = 0
 
Ta
 = 1 …(i)
 c   3x 2  4 xy + 3 y 2 = 0
Given equation of circle is
x2 + y2 = 2 (1)2 …(ii) 3. Y
 from (i) and (ii), we get
 
2 135 xy2=0
x2 + y2 = 2  y  2 2 x 
 c  y=3 45
 c (x + y ) = 2(y2  4 2 xy + 8x2)
2 2 2 (5,3)
 (c2  16)x2 + (c2  2)y2 + 8 2 xy = 0 x+y8=0
The lines are perpendicular if A + B = 0.
O x=5 X
 c2  16 + c2  2 = 0
 2c2 18 = 0 The equations of bisectors are,
 c2  9 = 0 y  3 = (1)(x  5) and y  3 = (1)(x  5)
281


 x  y  2 = 0 and x + y  8 = 0  y = x  x + y = 0
 The joint equation of the bisectors is  Joint equation of median and altitude is
(x  y  2)(x + y  8) = 0 (3x  2y) (x + y) = 0
 x2  y2  10x + 6y + 16 = 0  3x2 + xy  2y2 = 0
4. The required lines are parallel to 8. 2x2 + 3xy – 2y2 = 0
x2  4xy + 3y2 = 0, which pass through (3, 2).  x + 2y = 0 and 2x – y = 0
 the combined equation of lines is
(x  3)2  4(x  3)(y + 2) + 3(y + 2)2 = 0 2x – y + c1 = 0
A D
 x2  6x + 9  4(xy + 2x  3y  6)
+ 3(y2 + 4y + 4) = 0
 x  6x + 9  4xy  8x + 12y + 24 + 3y2
2 x + 2y = 0 x + 2y + c2 = 0
+ 12y + 12 = 0
ns
 x2  4xy + 3y2  14x + 24y + 45 = 0 B C
2 2 2x – y = 0
5. The required equation is 2x  3xy + 5y = 0
i.e., 2x2 + 3xy  5y2 = 0 From the figure,
io
6. Given equation of pair of lines is  2 1   1 2 
A ,  , B(0, 0), C  , 
4xy + 2x + 6y + 3 = 0  5 5  5 5 
 2x(2y + 1) + 3(2y + 1) = 0 Now, equation of side AD is
at
 (2y + 1)(2x + 3) = 0 2x – y + c1 = 0
 Separate equations of lines are 2x + 3 = 0 and 2 1
Substituting x = ,y= in above equation,
2y + 1 = 0 5 5
3 1 we get
i.e. x =
2
and y =
2
lic c1 = 1
The equation of line passing through (2, 1) and  equation of AD becomes 2x – y + 1 = 0
3 Similarly equation of side DC is x + 2y + c2 = 0
perpendicular to x = is y = 1 i.e. y – 1 = 0
ub
2 i.e., x + 2y + 1 = 0
The equation of line passing through (2, 1) and  3 1 
1  D , 
perpendicular to y = is x = 2 i.e. x – 2 = 0  5 5 
2
Now, equation of diagonal BD is
 Combined equation of pair of lines is
P
1
(x – 2)(y – 1) = 0 0 
y–0= 5 (x – 0)
 xy – x – 2y + 2 = 0 3
0 
7. OD is the median 5
et
1 3 2  4  3 1
 D  , 
 y = x
 2 2  5 5
 D  (2, 3)  x – 3y = 0
rg
O(0, 0)
9. One of the lines is 3x + 4y = 0
y 3
i.e., 
x 4
Ta
The given joint equation is 6x2  xy + 4cy2 = 0

2
 y  y
 4c       6 = 0 …(i)
 x  x
B(3, 4)
A(1, 2) E D y
Substituting value of in equation (i), we get
x
Equation of OD is y = mx 2
3  3   3 
y= x  3x  2y = 0 4c     + 6 = 0
2  4   4
2 9 3
Slope of line AB = = 1  4c   +6=0
2 16 4
Given, OE  AB 9c 3  24
   0  9c + 27 = 0
 Slope of OE = 1 4 4
Equation of OE is y = mx  c = 3
282


10. Given equation of pair of lines is 2h
 m1 + m2 = = 5
kx2  5xy  3y2 = 0 b
2
y  y a
 k  5  3  = 0 m1m2 = =k
x x b
 k  5m  3m2 = 0 …(i) Given that, m1  m2 = 1
1 Now, (m1  m2)2 = (m1 + m2)2  4m1m2
Now, slope of line x  2y + 3 = 0 is m1 = .
2  12 = (5)2  4k  4k = 24
 slope of the line perpendicular to x  2y + 3 = 0 is k=6
m = 2.
16. Comparing the given equation with
Substituting value of m in equation (i), we get
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get
k  5(2)  3(2)2 = 0
a = 2, 2h = –3, b = 1
 k =  10 + 12  k = 2
ns
2h a
11. 6x2 + xy – y2 = 0 m1 + m2 = = 3, m1.m2 = = 2
b b
 6x2 + 3xy – 2xy – y2 = 0
(m1)3 + (m2)3 = (m1 + m2)  m12  m1m 2  m 22 
 2x + y = 0 and 3x – y = 0
= 3 [(m1 + m2)2 – 3m1 m2]
io
1
let a = = 3 [(3)2 – 3(2)]
2
 equation 3x2 – axy – y2 = 0 becomes = 3(3) = 9
at
1
3x2 – xy – y2 = 0 17. Given equation of pairs of lines is
2 ax2 + 2hxy + by2
 6x2 – xy – 2y2 = 0 2h a
 3x – 2y = 0 and 2x + y = 0  m1 + m2 = and m1m2 =

lic
given pair of lines have common line 2x + y = 0
b
Given that, m1 = 2m2
b
 Option (A) is correct answer. 2h a

 2m2 + m2 = and 2m2m2 =
12. Given equation of pair of lines is b b
3x2 + 5xy  2y2 = 0
ub
2h 2 a
5  m2 = and m 2 =
 a = 3, h = , b = 2 3b 2b
2 2
 2h  a
2h 5    
Now, m1 + m2 = =  3b  2b
b 2
P
4h 2 a
13. Given equation of pair of lines is  =
9b 2 2b
x2  2cxy  7y2 = 0
 8h2 = 9ab
 a = 1, h =  c , b = 7
et
2c 1 18. m1 : m2 = 1 : 2
 m1 + m2 = and m1m2 =
7 7 If the gradients of two lines are in ratio 1 : n,
Given that, m1 + m2 = 4m1m2 h2 (n  1)2
rg
2c  4
then =
 = c=2 ab 4n
7 7 h2  2  12 9
 = =
14. Given equation of pair of lines is ab 4(2) 8
Ta
ax2  6xy + y2 = 0 ab 8
 A = a, H = 3, B = 1  =
h2 9
Given that, m1 = 2m2
2(3) 19. Let the equation of one of the line which bisects
m1 + m2 =  =6 the angle between the co-ordinate axes be y = x
1
 2m2 + m2 = 6  m2 = 2  m1 = 4  m1 = tan 45o = 1
a Let m2 be the slope of the other line.
Now, m1m2 = = a
1 a
Now, m1m2 =
 a = (4)(2) = 8 b
a
15. Given equation of pairs of lines is  m2 =
kx2 + 5xy + y2 = 0 b
5 2h
 a = k, b = 1, h = Also, m1 + m2 =
2 b
283


a 2h  m1 + m2 =  4  m2 =  4  m1
1+ =
b b and m1.m2 = 1  m1( 4  m1) = 1
 a + b = –2h  m12  4m1  1 = 0
 (a + b)2 = 4h2  m1, m2 = 2  3
20. Let m, m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines L, L1 Slope of line x  y = 4 is
and L2 respectively. m3 = 1
a 2  Angle between first two lines,
m + m1 = , m.m1 =
3 3 m1  m 2 ( 2  3)  ( 2  3)
tan1 12 = =
b 2 1  m1.m 2 1  ( 2  3)( 2  3)
and m + m2 = , m.m2 = 
3 3
 2  2 
 12 = tan1  3  = 60
(m.m1) (m.m2) =    
 3  3  Angle between second and third line
ns
 2  3  1 
 m2m1.m2 = 
4
23 = tan1   = tan
1
 3  = 60
9  1  (2  3)1 
4 Similarly, we have, 31 = 60
 m2(1)=  ...[ m1.m2 = 1]
io
9  The triangle formed by the lines is equilateral
4 triangle.
 m2 =
9
25. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines given
at
2
 m=  by 23x2 – 48xy + 3y2 = 0
3 48
By solving, we get  m1 + m2 = = 16  m2 = 16 – m1
3
m1 = 1, m2 = 1
Substituting the values of m, m1, m2 in
lic and m1m2 =
23
3
 m1 (16 – m1) =
23
3
a b 23
m + m1 = and m + m2 = , we get   m1 + 16m1 –
2
=0
3 3 3
a2 = 25 and b2 = 1
ub
 3m12 – 48m1 + 23 = 0
 a2 + b2 = 26
24  13 3
21. Given equation of pair of lines is  m1, m2 =
3
x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0 slope of line is 2x+ 3y + 4 = 0 is
P
 a = 1, h = 2, b = 1 2
m3 =
2 h 2  ab 2 (2) 2  (1)(1) 3
 tan  = = = 3
ab 11  Angle between first two lines,
et
  = tan1  3  = 60 tan–1 12 =

m1  m 2
1  m1m 2
22. Given equation of pair of lines is  24  13 3   24  13 3 
rg
x2 + 2xy sec  + y2 = 0     
3 3
 a = 1, h = sec , b = 1 =    
 24  13 3  24  13 3 
Let  be the angle between the lines. 1   
 
 3  3 
Ta
tan  = 2 sec   1
2
 26 3 26 3
2
= 3 = 3
 tan  = tan    =  9  576  507 78
9 9
23. Comparing the given equation with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, we get  tan–1 12 = 3
a = sin2  – 1 = – cos2 , b = cos2   12 = tan–1  3  = 60
Here, a + b = –cos2  + cos2  = 0 Angle between second and third line
 the lines are perpendicular.  24  13 3 
   2
 =   
 3  3 
2 23 = tan–1   

24. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines given  1   24  13 3    2  
  3  
by x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0    3  
284

 26  13 3   26  13 3  30. Given equation of pair of lines is

   
= tan –1
 3  = tan–1  3  kxy + 10x + 6y + 4 = 0
 9  48  26 3   39  26 3  k
     a = b = 0, c = 4, f = 3, g = 5, h =
 9   9  2
 26  13 3 9 
= tan–1    Now, abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
 3 39  26 3  2
k k
= tan–1 
 
 13 2  3  3 

 0 + 2(3)(5)    0  0  4   = 0
2
  2
 
 13 3 2  3 
  15k  k2 = 0  k(15  k) = 0
= tan–1  3  = 60  k = 0 or k = 15
Similarly, we have, 31 = 60
ns
 The triangle formed by the lines is equilateral
x2 + kxy + y2  5x  7y + 6 = 0
triangle.
7 5 k
26. Given equation of pair of lines is  a = 1, b = 1, c = 6, f = ,g= ,h=
2 2 2
io
px2  qy2 = 0
Now, abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
 a = p, b = q, c = 0
2
Since, the lines are real and distinct  7  5  k   7 
 (1)(1)(6) + 2      1  
at
 h2  ab > 0  2  2  2   2 
 0  p(q) > 0 2 2
 5  k
 pq > 0 1    6   0
 2  2
Given equation is y2 + x + 1 = 0
lic 6+
35k 49 25 6k 2
   =0
1 4 4 4 4
 a = 0, b = 1, c = 0, f = 0, g = ,h=0
2  6k2 + 35 k  50 = 0
ub
2 2 2
Now, abc + 2fgh – af – bg – ch  (2k  5)(3k  10) = 0
1 1
= 0+ 0  0  + 0= 0 5 10
 4 4 k= or k =
2 3
 The equation does not represent a pair of
P
straight lines. 32. Given equation of pair of lines is

28. Given equation of pair of lines is x2 – y2 + x + 3y – 2 = 0
3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 + 5x + 5y + 2 = 0 1 3
et
5 5 7  a = 1, b = –1, g = ,f= ,c=–2

a = 3, b = 2, c = 2, f = , g = , h = 2 2
2 2 2
Consider abc + 2fgh af2  bg2  ch2  point of intersection of the lines is
 hf  bg gh  af   1 3 
rg
= (3)(2)(2) + 2  
5 5  7 
    , 2 
= , 
 2  2  2   ab  h 2
ab  h   2 2
2 2 2
5 5 7
3   2   2   = 0 33. Given equation of pair of lines is
Ta
2 2 2

 the given equation represents a pair of straight lines. 2x2 – 10xy + 2y2 + 5x – 16y – 3 = 0
5
29. Given equation of pair of lines is  a = 2, b = 2, c = –3, f = –8, g = , h = –5
2
ax2 – y2 + 4x – y = 0
1 Since the equation represents pair of lines,
 A = a, B = –1, C = 0, F = , G = 2, H = 0
2  abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
The given equation represents a pair of straight 5
lines,  2(2)(–3) + 2(–8)   (–5) – 2(64)
2  
 ABC + 2FGH – AF2 – BG2 – CH2 = 0
 25 
 0 – 0 – a   – (–1)(4) = 0
1  2   + 3(25) = 0
4  4 
a 49λ
 – + 4 = 0  a = 16  = 147   = 6
4 2
285


 Point of intersection of the lines is  1 
2
2    1 6  1
 hf  bg gh  af  2 6
,  2 4 1 = 1
 2   tan  = = =
 ab  h ab  h 
2
1 6 5
 5 5    = tan1 (1) = 45
  5  8   2  6   2   5   2  8  
   , 2  38. Given equation of pair of lines is
2 12    5  2 12    5  
2 2

  x2  3xy + λ y2 + 3x + 5y + 2 = 0
 
 7   a = 1, b = , h =  3
  10, 
2
 2   = tan1 3  tan  = 3
2
34. Given equation of pair of lines is  3
2     1 
2x2  3xy  2y2 + 10x + 5y = 0
ns
 2
 tan  =
5 3 1 
 a = 2. b = 2, c = 0, f = , g = 5, h =
2 2 9  4
2
 Point of intersection of the lines is 4 9  4
3= =
io
 hf  bg gh  af  1  1 
 ,    1, 2
 ab  h 2 ab  h 2  9  4
Slope of line joining origin and (1, 2) m = 2  =9
1   
2
at
Slope of kx + y + 3 = 0 is –k
 9  4 = 9 (1 + )2
1
Now, (k)( 2) = 1  k =  92 + 22 = 0
2
  (9 + 22) = 0
35. The line 5x + y –1 = 0 is coincides
lic   = 0 or  = 
22
5x2 + xy – kx – 2y + 2 = 0 9
 a = 5, b = 0, c = 2, f = –1, g =  , h =
k 1 But  is non-negative
ub
2 2  =0
2h
m1 + m2 = 39. Lines represented by the equation
b
As b = 0, this case is not defined 6x2 – 13xy + 5y2 = 0 are
Slope of line 5x + y – 1 = 0 is m = –5 3
P
y = 2x and y = x
 Slope of another line must be infinite 5
 equation of another line is x = k1 The co-ordinates of the vertices of the triangle
 Combine equation is (5x + y – 1) (x – k1) = 0 formed by above lines with x + y  1 = 0 are
et
 5x2 – 5xk1 + xy – yk1 – x + k1 = 0 1 2 5 3

(0, 0),  ,  and  , 
 5x2 + xy – (5k1 + 1)x – yk1 + k1 = 0 3 3 8 8
Comparing this equation with the given The altitude from vertex (0, 0) on x + y  1 = 0
rg
equation, we get k = 11 is y = x. ....(i)

1 2 3
36. Given equation of pair of lines is The altitude from vertex  ,  on y = x is
3 3 5
3x2 + 7xy + 2y2 + 5x + 5y + 2 = 0
Ta
7 2 5 1
 a = 3, b = 2, h = y   x 
2 3 3 3
49 25  15x + 9y  11 = 0 ....(ii)
2 6 2 Solving (i) and (ii), we get
2 h  ab
2
4 4
tan  = = = 11 11
ab 3 2 5 x= and y =
 tan  = 1 24 24
  11 11 
  = tan1 (1) =  Orthocentre is  , 
4  24 24 
 11 11 
37. Given equation of pair of lines is Distance from origin to  ,  is
 24 24 
x2  xy  6y2  7x + 31y  18 = 0 2 2
 11   11  11 2
 a = 1, b = 6, h =  1     =
2  24   24  24
286


40. Given equations of pair of lines are 41.
xy + 4x  3y  12 = 0 and B
xy  3x + 4y  12 = 0 45
 x(y + 4) 3(y + 4) = 0 and x(y  3) + 4(y  3) = 0
 (y + 4)(x  3) = 0 and (x + 4)(y  3) = 0 90 45
 The vertices of the square are as shown in the figure O A
y3=0 Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the perpendicular
D(4, 3) C(3, 3) lines.
Let m be the slope of the line which makes an
angle 45 with the line 2x + 3y = 6.
x+4=0 x3=0
d1 d2 2
Slope of the line 2x + 3y = 6 is
3
ns
A(4, 4) B(3, 4)  2 
y+4=0 m  
tan 45 =  3 
 2 
Equation of diagonal d1 is 1 m 
io
 3 
4  3
y+4= ( x  4) 1=
3m  2
4  3 3  2m
at
y+4=x+4
1
xy=0  m =  5,
and equation of diagonal d2 is
5
The equation of the lines are
y+4=
3 4
4  3
(x  3)
lic 1
y = 5x and y = x
 y + 4 = 1 (x  3) 5
 y + 4 = x + 3 1
i.e., y + 5x = 0 and y 
ub
x= 0
x+y+1=0 5
 Combined equation of diagonals d1 and d2 is The equation of the pair of perpendicular lines is
(x  y)(x + y + 1) = 0  1 
(y + 5x)  y  x  = 0
P
 5 
 x2  y2 + x  y = 0
i.e., 5x2  24xy  5y2 = 0
et
Evaluation Test
rg
1. L1: ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0  2 1

 y2  1 2  2
 xy + x = 0
Equation of any line passing through origin and  1 
perpendicular to L1 is given by
 x  2 2 xy + y2 = 0
2
Ta
bx2  2hxy + ay2 = 0

….(interchanging coefficients of x2 and y2 and 2h
3. Here, m1  m2  ....(i)
change of sign for xy term) b
 The required equation of pair of lines is a
and m1m2 
–15x2 + 7xy + 2y2 = 0 b
i.e. 15x2 – 7xy – 2y2 = 0  (m1 – m2)2 = (m1 + m2)2 – 4m1m2
4h 2  4ab
2. Joint equation of pair of lines having slopes m1 =
b2
and m2 and passing through the origin is
4h 2  3h 2
y2  (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2 x2 = 0 = ….[ 4ab = 3h2 (given)]
b2

 y2  1 2 

1 

 xy + 1 2 
1 2 

 1  2
x =0
 1 2 

h2
b2
287


h 10. The given equation of pair of lines is
 m1  m2  ....(ii)
b 3x2 – 2y2 + xy – x + 5y – 2 = 0
On solving (i) and (ii), we get 5 1 
 a = 3, b = –2, c = –2, f = ,g= ,h=
h 3h 2 2 2
m1  and m2 
2b 2b Now abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
 m1 : m2 = 1 : 3 5 75 1  2
12 –    =0
4. The lines are parallel, if af2 = bg2 4 4 2 2
 4f2 = 9g2  22 – 5  25 = 0  ( 5)(2 + 5) = 0
3 5
f= g   = 5 or
2 2
Let g = 2 and f = 3
 abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 11. Let y = mx be the common line and let y = m1x
ns
= 4 (9) (c) + 2 (3) (2) (6) – 4(3)2 – 9(2)2 – c (6)2 = 0 and y = m2x be the other lines given by
 c is any number.
2x2 + axy + 3y2 = 0 and 2x2 + bxy  3y2 = 0
respectively. Then,
5. Given equation is x2  y2  x  y  2 = 0. a 2
io
m + m1 =  , mm1 = , and
 1 3 3
 a = 1, b = 1, c = 2, f = ,g= ,h=0
2 2 b 2
This equation represents a pair of straight lines, m + m2 = , mm2 = 
3 3
at
if abc + 2fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 = 0
2  2
2 1 2 9  (mm1) (mm2) =  
2  =0 =  2 = 9   =  3 3  3
4 4 4 4
4
6. The given equation of pair of lines is
lic  m2(m1m2) = 
9
x2 + 2 2 xy – y2 = 0 4
 m2 = ….[ m1m2 = 1 (given)]
 a = 1, b = 1, h = 2 9
Now, a + b = 1 + (1) = 0
ub
2
 The lines are perpendicular m=
3
7. The joint equation of the lines through the point 2
When m = ,
(x1, y1) and at right angles to the lines 3
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
P
2 2
b(x – x1)2 – 2h(x – x1)(y – y1) + a(y – y1)2 = 0 mm1 = and mm2 =   m1 = 1 and m2 = 1
3 3
 joint equation of pair of lines drawn through (1, a b
1) and perpendicular to the pair of lines  m + m1 =  and m + m2 =
et
3 3
3x2 – 7xy + 2y2 = 0 is
2(x – 1)2 + 7(x – 1)(y – 1) + 3(y – 1)2 = 0  a = 5 and b = 1
2
8. The given equations are x – y – 1 = 0 and When m =  ,
rg
3
2x + y – 6 = 0
2 2
 The joint equation is given by mm1 = and mm2 =   m1 = 1 and m2 = 1
3 3
(x – y – 1) (2x + y – 6) = 0
a b
Ta
 2x2 + xy – 6x – 2xy – y2 + 6y – 2x – y + 6 =0  m + m1 =  and m + m2 =

 2x2 – y2 – xy – 8x + 5y + 6 = 0 3 3
 a = 5 and b = 1
9. Let the equation of one of the angle bisector of 12. Given equation of pair of lines is
the co-ordinate axes be x + y = 0  m1 = –1
3x2 – 48xy + 23y2 = 0
Given equation of pair of lines is
2x2 + 2hxy + 3y2 = 0  a = 3, h = –24, b = 23
 A = 2, H = h, B = 3 2 576  69
 tan  =
a 2 3  23
Now, m1m2 =  m2 =
b 3
2 507 2  13 3
2h 2 2h  tan  = = = 3
Also m1 + m2 =  –1 – = 26 26
b 3 3
5 
h=   = tan–1 ( 3 ) =
2 3
288


y2 sin2  xy sin2  + x2 (cos2   1) = 0
 a = sin2 , b = cos2 1 = (1cos2 )
= sin2 
Now, a + b = sin2  sin2  = 0
 The lines are perpendicular.

 =
2
14. Lines represented by the equation
2y2  xy  6x2 = 0 are
3
y = 2x and y =  x
ns
2
The co-ordinates of the vertices of the triangle
formed by above lines with x + y = 1 are
1 2
(0, 0),  ,  and (2, 3)
io
3 3
The altitude from vertex (0, 0) on x + y = 1 is
y = x. ....(i)
at
1 2 3
The altitude from vertex  ,  on y = x is
3 3 2
2 2 1
y  x 
3 3 3
lic
 6x  9y + 4 = 0 ....(ii)
4 4
x= and y = ,
ub
3 3
4 4
 Orthocentre is  , 
3 3
P
et
rg
Ta
289
Textbook
Chapter No.
05 Vectors
Hints
Classical Thinking 12. Let a = 6 î + 4 ĵ + 5 k̂

b = 4 î + 5 ĵ + 6 k̂
 5  a  5 a = 5  8 = 40
ns
3.
c = 5 î + 6 ĵ + 4 k̂
4. ka = 1  k a =1 Now, AB = – 2 î + ĵ + k̂
1 1 BC = î + ĵ – 2 k̂
 k = k=
io
a a CA = î – 2 ĵ + k̂
5. By Parallelogram Law,  | AB | = 6 , | BC | = 6 and | CA | = 6
at
AC = AB  AD = b  d Since each side is of length 6,
 ABC is an equilateral triangle.
6. FA = DC A B
13. Let position vector of D be xî  yˆj  zk,
ˆ then
= DA  AC
= AC  AD
lic since, AB  DC
F C
=  AB  BC   2BC  2ˆj  4kˆ  (7  x )iˆ  (7  y )ˆj  (7  z)kˆ
Comparing the coefficients, we get
E D
ub
= AB  BC = a  b
x  7, y  9, z  11.
7. Suppose b is added to the vector a , then Hence, position vector of D will be 7iˆ  9ˆj  11kˆ .
a + b = î
14. Since, AB  BD  AD D C
 b = î – a = î – (3 î + 4 ĵ – 2 k̂ )
P
 BD  AD  AB
= – 2 î – 4 ĵ + 2 k̂ = (iˆ  2jˆ  3k)
ˆ  (2iˆ  4ˆj  5k)
ˆ
8. AB = î  2 ĵ + 2 k̂ = î  2ˆj  8kˆ A

et
B
 AB = 3 Hence, unit vector in the direction of BD is
î  2ˆj  8kˆ î  2ˆj  8kˆ

  
a + b = 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ + î  2jˆ  3kˆ  | î  2ˆj  8kˆ |
rg
9. 69
= 3iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ 15. Since the vectors are collinear,

 a+ b  = 3 3 4 2 2 2  b = a
Ta
= 9  9  16 = 34  (–2 î + m ĵ ) = ( î – ĵ )
On comparing, we get
10. a  b = 4iˆ  4ˆj  = –2 and – = m
4(iˆ  ˆj) î  ˆj m=2
 Unit vector = 
32 2
16. c = d
11. Given, PQ = 7  (x  2) a + b = (2x + 1) a   b
 (5  1) 2  (4  2) 2  (a  2) 2 = 7 On comparing, we get
Squaring both sides, we get  = –1 and
36 + 4 + (a + 2)2 = 49 (x –2) = (2x +1)
 (a + 2)2 = 9  x – 2 = – 2x – 1
 a + 2 = 3 1
x=
 a = –5, 1 3
290

Chapter 05: Vectors
17. Let a = 3 î  2 ĵ + 5 k̂ and b =  2 î + p ĵ  q k̂ 24. If M(m) is the mid-point of AB, then

Two vector are collinear if ab
m=
a1 a 2 a 3 2
 
b1 b 2 b3 î  3jˆ  kˆ  3iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
 = 2 î + ĵ – 2 k̂
3 2 5 2
  
2 p q
25. Let R (r) divide AB externally in the ratio 5:2
4 10
 p ,q 5(iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ  2(2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ î  7ˆj  12kˆ
3 3  r= =
52 3
18. Here a  î + ˆj , b  2iˆ  ˆj and r  2iˆ – 4jˆ 26. Let R (r) divide PQ externally in the ratio 2 : 1
Let r  t1 a + t 2 b 2q  p
ns
 r=
 2iˆ  4jˆ = t1 (iˆ + ˆj) + t 2 (2iˆ  ˆj) 2 1
2(3iˆ  2ˆj  k)
ˆ  (2iˆ  ˆj  4k)
ˆ
= (t1  2t 2 )iˆ + (t1  t 2 )ˆj =
1
Comparing the coefficients, we get
= 4iˆ  5jˆ  2kˆ
io
t1 + 2t2 = 2 .…(i)
t1  t2 = 4 ….(ii)  Co-ordinates of R are (4, 5, 2)
On solving (i) and (ii), we get 27. If A(a),B(b),C(c) are the vertices and G(g) is the
at
t1 = 2, t2 = 2 centroid of ABC, then
a bc
19. Given, 3A  2B g =
3
 3(x + 4y) = 2(y – 2x + 2)
 7x + 10y = 4 ….(i)
lic  2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ    miˆ  ˆj  kˆ   3iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ 
 3iˆ  2ˆj  nkˆ 
and 3(2x + y + 1) = 2(2x – 3y – 1) 3
 2x + 9y = – 5 ….(ii) 3(3 î + 2 ĵ + n k̂ ) = (5 + m) î + 6 ĵ + (–3) k̂
ub
On solving (i) and (ii), we get On comparing, we get
x = 2, y = –1 9 = 5 + m  m = 4, and
3n = 3  n = 1
20. 1( a ) + 1( b ) = a + b .
 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z 2 + z3 
P
 1( a ) + 1( b )  1 (a + b) = 0 28. G  , , 
 3 3 3 
 The vectors are coplanar.
 2a  1 4  b 1 
 (2, 1, c)   , , 
 3 3 3
et
21. Let R (r) be the point dividing PQ internally in

the ratio 2 : 5 2a  1 4b 1
2= ,1= ,c=
5p  2q
3 3 3
 r = 5 1
 a = , b = 1, c =
rg
7
2 3
22. Let R (r) divide line AB internally in the ratio
29. a  b = ab cosθ  a b …[cos   1]
2:3
Ta
2b + 3a 30. ab = a b
 r =
23
 a b cos  = a b
2(3iˆ  ˆj  4k)
ˆ  3(2iˆ  3jˆ  k)
ˆ
=  cos  = 1
5
=0
12iˆ +11jˆ + 5kˆ
=  a and b are like parallel vectors.
5
Co-ordinates of R are  , ,1

12 11 31. ab =  a b

 5 5 
 a b cos  =  a b
2  4 1  3 
23. C   ,   (– 1, 1)  cos  = 1
 2 2  =
 OC = – î + ĵ  a , b are unlike parallel vectors
291

33. We have, a  b  c = 0 43.  

| a  b |  a.b
 a  b  c  b = 0  b  absin   ab cos 
 a  b  bb  cb = 0  tan  = 1
2 
 a  b  b  c b = 0  
4
 a  b  b  c =  25
44. Since (a  b)2  (a.b)2  | a |2 | b |2
 144  16 | b |2
 1ˆ 3ˆ 1 ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ
 i  j  k   2i  4 j  5k
8 8 4 
   |b| 3
2 12 5
=   =0 45. a  b  0  a  b , a  0 , b  0
ns
8 8 4
 Option (D) is correct answer. 46. Vector product is not commutative.
35. a.b= 0 47. 14(a  b)  15(b  a) = 14(b  a) + 15(b  a)
  
io
 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ . î  4jˆ  λkˆ = 0 =ba
 2  1 + 1  ( 4) + ( 1) ( ) = 0 î ˆj kˆ
=2
at
48. a  b = 2 2 1
36. Let r = xî  yˆj  zkˆ , then 6 3 2
r  î = x, r  ˆj = y and r  kˆ = z = î – 10 ĵ – 18 k̂
  r  î 
2
 
+ r  ˆj
2
 
+ r  kˆ
2
lic
= x2 + y2 + z2 = r
2
49. Unit vector perpendicular to a and

ab 1 ˆ ˆ
  b =  (2i  k)
2  12  6  (4)  3(3) |ab| 5
  cos 1  
ub
37.
 22  62  32 122  4 2  32 
    50. Given,
 9 
 cos 1  1  9  a  b = 3jˆ  kˆ and b  c = 3kˆ
 = cos  
 7  13   91 
  a  b    b  c  =  3jˆ  kˆ   3kˆ = 9 î
P
38. If the given vectors are a , b and c , then

So, required unit vector = î
c  a  b and also a  b = 0.
We have, u  n̂ = 0 and v  n̂ = 0
et
 The given vectors form a right angled triangle. 51.

 n̂  u and n̂  v
40. ab = a b
uv
 a sin  = a  n̂ = 
rg
b b uv
 sin  = 1
π
   
Now, u  v = î  ˆj  î  ˆj = 2 k̂
=
Ta
2  n̂ =  k̂
 a b 
Hence, w  nˆ = î  2jˆ  3kˆ  kˆ   =3
41. | a  b | 1
54. Let a = 3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b = î  3jˆ  4kˆ
 sin  = 1
 Then,
= î ˆj kˆ
2
a  b = 3 1 2 = 2iˆ  10ˆj  8kˆ
bc
42. Here, a =  1 3 4
bc
 ab = 4  100  64 = 168 = 2 42
 bc =  bc a
1
=  (sin ) a ....[ b  c = sin ]  Required area = ab = 42 sq. units
2
292

Chapter 05: Vectors
55. [ î k̂ ĵ ] = î .( k̂  ĵ ) = î .(– î ) = – 1. 69. A, B, C, D are vertices of tetrahedron.

 AB , AC and AD are its edges.
56. 2iˆ  3jˆ  ( 5k)
ˆ  =  30 [ î ( ĵ  k̂ )]
 Now, AB = – 2 î – 2 ĵ – 3 k̂
=  30( î  î ) =  30(1) AC = 4 î – 9 k̂
= 30 AD = 6 î – 3 ĵ – 3 k̂
57. ( î + ĵ )  [( ĵ + k̂ ) × ( k̂ + î )]  Volume of tetrahedron
1 1 0 1
=  AB AC AD 
= 0 1 1 6  
1 0 1 2 2 3
1
= 1 (1) – 1 ( – 1) = 2 = 4 0 9
6
6 3 3
ns
1 1 1
58. [a b c] = 1 1 4 1
= [2(0  27) + 2( 12 + 54)  3( 12  0)]
1 2 1 6
1
= 1 (1 + 8) + 1(1 4) + 1(2 + 1) = (174)
io
6
=5
= 29 cu. units
60. Since a b c  =  b c a  = c a b  =   b a c 
70. The d.c.s of Y-axis are
at
61. [iˆ kˆ ˆj]  [kˆ ˆj î]  [ ˆj kˆ î] = [iˆ kˆ ˆj]  [iˆ kˆ ˆj]  [iˆ kˆ ˆj] cos90, cos0, cos90
i.e. 0, 1, 0
= [iˆ kˆ ˆj] = – 1
71. The d.c.s of X-axis are 1, 0, 0.
63.  a  2b a  c b 
 
lic 73. For option (B),
= a a  c b  +  2b a  c b  cos2  + cos2  + cos2   1
 option (B) is correct answer.
= a a b  + a c b  +  2b a b  +  2b c b 
ub
74. Let the direction cosines of the line be l, m, n
= 0  a b c  + 2 (0) + 2 (0)
 l = cos 45º, m = cos 60º, n = cos 60º
=  a b c  1 1 1
 l= , m = and n =
2 2 2
P
64. Since the vectors are coplanar, 1 1 1

a b c  = 0  d.c.s are , , .
  2 2 2
1 1 1
et
75. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1

 1 2 1 = 0  cos2 45 + cos2 60 + cos2  = 1
3 p 5 1 1 1
 cos2  = 1   
 10 + p + 5 + 3 + p  6 = 0 2 4 4
rg
p=–6 1
 cos  = 
2
65. We have [ a b a  b ] = a   b  (a  b) 
  = 60 or 120
Ta
= ( a  b ). ( a  b )
76. Let l, m, n be the d.c.s of the line.
= | a  b |2  l = cos ; m = cos 60; n = cos 45
66. [ a c b ] = a .( c  b ) Since, cos2  + cos2 60 + cos2 45 = 1
1 1 1
= c .( b  a )  cos2 = 1   =
2 4 4
=0 ….[ a and b are parallel]
1
 cos  = 
67. a . ( b  c ) = 0 or ( a  b ). c = 0 2
1 1 1
 the d.c.s are  , ,
68. Volume of parallelopiped = a b c  2 2 2
 11   13  Let r = 2iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ
=   (12)   î ˆj kˆ  78.
2 3
= 286 cu. unit. |r|= 22  22  (1)2  3
293


x y z 2. AB + BC + CA = 0
 The d.c.s are , ,
|r| |r| |r| a+b–c=0
2 2 1 3. Given A, B, C, D, E are five co-planar points.
i.e., , ,
3 3 3
Now, DA + DB + DC + AE + BE + CE
a b c = ( DA + AE ) + ( DB + BE ) + ( DC + CE )
79. D.c.s are , ,
|r| |r| |r| = DE + DE + DE = 3 DE
2 3 6
i.e., , ,
7 7 7
4.   
AC  BD = AB  BC  BC  CD 
80. On Y-axis, x and z co-ordinates are zero. = AB  CD
Hence, (B) is the correct option. = AB  DC
= AB  AB
ns
81. A  (1, 2, 6) and B  (4, 5, 0)
 D.r.s of AB are 4  1, 5  2, 0  6 = 2 AB
i.e., 5, 3, 6 5. AE = AB + BC + CD + DE A B
2 2 2
82. Since (–l) + (–m) + (–n) = 1, we can say that = AB + BC + CD  ED
io
–l, –m, –n are the direction cosines of the line. = a + b + c  AB F C
l  m  n
Also that    1 = a+ b+ c a
l m n
at
Hence, we can say that –l, –m, –n are the d.r.s. = b+ c E D
of the line. 6. AB  BC  AC
83. The direction cosines are  AC  a  b
2
,
 5
,
2
lic Now, AC  CD  AD
252 252 252   a  b   CD  2 b ....[ AD = 2 BC ]
2  5 2
i.e., , ,  CD = b  a
ub
3 3 3
7.
84. The d.r.s of AB are 2 –14, –3 –5, 1 + 3 A(a)
i.e. – 12, – 8, 4 i.e., 3, 2, – 1
3 2 1

P
The d.c.s are , , F E

14 14 14
85. Let, a1, b1, c1 = 5,  12, 13

B(b) C(c)
and a2, b2, c2 = 3, 4, 5
et
a1 a 2  b1 b 2  c1 c 2 bc b  c  2a
 cos = AD = OD  OA =  a = ,
2 2
a12  b12  c12  a 22  b 22  c22
Similarly,
rg
5  3   12  4  13(5) ca c  a  2b

= BE = OE  OB =  b = and
5  ( 12)  13  (3)  4  5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a  b  2c
15  48  65 CF = .
Ta
= 2
13 2  5 2
Now, AD + BE + CF
1
= b  c  2a c  a  2b a  b  2c
65    =0
2 2 2
 1 
  = cos–1  
 65  8. By triangle law,
AB = AD  BD , AC = AD  CD
Critical Thinking E D
1. ma is a unit vector if | ma | = 1
m a =1 F C
1
m
|a| A B
294

Chapter 05: Vectors
 AB + AC + AD + AE + AF 14. Let P, Q and R be points having position vectors

 î +  ĵ +  k̂ ,  î +  ĵ +  k̂ and
= AD  BD + AD  CD + AD + AE + AF
= 3 AD + ( AE  BD ) + ( AE  CD )  î +  ĵ +  k̂
= 3 AD …[ AE = BD , AF = CD ] Then, PQ = QR = RP
Hence,  = 3 = (  ) 2  (   ) 2  (   ) 2
Hence, PQR is an equilateral triangle.
9. Let the position vector of P be xî  yˆj  zk,
ˆ
Given, AB = CP 15. AB = (2 î + 3 ĵ – 6 k̂ ) – (6 î – 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ )
 ˆj  î  xî  yˆj  (z  1)kˆ = – 4 î + 5 ĵ – 9 k̂

 AB = 16  25  81 = 122
By comparing the coefficients of î , ĵ and k̂ ,
ns
we get x = –1, y = 1 and z – 1 = 0 BC = î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂
z=1  BC = 1  9  16 = 26 and
Hence, required position vector is – î + ĵ + k̂ AC = –3 î + 8 ĵ –5 k̂
io
11. Sum of the given vectors  AC = 98
    
= î  ˆj  kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  2jˆ  6kˆ   AB2 = 122, BC2 = 26 and AC2 = 98
at
 AB2 + BC2 = 26 + 122 = 148
= 3iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ Since, AC2 < AB2 + BC2
 The unit vector in the direction of the sum of the
lic Therefore, ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle.
given vectors
16. AB = – î – 4 ĵ , CD = –2 î + ( – 2) ĵ
3iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ
= Since, AB || CD
1 4
 =
2   2
ub
=    2 =  8 or  =  6
32  22  62
p  a  2 b  3c , q  2a  λ b  4c
=
1 ˆ ˆ
7

3i  2 j  6kˆ  17. Let and
r   7b  10c
P
Since, points are collinear

12. Let OA = 2iˆ  3jˆ  k,
ˆ OP = 3(iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ
 PQ  k PR
OA  OB A
 2a  λb  4c   a  2b  3c 
et
we have, OP =
2
 OB = 2 OP  OA
P = k  7b  10c   a  2b  3c  
= 6iˆ  6ˆj  6kˆ  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ  a + ( + 2) b  7c =  ka  5kb  7kc

rg
O
= 4iˆ  3jˆ  7kˆ
B  k =  1,  =  5k  2
Hence,  = 5  2 = 3
Let a = î + ĵ + k̂ , b = 5iˆ  3jˆ  3kˆ and
Ta
13. 18. Given vectors are parallel if

(p, q) =  (5, 1) i.e., if p = 5 , q = 
c  2iˆ  5jˆ  9kˆ
p=5q
 AB = b  a = 4iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ
19. Given c = 2a  3b …(i)
 AB = 16  4  16 = 6
and 2c  3a  4b …(ii)
BC = 3iˆ  2ˆj  12kˆ Multiplying (i) by 4 and (ii) by 3 and adding,
we get
 BC = 9  4  144 = 157 10 c = 17a
and CA = î  4ˆj  8kˆ  c
17
a
10
 CA = 1  16  64 = 9
Since, c and a are in the same direction.
 Perimeter = AB  BC  CA = 15 + 157  c and a are like parallel vectors.
295

20. AB  î  ˆj  2kˆ and CD  6iˆ  6ˆj  12kˆ 27. Let A, B, C be the three collinear point.
 CD  6AB  AB =  BC
Hence, AB || CD. Here, AB = – 2b, BC = (k + 1) b

  k  R  AB =  BC
21. Let a  î  2kˆ , b  ˆj  kˆ and c  î   ˆj
28. Since, a + 2b is collinear with c , and b + 3c is
 AB = m. BC
collinear with a .
 – î + ĵ – k̂ = m[( î + ( – 1) ĵ – k̂ )]
 a + 2b = x c and b + 3c = y a  x, y  R
 a + 2b + 6c = (x + 6) c
– 1 = – m  m = 1,
– 1 =  m   = – 1, Also, a + 2b + 6c = a  2(b  3c) = (1 + 2y) a
and 1 = m( – 1)   = 2  (x + 6) c = (1 + 2y) a
ns
Since, a and c are non-collinear.
22. Let a =  î + 3jˆ + 2kˆ , b =  4iˆ + 2jˆ  2kˆ and
 x + 6 = 0 and 1 + 2y = 0
c = 5iˆ + ˆj  kˆ 1
 x =  6 and y = 
 AB = m. BC 2
io
 –3 î – ĵ – 4 k̂ = m 9iˆ  (  2)ˆj  (  2)kˆ  Now, a + 2b = x c
 a + 2b + 6c = 0
at
1 29. AB = a + b
9m = –3  m = ,
3 BD = 3 a + 3 b = 3 AB
–1 = m( – 2)   = 5  Points A, B, D are collinear.
and – 4 = m( + 2)   = 10
lic 30. Let R = x a + y b + z c
23. PQ  k QR
 R = x(2 p + 3 q  r ) + y( p  2 q + 2 r )
a  b  c  k ( 2a  2b  tc)
+ z( 2 p + q  2 r )
ub
1  3p  q + 2 r = (2x + y  2z) p
1 = – 2k  k = and –1 = kt  t = 2
2 + (3x  2y + z) q + (x + 2y 2z) r
24. Here AB = b – a and
P
2x + y  2z = 3, …(i)
AC = 2 a – 2 b = – 2 ( b – a ) 3x  2y + z = 1, …(ii)
 AC = m AB  x + 2y  2z = 2 …(iii)
et
Hence A, B, C are collinear. Solving above equations, we get

x = 2, y = 5, z = 3
25. Here a = î + xˆj  3kˆ , b = 3iˆ + 4ˆj  7kˆ , and
 R = 2a + 5b + 3c
c = yî  2ˆj  5kˆ
rg
31. a + b + c + d = (1 + ) d
 AB =  BC
Also, a + b + c + d = (1 + ) a
 2iˆ  (4  x) ˆj  4kˆ =  ( y  3) î  6ˆj  12kˆ 
 (1 + ) d = (1 + ) a
Ta
On comparing, we get if   –1, then

1 1  
4 = –12    = , d = 
3  a
1  
4 – x = – 6  x = 2, and
Now, a + b + c + d = (1 + ) a
2 = (y – 3)  – 6 = y – 3  y = –3
1  
 a + b + c +   a = (1 + ) a
26. Here a  î  ˆj , b  î  ˆj , c  a î  b ˆj  c kˆ 1  
The points are collinear  1   
 1     (1  )  a + b + c = 0
 AB =  BC  1   
 –2 ĵ = [(a – 1) î + (b + 1) ĵ + c k̂ ] This contradicts the fact that a , b , c are non-
On comparing, we get coplanar
(a–1) = 0, (b+1) = –2, c = 0 =–1
Hence a = 1, c = 0 and b is arbitrary scalar.  a + b + c + d = 0
296

Chapter 05: Vectors
32. The position vector of A is 6 b  2a and R( r ) divides AB externally in the ratio 1:2
the position vector of P is a  b b  2a
r =
Let the position vector of B be r 1 2
Since, P divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2 2p  3q
= ….[From (i) and (ii)]
 ab
 
1 r  2 6b  2a  1
 r = – 2p + 3q
3
 points P, Q and R are collinear.
 3 a – 3 b – 12 b + 4 a = r
 r = 7 a – 15 b 39. Since, a  b  a . b = 0
2 2 2
Now, a  b = a + b  2 a.b
33. 2a + 3b – 5c = 0
3b  2a = 25 + 25
ns
 5c = 2a + 3b  c = = 50
3 2
 point C divides segment AB internally in the  ab = 5 2
ratio 3:2.
40. a.a  | a || a | cos   | a |2 (   0o )
io
34. | OA | = 1  9  4 = 14 and b.b  | b || b | cos   | b |2
| OB | = 9  1  4 = 14 A  a and b are sides of rhombus
 OA = OB
at
C
Let C be any point on angle  | a | | b |

bisector and on line AB  Hence, a.a  b.b.
O B
 C is midpoint of AB
 c =
ab
= 2 î + 2 ĵ – 2 k̂
lic 41. Since, a and b are unit vectors.
2  a  b 1 …(i)
Given, a  b 1
35. Let P(p) divide the line internally in the ratio 2 : 3
ub
2
3(2a  3b) + 2(3a  2b) 12a  13b  a  b 1
 p= =
2+3 5
 a  b  2  a.b  1
2 2
36. P( p ) divide AB internally in the ratio 3 : 1. 2 2

 a  b  2 a b cos  1
P
3b  a
 p=  2 + 2 cos  = 1 …[From (i)]
4
1 2
Q( q ) is midpoint of AP  cos  =    =
et
2 3
3b  a
ap a 5a  3b 42. Let u = a + 2 b and v = 5 a  4 b
 q = = 4 =
2 2 8 Given that u  v
rg
37. 2a + b = 3c  u. v=0
 2a = 3c  b  ( a + 2 b ) . (5 a  4 b ) = 0
2 2
 5 a  8 b + 10( a . b )  4 ( a . b ) = 0
Ta
3c  b 3c  b
 a = =
2 3 1
….  a  b  1
2 2
 3 + 6 ( a . b ) = 0
 A divides BC in the ratio 3 :1 externally.  
1
38. P( p ) is midpoint of BC  cos  =
2
bc   = 60
 p =
2
43. Let  be the angle between a and b .
 2p = b + c ….(i)
Now,  a  3b    7a  5b 
Q( q ) divides CA internally in the ratio 2:1
  a  3b    7a  5b  = 0
2a  c
 q =
 
2 2
3  7 a  16 a  b  15 b = 0
 3q = 2a + c ….(ii)  7 + 16 cos   15 = 0
297

 c  a  b   a  b  . a  b 
2 2
1
 cos  =
2
  c2 = a2 + b2 + 2a  b
=
3 = a2 + b2 …  a  b  0 
Also,  a  4b    7a  2b 
48. Given,
  a  4b    7a  2b  = 0
a  b  3c = 0
 7 a  8 b  30  a  b  = 0
2 2
 ab =  3 c
1  ab = 3 c
 15  30 cos  = 0  cos  =
2 2 2

 ab =3 c
=
ns
2 2 2
3  a + b + 2 a b cos  = 3 c
44. Let the required vector be r = xî + ykˆ where  is the angle between a and b
Since r is a unit vector.  1 + 1 + 2 cos  = 3
io
 x2  y 2 = 1  cos  =
1
2
It is given that r makes 45 and 60 angles with

=
at
a and b respectively.
3
r.a r.b
 cos 45 = and cos 60 = 2 2
a r r b 49. ab  ab
= a  b  a  b  a  b  a  b

1
2
=
2x  y
3
1
and = 
2
y
2
lic
2 2
3 1 = 2 a 2 b
 2x  y = and y =  2
2 2  1 + a  b = 2 (1)2 + 2(1)2
ub
1 1
x= , y=   ab = 3
2 2
Hence, r =
1 ˆ ˆ
2
ik   50. ab
2
= a  b  a  b
P
45.  a  b . a  b  = a.a  b.a  b.a  b.b = a a a b  ba  bb

= 1  2 ab + 1 ....  a  b  1
 a.a  b.b  
et
2 2 = 2  2.1.1.cos  = 2 (1  cos )
= a b
 θ
= 2  2sin 2 
=0 …. | a |  | b |  2 
rg
 2
= 4 sin
46. ab =1 2

 ab =1
2
 a  b = 2 sin
Ta
2
 a  b  a  b  1 51. |a b| |a b|
 a  a  2a  b  b  b  1 Squaring both sides, we get
2 2 2 2
 1 + 2 ab cos  + 1 = 1 a  b  2a.b  a  b  2a .b
 2  1  1  cos  =  1  4a.b  0
1
 cos  =   cos   0
2
2π Hence,  < 90 (acute).
=
3 52. a bc0
47. cab  b  c  a
 c = ab  b  c  a
298

Chapter 05: Vectors
 b  c  a
2 2
56. Given,
AB =  î  2 ˆj  6 kˆ , BC = (a  1) î  6kˆ and
  b  c    b  c   a
2
CA = (2  a) î  2 ˆj
2 2
 b + c + 2b  c  a 2
It is given that ABC is right angled at C.
 b2 + c2 + 2 bc cos  = a2
 CB  CA = 0
a 2  b2  c2
 cos  =
2bc 
 1  a  î  6kˆ     2  a  î  2 ˆj  = 0
53. Given, a   b  c  , b   c  a  and c   a  b   (1  a) (2  a) = 0
 a = 1, 2
 a  b  a  c = 0, b  c  b  a = 0, c  a  c  b = 0
57. We have,
 a b + bc + ca = 0
ns
2 2 2 2 AB + BC + CA = 0
Now, a  b  c = a + b + c 2
 AB + BC + CA = 0
+ 2 a  b  bc  ca 
2 2 2
2  AB + BC + CA
io
 a  b  c = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
 a  b  c = 14 + 2  AB . BC + BC . CA + CA . AB  = 0
3a 2
at
 AB . BC + BC . CA + CA . AB = 
54. Since, a  b 2
 ab = 0
58. Let a = î  ˆj and b = ˆj  kˆ , then
Also, c  a = cos  and c  b = cos 
Now, a  b  c = 1
lic î ˆj kˆ
2 a  b = 1 1 0 = î  ˆj  kˆ
 abc = 1 0 1 1
 a + b + c + 2  a  b  b c  ca  = 1
ub
2 2 2
î  ˆj  kˆ
 Required vectors = 
 1 + 1 + 1 + 2(cos  + cos ) = 1 12   1  12
2
 cos  + cos  = 1 î  ˆj  kˆ
=
P
55. Let the required vector be r = xî  yˆj  zkˆ . 3

Then, r = 4
59. AB  2iˆ  ˆj  2k,
ˆ AC  3iˆ  3jˆ  0kˆ
 x2 + y2 + z2 = 16 ….(i)
et
î ˆj kˆ
Now, r is equally inclined to the vectors î  ˆj ,
 AB  AC  2 1 2
ˆj  kˆ and kˆ  î .
3 3 0
 = 
r  î  ˆj r  ˆj  kˆ =  r  kˆ  î 
rg
 = ( 6iˆ  6ˆj  3k)

ˆ
r 2 r 2 r 2
 2iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ 
 x + y = y + z = z + x =  (say)  Unit vectors =   
3
Ta
 
 2(x + y + z) = 3 
3
x+y+z= î ˆj kˆ
2
60. α  β = 2 3 1
3
Now, x + y =  and x + y + z = 1 2  4
2
 = 10iˆ  9ˆj  7kˆ
z=
2
î ˆj kˆ

Similarly, we have x = y = and α  γ = 2 3 1
2
8 1 1 1
Substituting these values in (i), we get  = 
3
= 4iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ
Hence, r = 
8
2 3
 
î  ˆj  kˆ =  4 î  ˆj  kˆ
3
    α  β    α  γ  =  40  27  7 =  74
299

61. î .( ĵ  k̂ ) + ĵ .( k̂  î ) + k̂ .( î  ĵ ) 1
 Area of triangle  | AB  AC |
2
= î . î + ĵ . ĵ + k̂ . k̂ = 3
î ˆj kˆ
1
62. î .( ĵ  k̂ ) + ĵ .( î  k̂ ) + k̂ .( î  ĵ ) = 3 5  4
2
3 5 4
 
= i.i  j.(j)  k.(k)
=11+1=1 =0
68. Area of parallelogram = | a  b |

   
2
63.  a  3b  3a  b 
  î ˆj kˆ
= 10  b  a  
2
 a  b = 3 0 1 = 2iˆ  ˆj  6kˆ
 
2 1 2 0
= 100 b  a
ns
Hence, required area = | 2iˆ  ˆj  6kˆ | = 41

= 100 a b   a  b 
2 2 2
 1 0 1
= 100 (4  1) ….[ a  b = 2 cos 60 = 1] 69. [a b c] = x 1 1 x
io
= 300 y x 1 x  y
Applying, C3  C 3 + C1
64. Angle between the given vectors a and b is 
at
1 0 0
ab a b sin 
Since, = = tan  = x 1 1 = 1(1 + x – x) = 1
a.b a b cos  lic y x 1 x
a  b = a  b . a  b Let A  (1,1, 2), B  (2, 1, p), C  (1, 0, 3) and

2
65. 70.
D  (2, 2, 0).
=  absin n  absin n 
ˆ ˆ
 AB = î + (p  2) k̂
AC =  ĵ + k̂ , and
ub
2 2 2 2
= a b sin  = a b (1  cos )
2 2
2
= a 2 b  a 2 b cos2 
2
AD = î + ĵ  2 k̂
The points are coplanar.
= a 2 b   a.b 
2 2
 AB , AC and AD are coplanar

P
 AB AC AD  = 0
66. Let  be the angle between a and b .  
Since, c =  a  b   1 0 p 2
et
 0 1 1 =0
 c a,cb 1 1 2
 c.a= c.b = 0  1(2  1) + (p  2)(1) = 0
Now,
rg
1+p2=0 p=1
abc = 1
71. Since the points are coplanar,
2
 abc = 1 1 2 0
Ta
 0 1 4 =0
 a + b + c + 2  a.b  b.c  c.a  = 1
2 2 2
 1 2 3

1 1 1
+ + +2
2 3 6
a 
b cos = 1  1(3 – 8) – 2[(0 – 4( – 1)] = 0
13
 –5 + 8 – 8 = 0   =
 cos  = 0 8

= 72. Since, the given vectors are coplanar,
2
a 1 1
67. Let A = î  2ˆj  3kˆ , B = 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ  1 b 1 =0
1 1 c
and C  4iˆ  7ˆj  7kˆ
 a(bc  1) 1(  c  1) + 1(1 + b) = 0
Then, AB = 3iˆ  5jˆ  4kˆ and
 abc  a + c + 1 + 1 + b = 0
AC  3iˆ  5jˆ  4kˆ  abc + 2 = a  b  c
300

Chapter 05: Vectors

73. Since the given vectors are coplanar, 83. ( a  b )[( b + c )  ( c + a )]
 bc b  bc c  bc
2 2
= ( a  b )[ b  c + b  a + c  c + c  a ]
 a 2  ac ac c 2  ac = 0 = a ( b  c ) + a .( b  a ) + a ( c  a )
a 2  ab b 2  ab ab  b ( b  c )  b ( b  a )  b ( c  a )
 (ab + bc + ca)3 = 0  ab + bc + ca = 0. = [a b c]  [a b c] = 0
74. Let P(p) , Q(q) , R(r) be the three points. 84.       

a  b  c    a  b  a  c 

 p = a  b + c , q = 4 a  7 b  c and
      
= a  b   a  b  a  c  + c   a  b  a  c    
r = 3a + 6b + 6c
= 0 +  c a  b a  c 
PQ is not scalar multiple of PR
 they are not collinear =  c a a  c  +  c b a  c 
ns
1 1 1 =  c a a  +  c a c  +  c b a  +  c b c 
p q r  = 4 7 1
  = 0 + 0 +  c b a  + 0 =   a b c 
3 6 6
io
= 36  0 85. r = l (b  c)  m(c  a)  n (a  b)
 they are not coplanar.
   
a r = l a . bc + m a . ca + n a  a  b  
 a  b .  b  c    c  a  = a  b
at
75. b  c c  a  = 0 = l a b c + 0 + 0
76.  a + b b + c c + a  = 2 a b c  a  r = 2l ....  a b c   2 ….(i)

   
=0
lic
....[ a , b , c are coplanar] Similarly,
b  r = 2m, ….(ii)
77. Since d  a  b  c c. r  2n ….(iii)
 d.(b  c) = a.(b  c)+ b.(b  c) + c.(b  c)  On adding equations (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
ub
 d.(b  c) = [a b c]
[d bc] [bcd]
 a  b  c .r  2(l  m  n)
= 
l  m  n   a  b  c  .r
1
[a bc] [bca] 
2
P
78. Let a,band c be the given vectors 12 0 

The given vectors are coplanar 86. Volume of parallelopiped = 0 3 1
 1 2 2 1 15
et
 1  1 = 0
 546 = –12(– 45 + 1) + (0  6)
2 1 
  = 3
 (2 1)  ( + 2) + 2(1  2) = 0
rg
 3  6  4 = 0 87. Volume of parallelopiped

 ( + 2)(2  2  2) = 0 1 2 1
2  4 8 = 1 1 0  a b c  = k  a b c 
  =  2 or  = =1 3 1 1 1
Ta
2
 1(1  0)  2(1  0) 1(1 + 1) = k
80. options (A), (B) and (D) =  u v w  , 1+20=kk=3
while option (C) = –  u v w  p 0 5
88. Volume of parallelopiped = 1 1 q = 8
81. a .( a  b ) = ( a  a ) . b = 0 3 5 0
(b × c).(a + b + c)  – p ( 0 + 5q) + 5 (– 5 + 3) = 8
82.
λ  – 5pq – 18 = 0
(b × c).a + (b × c).b + (b × c).c  5pq + 18 = 0
=
λ 89. Let A  (1, 2, 0), B  (2, 0, 4), C  (1, 2, 0)
(b× c).a + 0 + 0 a.(b  c)  and D  (1, 1, ) be the vertices of the
= = = =1
λ   tetrahedron
301

 AB = î  2ˆj+ 4kˆ 93. We know that, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

Consider option (D)
AC   2iˆ 2 2 2
 2   3   4  4  9  16
AD = 2iˆ  ˆj + kˆ       =
 25   25   25  25
1 29
Volume of tetrahedron =  AB AC AD  = 1
6 
25
1 2 4  correct answer is option (D).
2 
  2 0 0
3 6 94. Consider option (B)
2 1    
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2
 2(2) + 4(2) = 4 4 3 3
=1 1 1 1
=   =1
ns
2 4 4
90. Given, a   b  c   b   c  a   correct answer is option (B).
 a  c b  a  bc  b  a c   b  c a 95. Since,
 =  =   cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
  b  c  a   a  c  b 2  a  b  c  0
io
 1 
 cos  =   
Since a, b,c are non-coplanar,  3
b  c  0,a  c  0 and a  b  0 So, there are four lines whose direction cosines are
at
 1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1 
      
a  b  c  a c b a b c  0  , , ,  , ,   ,
 3 3 3  3 3 3  3 3 3
, ,
 1 1 1 
91. Given, a 1 , b 1 and c  2 , , .
lic 
 3 3 3
Also, a   a  c   b  0
96. The d.r.s of OP are 3, 12, 4
 a c a  a  a  c  b  0  The required d.c.s. are
ub
3 12 4
 a  ca  c  b  0
i.e., , ,
…  a  a  a 1
2
13 13 13
 
 a  ca  c   b 97. Here, a = 3 î + 5 ĵ  2 k̂ , b  6i  2j  3k
  a.b 18  10  6 22
P
 a  c a c  b  Projection = = =
b 7 7
 a  ca  c  b
2 2
98. The d.r.s. of the diagonal of the line joining the

et
  a  c  a  c  2 a  c  a  c  b
2 2 2
origin to the opposite corner of cube are a  0,
a  0, a  0 i.e. 1, 1, 1.
  a  c  a  c  2  a  c  a  c   b
2 2 2 2
a b c
,
  a  c   a  2 c  b
99. As = =
rg
2 2 2 2
 1   1   1 
     
 bc   ca   ab 
   a  c   4 1 …  b 1, c  4
2 2 2
the lines are parallel.
 
Ta
100. cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1

 a  c  3
2
2 2
 14   1
 8 196
 a c  3  cos  = ± 1       = ±  
 15   3  9  225 
 a c cos  = 3, 2
= 
15
where  is an acute angle between a and c
3  101. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
 cos  = =  cos2  + cos2 60 + cos2 60 = 1
2 6
1 1 1 1
 cos2  = 1   =1 =
92. If , β,  are direction angles of any vector OL , 4 4 2 2
then those 1
 cos  = 
of OL are   ,   ,    respectively 2
 correct answer is option (B).   = 45 or  = 135
302

Chapter 05: Vectors

102. Since, the line lies in ZOX plane, it makes an 1
108. We have l = cos45 = ,
angle 90 with Y-axis 2
Also, line makes angle 30 and   30 with 1
m = cos60 = and n = cos
positive Z-axis and 60 and   60 with 2
positive X-axis We know that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
 d.c.s of the required line are 1 1
   n2  1
 cos ,  cos ,  cos  2 4
i.e.,  cos 60,  cos 90,  cos 30 3 1 1
 n2  1    n = 
1 3 4 4 2
i.e.  , 0, ±
2 2 1
 cos = 
2
103. Let l, m, n be the d.c.s of r .

r = r l i  mj  nkˆ
ˆ ˆ 
ns
l=m=n
….[  =  =   cos  = cos  = cos ]  1 1 1 
 r = 12  î  ˆj  kˆ 
2 2
Now, l + m + n = 1 2  2 2 2 
1
109. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
io
l=
3
 cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 (  =  = )
104. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 1 1
 cos2  =  cos  =
at
 cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 (  =  = ) 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
 cos2  =  cos  =  The d.c.s are  , , .
3 3 3 3 3
Now, sum of d.c.s. = l + m + n
lic
= cos  + cos  + cos 
The magnitude of the given vector is 6.
 r = 6 (cos  î  cos  ˆj  cos  k)
ˆ
= 3 cos  = 3 6 ˆ ˆ ˆ
= (i  j  k) =  2 3 (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ
3
ub
105. sin2  + sin2  + sin2 
= (1  cos2 ) + (1  cos2 ) + (1  cos2 ) 1 1 1
= 3  (cos2  + cos2  + cos2 ) = 3  (1) = 2 110. D.c.s. of the line are , ,
3 3 3
  1 1 1
106. Let  = and  =  cos  = , cos  = , cos  =
P
6 4 3 3 3
3 1 Hence, line is equally inclined to axes.
 cos  = and cos  =
2 2 111. The d.r.s. of the given line are
et
Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 2  6, 3 + 7, 1 + 1


3 1
+ + cos2  = 1 i.e., 2, 2, 1. i.e., 2, 2, 1
4 2  angle  is acute, cos   0
rg
1
 cos2  = – 2
4  cos  =
3
Square of a real number cannot be negative.
2 2 1
 option (A) is the correct answer. Thus, required d.c.s are , ,
Ta
3 3 3
107. The line makes angle  with Xaxis and Zaxis
112. l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
and  with Yaxis. 2 2
2  3  2
 l = cos , m = cos , n = cos     +   +n =1
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 7  7 
 2cos2  = 1  cos2  2 13 36
 n =1 =
 2 cos2  = sin2  …(i) 49 49
But sin2  = 3sin2  …(ii) Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the line.
From (i) and (ii), we get  a = 2, b = 3, c = z
3sin2  = 2cos2  c
Since, n =
 3(1  cos2 ) = 2cos2  a  b2  c2
2
3 z 6
 3 = 5cos2   cos2  =  
5 49z 2 7
303


z2 36 l22 + m22 + n 22 = 1,
 
13  z 2
49 l32 + m32 + n 32 = 1
2 2
 49 z  36 z = 13  36 Now, (l1 + l2 + l3)2 + (m1 + m2 + m3)2
 z2 = 36 + (n1 + n2 + n3)2
 z = 6 = (l12  m12  n12 ) + (l22  m22  n 22 ) + (l32  m32  n 32 )
113. Given, A  (1, 2, 1), B  (2, 0, 3), C  (3, 1, 2) + 2 (l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2) + 2(l2l3 + m2m3 +
The d.r.s of AB = 1, 2, 4 and d.r.s of n2n3)
AC = 2, 3, 3 + 2 (l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1)
1(2)  (2)(3)  4(3) =3
 cos =
1  4  16 4  9  9  (l1 + l2 + l3)2 + (m1 + m2 + m3)2
2  6  12 20 +(n1 + n2 + n3)2 = 3
 cos =  Hence, direction cosines of required line are :
ns
21 22 462
l1 + l2 + l3 m1 + m 2 + m3 n1 + n 2 + n 3
 462 cos = 20 , ,
3 3 3
114. l + m + n = 0
 l = (m + n) and lm = 0  (m + n)m = 0
io
 m = 0 or m + n = 0  m = 0 or m = n
If m = 0, then l =  n 1. A
l m n
at
 = =
1 0 1
If m = n, then l = 0
l m n
 = = P
0 1 1
lic
 the d.r.s of the lines are proportional to B C
1, 0, 1 and 0, 1, 1
 angle between them is In APC, PA + AC + CP = 0 …(i)
ub
…[Using triangle law of addition]
0  0 1 1
cos  = = In ABC, AB + BC = AC …(ii)
1 0 1 0 11 2

 = PA + CP + AB + BC = 0
3
P
 PA + CP = BA + CB
115. l + m  n = 0 and l2 + m2  n2 = 0
 l + m = n and l2 + m2 = n2 2. 2 OA + 3 OB = 2( OC + CA ) + 3( OC + CB )
Putting l + m = n in l2 + m2 = n2, we get
et
= 5 OC + 2 CA + 3 CB
l2 + m2 = (l + m)2
 2lm = 0  l = 0 or m = 0 = 5 OC ....  2CA   3CB 
If l = 0, then m = n
3. By using triangle law of addition of vectors in
rg
l m n
 = = triangles PAC and PBC, we have
0 1 1
If m = 0, then l = n PA + AC = PC and PB + BC = PC
l m n P

Ta
= =
1 0 1
 the d.r.s of the lines are proportional to 0, 1, 1
and 1, 0, 1.
0(1)  1(0)  1(1) 1
 cos  = =
0 11 1 0 1 2
1 
  = cos1     = A C B
 2 3
 PA + AC + PB + BC = PC + PC
116. Since, the three lines are mutually perpendicular
 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0  PA + PB +  AC  BC  = 2PC
 PA + PB +  AC  AC  = 2PC
l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = 0
l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0
Also, l12 + m12 + n12 = 1,  PA + PB = 2PC
304

Chapter 05: Vectors

4. B 9. x (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ is a unit vector.
C
 x(iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ =1
a
 x 3=1
b
1
 x =
3
O A 1
x= 
By Parallelogram Law, 3
OA + b = a  OA = a  b 10. Given, p  î  ˆj, q  4kˆ  ˆj and r  î  kˆ
5. P will be the mid point of AC and BD. Vector in the direction of 3p  q  2r
O
= 3(iˆ  ˆj)  (4kˆ  ˆj)  2(iˆ  k)
ˆ
ns
D
= 3iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ  ˆj  2iˆ  2kˆ = î  2ˆj  2kˆ
C 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
 Unit vector = (i  2 j  2k)
3
PP
io
A 11. a = 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , b  î  ˆj , c = 5iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
B
 OA + OC = 2 OP …..(i) Vector in the direction of
a + b  c = 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
at
and OB + OD = 2 OP …..(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get    a  b  c  = 2iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ
OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OP 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
 Unit vector =
6. P is the midpoint of AC and BD.
Let S be the origin.
lic 3
SA + SC 12. x =
(
6 2iˆ - 2ˆj + kˆ ) = 6(2iˆ - 2jˆ + kˆ ) = 4iˆ - 4jˆ + 2kˆ
 SP = and …(i) 4 + 4 +1 3
2
ub
SP =
SB + SD
...(ii) y =
(
3 î + ˆj - kˆ )= (
3 î + ˆj - kˆ ) = î + ˆj - kˆ
2 1 +1 +1 3
x + 2 y = 6iˆ - 2jˆ = 40 = 2 10
SA + SC SB + SD
2 SP = +
P
2 2 13. 8iˆ  ajˆ is in the direction of 4iˆ  3jˆ .

 SA + SB + SC + SD = 4 SP
 8iˆ  ajˆ is a scalar multiple of 4iˆ  3jˆ
=4
i.e., 8iˆ  ajˆ = k(4iˆ  3j)
ˆ  8iˆ  ajˆ = 4kiˆ  3kjˆ
et
7. Let A be the origin.

 AB = b , AC = c , AD = d  4k = 8  k = 2
and a =  3k  a = 6
b+c c+d
AM = and AN =
rg
2 2 14. a = 8b and c = 7 b
….. [ M and N are mid points of BC and CD] 8
 a = c
7
A d D
Ta
 a and c are unlike parallel vectors.

 Angle between a and c is .
b c
15. r = 3p  4q … (i)
B C 2r = p  3q
b+c c+d  6r = 3p  9q …(ii)
AM + AN = +
2 2
2c + b + d
= r  4q = 6r  9q
2
2c + c
 5r = 13q
= ….[ b + d = c ] 13
2  r= q
3c 3 5
= = AC  r > 2 q and r , q have opposite directions
2 2
305


16. If the given points be A, B, C, then Clearly, BC || DA , but AB  CD So, it is a
AB = k( BC ) trapezium.
  20 î  11 ĵ = k[(a  40) î  44 ĵ ] 21. Since, a  3b is collinear with c , and b  2c is
On comparing,  11 =  44k collinear with a ,
1
k=  a  3b  x c and b  2c  y a  x, y  R.
4
1  a  3b  6c  ( x  6)c
and  20 = (a  40)
4 Also, a  3b  6c = a  3(b  2c) = (1  3 y )a
 a =  40  ( x  6)c = (1  3 y )a
17. Let A = 20iˆ + pjˆ , B = 5iˆ  ˆj ,  ( x  6)c  (1  3 y )a = 0
C = 10iˆ  13jˆ be collinear.  x + 6 = 0 and 1 + 3y = 0
ns
1
Then, AB = –15 î – (p + 1) ĵ  x = 6 and y = 
3
AC = –10 î – (13 + p) ĵ
Now, a  3b  x c  a  3b  6c  0
Since, points A, B, C are collinear.
io
22. x = 0, y = 0, otherwise one vector will be a
 AB =  AC for some scalar 
scalar multiple of the other and hence collinear
 –15 î – (p + 1) ĵ =   10iˆ  (13  p)ˆj which is a contradiction.
at
On comparing, 15 = 10 26. c  ma  nb
3
  =  3iˆ  kˆ  m(iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ  n(2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ
2
and  (p + 1) =  (13 + p)  Comparing the co-efficients of î and ĵ , we get
(13 + p)3
lic 3 = m + 2n, and ….(i)
= m=n ….(ii)
2
 2p + 2 = 39 + 3p  Solving the above two equations, we get
m=n=1
ub
 p = 37
 m+n=1+1=2
18. Here, a = i , b = j , c = x i + 8 j 27. A  (1, 1, 2), B  (2, 3, 1)
AB = – i + j , BC = x i + 7 j Point P divides AB internally in the ratio 2 : 3.
 2(2)  3(1) 2(3)  3(1) 2(1)  3(2) 
P
Since the points are collinear,  P , , 

AB =  BC  23 23 23 

 – i + j =  xi  7j    , , 
7 3
5 5 5
4
et
On comparing, we get 1 ˆ ˆ
 the position vector of P is ˆ
(7i  3j  4k)
1
7 = 1   = 5
7
28. C(x1, y1, z1) D(x2, y2, z2)
rg
x = –1  x = –7
A(2, 1, 4) B(1, 3, 6)
19. Let A (a) , B (b) , C (c) be the given points
C divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2 and
 a  20iˆ  pjˆ , b  5iˆ  ˆj , c  10iˆ  13 ˆj
Ta
D divides AB internally in the ratio 2 : 1.

 AB  k BC 1(6)  2(4) 2(6)  1(4)
 z1 + z2 = 
 – 15 i – ( p + 1) j = k (5i 12j)
 1 2 2 1
14 16 30
On comparing, we get =  =
3 3 3
– 15 = 5 k  k = –3 and
= 10
– (p + 1) = – 12k
 – (p + 1) = 36 29. Let position vector of B be r
 p = – 37 Since a divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3,
2r  3(a  2b)
20. Let A  (1, 1, 1), B  (2, 3, 0), C  (3, 5, 2), = a
D = (0, 1, 1) 2 3
So, AB = (1, 2, 1), BC = (1, 2, 2),  2r= 5a – 3a – 6b = 2a – 6b

CD = (3, 6, 3), DA = (1, 2, 2)  r = a – 3b
306

Chapter 05: Vectors

30. O (0, 0, 0) 34. R(r) divides PQ externally in the ratio 2 : 1
2( î  ˆj  k)
ˆ  1(iˆ  2ˆj  k)
ˆ
 r=
2 1
= 2iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ  î  2ˆj  kˆ
 r = 3iˆ  kˆ
2 2
A (2, 2, 1) D (x, y, z) B (2, 4, 4) 35. 3P  2R  5Q  0
 3P  2R  5Q
In AOB, OD is the bisector of BOA.
AD AO 3P  2R
 =  Q
BD OB 5
ns
AD 3 1  Q is the position vector of the point dividing P
 = =
BD 6 2 and R in the ratio 3 : 2 internally.
By section formula, Thus, P, Q and R are collinear.
1( 2) + 2( 2) 1( 4) + 2(2) 8
io
x= =2, y = = , 36. Let the point B divide AC in the ratio  : 1
1+ 2 1+ 2 3
 (11iˆ  3jˆ  7k)
ˆ  î  2ˆj  8kˆ
1(4) + 2(1)  5iˆ  2kˆ =
z= =2  1
1+ 2
at
ˆ ˆ ˆ
 (5i  2k)  (5i  2k) ˆ
2
æ8ö 136
k= 22 + çç ÷÷÷ + 22 = = (11iˆ  3jˆ  7k)
ˆ  (iˆ  2ˆj  8k)
ˆ
çè 3 ø 9
  6 î  3ˆj  9kˆ =  4iˆ  2jˆ  6kˆ
 9k2 = 136
lic   6 = 4
31. We know that, centroid of a triangle divides the
line segment joining the orthocentre and 2
= i.e. ratio = 2 : 3
circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1. 3
ub
The co-ordinates of orthocentre and
37. A abc B  a  2b  3c
circumcentre are (–1, 3, 2), (5, 3, 2)
respectively. P divides internally in ratio 1 : 3
 Co-ordinates of centroid
 P=
  
3 a  b  c  1 a  2b  3c 
P
 2  5   1 1 2  3  1 3 2  2   1 2   3 1
 , , 
 2 1 2 1 2 1  4a  b  6c
=
 (3, 3, 2) 4
et
b 3
32. Let the co-ordinates of circumcentre be (x, y, z). = a  c
4 2
Co-ordinates of orthocentre and centroid are
Q divides externally in ratio 1 : 3
(–3, 5, 2) and (3, 3, 4) respectively.
rg
We know that, centroid of triangle divides the  Q=

  
3 a  b  c  1 a  2b  3c 
line segment joining its orthocentre and 3 1
circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1. 2a  5b
=
Ta
 2 x  3 2 y  5 2z  2  2
  , ,   (3, 3, 4)
 3 3 3  5
= a b
2x  3 2y  5 2z  2 2
 = 3, = 3, =4
3 3 3 AB = a  2b  3c  a  b  c  
 x = 6, y = 2, z = 5
= 3b  2c
33. Let N  n  divide line segment LM externally in 5  b 3 
PQ = a  b   a   c 
the ratio 2 : 1. 2  4 2 
 n
  
2 a  2b  2a  b  =
9
4
3
b c
2
2 1
 3
2
3 AB = 3  22
2a  4b  2a  b
= = 5b
1 = 3 13
307


2
 9   3 
2 41. Since G is the centroid of ABC,
PQ =     3  y + 2x x  2 + 2y
 4   2  2= and 1 =
3 3
81 9
=   6 = 3 + y + 2x and 3 = x – 2 + 2y
16 4
 2x + y = 3 and x + 2y = 5
99  Solving these equations, we get
=   1
4 4  1 7
x= and y =
3 13 3 3
=
2 4
3
42. Let a = x î + y ĵ + z k̂
= 13
4 Then, ( a . î ) î + ( a . ĵ ) ĵ + ( a . k̂ ) k̂ = a
 4 PQ = 3 13
43. a = î satisfies the given condition.
ns
 3 AB = 4 PQ
44. a.b = a.c
38. M and N are the midpoints of sides PQ and RS  a.b – a.c = 0
pq rs  a .  b  c = 0
io
 m= and n 
2 2
 Either b – c = 0 or a = 0
 2m = p  q and 2n = r  s
 b = c or a  ( b  c )
at
PS  QR = s  p  r  q
45. a  b = ab =1
= r  s  p  q
 ab = 3 units
= 2n  2m
= 2MN
lic 46. x+ y = 1
39. Let the position vectors of A, B, C, L, M, N and 2
 x+ y = 1
K be a , b , c , l , m , n and k respectively.
ub
2 2
2b  c 2a  3c 3b  5a  x + y + 2x ⋅ y = 1
l = , m = , n = ,
3 5 8  1+1 + 2x ⋅ y = 1
5b  3a
k = 1
8  x⋅ y = -
P
2
AL  BM  CN 2 2 2
Now, x - y = x + y - 2 x ⋅ y
CK
æ 1ö
= 1 + 1  2 ççç- ÷÷÷
et
2b  c 2a  3c 3b  5a è 2ø
a  b c
3 5 8 =3
=
5b  3a  x- y = 3
c
rg
8
1  47. 2a.b = a b
80b  40c  120a  48a  72c  120b  45b  75a 120c 
120 
  2 a b cos = a b
1
Ta
5b  3a  8c 
8 1
 cos =
1  2
3a  5b  8c 
120    = 60
=
1
3a  5b  8c  48. Let  be the angle between a and b .
8
1 Since, c = a + 2 b and d = 5a  4b are
= perpendicular to each other.
15
 c.d = 0
40. 
GA + GB + GC = a  g  b  g  c  g        a  2b  . 5a  4b  = 0
= a  b  c  3g
 5  a.a   6  a.b   8  b.b  = 0
a+b+c
= a  b  c  3   = 0 2
 5 a  6 a b cos  8 b  0
2
 3 
308

Chapter 05: Vectors

 5 + 6 cos   8 = 0  2  2 cos  = 1 …  a  b 1(given) 
1
 cos  = 1 
2  2 cos  = 1  cos  = =
 2 3
=
3 55. a = b =1
a.b
49. cos  = and 3 a  b 1
a b
2
12  6  2 4  3 a  b  12
= =
4  4  1 36  9  4 21 2
 3 a  b  2 3 a b cos = 1
2
50. Let a = 3iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ and b = î  2kˆ 3

 cos =
ns
 The diagonals d1 and d2 are a  b and a  b 2
respectively.   = 30
d1 = ( 3iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ ) + ( î  2kˆ )
56. a  b 1
io
= 2iˆ  2ˆj
2
d2 = 4iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ  a  b 1
(2iˆ  2ˆj).(4iˆ  2ˆj  4k)

ˆ 2 2
d1.d 2  a  b  2 a b cos   1
at
 cos  = =
d1 d 2 8. 36
 1 + 1 + 2 cos  = 1
12 1 1
= =  cos  =
  = 45
12 2 2
lic 2
57. a = î  2ˆj  3kˆ  a = 14

51. AB.AC  BC.BA  CA.CB
ab = 7
= (AB) (AC) cos + (BC)(BA) cos(90  ) + 0
ub
= AB(ACcos   BCsin ) B  ab = 7
2
 (AC) 2 (BC) 2 
= AB    90o– 
2
 a  b  2a.b = 7
2
 AB AB 
P
= AC2 + BC2  14 + b  2 b = 7
2 2 2
…[ a.b = b ]
= AB2 = p2
 2
C A  b =7
et
2 2
52. ( a + b ).( a + b ) = a + b + 2 a . b  b= 7
2 
 a  b = 2.2 cos2 58. Given, a + b + c = 0
rg
2
 1  a + b =– c
 cos   = ab
2 2 Squaring on both sides, we get
2 2 2
a + b + 2 a b cos  = c
Ta
53. Given, a + b = 4 î + ĵ – k̂ and

a – b = –2 î + 3 ĵ – 5 k̂  9 + 25 + 30 cos  = 49
1
 ( a + b ).( a – b ) = 0  cos  =
2
Hence, ( a + b )  ( a – b ) i.e.,  = 90 
=
54. Let  be the angle between a and b . 3
Given, a  b 1 2 2 2
59. 4a  3b = 16 a  9 b  24 a b cos 120
2
 a  b 1  1 
= 144 + 144 + 288  
 a  b  2  a.b  1  2 
2 2
2 2
= 144
 a  b  2 a b cos 1  4a  3b = 12
309

a  b  c =  
2 2 2 2
60. Squaring ( a + b + c ) = 0 , we get 65. a  b  c  2 a.b  b.c  c.a
2 2 2
a + b + c + 2a.b + 2b .c + 2c.a = 0 2 2 2
2 2 2 = a b c
 a + b + c + 2( a . b + b . c + c . a ) = 0
 2( a . b + b . c + c . a ) =  3

+ 2 a b cos  b c cos  c a cos  
3 = 16 + 4 + 36 + 2(4 + 6 + 12) = 100
 a.b + b .c + c.a =   a  b  c = 10
2
61. We have, a + b + c = 0
66. Let a = 1 and b = 1
2
a + b + c
2 2
+ 2( a . b + b . c + c . a ) = 0 Given, a  b  c  0
2
 2( a . b + b . c + c . a ) = (9 + 16 + 25)  a  b  c 0
ns
 a . b + b . c + c . a =  25  a  b  c + 2  a.b  b.c  c.a  = 0
2 2 2
62. Given, a  b  c  0 2 2
2
1+1+ c 3=0 c =1
 a  b  c 0
io
2 2 2 2
ab  ab = 2 a 2 b
 a + b + c + 2  a.b  b.c  c.a   0
2 2 2 67.
2
 1 + 4 + 9 + 2  a.b  b.c  c.a   0  52 + a  b = 2(3)2 + 2(4)2
at
2
 a.b  b.c  c.a  7  ab = 25
63. a = a1 + a 2  ab = 5
a 2 = a1  a
lic
a1 is parallel to b . 68. AB = 6iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ , BC = 2iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ
  
a1 =  î  ˆj CD = 6iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ , DA = 2iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ
ub
AC = 8iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and BD = 4iˆ  5jˆ  9kˆ
a2 =   î  ˆj   3jˆ  4kˆ 
Here, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC.BD  0
= î     3 ˆj  4kˆ
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.
a 2 is perpendicular to b
P
 a2 ⋅ b = 0 a.b
69. Projection of a on b =
  î     3 ˆj  4kˆ   î  ˆj = 0
    b
487
et
+3=0 =
3 16  16  49
= 19 19
2 = =
81 9
 
3 ˆ ˆ
rg
a1 = ij
2
70. AB = 4iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ , CD  î  ˆj  kˆ
64. a bc
AB  CD   
 a.(b  c) = 0 Projection of AB on CD = 
Ta
 ĉ
 CD 
 a.b  a.c = 0 …(i)  
Similarly b.a  b.c = 0 …(ii) … ĉ is unit vector along CD 

c.a  c.b = 0 …(iii)
Adding (i),(ii) and (iii), we get  4  1  3   î  ˆj  kˆ 
=  
 3   3 
2(a.b  b.c  c.a) = 0
 a.b  b.c  c.a = 0 = 2iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ
2
Now, a  b  c a⋅b
71. = 2
= a  b  c  2  a.b  b.c  c.a  b
2 2 2
= 9 + 16 + 25 + 0 = 50 a b cosθ
 = 2
 abc = 5 2 b
310

Chapter 05: Vectors
2π 77. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and

 a cos = 2
3 ab
æ 1ö b =
 a ççç- ÷÷÷ = 2 ab
è 2ø
î ˆj kˆ
 a =4
 
 a  b = 1 1 1 =  2 î  2 ĵ
72. Let a  î  ˆj  kˆ and b  î  2jˆ  3kˆ 1 1 1
î ˆj kˆ
   ab = 2 2
a  b  1 1 1  î  2ˆj  kˆ
1 2 3  Required vector =
 
 î  ˆj
  2
Projection of vector 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ on a  b
  and î  ˆj
ns
 î  ˆj
=
 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ  . iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ  i.e.,
2 2
1 4  1
78. Unit vector perpendicular to both a and b
io
2  6 1 3 3 a´b
= = = is n̂ = 
6 6 2 a´b
73. Given, a  b = b  c î ˆj kˆ
at
 a  b =  c b a ´ b = 1 2 1 = 5iˆ - 5jˆ + 5kˆ
-2 1 3
 a b + c b= 0
 a  c  b = 0 a´b = 5 3
lic î - ˆj + kˆ
 a c = b -î + ˆj - kˆ
 n̂ = or n̂ =
3 3
74. Given that a  b = 0
79. Let n̂ be the required unit vector.
ub
 a || b
î ˆj kˆ
2 3 5

m
= =
n 12 Now, a  b = 2 6 3 = 5 3iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ  
24 36 4 3 1
m= and n =
P
5 5  a  b = 5 9  4  36 = 35
75. AB = (3 - α ) i + 0 j + ( 2 - 2α) kˆ
ˆ ˆ
î ˆj kˆ
 n̂ =
5 ˆ ˆ
35

3i  2 j  6kˆ =
7

1 ˆ ˆ

3i  2j  6kˆ 
et
AB´ C = 3   0 2  2 80. Given, a  3iˆ  5jˆ , b  6iˆ  3jˆ and c  a  b

4 1 3
 a  3iˆ  5jˆ , b  6iˆ  3jˆ and c  39kˆ
rg
= (2 - 2α)î - (5α + 1)ˆj + (α - 3) kˆ  a  34, b  45 and c  39

AB´ C = 6iˆ + 9ˆj - 5kˆ  a :b:c 34 : 45 : 39
 (2 - 2α)î - (5α + 1)ˆj + (α - 3) kˆ = 6iˆ + 9ˆj - 5kˆ
Ta
81. Since, u = v = 1 and  is the acute angle

 -3 = -5   = -2
 2 +  + 5 = 7 between u and v .
76. The vector perpendicular to a and b is  u  v = sin  …(i)
î ˆj kˆ
Now, 2 u  3 v will be a unit vector, if
a  b = 1 1 0 = î – ĵ + k̂ 2u  3v = 1
0 1 0
 6 u v = 1
Since the length of this vector is 3 , the unit
 6 sin  = 1 …[From (i)]
vector perpendicular to a and b is 1
 sin  =

ab
ab
=
3

1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
i  j k  6
As  is an acute angle. So, there is only one
Hence, there are two such vectors. value of  for which 2u  3v is a unit vector.
311


î ˆj kˆ 90. If angle between b and c is  and
2
82. x  î = x1 x2 x3 ...  x  xi î  x2ˆj  x3kˆ  b  c = 15
1 0 0
 b c sin  = 15
2
= x3ˆj  x2 kˆ = x + x 2
3
2
2 15
 sin  =
2 4
Similarly, x  ĵ = x x12 + x32 and
1
2  cos  =
x  k̂ = x12 + x 22 4
Hence, the required result is Now, b – 2 c =  a

2 2
= 2  x12  x22  x32  = 2 x
2
 b  2c = 2 b
2 2 2
 b + 4 c  4 b . c = 2 a
ns
2 2 2 2
83. a  î  a  ˆj  a  kˆ = 2 a =2
…(Since a is a unit vector)  16 + 4 – 4 { b c cos}= 2
84.  a  î    î  ˆj   a  ˆj   ˆj  kˆ    a  kˆ    kˆ  î   16 + 4 – 4  4  1 

1
= 2
io
4
=   ykˆ  zjˆ    î  ˆj   xkˆ  ziˆ    ˆj  kˆ   2 = 16
  = 4
   xˆj  yî    kˆ  î 
at
91. Let b = b1 î + b2 ĵ + b3 k̂
=z+x+y
î ˆj kˆ
85. Since, a + b + c = 0
Now, ĵ – k̂ = a  b = 1 1 1
 a  (a + b + c) = 0
lic b1 b 2 b3
 a  a + a  b + a  c =0
 b3 – b2 = 0, b1 – b3 = 1, b2 – b1 = –1
 a  b = –a  c = c  a .....(i)
 b3 = b2, b1 = b2 + 1
ub
Similarly, b  ( a + b + c ) = 0
Also, a . b = 1
 a  b = b  c .....(ii)  b1 + b2 + b3 = 1
By (i) and (ii), we get  3b2 + 1 = 1
a  b = b  c = c  a  b2 = 0
P
86. Since, a  b  c  0 ,  b1 = 1, b3 = 0
Thus, b = î
 ab = bc = ca
et
a  b  bc  ca = 3 a b 92. a+b+c=0

2
  a +b+c = 0
= 3 a b sin
3
 a + b + c + 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0
2 2 2
rg
3 3
=
2  3 + 2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0
87. Only option (C) satisfy the conditions 3
 a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c⋅ a = -
Ta
r ´ x = y ´ x and r ´ y = x ´ y 2
3
88. a ´b + a ⋅ b =
2 2
a
2
b
2
= -
2
= a b = (16)(4) = 64 d = a ´ b + bć + c´ a
= a ´ b + b ´(- a - b) + (- a - b)´ a
89. a.b = 0
 a  b = a ´ b - bá - b´ a
 a = 0 or b = 0 = 3 (a ´ b )
and a  b = 0
1
 a || b 93. Area of triangle = ab
2
 a = 0 or b = 0 1
= a b sin
Hence, either a or b is a null vector. 2
312

Chapter 05: Vectors
1  2 1 1
=  3  5  sin
2 6 98. 
a. b  c  = 1 2 1
15 1 1 2
=
4 = 2(4 + 1) – 1(2 – 1) – 1(– 1 – 2)
1 = 12
94. Given, ab = 3
2 99. a.(b  c) = 10
 ab = 6 1 1 1
  2  1 = 10
 a b sin =6
3 1 1 4
 a b 4 3  (4 + 1)  (8  1) + (2  ) = 10
=6
ns
 1
 a . b = a b cos 4 3 2 3 100. Let n̂ be the unit vector perpendicular to
3 2
a and b
95. For  with vertices a , b and c , the area is given
a b c  = a .( b  c ) = a .(| b | | c | sin  n̂ )
 
1
  
io
by b a  ca
2 2  3 
= a .(3  4 sin . n̂ ) = a.12  nˆ 
Here, a = î,b  ˆj,c  kˆ 3  2 
at
 b  a = (î  ˆj) and c  a = (î  k)
ˆ = 6 3| a | | nˆ |cos0  6 3  2  1  12 3
î ˆj kˆ
1 1 101. | a | = 1, | b | = 2, | c | = 3
 area of  = 1 1 0 = î  ˆj  kˆ [a  b  c b  a c]
2
1 0 1
2
lic = a  b  c  [  b  a   c ]
3
= sq. units = a  b  c .  b  c  a  c
2
ub
î ˆj kˆ = [a b c] – [b a c]
96. a  b = 1 0 1
= 2 [a b c]
0 2 3 = 2 a. b  c 
P
= 2 î  3 ĵ + 2 k̂ = 2 | a | . | b  c | cos 0
 Area of parallelogram = a  b = 2| a | . | b  c|
= 2 | a | . | b | . | c | sin 90
et
= 494
= 2  1  2  3 = 12
= 17
102.  a – b b – c c – a  = a b c    b c a 
97.      
rg
= a b c   a b c  = 0
b 103. Vector  lies in the plane of  and 

p
  ,  ,  are coplanar
Ta
30  [  ] = 0
a 104.  a + b b + c c + a  = 2 a b c 
   
a = 2iˆ - 2ˆj + kˆ
105. Here C  C1î  ˆj  kˆ
 a = 4  4 1 = 3
To make three vectors coplanar [A BC]  0
b = 2 a = 2(3) = 6 1 1 1
p  1 0 0 0
sin 30 =
b C1 1 1
1 p  1(0  0)  1(1  0) + 1(1  0) = 0

 = p=3  The value of [A BC] is independent of C1.
2 6
 Area of parallelogram = 3  3 = 9 Hence no value of C1 can be found.
313


106. Let a  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , b  î  2ˆj  3kˆ and c  3iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ  1 – 2x + 4 + 1 + 2x + 2x – 2 = 0
Since a, band c are coplanar,  2x = 4
 x = 2
a b c  = 0
 
2 1 1
111. Vectors AB , AC , AD are coplanar.
 1 2 3 = 0  éêë AB AC ADùúû = 0
3  5 -1 -1 3
 2(10 + 3) + 1(5 + 9) + 1 ( – 6) = 0  2 1 3 =0
=–4 1 1 λ +1
107. Let a  4iˆ  11jˆ  mkˆ , b  7iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ and  1 (  2) + 1(2 1) + 3(1) = 0
=4
c  î  5jˆ  4kˆ .
ns
Since a , b and c are coplanar, 112. Let a  3i  2ˆj  kˆ , b  2i  3j  4k ,
[a b c] = 0 c =  i  j  2k and d = 4i  5j  λk
4 11 m Since the given points are coplanar,
io
 7 2 6 =0  AB AC AD  = 0
 
1 5 4
1 5 3
at
 4 (8 – 30) – 11 (28 – 6) + m (35 – 2) = 0
 4 3 3 =0
 – 330 + 33m = 0
1 7 λ +1
 m = 10
 –1(3 + 3 – 21) – 5(–4 – 4 – 3)
108. Here a = 2i  2j  6k , b = 2i  λj  6k ,
lic –3(–28 – 3) = 0
c = 2i  3j  k  –3 + 18 + 20 + 35 + 93 = 0
Since a , b and c are coplanar,  17  = –146
146
ub
2 2 6 =
2 λ 6 =0 17
2 3 1 113. Let s  2a  3b  c , t  a  2b  3c ,
 2 ( + 18) – 2 (2 – 12) + 6 (–6 – 2) = 0 u  3a  4b  2c , v  ka  6b  6c
P
 –10 = –20
=2  ST   a  5b  4c , SU  a  b  c
SV   k  2  a  9b  7c
109. Let a  2iˆ  ˆj  k,
ˆ b  î  ˆj  k,
ˆ c  ˆj  kˆ and
et
Since the given points are coplanar,

d  ˆj  kˆ ST SU SV  = 0
Since the given points are coplanar,  
 AB AC AD  = 0 1 5 4
rg
 
 1 1 1 = 0
3 0 0
k  2 9 7
 2 0 2 = 0
 2 + 5 (7 + k – 2) + 4 (– 9 – k + 2) = 0
Ta
2  1 0
 2 + 25 + 5k – 28 – 4k = 0
 3(2  2) + 0 + 0 = 0
 1 + k = 0
 6  6 = 0
k=1
=1
114. Since aiˆ  ˆj  kˆ , î  bjˆ  kˆ and î  ˆj  ckˆ are
110. Since a = î + ĵ + k̂ , b = î  ĵ + 2kˆ and
coplanar,
c = x î + (x – 2) ĵ – k̂ are coplanar vectors,
a 1 1
a b c  = 0 1 b 1 =0
 
1 1 1 1 1 c
 1 1 2 =0  a (bc – 1) – 1 (c – 1) + 1 (1 – b) = 0
x x  2 1  abc – a – b – c + 2 = 0
 1 [1 – 2(x – 2)] –1 (–1 – 2x) + 1(x – 2 + x) = 0  abc – (a + b + c) = – 2
314

Chapter 05: Vectors
115. Let a , b and c be the given vectors. The vector is coplanar with î  2ˆj  kˆ and
The vectors are coplanar î  ˆj  2kˆ
 2 1 1
a b c
 1  2
1 0
 1 2 1 0
1 1  2
1 1 2
 – 2(4 – 1) – 1(– 2 – 1) + 1( 1 + 2) = 0
 3a – b – c = 0 ….(ii)
 6  32  2 = 0
 (1 + 2)2 (2  2) = 0
a = 0, b = 5, c = 5
= 2
 The required vector is 5(ˆj  k)
ˆ
116. The given vectors are coplanar
3
ns
0 1 5 6 7
 1  3
0 0 120.      = 7 8 9
 
1 2  sin   3 20 5
 3(4 – 0) + 1(2 – sin  + 3) = 0 = 5(40 – 180)  6(35 – 27) + 7(140 + 24) = 0
io
 7 + 3 + 2 = sin  ….(i)  the given vectors are coplanar.
This is true for  = 0.
For non-zero values of , equation (i) is 121. a , b, c are coplanar vectors.
at
sin    a b c  = 0
6 +2 + 2 = ....(ii)

Let   2 a  b,   2b  c and   2c  a . Then,
sin x
< 1 for all x  0.
We know that
x
lic 2 1 0
 α  γ   0 2 1  a b c 
 L.H.S. of (ii) is greater than 2 and R.H.S. is less    
than 1. 1 0 2
So, (ii) is not true for any non-zero .   α β γ   7  a b c   7(0)  0
ub
Hence, there is only one value of .
122. Since the given vectors are coplanar,
117. Let  ,  and  be the given vectors
a a c
 ,  and  are coplanar
P
1 0 1 =0
1 2 3 c c b
 0  4 =0
 –ac – a(b – c) + c2 = 0
0 0 (2  1)
et
 –ac – ab + ac + c2 = 0
1
 (2  1) = 0   = 0,  c2 = ab
2
 c is the G. M. of a and b.
Hence,  ,  ,  are non-coplanar for all values
rg
1 123. Since x is a non-zero vector, the given

of  except 0 and . conditions will be satisfied, if either
2
i. at least one of the vectors a , b , c is zero or
Ta
118. Since O(0, 0, 0), P(2, 3, 4), Q(1, 2, 3), R(x, y, z)

are co-planar, ii. x is perpendicular to all the vectors
 OR OP OQ  = 0 a,b ,c
 
In case (ii), a , b , c are coplanar
x y z
 2 3 4 =0   a b c  = 0
1 2 3
a.b × c b.a × c a.b × c b.a × c
 x (9  8)  y (6  4) + z (4  3) = 0 125. + = +
c × a.b c.a × b c.a  b c.a  b
 x  2y + z = 0
[a b c] [b a c]
= +
119. Let the vector be aiˆ  bjˆ  ckˆ . [c a b] [c a b]
It is perpendicular to 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ . [a b c] [a b c]
= – =0
 2a + b + c = 0 .…(i) [c a b] [c a b]
315


126. a,b and c are non-coplanar. bc  ca  a b
131. p+ q + r =
So, a bc   0 [a b c]
[a b c]  [b c a]  [c a b]
 b  c   c  a  ( a + b + c ).( p + q + r ) =
a.    b.   [a b c]
 3b.(c  a)   2c.(a  b) 
=3
[a bc] [bca] 1 1 1
=     132. ( u + v  w )  [( u  v )  ( v  w )]
3[b ca] 2[ca b] 3 2 6
= u  (u  v) – u  (u  w) + u  (v  w) + v  (u  v)
127. a . [(b  c)  (a  b  c)] – v  (u  w) + v  (v  w) – w  (u  v)
= a .  b  a  b  c  c  a  c  b  + w  (u  w) – w  (v  w)
...  b  b  0, c  c  0 = [u v w]  [v u w]  [w u v]
ns
= [a b a] + [a b c] + [a c a] + [a c b] = [u v w] + [u v w] – [u v w] = u  (v  w)
= 0 + [a b c] + 0 – [a b c] 133. p.(a  b) = p.a  p.b
io
=0
(b  c).a (b  c).b
= +
128. ( a + b ).( b + c )( a + b + c ) a b c  a b c 
   
= ( a + b ).  b  a  b  c  c  a  c  b 
at
b c a  b c b
=  + 
=  a b a  +  a b c  +  a c a  +  a c b  a b c  a b c 
   
+  b b a  +  b b c  +  b c a  +  b c b  =1+0
lic
= 0 +  a b c  + 0 +  a c b  + 0 + 0 +  b c a  + 0
=1
Similarly, q.(b  c)  1 and r . (a  c) = 1
=  a b c  –  a b c  +  a b c  =  a b c  ( a + b ) . p + ( b + c ) . q +( c + a ) . r
ub
=1+1+1=3
129. é a + 2b - c a - b a - b - cù
ëê ûú
134. 3u p v p w    pv w q u    2w qv qu  = 0
     
{
= (a + 2b - c)⋅ (a - b)´(a - b - c) }
  3p 2  u v w   pq  v w u   2q 2  w v u   0
= (a + 2b - c)⋅ {a ´ a - a ´ b - a ´ c - b ´ a + b ´ b + b ´ c}
P
 3p 2  u v w   pq  u v w   2q 2  u v w   0
= (a + 2b - c)⋅ { b ´ a - a ´ c - b ´ a + b ´ c}
 (3p2  pq + 2q2)  u v w  = 0
= (a + 2b - c)⋅ {-a ´ c + b ´ c}
et
But,  u v w   0
= éêëa b cùúû  2 éêë b a cùúû
 3p2  pq + 2q2 = 0
= éëêa b cùúû + 2 éëêa b cùúû 1 2
 p2  pq + q2 = 0
rg
3 3
= 3 éëêa b cùûú
 1 1  1 2
  p2  pq  q 2   q 2  q 2  0
 3 36  36 3
130. Since, a.b  0
Ta
  p    q 2  0
q 23
 a and b are perpendicular unit vectors.
 6 36

Now,  2a  b .  a  b   a  2b   q
 p  = 0, q = 0
=  2a  b a  b a  2b  6
 p = 0, q = 0
=   a  b 2a  b a  2b  Hence, there is exactly one value of (p, q).

=   a  b .  2a  b   a  2b   135.  
 a  b  2 b  c   a b  c b 
   
=   a  b  .5  a  b    a  b b c   a b  c b 
4
   
   
2 2
= 5 a  b  5 a b ….   a  b    4  a b c    b b c    a bb    acb 
=5 ….  a  b  1   4  a b c     a b c 
316

Chapter 05: Vectors
 (4 + 1)  a b c  = 0  Volume of parallelopiped = [ a  b b  c c  a ]

2
But,  a b c   0. =  a b c 
 4 + 1 = 0 = 242
This is not true for any real value of . = 576 sq. units
136. Let a  2iˆ  3j,

ˆ b  î  ˆj  kˆ and c  3iˆ  kˆ 142. Given, a  b  c  0
 a a  b  a  c  0
Volume of parallelopiped = a b c 
2 3 0
 a  ba  a  a  b  a  c  0
= 1 1 1  3a  2b  a  c  0  2b  3a  a  c
3 0 1
 2b  3jˆ  3kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   2iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ
ns
= 2(1) + 3(1 + 3) = 4 cu.unit.
 b  î  ˆj  2kˆ
2 3 1
137. Volume of parallelopiped = 1 1 2 143. Let a = 3iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ , b = 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and
io
2 1 1 c = î  ˆj  kˆ . Then, required unit vectors are
= 2(1 – 2) + 3(1 4) + 1(1 + 2) = 14
given by  = 
 
a  bc
But, volume cannot be negative. a  bc 
at
 Volume of parallelopiped = 14 cu. units.
Now,
138. Volume of parallelopiped = [a  b b  c c  a] a   bc   a  c b   a  b  c
= a b c    b c a 
lic  
 a   b  c   7 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  14 î  ˆj  kˆ  
= a b c   a b c 
 a   b  c   21jˆ  7kˆ
=0
ub
139. Volume of parallelopiped
  
a  b  c  441  49  7 10
=  a  b b  c c  a  = 2 a b c  Hence, required unit vectors are

21jˆ  7kˆ
2 3 5   =
1
3jˆ  kˆ  
P
7 10 10
= 2 3 4 5
5 3 2 144. r ´ b = c´ b
= 2  2(8  15)  3( 6  25)  5( 9  20)   a ´(r ´ b) = a ´(c ´ b)
et
= 2 46  93  55  (a ⋅ b ) r - (a ⋅ r ) b = (a ⋅ b ) c - (a ⋅ c) b
= 16 cu. Unit
 (a ⋅ b ) r - 0 = (a ⋅ b ) c - (a ⋅ c ) b
rg
140. Let A, B, C and D be the given points.

æ c⋅a ö
÷÷ b
 AB   4iˆ  6ˆj , AC   î  4ˆj  3kˆ , and  r = c - ççç ÷
èç b ⋅ a ø÷
AD   6iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
Ta
4 6 0 145. Given,  a  b   c  a   b  c 
1
Volume of tetrahedron = 1 4 3
6
6 1 3  
  c  a  b  a   b  c
30   c  b  a   c  a  b   a  c  b   a  b  c
=
6
   c b  a   a c b   a c b   a  b  c
=5
  cba   a bc
1
141. Volume of tetrahedron = a b c 
6  
 cba  a bc
1
4=  a b c    a b c  = 24
6    
 a
a b c
Edges of parallelopiped are a  b, b  c, c  a cb
317

 a   c, where  =
a b 149. (αˆ ⋅ γˆ )βˆ  (αˆ ⋅ βˆ ) γˆ =
1ˆ 1
β + γˆ
cb As β̂ is not parallel to γ̂ ,
2 2
 a and c are parallel. 1

α̂ ⋅ βˆ = -
2
146. ca  2 2
1
 α̂ βˆ cosθ = -
 c  a  2  a c  8
2 2
2
1
2  cosθ = - … éê α̂ = 1 , βˆ = 1ùú
 c 92 c 8 … a  c  c (given)  2 ë û
2π
   θ=
2
 c 1  0 3
 c 1
ns
150. Given, a   b  c   b c a
1
Now, 3
 
a  b  c  a  b c sin 30  a  c b  a  bc =
1
3
b ca
io
 a   b  c 
1 3
2
ab 
2   
 
 a  c b   b  c  b c a 0

1
3


…  a  b  2iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ  Since a, b are non-collinear,
at
1
î ˆj kˆ  a  c  0 and b  c  b c 0
3
147. a  b = 2 1 2 1
 b c cos   b c  0
1 1 0
lic 3
1
= î  0  2   ˆj 0  2   kˆ  2  1  cos  = 
3
= 2 î  2jˆ + kˆ 8 2 2
 sin  =
ub
=
Given that, 9 3
a  b  c = 3 152. cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
 a  b c sin 30 = 3 = 2 cos2   1 + 2 cos2   1 + 2 cos2   1
= 2 (cos2  + cos2  + cos2 )  3 = 2(1)  3 = 1
P
  22  22  12  c   12 = 3 153. l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
 2 2
 c =2 1 1 2
   +   +n =1
et
2 3
Also, c  a = 3
23 23
 n2 =  n =
 
2 2
 c  a – 2 a c = 9 36 6
rg
c
2
 a
2
9 154. l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
499
 a c = = =2 1 1 1
2 2  + 2 + 2 =1
c2 c c
Ta
 c2 = 3  c =  3
148. 
a bc =  2
3

bc 
155. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
 3  3
   
 a  c b  a  b c    b    c  cos2 45 + cos2 120 + cos2  = 1
 2   2   cos2  = 1 
1 1 1
 =  cos  = 
1
3  3 2 4 4 2
 a c  and a  b  Since,  is an acute angle.
2 2
1
 3  cos  =   = 60
 a b cos   2
2
 3 5 156. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
 cos  = = cos  cos2120 + cos2 + cos260 = 1
2 6 2 2
5  1  1
=    + cos2 +   = 1
6  2  2
318

Chapter 05: Vectors
1 1   
 cos2 = 1   163. cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
4 4 2 2 2
1 Now, cos  + cos  + cos 
 cos2 =
2   
= 2cos2  1 + 2cos2  1 + 2cos2  1
1 2 2 2
 cos  =    = 45 or 135
2 = 2(1)  3 = 1
157. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 165. The d.c.s. are

1 3 2
  , ,
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2  = 1 1 9  4 1 9  4 1 9  4
4 4
1 3 2
1 1
 cos2  = 1   = 0  , , .
2 2 14 14 14
ns
 166. d.r.s. of line are 2  4, 1  3, 8 + 5
 cos  = 0   =
2 i.e., 6, 2, 3 i.e., 6, 2, 3
6 2 3
158. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1  The d.c.s. are , ,
7 7 7
io
   
 cos2   + cos2   + cos2 = 1
4  4  167. Let the length of the line segment be r and its
1 1
direction cosines be l, m, n.
 cos2 = 1 
at
  The projections on the co-ordinate axes are lr,
2 2
mr, nr.

 cos2 = 0   =  lr = 3, mr = 4 and nr = 5
2
 l2r2 + m2r2 + n2r2 = 32 + 42 + 52
159. cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
lic r2 (l2 + m2 + n2) = 9 + 16 + 25
 cos2 45 + cos2  + cos2  = 1 ….(  = ) r2 = 50 ….[ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1]
1 1 r= 50 = 5 2
 2cos2  = 1 
ub
=
2 2
168. The projections on the co-ordinate axes are
1 lr, mr, nr.
 cos2  =
4  lr = 2, mr = 3 and nr = 6
  = 60 =   l2r2 + m2r2 + n2r2 = 4 + 9 + 36
P
  +  +  = 165° r2 (l2 + m2 + n2) = 49

r=7
160. Since, cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
et
 cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 ….( =  = ) 169. Let the length of the line segment be r and its
2
 3 cos  = 1 direction cosines be l, m, n.
1  The projections on the co-ordinate axes are lr, mr, nr.
 cos2  =  lr = 6, mr = 3 and nr = 2
rg
3
1  l2r2 + m2r2 + n2r2 = (6)2 + (3)2 + (2)2
 cos  =  r2 (l2 + m2 + n2) = 36 + 9 + 4
3
Now, l = m = n = cos  r2 = 49 ….[ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1]
Ta
1 r=7
 l=m=n=
3 6 3 2
Now, d.c.s. of line are , ,
r r r
161. Since, the vector is equally inclined to the 6 3 
co-ordinate axes, i.e., , , .
7 7 7
1
l=m=n=  170. AD is the median
3
  1 5  3   2    1 2
 D  , ,    , 4, 
162. cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1  2 2 2   2 2 
1  cos 2 1  cos 2 1  cos 2   1 2
   1  d.r.s. of AD are  2, 4  3, 5
2 2 2 2 2
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + 3 = 2  5  8
i.e. , 1, …(i)
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + 1 = 0 2 2
319


Since AD is equally inclined to co-ordinate 175. Let the direction ratios of the line perpendicular
axes, its d.r.s. are 1, 1, 1 to both the lines be a, b, c.
Option (D) satisfies (i). The line is perpendicular to the lines with
Direction ratios 1, 2, 2 and 0, 2, 1
171. Let A(5, 2, 7), B(2, 2, ), C(1, 6, 1) be the  a + 2b + 2c = 0 ….(i)
given points 2b + c = 0 ….(ii)
d.r.s. of AB are 2  5, 2 + 2,   7 Solving (i) and (ii), we get
i.e., 3, 4,   7 a b c
= =
d.r.s. of BC are 1  2, 6  2, 1   2 1 2
i.e., 3, 4, 1    The d.r.s. of the line are 2, 1, 2.
Since the points are collinear, 2 1 2
 The required d.c.s. of the line are , , .
AB || BC 3 3 3
7
ns
4
 =    7 = 1     = 3 176. The d.r.s. of the two lines are 1, 1, 2 and
4 1  
2, 1, 1
Let d.r.s. of the line be a, b, c.
172. Let A (1, 2, 3), B (4, a, 1) and C (b, 8, 5)
 a  b + 2c = 0 ….(i)
Since the given points are collinear,
io
and 2a + b  c = 0 ….(ii)
AB || BC
4   1 a2 1   3
 = = a b c
 
b4 8a 5 1
at
1 5 3
5 a2  d.r.s. of the line are 1, 5, 3.
 = 1, =1
b4 8a 1 5 3
 b = 9, a = 5  the required d.c.s. are , , .
35 35 35
173. P(4, 5, x), Q(3, y, 4) and R(5, 8, 0)
lic 177. Putting l =  m  n in l2 = m2 + n2, we get
Since the points are collinear, (m  n)2 = m2 + n2
PQ || QR  mn = 0  m = 0 or n = 0
ub
1 y  5 4  x If m = 0, then l =  n
  
2 8 y 4 l m n
 = =
1 y  5 4  x 1 1 0 1
  and 
2 8 y 4 2 If n = 0, then l = m
P
 y – 8 = 2y – 10 and 8 – 2x = 4 l m n
 = =
 y = 2 and x = 2 1 1 0
 x+y=4  a1, b1, c1 = 1, 0, 1 and
a2, b2, c2 = 1, 1, 0
et
174. d.r.s. of AB and BC are (2, 2, 2) and  The angle between the lines is given by
(1, 1, 1) respectively. 1 0  0 1
cos  = =
2 2 2 1 0 1 11 0 2

rg
 
1 1 1 
 =
 the given points are collinear. 3
Ta
Evaluation Test
1. Since, r = x a + y b + z c 2. Let c  (c1 , c2 , c3 ), then

 3 î +2 ĵ 5 k̂ = x(2 î  ĵ + k̂ ) + y ( î + 3 ĵ 2 k̂ ) | c |  | a |  | b |  2  c12  c 22  c32
+ z (2 î + ĵ 3 k̂ ) It is given that the angles between the vectors
Comparing the coefficients, we get are identical and equal to  (say), then
3 = 2x + y  2z, 2 = x + 3y + z, 5 = x  2y 3z a .b 0 1 0 1
cos    
 x = 3, y = 1, z = 2 | a || b | 2 2 2
Hence, x = y + z
x a .c c c 1
 y, , z are in A.P. Now,  1 2  and
2 | a || c | 2 2
320

Chapter 05: Vectors
b.c c c 1 6. aˆ  aˆ 1, bˆ  bˆ 1, cˆ  cˆ  1,

 2 3
| b || c | 2 2 aˆ  bˆ  bˆ  cˆ  cˆ  aˆ 
1
2
 c1  c2  1,c2  c3  1 and c12  c 22  c32  2
aˆ  aˆ aˆ  bˆ aˆ  cˆ
On solving the equation, we get 2
1 4 1  a bc   bˆ  aˆ bˆ  bˆ bˆ  cˆ
 
c1  1,  ;c 2  0, ;c3  1, 
3 3 3 cˆ  aˆ cˆ  bˆ cˆ  cˆ
Hence co-ordinates of c are (1, 0, 1) or 1 1
1
 1 4 1  2 2
 , , .
 3 3 3  1 1 1
 1 
Trick: Obviously, length of the vector (1, 0, 1) 2 2 2
i.e., i  k is equal to length of a and b. Also it 1 1
ns
1
makes equal angle with a and b and equal to 2 2
 1
that of between a and b i.e. , .  a b c  
  cubic units
2
3
io
a 1 1
3. Given | a  b |  4  | a || b | sin  nˆ  4
7. Since, 1 b 1  0
 | a || b | sin   4 …..(i) 1 1 c
at
Applying R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1, we
Also | a.b |  2  | a || b | cos   2 get
 | a || b | cos   2 …..(ii) a 1 1
Now squaring and adding equation (i) and (ii),

lic 1 a b 1 0  0
1 a 0 c 1
we get
| a |2 .| b |2 sin 2   | a |2 .| b |2 cos 2   4 2  2 2 
a(b  1)(c  1)  (1  a)(c  1)  (1  a)(b  1)  0
ub
 | a |2 .| b |2 (sin 2   cos 2 )  16  4 Dividing by (1  a)(1  b)(1  c), we get
 | a |2 .| b |2  20 a 1 1
  0 ….(i)
1 a 1 b 1 c
4. Since, a  b and b  c are collinear with c and
P
1 1 1
Consider,  
a respectively 1 a 1 b 1 c
 a  b  tc …(i) 1 a
=  ….[From (i)]
et
b  c  sa …(ii) 1 a 1 a
=1
a  c  tc  sa  a(1  s)  c(1  t) 8. Volume of the parallelopiped formed by vectors
is
rg
But a and c are non-collinear 1 a 1

 1 + s = 0, 1 + t = 0  s = 1, t = 1 i.e., V = 0 1 a = 1  a + a3
Substituting value of t in (i) and value of s in
a 0 1
Ta
(ii), we get
a  b  c and b  c  a dV d 2V
 = 1 + 3a2, = 6a
da da 2
Hence, a  b  c  0 .
dV
For max. or min. of V, =0
5. Given, r  1 r 1   2 r 2  3 r 3 da
1
 2a  3b  4c  (1   2   3 )a  a2 =
3
 (1   2   3 )b  (1   2   3 )c 1
 a=
 1   2   3  2, 1   2   3 = 3, 3
1   2  3  4 2
dV 1
= 6a > 0 for a =
7 1 da 2 3
 1  , 2 = 1, 3 = 
2 2 1
 V is minimum for a =
 1 + 3 = 3 3
321


9. Given, a.b  b.c = c.a = 0  l3 + m3 + n3  3lmn = 0
The scalar triple product of three vectors is  (l + m + n) (l2 + m2 + n2  lm  mn  nl) = 0
[ a b c ] = (a  b).c l+m+n=0
 a.b  0  ab 16. Let position vector of Q be r

 angle between a and b is  = 90 Since, p divides PQ in the ratio 3 : 4
Similarly, [ a b c ] = | a | | b |n.c ˆ where n̂ is a 3r  4(3p  q)
 = p
normal vector. 3 4
 n̂ and c are parallel to each other  7 p = 3 r + 12 p + 4 q
 [ a b c ] = | a | | b | | nˆ |.| c |  | a | | b | | c | .  – 5p – 4q = 3 r
1
 r = 
5p  4q 
ns
10. Given, r  b = c  b 3
 r  c  b = 0 17. A(3, 2, 0)
 r  c is parallel to b 
io
 r  c =  b for some scalar  13
3
 r = c  b …(i)
 r . a = c.a +   b  a 
at
 0 = c.a +   b  a  ….  r  a  0(given)  B(5, 3, 2) D C (–9, 6, –3)
a.c
= By distance formula,
a.b
Substituting the value of  in (i), we get
lic AB = (5  3)2  (3  2) 2  (2  0) 2
a.c = 4 1 4 = 9 =3
r= c b
a.b AC = (3  9)  (2  6) 2  (0  3)2
2
ub
a.c = 144  16  9 = 169 = 13
 r.b = c.b  (b.b)
a.b  Point D divides seg BC in the ratio of 3 : 13
(4)  By section formula,
 r.b 1  2=9
1  mx  nx my  ny mz  nz 
P
D  2 1
, 2 1
, 2 1

11. Let c  2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ  mn mn mn 
3( 9)  13(5) 3(6)  13(3) 3( 3)  13(2) 
 a c  c b   , , 
3  13 3  13 3  13
et
 
 a  c   b  c   a  b   c  0   a  b  || c
 27  65 18  39 9  26 

Let  a  b    c
, , 
 16 16 16 
rg
 a b   c  29  |  | . 29   = 1  38 57 17   19 57 17 
  , ,   , , 
 16 16 16   8 16 16 
 a  b = (2iˆ  3jˆ  4k)
ˆ
18.
 
Now,  a  b  . 7iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ  (14  6  12)
A(x1, y1, z1)
Ta
=4
(l, 0, 0) (0, 0, n)
12. Given,
l a  mb  nc l b  mc  na l c  ma  nb   0
 
 l a  mb  nc na  l b  mc ma  nb  l c   0 B(x2, y2, z2) (0, m, 0) C(x3, y3, z3)
lm n x1 + x2 = 2l, x2 + x3 = 0, x3 + x1 = 0
 n l m  a b c   0 On solving we get x1 = l, x2 = l, x3 = l
m n l y1 + y2 = 0, y2 + y3 = 2m, y3 + y1 = 0
On solving we get y1 = m, y2 = m, y3 = m
l m n
z1 + z2 = 0, z2 + z3 = 0, z3 + z1 = 2n
 n l m 0 ....  a b c   0  On solving we get z1 = n, z3 = n, z2 = n
m n l  A(l, m, n), B(l, m, n), C(l, m, n)
322

Chapter 05: Vectors
By distance formula,  4 cos2 + cos  1 = 0

AB2 = (l  l)2 + (m m)2 +(n + n)2 = 4m2 + 4n2 1  1  16 1  17
BC2 = (l + l)2 + (m  m)2 +(n n)2 = 4l2 + 4n2  cos  = 
2(4) 8
CA2 = (l + l)2 + (m m)2 +(n  n)2 = 4l2 + 4m2
If  is acute, then cos  is positive.
AB2  BC2  CA 2
 17  1
l 2  m2  n 2  cos  =
8
4m 2  4n 2  4l 2  4n 2  4l 2  4m 2
=
l 2  m2  n 2 21. The given equations are
=8
l 2
m n
2 2
=8 6mn  2nl + 5lm = 0, and….(i)
l m n
2 2 2 3l + m + 5n = 0
 m = –3l  5n ….(ii)
19. A(1, 0, 3) Substituting value of m in equation (i),
ns
we get
6(3l  5n)n  2nl + 5l(– 3l  5n) = 0
 18ln  30n2  2nl  15l2  25nl = 0
 15l2 + 45ln + 30n2 = 0
io
 l2 + 3ln + 2n2 = 0
B(4, 7, 1) D C(3, 5, 3)  (l + n)(l + 2n) = 0
Let D be the foot of perpendicular and let it  l = n or l = 2n
at
divide BC in the ratio  : 1 internally If l = n, then m = 2n
 3  4 5  7 3  1  
l n m n
 D  , ,   and 
  1  1  1  1 1 2 1
AD = d  a
lic l
 
m n

1 2 1
 3  4  ˆ  5  7  ˆ  3  1  ˆ ˆ ˆ
= i    j  k  i  3k  d.r.s. of the 1st line are 1, 2, 1.
  1    1    1 
If l = 2n, then m = n
ub
 2  3  ˆ  5  7  ˆ  2  ˆ
= i    j k 
l

n m n
and 
  1    1    1 2 1 1 1

BC = 3iˆ  5jˆ  3kˆ  4iˆ  7ˆj  kˆ  
l

m n

2 1 1
= î  2ˆj  2kˆ
P
 d.r.s. of the 2nd line are 2, 1, 1.

Since, AD  BC . 1  (2)  2  1  (1)  1
 cos  =
AD . BC = 0 1  22  (1) 2 ( 2) 2  12  12
2
et
 2  3   5  7   2 
  (1)    (2)    (2)  0 2  2  1 1
  1    1    1 = 
6 6 6
 2  3  10  14  4 = 0
 1 
  = cos1 
rg
7 
  12  21 = 0   =   6 
4
  7  7  7  22. Since, (l  m)2  0
 3  4   4 5   4   7 3  4   1 
    ,     l2  2lm + m2  0
Ta
 D  ,
  7 1 7
 1
7
  1   l2 + m2  2lm ….(i)
 4 4 4
  Similarly, m2 + n2  2mn ….(ii)
 21  16 35  28 21  4   5 7 17  and n2 + l2  2nl ….(iii)
 , ,   , , 
 7  4 7  4 7  4   3 3 3  Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
2(l2 + m2 + n2)  2(lm + mn + nl)
20.  =  = 2  lm + mn + nl  1

  = ,  =  The maximum value of lm + mn + nl is 1.
2
Since, cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1 23. Let the d.r.s of the line perpendicular to both the
 lines be a, b, c.
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2 =1
2 d.r.s of lines is 1, 1, 0 and 2, 1, 1
1  cos   ab=0 ….(i)
 2cos2 + =1
2 2a  b + c = 0 ….(ii)
323


a b c
 
1 1 1
 d.r.s of the line are 1, 1, 1
1 1 1
 the required d.c.s are , ,
3 3 3
24. Since cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1

 cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 ….[  =  = ]
 3 cos2  = 1
1
 cos  = 
3
ns
1
 l = m = n = cos  = 
3
io
at
lic
P ub
et
rg
Ta
324
Textbook
Chapter No.
06 Line and Plane

Hints
Classical Thinking 7. The given vector equation is

r = 3 î – 5 ĵ + 7 k̂ +  (2 î + ĵ – 3 k̂)
1. On X-axis, y = 0 and z = 0
 The line passes through (3, 5, 7) and has
ns
2. On Y-axis, the co-ordinates of x and z = 0 direction ratios 2, 1, 3
x 3 y 5 z 7
 The equation of line is  
3. Equation of X-axis is y = 0, z = 0. 2 1 3
Hence y and z remain fixed. 9. Vector equation of line passing through a and
io
4. The given line passes through (3, –4, 6) parallel to b is
The d.r.s. of line are 2, 5, 3 r  a  b
at
 The given line is parallel to 2iˆ  5jˆ  3kˆ  r = (iˆ  ˆj  3k)
ˆ + î + 2jˆ  5k)
ˆ
 The vector equation of the line is 10. Let A  (2, 1, 1)

r  (3iˆ  4jˆ  6k)
ˆ  (2iˆ  5jˆ  3k)
ˆ  a  2iˆ + ˆj  kˆ
lic b  î + 2jˆ  kˆ
5. Given, cartesian equation of the line is
Now, r = (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ +  î  2j+
ˆ k)
ˆ
3x – 2 = 2y + 1 = 3z – 3
11. The required lines passes through (2, 1, 1) and
ub
 2  1
 3  x   = 2  y   = 3(z – 1) has d.r.s. proportional to 2, 7, 3
 3  2 
 The equation of line is
2 1
x y r  2i  j  k  (2i  7j  3k)

 3 = 2 = z 1
P
2 3 2 x  2 y  3 z 1
12. The line is parallel to  
 2 1  3 1 2
 The given line passes through  , ,1 ,
3 2   d.r.s of line are 3, 1, 2
et
and has direction ratios proportional to 2, 3, 2. also, the line passes through origin
 The equation of line is
 The vector equation is
r = 3iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ
2 1 
r =  î  ˆj  kˆ  +  (2 î + 3 ĵ + 2 k̂ )
rg
3 2  1
2x  1 1  y z x
13.    2  y 1 z
6. Given cartesian equation of the line is 2 1 3 1 1 3
 The direction ratios of the required line are
Ta
6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 1 – 2z
1, 1, 3.
 1  1  1
 6 x   = 3 y   = – 2z   Also line passes through (2, 1, 3)
 3  3   2  
x2 y 1 z  3
1 1 1  Equation of the line is = =
x y z 1 1 3
 3 = 3 = 2
1 2 3 14. Let a and b be the position vectors of the points
 1 1 1   a = 3 î  2 ĵ  5 k̂ and b = 3 î  2 ĵ + 6 k̂
The given line passes through  , ,  and
3 3 2  b  a = 3 î  2 ĵ + 6 k̂  3 î + 2 ĵ + 5 k̂
the direction ratios are proportional to 1, 2,  3 = 11 k̂
 The vector equation is The vector equation of line is given by
1 1 1  r = a + ( b  a )
r =  î  ˆj  kˆ  + ( î + 2 ĵ – 3 k̂)
3 3 2   r = 3 î  2 ĵ  5 k̂ + (11 k̂ )
325

15. Let a  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and b  î  2jˆ  5kˆ 21. a1, b1, c1 = 3, 2, 0 and a2, b2, c2 = 2, 3, 4
 b  a  3iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ 3  2  (2)  3  0  4
 cos  =
The vector equation of the line is 3  (2) 2  0. 22  32  42
2
r a  ba   r  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  (3iˆ  3jˆ  2k)

ˆ  cos  = 0
π
=
16. The equation of line passing through 2
(x1, y1, z1 ) and (x2, y2, z2)
22. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = 2, 2, 2
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
= = a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 1(2) + 2(2) + 3(–2) = 0
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1
 The lines are at right angles.
 The equation of line passing through
(4, 5, 2) and (1, 5, 3) is 23. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = –5, 1, 1
ns
x4 y 5 z2 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1) (5) + (2)(1) + (3)(1)
  =0
1  4 5  5 3  2
x4 y 5 z2  Lines are at right angle.
 = =
io
1 2 1 24. The given equation of line is,
x2 y 3
17. The required equation of line which passes = ;z=4
through the points (1, 2, 3) and (0, 0, 0) is 3 4
at
x 1 y2 z 3  The line is perpendicular to Z-axis.
= = Hence parallel to XY-plane.
0 1 02 03
x 1 y 2 z 3
 25. Line L1: r = (2 ĵ  3 k̂ ) + ( î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂ )
1
=
2
=
3
lic Line L2: r = (2 î + 6 ĵ + 3 k̂ ) + (2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ )
18. 2x + z  4 = 0 L1 and L2 can be written in cartesian form as
 2x + z = 4 x y2 z3
ub
L1 : = = and
 z = 4  2x ...(i) 1 2 3
2y + z = 0 x2 y 6 z 3
L2 : = =
 z = 2y ...(ii) 2 3 4
 4  2x = 2y = z ...[From (i) and (ii)] The point (2, 6, 3) satisfies both the equations.
P
 2 (x  2) = 2y = z  it is the point of intersection.

z Alternate method:
x2=y=
2 x y2 z3
=
et
L1: = =
z 1 2 3
x2+2=y+2= +2
2  x = , y = 2 + 2, z = 3  3.
x y2 z4 x2 y 6 z 3
 = = L2: = = =
rg
1 1 2 2 3 4
 x = 2  + 2, y = 3  + 6, z = 4  + 3
19. a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 2 and a2, b2, c2 = 3, 2, 6 Co-ordinates of a point on the line L1 are
1 3  2  2  2  6
Ta
 cos  = ( , 2 + 2, 3  3)
12  22  22 32  22  62 Co-ordinates of a point on the line L2 are
19 19 (2 + 2, 3 + 6, 4 + 3)
= =
3 7 21 They intersect. Therefore, their co-ordinates
must be same.
20. a1, b1, c1 = 2, 2, 1 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 2, 2   = 2 + 2, 2 + 2 = 3 + 6, 3  3 = 4 + 3
2  1  2  2  (1)  2    2 = 2 …(i)
cos  =
22  22  (1) 2 12  22  22 2  3 = 4 …(ii)
3  4 = 6 … (iii)
242 4
= = Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
3 3 9
 = 2,  = 0.
4 Equation (i) holds true for these values.
  = cos1  
9  Intersection is (2, 6, 3).
326

Chapter 06: Line and Plane

26. The point (1, 1, 1) satisfies both the 34.  
Let p  = 2i  j  kˆ
equations so it is the point of intersection
Alternate method: Comparing the equation of line with
x 1 y 2 z 3 r  a   b , we get
Let = = =
2 3 4 a  i  2j  2k , b  3i  k
 x = 1 + 2 , y = 2 + 3, z = 3 + 4. Now,
x4 y1 z   a  3i  j  k
Let = = =
5 2 1
  a  32  (1) 2  (1) 2
 x = 4 + 5 , y = 1 + 2 , z = 
Co-ordinates of a point on the first line are = 11
(1 + 2 , 2 + 3, 3 + 4)
Co-ordinates of a point on the second line are
   a .b = (3i  j  k).(3i
   k)

ns
(4 + 5, 1 + 2, ) =9–1
They intersect. Therefore, their co-ordinates =8
must be same.  The distance of point from the line is
 1 + 2 = 4 + 5, 2 + 3 = 1 + 2 , 3 + 4 =   
2
   a .b 
io
2
 2  5 = 3 …(i) d a  
 b 
3  2 =  1 …(ii)  
4   =  3 …(iii)
at
88 46 23
= 11  = =
Solving equations (ii) and (iii), we get 10 10 5
 =  1,  = 1.
Equation (i) holds true for these values. 35. Let A  (2, 4, – 1)
 Intersection is ( 1,  1,  1).
lic Let
x5
1
=
y 3
4
=
z6
9
=
27. The point (4, 0, 1) satisfies both equations. Any point on the line is
 The two lines intersect at (4, 0, 1) P  ( – 5, 4 – 3, – 9  + 6)
ub
Alternate method: The d.r.s. of the line AP are
x 1 y 1 2 –  + 5, 4 – 4 + 3, – 1 + 9 – 6
Let = = ; z = 1
3 1 Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line,
 general point on this line is 1(2   + 5) + 4(4  4 + 3)  9(1 + 9  6) = 0
P
(3 + 1,   + 1,  1)  2 –  + 5 + 16 – 16 + 12 + 9 – 81 + 54 = 0

x4 z 1  98 – 98 = 0   = 1
Also, = = ; y = 0
2 3 The point P is (1 – 5, 4 – 3, –9 + 6)  (4, 1, 3)
et
 general point on this line is  2   4     4  1   1  3

2 2 2
AP =
(2 + 4, 0, 3  1)
= 36  9  4 = 7
For  = 1 and  = 0, they have a common point
Alternate method:
on them. i.e., (4, 0, 1)
rg
Since the point is (2, 4, 1)

28. Co-ordinate of any point on Y-axis is  a = 2, b = 4, c = 1
x = 0, z = 0 i.e. (0, y, 0) Given equation of line is
Ta
 The foot of perpendicular from the point x5 y3 z6

 
(, , ) on Y-axis is (0, , 0) 1 4 9
Comparing with
29. Any point on Z-axis is (0, 0, z)
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 The foot of perpendicular from the point   ,
a b c
(a, b, c) on Z-axis is (0, 0, c)
x1 = 5, y1 = 3, z1 = 6
30. Distance from X-axis = y z =
2 2
b c
2 2 d.r.s. are 1, 4, 9
1 4 9
 d.c.s. are , ,
31. Distance = y z
2 2
= 9  16 = 5 98 98 98
 Perpendicular distance of point from the line is
32. Distance from Z-axis = x y =5
2 2
 (a  x1 ) 2  (b  y1 ) 2  (c  z1 ) 2 
  (a  x1 )l  (b  y1 )m  (c  z1 )n 
2
33. Distance from Y-axis = 1  9 = 10
327

(2  5) 2  (4  3) 2  ( 1  6) 2 
 Shortest distance (d) =
 3i  2k . 2i  j
=  1 4 9 
2
4 1 0
  (2  5)  (4  3)  (1  6) 
 98 98 98 
6
98  98 = 
= 49  49  49  = 49 = 7 5
98
6
=
x y 1 z2 5
36. = =
1 2 3
Any point on the line is P (, 2 + 1, 3 + 2) 39. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 1, 0)
Given point is A (1, 6, 3) (x2, y2, z2) = (2, 1, 0)
 the d.r.s of the line AP are (a1, b1, c1) = (2, 0, 1)
ns
 – 1, 2 + 1 – 6, 3 + 2 – 3 (a2, b2, c2) = (1, 1, 1)
  – 1, 2 – 5, 3 – 1 2  1 1  1 0  0
Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line,
2 0 1
(1)( – 1) + (2)(2 – 5) + (3)(3 – 1 ) = 0
1 1 1
io
   1 + 4   10 + 9  3 = 0 d=
 14  14 = 0   = 1  0  1 2  1  2 2   2  0 2
 P  (1, 3, 5) 1 0  1
=
at
 AP = (1  1) 2  (6  3) 2  (3  5) 2 = 13 14
38. First line passes through 1

=
(x1, y1, z1) = (4, 1, 0) and has d.r.s 14
a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 3
lic 40. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (3, 5, 7)
Second line passes through
(x2, y2, z2) = (1, 1, 2) and has d.r.s (x2, y2, z2) = (1, 1, 1)
a2, b2, c2 = 2, 4, 5 (a1, b1, c1) = (1, 2, 1)
ub
 Shortest distance between them is (a2, b2, c2) = (7, 6, 1)
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1 4 6 8
a1 b1 c1 1 2 1
a2 b2 c2 7 6 1
P
d= d=
 b1c2  b 2c1    c1a 2  c 2a1    a1b 2  a 2 b1 
2 2 2
 2  6    7  1   6  14 
2 2 2
1  4 1  1 2  0 16  36  64
et
1 2 3 =
2 29
2 4 5
d= 116
=
 10  12    6  5   (4  4) 2
2 2
2 29
rg
3  2   0  2  0  6 = 2 29
= =
5 5
41. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, 3)
Alternate method:
Ta
Shortest distance between the lines (x2, y2, z2) = (2, 4, 5)

r1 = a1   b1 and r 2 = a 2   b 2 is given by (a1, b1, c1) = (2, 3, 4)
(a2, b2, c2) = (3, 4, 5)
d=
a 2 
 a1  b1  b 2  2 1 4  2 53
b1  b 2 2 3 4
Here a1 = 4 î – ĵ , a 2 = î – ĵ + 2 k̂ 3 4 5
d=
b1 = î + 2 ĵ – 3 k̂ , b 2 = 2 î + 4 ĵ – 5 k̂ 15  16  2
 12  10    8  9 
2 2
Now a 2 – a1 = – 3 î + 2 k̂ 1(1)  2(2)  2(1)

=
î ˆj kˆ (1) 2  (2) 2  ( 1) 2
b1  b 2 = 1 2 3 = 2 î – ĵ 1
2 4 5 =
6
328


42. The given equation of lines are 45. Here, n  i  2j  3k and p = 1
x  a  2 y  12z and x  y  2a  6z  6a
n i  2j  3kˆ i  2j  3k
xa y z x y  2a z  a n   
i.e., = = and = = n 1 4  9 14
12 6 1 6 6 1
a 2a a  The vector equation of the plane is
12 6 1 r.n = p
6 6 1  i  2j  3k 
d=  r.
(6  6)  (6  12)  (72  36)  1
14 
2 2 2

 a  12   2a  12  6   a  72  36 
=
122  182  362

 r. i  2j  3k  14 
12a  36a  36a 84a 46. The given vector equation is
ns
= = = 2a
1764 42
 
r. 3i  2j  2k  12 …(i)
43. Since, the line intersect each other,
r.n  12 , where n  3i  2j  2k
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1
io
 a1 b1 c1 n 3i  2j  2k 3i  2j  2k
n   =
a2 b2 c2 n 944 17
2  1 2  k 1  1
at
3  2  2 
 n  i j k
 3 6 2  0 17 17 17
1 4 1  Normal form is
 1 (6 + 8)  (2  k) (3  2) + 0 = 0
 2 + (2  k) 5 = 0
lic  3 ˆ
r.  i
2 ˆ
j
2 ˆ
k =
12
 17 17 17  17
 12  5k = 0
12 47. Given equation of plane is
k=
ub
5
 
r. 2i  3j  k  9  0
44. Comparing the given equations with r  a1   b1
and 
 r. 2i  3j  k  9  …(i)
r  a 2   b 2 we get n  2i  3j  k

P
a1   i  3j  k , and a 2  3i  j 2i  3j  k 2i  3j  k

 n  
b1  b2  b  5i  j  4k 4  9 1 14
et
 The lines are parallel  The d.c.s. of normal to the plane are
a 2  a1  4i  2j  k 2 3 1
, ,
i j k 14 14 14
rg
 
a 2  a 1  b  4  2 1 48. Given that lx + my + nz = p is the equation of
5 1 4 the plane in normal form.
 l, m, n are the direction cosines.
 i  8  1  j16  5   k  4  10  Also l2 + m2 + n2 = 1,
Ta
 7i  21j  14k Since, p is the distance from the origin, p should
be greater than zero.
 The distance between the parallel lines is
 All the statements are true,
d
a 2  a1  b  correct answer is option (D)
b
50. Equation of XY plane is z = 0,
7i  21j  14k  d.c.s. of its normal are 0, 0, 1
 d
25  1  16
x y z
49  441  196 51. + + =1
= 7 7 7
42 a
7 7
= For equal intercepts, =7 a=1
3 a
329


52. Equation of plane in intercept form is 59. The plane passes through (2, 4, 3)
x y z This point satisfies the equation of plane in
+ + =1
a b c option (C)
Here, a = b = c and point (1, 1, 2) lies in the plane, Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 4, 3.
1 1 2  option (C) is correct answer.
   =1a=2
a a a 60. The plane passes through (1, 1, 1)
 the required equation of a plane is x + y + z = 2. This point satisfies the equation of plane in
53. Here, a  i  j  2k and n  3i  2j  3k option (D)
î ˆj kˆ
The vector equation of the plane is
r.n  a.n Also, it has d.r.s = b  c = 2 1 1
    
0 1 2
 r. 3i  2j  3kˆ  i  j  2k . 3i  2j  3k
ns
= î(2  1)  ˆj(4  0)  k(2
ˆ  0)
 r. 3i  2j  3k   7
= î  4jˆ  2kˆ
54. Let a  j  3k and n  i  2j  4k i.e., 1, 4, 2
 option (D) is correct answer.
io
The vector equation of plane is
   
r. i  2j  4k  j  3k . i  2j  4k  Alternate Method
Let a  î  ˆj  kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and c  ˆj  2kˆ
 r.i  2j  4k  =  10
at
Now, b  c = î  4jˆ  2kˆ
55. The plane passes through (2, 1, 1)  the vector equation of required plane is
This point satisfies the equation of plane in lic   
r. b  c  a. b  c 
option (D)
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 1, 2.  r.(iˆ  4jˆ  2k)
ˆ = (iˆ  ˆj  k).(i
ˆ ˆ  4jˆ  2k)
ˆ
 option (D) is correct answer.  r.(iˆ  4jˆ  2k)
ˆ =7
Alternate method:
Let A  (2, 1, 1) 61. Let (x1, y1, z1) = (0, 1, 2),
ub
The d.r.s. of line joining the points (2, 3, 1) a1, b1, c1 = 3, 1, 1 and
and (1, 2, 1) are 1, 1, 2 a2, b2, c2 = 1, 2, 5
 the equation of the required plane is  the equation of required plane is
1(x – 2) + 1(y + 1) – 2(z – 1) = 0 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
P
 x + y  2z + 1 = 0 a1 b1 c1  0
56. The plane passes through (3, 2, 1) a2 b2 c2
This point satisfies the equation of plane in x0 y 1 z  2
et
option (C).  3 1 1 0
Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 2, 3 1 2 5
 option (C) is correct answer.
 7x + 14y  14 + 7z  14 = 0
rg
57. The plane passes through (10, 5, 4)  x  2y  z + 4 = 0

This point satisfies the equation of plane in
option (B) 62. Let (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, 1),
Also, it has d.r.s. 7, 3, 1 a1, b1, c1 = 2, 1, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = 4, 1, 2
Ta
 option (B) is correct answer.  the equation of required plane is

x 1 y  2 z 1
58. The plane passes through (1, 2, 3)
This point satisfies the equation of plane in 2 1 3 0
option (A) 4 1 1
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 2, 3.  (x  1)(2) + (y  2)(10) + (z + 1)(2) = 0
 option (A) is correct answer.  2x + 2 + 10y  20  2z  2 = 0
Alternate method:  x  5y + z + 10 = 0
Let M (1, 2, –3) be the foot of perpendicular
from the origin O (0, 0, 0) to the plane D. r. s of 63. Required plane passes through point
normal are 1, 2, –3 (x1, y1, z1)  (1, 3, 2) and is perpendicular to
 the equation of the required plane is planes x + 2y + 2z = 5 and 3x + 3y + 2z = 8
1 (x – 1) + 2 (y – 2) – 3 (z + 3) = 0  their normals are parallel to the required plane
 x + 2y – 3z = 14  a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 2 and a2, b2, c2 = 3, 3, 2
330


 the equation of required plane is 67. Consider option (B)
x 1 y  3 z  2 r .(9 î + 3 ĵ – k̂ ) = 14
1 2 2 0 Its Cartesian form is
3 3 2 9x + 3y  z = 14
Since, given points (1, 1, 2), (2, 1, 1) and
 2x  4y + 3z  8 = 0
(1, 2, 1) satisfy the above plane,
64. The equation r  a   b  c represents a plane  correct answer is option (B)
passing through vector a and parallel to b and 68. Consider option (D)
c
2x + 2y  5z = 0
Since, the given points (4, 1, 2), (1, 1, 0) and
 a  3iˆ  ˆj , b  ˆj  kˆ , c  î  2jˆ  3kˆ (0, 0, 0) satisfy the above plane,
î ˆj kˆ  correct answer is option (D)
ns
Now, b  c = 0 1 1 69. Consider option (C)
1 2 3 3x – 4z + l = 0
Since, the given points (1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 1) and
= 5iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
io
(–7, –3, –5) satisfy the above plane,
 the equation of required plane is  correct answer is option (C)
r.(5iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ = (3iˆ  ˆj).(5iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ
70. Here n1  i  j  2k and n 2  3i  j  k
at
 r.(5iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ = 14 The vector equation of plane passing through
intersection of r.n1 = p1 and r.n 2 = p2 is
65. Consider option (B)
 
r. n1   n 2 = p1 + p2
 
r. î  11ˆj  3kˆ = 14
lic
Its Cartesian form is
 
 r. i  j  2k   3i  j  k   3  (4)

x + 11y + 3z = 14  r. 1  3  i  1    ˆj   2    k   3  4
ub
Since, the given points (1, 2, 3), (3, 1, 0) and
(0, 1, 1) satisfiy the above plane, 71. Consider option (B)
 correct answer is option (B) r (10 î + 11 ĵ + 12 k̂ ) = 33
Alternate method: Its Cartesian form is
P
Equation of a plane passing through three points 10x + 11y + 12z = 33

is Since, the given point (1, 1, 1) is satisfies the
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 above plane
 correct answer is option (B)
et
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1 = 0
Alternate method:
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1 The equation of plane through the intersection
x 1 y  2 z  3 of given planes is
rg
 2 1 3 =0 (x + y + z  4) + (x + 2y + 3z + 3) = 0
1 1 4
Since, it passes through (1, 1, 1)
1
 (x  1)(1)  (y  2)(11) + (z + 3)(3) = 0  (1 + 1 + 1  4) + (1 + 2 + 3 + 3) = 0   =
9
Ta
 x  11y  3z + 14 = 0 1
 (x + y + z  4) + (x + 2y + 3z + 3) = 0
 x + 11y + 3z = 14 9
Its vector form is  10x + 11y + 12z – 33 = 0
 
r. î  11ˆj  3kˆ = 14  the equation of plane in vector form is
r (10 î + 11 ĵ + 12 k̂ ) = 33
66. Consider option (B) 72. Consider option (D)
r .(3 î + ĵ – k̂ ) + 4 = 0
 
r. 11i  3j  5k  22
Its Cartesian form is Its Cartesian form is
3x + y  z = 4 11x + 3y  5z = 22
Since the given points A(1, –2, 5), B(0, –5, –1) Since, the given point (1, 2, 1) is satisfies the
and C(–3, 5, 0) satisfy the above plane, above plane,
 correct answer is option (B).  correct answer is option (D)
331


73. Equation of plane passing through intersection 81. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
of given planes is,  d.r.s. of the line are a, b, c
(x + y + z  1) + (2x + 3y  z + 4) = 0 It passes through (, , )
(1 + 2)x + (1 + 3)y + (1  )z + 4  1 = 0  equation of perpendicular is
Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis, xα y β zγ
= =
1 a b c
 (1 + 2) = 0   = 
2 82. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
Hence, the equation of required plane is  d.r.s. of the line are 2, 3, 1
y  3z + 6 = 0 It passes through (1, 1, 1)
74. Plane passes through (1, 2, 3)  the equation of required line is
The point (1, 2, 3) satisfies the equation of plane x 1 y 1 z 1
 
represented by option (B) 2 3 1
ns
 option (B) is correct 83. Since, line is perpendicular to the plane
Alternate method:  d.r.s. of the line are 1, 2, 3
Any plane parallel to 2x + 4y + 2z = 5 is It passes through (1, 1, 1)
2x + 4y + 2z = k  the equation of required line is
io
It passes through (1, 2, 3)  k = 16 x 1 y 1 z 1
 Equation of plane is x + 2y + z = 8  
1 2 3
75. Plane passes through (0, 0, 0) 84. D.r.s of line perpendicular to YZ-plane are
at
The point (0, 0, 0) satisfies the equation of plane 1, 0, 0
represented by option (A) It passes through (1, 2, 3)
 option (A) is correct.  equation of required line is
x 1 y  2 z  3
76.
It is passes through (0, 2, 0)
lic
Equation of plane parallel to ZX-plane is y = b.
1

0

0
 its equation is y = 2. 85. D.r.s of the normal to the XZ plane are a, 0, c
77. Equation of plane parallel to YZ-plane is x = a The required line passes through (1, 2, 3)
ub
Since, it is passes through (–1, 3, 4)  The equation of required line is
 equation of required plane is x = 1 x 1 y  2 z  3
 
i.e., x + 1 = 0 a 0 c
78. Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis, 86. Equation of line passing through point (1, 1, 1)
P
is
 the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are 0, b, c
x 1 y 1 z 1
 The equation of required plane is by + cz + d = 0  
a b c
79. Since, the plane is parallel to ax + by + cz = 0, Also, the line is parallel to the plane
et
their d.r.s will be same and 2x + 3y + z + 5 = 0

It passes through (, , )  2a + 3b + c = 0
 The equation of the plane is The above equation is satisfied by 1, 1, 1
a(x  ) + b(y  ) + c(z  ) = 0
rg
 correct answer is option (A)

 ax + by + cz = a + b + c
x4 y2 zk
87. The line = = lies in the plane
80. Equation of the plane through the origin is 1 1 2
ax + by + cz = 0
Ta
2x – 4y + z = 7.
The required plane passes through the line  the point (4, 2, k) lies on the line and hence lies
x 1 y2 z 3 in the plane
= =
5 4 5  2(4) – 4(2) + k = 7
 5a + 4b + 5c = 0 …(i) k=7
The plane passes through the point (1, 2, 3)
88. n1  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and n 2  î  ˆj  2kˆ
 a + 2b + 3c = 0 …(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get n1 .n 2
a b c  cos =
 = = n1 n 2
12  10 5  15 10  4
a b c 2 1  11  1 2  1
 = = = =
1 5 3 4 11 11 4 2
 The equation of the required plane is 
 =
x – 5y + 3z = 0 3
332


89. Let a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 3 and a2, b2, c2 = 4, 1, 2 98. The d.r.s. of line and plane are a, b, c
 The angle between the planes is a a  b b  cc
 sin  =
a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c2 a  b2  c2  a 2  b 2  c2
2
cos  =
a12  b12  c12 . a 22  b 22  c22 a  b2  c2
2
= =1
a 2  b2  c2
1(4)  2(1)  ( 3)(2)   = 90
= 0
1  4  9 . 16  1  4
99. Given equation of line is 6x = 4y = 3z
 x y z
= i.e.  
2 2 3 4
92. The d.r.s. of normal to first plane are a, b, c and  the d.r.s. of line are 2, 3, 4
the d.r.s. of normal to second plane are a, b, c the d.r.s. of plane are 3, 2, 3
2(3)  3(2)  4( 3)
ns
Since the two planes are perpendicular,  sin  = =0
 aa + bb + cc = 0 4  9  16 . 9  4  9
93. The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 0, 2, 3.   = 0°

The d.r.s of X axis are 1, 0, 0 101. Since the line r = î +  (2 î  m ĵ  3 k̂ ) is
io
Now, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0(1) + 2(0) + 3(0)
=0 parallel to the plane r .(m î + 3 ĵ + k̂ ) = 0
 The plane 2y + 3z = 0 passes through X-axis.  b.n  0
at
94. Comparing the equations of line and plane with  (2 î – m ĵ – 3 k̂ ) . (m î + 3 ĵ + k̂ ) = 0
r  a   b and r.n  p , we get  2(m)  m(3)  3(1) = 0
b  î  2jˆ  kˆ and n  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ m=3
 The angle between the line and plane is
lic  m = 3
x 1 y 1 z
b.n 1(2)  2(1)  1(1) 1 102. The line = = lie on the
sin  = = = 2 3 4
b.n 1 4 1 4 11 6 plane 4x + 4y – kz = 0
ub
Since the given line lies on the plane, it is
  = sin 1  
1
6 parallel to the plane
 aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
95. Here, b  î  ˆj  kˆ and n  3iˆ  4kˆ  4(2) + 4(3) – k(4) = 0
P
 Angle between the line and plane is  4k = 20  k = 5

(iˆ  ˆj  k).(3i
ˆ ˆ  4k)
ˆ 1 103. The equation of plane is
sin  = = 3x  2y + 6z  5 = 0 and the point is (2, 3, 4)
1  1  1 . 9  16 5 3
et
 The distance of point from the plane is

 1 
  = sin1   ax1  by1  cz1  d
5 3 d=
a 2  b2  c2
rg
96. Let a, b, c = 2, 3, 4 and a1, b1, c1 = 3, 2, 3 2  3   3  2   4  6   5 19

aa1  bb1  cc1
= =
 sin  = 3 2 6
2 2 2 7
a 2  b 2  c 2 a12  b12  c12 Alternate method:
Ta
=
2(3)  3(2)  4(3) 
Let A a   2,3,4 
22  32  42 (3) 2  (2) 2  ( 3) 2 Given equation of plane is
 sin  = 0
  = 0

r. 3iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ  5 
 a  2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ , and n  3iˆ  2jˆ  6kˆ
97. Let a, b, c = 3, 2, 4 and a1, b1, c1 = 2, 1, 3
 The distance of point from plane is
6  2  12
 sin  =
9  4  16 4  1  9
d
 a.n   p = 2(3)  3( 2)  4(6)  5

19
4 4 n 3 2 6
2 2 2 7
 sin  = =
29  14 406 104. Here, a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, d = 3 and x = y = z = 0
1  4  3
  = sin    d= = 3
 406  1 +12  12
2
333


105. Here, a = 3, b = 6, c = 2, z = 11 and x = 2, 110. Given line passes through (1, 2, 1) and the
y = 3, z = 4 d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 2, 1
3(2)  (6)(3)  2(4)  11 2(1)  2(2)  1(1)  6
 d= =1  d=
32  ( 6) 2  22 22  22  (1) 2
106. Let the intercepts made by the plane 9

= =3
a, b, c = 2, 1, 2 9
 The distance of plane from origin is
111. Given planes are parallel and can be written as
1
d= 5
1 1 1 2x – 2y + z + 3 = 0 and 2x – 2y + z + =0
  2
a 2 b2 c2
 the distance between these planes is
1 2
ns
= = d1  d 2
1 1 6 d=
1 a  b2  c2
2
4 4
Alternate method: 5 1
3   1
The equation of plane is
io
=  =
2 2
=
x y z 4  4 1 3 6
  1
2 1 2
i.e. x + 2y  z  2 = 0
at
112. Given planes are parallel, and can be written as
 distance of plane from the origin is
7
2 x + 2y + 3z + 7 = 0 and x + 2y + 3z + =0
d= 2
1 4 1
d=
2
lic  the distance between these planes is
7
6 7 7
d= 2 =
107. Let a, b, c = 6, 3, 4 1 4  9 2 2
ub
 The length of perpendicular from origin is
1 1 12
d   113. The plane passes through points (1, –2, 3) and
1 1 1 29 29 (4, 0, –1)
 
(6) 2 32 42 144 This points satisfies the equation of plane in
P
option (A)
108. The distance of (1,1,1) from the origin is
 option (A) is correct answer.
d = (1) 2  (1) 2  (1) 2 = 3
et
Distance of (1,1,1) from 114. The plane passes through (1, 2, 1)
x + y + z + k = 0 is This point satisfies the equation of plane in
option (A)
(1)  (1)  (1)  k
d1 =
rg
î ˆj kˆ
(1) 2  (1)2  (1)2
Also, it has d.r.s = b  c = 1 2 1
k3
= 1 1 3
3
Ta
1 k 3 = 7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂
Now, 3 = …(given)
2  3  i.e., 7, 4, 1
 6 =  (k + 3)  option (A) is correct answer.
 k = 3, 9 Alternate Method
109. Since, the points (1, 1, k) and (3, 0 , 1) are Let a  î  ˆj  kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and c  ˆj  2kˆ
equidistance from the given plane
Now, b  c = î  4jˆ  2kˆ
3  4  12k  13 9  12  13
   the vector equation of required plane is
9  16  144 9  16  144
 |3 + 4  12k + 13| = |9  12 + 13|   
r. b  c  a. b  c 
 20  12k =  8  r (7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂ ) = (iˆ  2jˆ  k).(7i
ˆ ˆ  4jˆ  k)
ˆ
5
 k = 1,  r .(7 î – 4 ĵ – k̂ ) = 0
7
334


x 1 y  2 z 1
  
Critical Thinking 2 2 2
x 1 y  2 z 1
1. d.r.s. of given line are 1, 1, 1    …(i)
1 1 1
1 1 1
 d.c.s. are , , Comparing (i) with given equation, we get
3 3 3
l = 1, m = 1, n = 1
2. The d.r.s. of line are 3, 2, 8 and its passes
through (5, 2, 4) 8. Let A  (1, 3, 2) and B  (5, 3, 6)
 the vector equation of line is Midpoint of AB = (3, 3,4)
r = 5 î + 2 ĵ  4 k̂ + (3 î + 2 ĵ  8 k̂ )
Since the line is equally inclined to the axis
 d.r.s. are 1, 1, 1.
The cartesian equation of the line is
 equation of the line is
ns
x5 y2 z4
= = x 3 y 3 z  4
3 2 8  
1 1 1
3. The line passes through (2,  3, 4) and has x+3=y3=z+4
direction ratios proportional to 3, 4, 5.
io
 the cartesian equation of the line is 9. Co-ordinates of G  (1, 1, 1)
x2 y3 z4 D.r.s of OG are 1, 1, 1 and it passes through
= =
3 4 5 (0, 0, 0)
at
 4x  8 = 3y + 9 and 5y  15 = 4z  16  equation of line OG is
i.e., 4x  3y = 17 and 5y + 4z = 1 x0 y 0 z0
 
1 1 1
Line  Z-axis
4.
 d.r.s. are 0, 0, 1
lic x=y=z
 Required equation is 10. The equation of the line joining the points
r = 2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ +  ( 0. î + 0. ĵ + 1 k̂ ) (2, 2, 1) and (5, 1, – 2) is
ub
 r = (2 î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂) +  k̂ x2 y2 z 1
= =
52 1 2 2  1
5. Let a, b, c, be the direction ratios of the required x2 y2 z 1
line.  = = …(i)
3 1 3
P
Since, the line is perpendicular to the lines with Since, x co-ordinate is 4

d.r.s 3, 16, 7 and 3, 8, 5
 It satisfies (i)
 3a  16b + 7c = 0 …i)
4  2 y  2 z 1
and 3a + 8b  5c = 0   
et
…(ii)
3 1 3
a b c
 = = ..[From (i) and (ii)] z 1 2
2 3 6  
3 3
 Equation of the required line is
rg
x 1 y  2 z  4  3z  3 = 6
= =  z = 1
2 3 6
6. Here, (x1, y1, z1)  (a, b, c) Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (3, 6, 10) and | r |  17
Ta
11.
and (x2, y2, z2)  (a  b, b  c, c  a)
Required equation of line is x2 = x1 + lr = 3 
2
17
 
17 = 1
xa yb zc
= =
a ba bcb ca c y2 = y1 + mr = 6 +
3
17
 17 = 3 
xa yb zc
i.e., = =
b c a z2 = z1 + nr = 10 
2
17
 17 = 8 
x 1 y  2 z 1
7. Given equation is  
l m n 12. The d.r.s. of the line joining the points (2, 1, 3)
The equation of line passing through and (3, 1, 7) are 5, 0, 10
(1, 2, 1) and (1, 0, 1) is The d.r.s. of the line parallel to line
x 1 y  2 z 1 x 1 y z  3
    are 3, 4, 5
1  1 0  2 1  1 3 4 5
335


 The angle between the lines having d.r.s. x y 1 z 1
18. Let = = =
–5, 0, 10 and 3, 4, 5 is 2 3 3
 5(3)  0(4)  10(5)  Any general point on this line is
cos  
25  0  100 9  16  25 Q (2, 3+1, 3+1)
35 Let P  (1, 2, 3).
 cos  
25 10  D.r.s. of PQ are 2  1, 3  1, 3  2
 7  P(1, 2, 3)
   cos 1  
 5 10 
13. The d.r.s. of the two lines are 2, 1, 1 and x y 1 z 1

 
4, 1,  2 3 3
Q
Since, the lines are perpendicular (2, 3 + 1, 3 + 1)
ns
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
 2(4) + (–1) (–1) + (1) () = 0
+9=0
Since, PQ is perpendicular to given line
=–9

io
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.
14. a1, b1, c1 = 2, p, 5 and  (2  1)2 + (3  1)3 + (3  2)3 = 0
a2, b2, c2 = 3, p, p 1
Since, the given lines are perpendicular.  =
at
2
 (2)(3) + p(p) + (5)(p) = 0  5 5
 6  p2 + 5p = 0  Q  1, , 
 2 2
 p2  5p  6 = 0
 (p  6) (p + 1) = 0
lic 19. Let
x
=
y2
=
z 3
=
 p = 6 or p =  1 2 3 4
Any point on the line is
15. a1, b1, c1 = 2, , 0 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 3, 1
P  (2, 3 + 2, 4 + 3)
ub
Since, the lines are perpendicular.
Given point is A (3, – 1, 11)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
 The d.r.s. of AP are
 2 (1) +  (3) + 0 (1) = 0
2 3, 3 + 3, 4  8
 2+3=0
Since, the line AP is perpendicular to the given
2
P
 = line
3  2(2  3) + 3(3 + 3) + 4(4  8) = 0
16. Given lines pass through common point (1, 2, 3)  29   29 = 0
=1
et
Also, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 2(3) + 3(4) + 4(5)  0

 lines are intersecting  P  (2, 5, 7)
17. Let r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ , then x3 y 1 z4

20. Let = = =
rg
5 2 3
r  a = b  a  (r  b )  a = 0
 Any general point on this line is
î ˆj kˆ Q (5 3, 2 + 1, 3  4)
 x  2 y z 1 = 0 Let P  (0, 2, 3).
Ta
1 1 0  The d.r.s. of PQ are 5  3, 2  1, 3  7

Since PQ is perpendicular to given line,
 (z 1) î  ( z 1) ĵ + (x  y  2) k̂ = 0
5(5  3) + 2(2  1) + 3(3  7) = 0
 z =  1, x  y = 2 …(i) =1
Now, r  b = a  b  ( r  a )  b = 0  Q  (2, 3, 1)
î ˆj kˆ
21. Let P (x, y, z) be any point
 x 1 y 1 z = 0 Now by the given condition, we get
2 0 1 2 2 2
 ( x 2 + y 2 )  +  ( y 2 + z 2 )  +  (z 2 + x 2 )  = 36
     
 (1  y) î  (1  x  2z) ĵ + (2  2y) k̂ = 0
i.e., x2 + y2 + z2 = 18
 y = 1, x + 2z = 1 …(ii)  The distance from origin
= x 2  y 2  z 2  18  3 2
x = 3, y = 1, z = 1
336

22. Distance of point P  from the   24. Let

x  11 y  2 z  8
= = =
10 4 11
line r  a   b is Any point on the line is
  P(10 + 11, – 4  – 2, – 11 – 8)
2
2
   a .b 
a   Let A  (2, – 1, 5)
 b 
  The d.r.s. of the line AP are
 
Given, P   (0,0,0) and
10 + 11 – 2, – 4 – 2 – (– 1), – 11 – 8 – 5
i.e., 10 + 9,  4  1, 11  13

t  4i  2j  4k   3i  4j  5k  Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line
 10(10 + 9) – 4(– 4 – 1) – 11(– 11 – 13) = 0
 a  4i  2j  4k and  100 + 90 + 16 + 4 + 121 + 143 = 0
b  3i  4j  5k  237 + 237 = 0   = – 1
ns
 Distance of point  P  (1, 2, 3)
 2  1   1  2    5  3
2 2 2
 4(3)  2(4)  4( 5) 
2  AP =
= (4) 2  (2) 2  ( 4) 2     = 1  9  4 = 14
 32  42  (5) 2 
io
= 16  4  16 25. The given equation of line is
x 1 y 1
=6  z
Alternate method: 2 3
at
The co-ordinates of any point on the given line
AO = 4iˆ  2jˆ  4kˆ
are (2 + 1,  3  1, )
 OA = 16  4  16  6 The distance of this point from the point
O (0, 0, 0) (1,  1, 0) is 4 14 .
lic  (2)2 + ( 3)2 + ()2 = (4 14)2   =  4
d
 The co-ordinates of the required point are
(9,  13, 4) or ( 7, 11,  4)
3iˆ  4jˆ  5kˆ
ub
A The point nearer to the origin is (7, 11, 4).
M L
(4,2,4)
26. The equation of the line joining the points
AM = Projection of OA on AL A(2, – 3, – 1) and B(8, – 1, 2) is
12  8  20 x2 y 3 z 1
P
= =0 = =
9  16  25 82 1  3 2 1
In right angled OAM, d2 = OA2  AM2 x2 y 3 z 1
 = = =
 d2 = 62  0  d = 6 6 2 3
et

x 1 y z (6 + 2, 2 – 3, 3 – 1)
23. Any point on the line = = =  is
2 9 5 The distance of this point from the point
P (2 +1, 9, 5) A(2, – 3, – 1) is 14 units.
rg
Let A  (5, 4, – 1)  (6)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 = (14)2

The d.r.s. of the line AP are  492 = 196
2 + 1 – 5, 9 – 4, 5 – (– 1)  2 = 4   =  2
Ta
 2 – 4, 9 – 4, 5 + 1  The points are (14, 1, 5) and (– 10, – 7, – 7)

Since, AP is perpendicular to the given line  The point nearer to the origin is (10, 7, 7).
 2 (2 – 4) + 9 (9 – 4) + 5 (5 + 1) = 0
27. Any point on the line
 4 – 8 + 81 – 36 + 25 + 5 = 0 x+5 y +3 z6
39 = = =  is given by
= 1 4 9 P
110 (2, 4, 1)
M  (  5, 4  3,  9 + 6).
 188 351 195 
 P  , , 
 110 110 110 
2 2 2
 188   351   195 
 AP =  5   4     1  
110 110
  110   
1 2109 The d.r.s. of PM are A B
= 131044  7921  93025 = (5, 3, 6) M
110 2 110   7, 4  7, 9 + 7
337


Since, PM is perpendicular to AM, 30. Since, the plane contains the X-axis, it passes
 1(  7) + 4 (4  7)  9( 9 + 7) = 0 through the origin
 98  98 = 0   = 1  d=0
 M = ( 4, 1,  3)  The equation of the plane is
Now, Equation of perpendicular passing through ax + by + cz = 0 …(i)
P(2, 4, 1) and M(4, 1, 3) is Also, plane passes through (1, 1, 1)
x2 y4 z 1  a+b+c=0 …(ii)
= =
4  2 1 4 3  1 x y z
The equation of the X-axis is = =
x2 y4 z 1 1 0 0
 = = As the plane contains the X-axis, the d.r.s of the
6 3 2
normal to the plane are perpendicular to X-axis
28. The lines can be rewritten as  a(1) + b(0) + c(0) = 0
ns
r = ( î  2 ĵ + 3 k̂ ) + t( î + ĵ  k̂ ) and a=0
r = ( î  ĵ  k̂ ) + s( î + 2 ĵ  2 k̂ ) Substituting value of a in (ii) we get
b+c=0b=–c
Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, 3)
 The equation of the required plane is
io
(x2, y2, z2) = (1, 1, 1)
by – bz = 0
(a1, b1, c1) = (1, 1, 1)
y–z=0
(a2, b2, c2) = (1, 2, 2)
at
 Shortest distance (d) 31. The plane passes through (1, 1, 3) and
1  1 1  2 1  3 (2, 3 4)
1 1 1 The points satisfies the equation of plane in
option (B)
d=
1 2 2
lic  option (B) is correct answer.
 2  2 2   1  2 2   2  12
Alternate method:
0  1 3  4  3 9 3 Let ax + by + cz + d = 0 be the equation of the
= = =
3 2 3 2 2 required plane.
ub
Since, the plane is parallel to X-axis,
29. The given equation of lines are  a=0
x 1 y 1 z 1 The points (1, –1, 3) and (2, 3, – 4) lie in the
  and
k 3 4 plane,
P
x  3 2y  9 z  – b + 3c + d = 0, and …(i)
 
1 2k 1 3b – 4c + d = 0 …(ii)
9 Solving the equations (i) and (ii), we get
x 3 y  2 z
et
i.e.   b c d
1 k 1 = =
3  ( 4) 3 1 49
Since the line intersect,
b c d
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1  = =
rg
7 4 5
a1 b1 c1  0
 Equation of the required plane is 7y + 4z – 5 = 0
a2 b2 c2
32. The plane passes through (2, 3, 4)
Ta
11
2 1 This point satisfies the equation of plane in
2
 k 3 4 0 option (D)
Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 2, 4.
1 k 1
11 Alternate method:
 2(3  4k)  (k  4) 1(k2  3) = 0
2 The equation of the required plane parallel to
11 the plane x + 2y + 4z = 5 is
 6  8k  k + 22  k2 + 3 = 0
2 x + 2y + 4z + k = 0
 2 k2 + 27 k  62 = 0 The plane passes through (2, 3, 4)
 2 k2  4 k + 31 k  62 = 0  2 + 2(3) + 4(4) + k = 0
 2 k(k  2) + 31 (k  2) = 0  k = 24
31  the equation of the required plane is
 k = 2 or k =
2 x + 2y + 4z = 24
338


33. The plane passes through (1, 2, 3) Alternate method:
This point satisfies the equation of plane in The required plane bisects the line segment
option (D) perpendicularly.
Also, it has d.r.s. 2, 3, 4.  the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are
 option (D) is correct answer. 3  (1),  5  2, 6  3
i.e. 4, 7, 3
34. The plane x – 3y + 5z = d passes through
Since, the mid-point 1,  ,  lies in the plane,
(1, 2, 4). 3 9
 d = 15  2 2
 the equation of plane becomes x – 3y + 5z = 15  The equation of the plane is
4(x  1)  7  y   + 3  z   = 0
x y z 3 9
   1
 2  2
15 5 3
 length of intercept cut by plane on the X, Y, Z  4x  7y + 3z = 28
ns
axes are 15, –5, 3 respectively.
39.
35. Here, a = b = c = 1 P
x y z
 the equation of the required plane is   1
io
1 1 1
x+y+z=1 (–1, 3, 4)
at
36.
A  a   î  2jˆ  4kˆ
Q
M  m   2jˆ  kˆ
lic Mid-point of line joining P(1, 2, 3) and
Q(3, 4, 5) is (–1, 3, 4)
It lies on the plane
B  b   î  2jˆ  6kˆ
The d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 4, 2, 2
ub
i.e. –2, 1, 1
1  1 î   2  2  ˆj   4  6  kˆ  The equation of the plane is
 M m =  2 2 2 –2(x + 1) + 1(y – 3) + 1(z – 4) = 0
= 2j  kˆ
ˆ  2x – y – z = –9
P
x y z
 equation of plane passing through the vector    =1
9 9 9
2 ˆj  kˆ and perpendicular to AB  2iˆ  10kˆ is 2
et
   
r. 2iˆ  10kˆ  2ˆj  kˆ . 2iˆ  10kˆ   Intercepts are
9
2
, 9, 9
 r. î  5kˆ   10 40. The plane passes through (2, –3, 1)
rg

37. P be the point (a, b, c). option (A)
 The d.r.s of OP are a, b, c. Also, it has d.r.s. 3  2 , 4 + 1, 1 5
i.e. 1, 5, 6.
Ta
 Equation of the plane passing through the point

(a, b, c) is  option (A) is correct answer.
a( x  a) + b( y  b) + c(z  c) = 0 Alternate method:
The d.r.s. of the line joining the points
 ax + by + cz = a2 + b2 + c2 (3, 4, 1) and (2, 1, 5) are 1, 5, 6.
38. Mid-point of the line segment joining the points The plane passes through (2, –3, 1)
(1, 2, 3) and (3,  5, 6) is  the equation of required plane is
1  3 2  5 3  6 
1(x – 2) + 5(y + 3) – 6(z – 1) = 0
M   , ,   x + 5y – 6z + 19 = 0
 2 2 2 
3 9 41. Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the required plane.
M   1, , 
 2 2 Since, the plane passes through Z-axis,
The plane passes through point M  a(0) + b(0) + c(1) = 0
It satisfies option (C) c=0
339


Given that the required plane is perpendicular to î ˆj kˆ
x 1 y2 z 3 47. n = 1 1 2 = – 3 î + 5 ĵ + 4 k̂
= =
cos  sin  0
3 1 1
 d.r.s of normal to plane are cos , sin , 0
 the equation of required plane is  the d.r.s. of line are – 3, 5, 4
x cos  + y sin  = 0  The equation of the line passing through
 x + y tan  = 0 (1, 2, 3) and having d.r.s. 3, 5, 4 is
x 1 y2 z 3
42. = =
n 3 5 4
 a, b, c 
48. (2, –1, 0) lies on the plane 9x  2y  3z = k
 9(2) – 2(–1) – 3(0) = k
 k = 20
ns
49. Since, the point (1, 0, z1) lies on the plane
x 1 y  2 z  3  
r. î  3kˆ  2
 
io
1 3 2 i.e.  x + 3z = 2
î ˆj kˆ  z1 = 1
n = 1 3 2 = î – ĵ + k̂ (3, 2, –1) lies on the plane 5x + 3y  2z = 
at
50.
2 7 5  5 (3) + 3 (2) – 2 (– 1) = 
 the d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 1, –1, 1   = 23
 the equation of plane passing through the point
(1, 2, 3)
lic 51. The equation of the plane passing through the
intersection of the planes r  a = p and r  b = q
1(x – 1) – 1(y – 2) + 1(z – 3) = 0
x–y+z=2 is
r  ( a +  b ) = p + q …(i)
ub
43. Equation of any plane through ( x1 , y1 ,z1 ) is
Since, the plane passes through the origin,
a (x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0 …(i) p + q = 0
it contains the line
p
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2 =
= = =0 q
P
d1 d2 d3
i.e. it passes through (x2, y2, z2) Substituting the value of  in (i), we get
 a (x2 – x1) + b (y2 – y1) + c (z2 – z1) = 0 …(ii)  p   p 
r   a  b  = p    (q)
Also, ad1 + bd2 + cd3 = 0 …(iii)  q   q 
et
Eliminating a, b, c from (i) , (ii), (iii), we get the

equation of the required plane as  
 r  aq  bp = pq – pq
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1  r   qa  pb  = 0
rg
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1 = 0
d1 d2 d3 52. The line of intersection of the planes
r . (3 î  ĵ + k̂ ) = 1 and r . ( î + 4 ĵ  2 k̂ ) = 2 is
44. Vector perpendicular to plane is
Ta
perpendicular to each of the normal vectors

n = 6 î  3 ĵ + 5 k̂
n1 = 3 î  ĵ + k̂ and n 2 = î + 4 ĵ  2 k̂ .
Thus, the line perpendicular to the given line
will be parallel to n  The line is parallel to the vector n1  n 2
 The equation of line which passes through î ˆj kˆ
a = 2 î  3 ĵ  5 k̂ and parallel to n is  n1  n 2 = 3 1 1
r = a + n 1 4 2
 r = (2 î  3 ĵ  5 k̂ ) + (6 î  3 ĵ + 5 k̂ ) = 2 î + 7 ĵ + 13 k̂
45. The d.r.s. of the line are 3,  4, 5 and it passes
53. The equation of the required plane is
through is 3,  5, 7
 The equation of line is x + 2y + 3z – 4 + (2x + y – z + 5) = 0
 (1 + 2)x + (2 + )y + (3 – )z – 4 + 5 = 0

r  3iˆ  5jˆ  7kˆ   3iˆ  4jˆ  5kˆ  …(i)
340


Let a, b, c be the d.r.s of the required plane 58. Consider plane OPQ
 From equation (i), a = 1 + 2; b = 2 + ; the eq uation of plane is
c=3– ax + by + cz = 0
The required plane is perpendicular to The plane passes through P(1, 2, 1) and
5x + 3y – 6z + 8 = 0 Q(2, 3, 0)
 5a + 3b – 6c = 0  a + 2b + c = 0 and …(i)
 5(1 + 2) + 3(2 + ) – 6(3 – ) = 0 2a + 3b = 0 …(ii)
 5 + 10 + 6 + 3 – 18 + 6 = 0 On solving (i) and (ii), we get
a b c
 – 7 + 19 = 0  
7 3 2 1
=  The equation of plane OPQ is
19
Substituting the value of  in equation (i), we get 3x + 2y  z = 0 …(iii)
The equation of plane PQR is
ns
 7  7  7
1  2   x + 2  y + 3   z a1 (x  1) + b1 (y  2) + c1 (z  1) = 0
 19   19   19  On solving for a1, b1, c1, we get
– 4 + 5 
7  a1 = 3, b1 = 3, c1 = 0
 =0
 
19  The equation of PQR is
io
33 45 50 41 xy+1=0 …(iv)
 x+ y+ z =0
19 19 19 19  The angle between the planes represented by
 33x + 45y + 50z – 41 = 0 equations (iii) and (iv) is
at
(3)(1)  2( 1) 5
54. The equation of the plane passing through the cos  = =
origin is ax + by + cz = 0. 9  4  1. 1  1 14 . 2
The required plane is perpendicular to the line  5 
x = 2y = 3z
lic   = cos1  
 28 
x y z
i.e., = = 59. The equation of the plane is
6 3 2
ax + by + cz + d = 0
 the d.r.s. of the line are 6, 3, 2
ub
 the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are a, b, c
 the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are 6, 3 and 2. Since the given line is parallel to the plane,
 the equation of the required plane is  al + bm + cn = 0
6x + 3y + 2z = 0
60. The d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 3, 1
 
P
55. Here, n1  xî  ˆj  kˆ , and The d.r.s. of X-axis are 1, 0, 0

 the angle between the plane and X-axis is
n2   î  xˆj  kˆ 
aa1  bb1  cc1
sin  =
et
n1.n 2 a  b 2  c 2 . a12  b12  c12

2
 cos  =
n1 n 2 2(1)  0  0
 sin  =
4  9  1. 1
 xî  ˆj  kˆ . î  xˆj  kˆ 
rg
 2
 cos =  sin  =
3 x 2  1  1. 1  x 2  1 14
 2 
1  x  x 1    = sin1  
Ta
 =  2   14 
2  x 2 
2x  1 1 61. Here a = 1, b = k, c = 4 and
 2 = ...(considering positive value)
x 2 2 a1 = 1, b1 = 3, c1 = 2
 x2 + 2  4x + 2 = 0 The angle between the line and plane is
 (x  2)2 = 0 aa1  bb1  cc1
sin  =
x=2 a 2  b 2  c 2 . a12  b12  c12
56. For perpendicular planes, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0  3  3

Now,  = sin1    sin  =
 2(1) + 1(2) – 2(k) = 0 7 6 7 6
k=2 3 1  3k  8
 
7 6 1  k 2  16 . 1  9  4
57. Since, the planes are perpendicular to each other.
 3(4) + (2)(3) + 2  ( k) = 0  k2 + 21k  46 = 0
k=3  k = 2 or 23
341


x 1 y z 3 66. Since both the given lines pass through the point
62. Equation of the line L: = = and
2 3 2 with position vector î  ˆj , the required plane
equation of the plane P: 4x  2y  z = 1. also passes through î  ˆj , and normal to the
The d.r.s of the line are 2, 3, 2, and
plane is perpendicular to the vectors
The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are
î + 2 ĵ – k̂ and – î + ĵ – 2 k̂ .
4, 2, 1.
Now consider Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the normal to the
plane.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 8  6 2 = 0
î ˆj kˆ
 Line L and plane P are parallel.
Since the point (1, 0, 3), which lies on the line L  n = 1 2 1
also satisfies the equation of the plane, 1 1 2
 The line L lies in the plane P.
ns
 n = – 3 î + 3 ĵ + 3 k̂
63. Equation of the line i.e. n = – î + ĵ + k̂
x3 y4 z5  Vector equation of the plane passing through
L: = =
2 3 1 î + ĵ and containing the given lines is
io
and equation of the plane
r .(– î + ĵ + k̂ ) = ( î + ĵ ).(– î + ĵ + k̂ )
P : 2x  3y + 5z = 1.
The d.r.s of the line are 2, 3, 1  r . (– î + ĵ + k̂ ) = 0
at
The d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 2, 3, 5.
67. The plane passes through
Now consider
(0, 2, 3) and (2, 6, 3)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 4 – 9 + 5 = 0 The two points satisfy the equation of plane is
 Line L is parallel to the plane P.
lic option (A)
x3 y4 z 5
64. Since, the line = = lies in the Alternate Method:
2 3 4
The equation of the plane is
ub
plane 4x + 4y – cz – d = 0,
x y  z  
 aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
a1 b1 c1  0
 2(4) + 3(4) + 4(–c) = 0
a2 b2 c2
 20 – 4c = 0
P
c=5 x y2 z3

Also, the plane passes through (3, 4, 5)  1 2 3 =0
 4(3) + 4(4) – 5(5)  d = 0 2 3 4
et
d=3  – x – (y – 2)(– 2) + (z + 3)(– 1) = 0

 – x + 2y – 4 – z – 3 = 0
65. Given equation of plane  x – 2y + z + 7 = 0
x 1 y 1 z  2
rg
  68. The plane passes through

2 3 2
 The line passes through (1, 1, 2) (5, 7, 3) and (8, 4, 5)
The two points satisfy the equation of plane is
The above point lies on the plane
Ta
option (A)
x + By  3z + D = 0
 1+B+6+D=0
 B + D = 7 …(i) 69. Let a, b, c be the d.r.s of the normal to the plane
Also the given line is perpendicular to the î ˆj kˆ
normal to the plane  n = 3 5 7 = î – 2 ĵ + k̂
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 1 4 7
 2(1) + 3(B) + 2(3) = 0 Since, the plane passes through (– 1, – 3, – 5)
4  1(x + 1) – 2(y + 3) + 1(z + 5) = 0
B=
3  x – 2y + z = 0
Substituting value of B is equation (i), we get From the given options only (0, 0, 0) satisfies
25 the equation of the plane.
D=
3  The plane passes through (0, 0, 0).
342


70. Here x1, y1, z1 =  l, 3, 5 and x2, y2, z2 = 2, 4, 6 74. Let d1 be the distance of the point (1, 2, 1)
a1, b1, c1 = 3, 5, 7 and a2, b2, c2 = 1, 3, 5 from the plane 2x  3y + z + k = 0
Since the given lines are coplanar
2 1  3  2    1  k 5  k
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1  d1 = =
2   3  1
2 2 2 4  9 1
 a1 b1 c1 =0
a2 b2 c2 k 5
=
l  2 3  4 5  6 14
 3 5 7 =0 Let d2 be the distance of the point (1, 2, 1)
1 3 5 from the plane x + 2y + 3z = 0
 ( l 2)(25  21)  (34)(15  7) 1  2  2   3 1 2
 d2 = =
+ (5 6)(9  5) = 0 1 2 3
2 2 2
14
ns
 12 = 4(l + 2) Given that d1.d2 = 1.
 l = 1.
k 5 2
 =1
71. The lines are coplanar 14 14
1  2 3  4 5  6
 (k  5) 2 = 14
io
 1 4 k 0
k5=7
3 5 k
 k = 12
 3(4k  5k) + 7(k  3k) 11(7) = 0
at
k=7 3(2)  6(3)  2(4)  11
75. P1 = =1
72. Since the given lines are coplanar, then 32  (6) 2  (2) 2
3 1 1  2 3 1
 1 2  = 0
lic P2 =
3(1)  6(1)  2(4)  11

16
3  (6)  (2)
2 2 2 7
 3 4
2 1 2 the equation P1 and P2 satisfies
ub
 1 2  = 0 7P2  23P + 16 = 0.
 3 4  P1 and P2 are the roots of the equation (B).
2
  + 2 + 26 = 0 76. Equation of plane parallel to x  2y + 2z = 5 is x
 = 4  4(1)(26) < 0  2y + 2z + k = 0 …(i)
P
 Roots are imaginary distance of the above plane from (1, 2, 3) is 1.

So no real value of  exists. 1 4  6  k
 = 1
x y2 z3 9
et
73. = = and
1 2 3 i.e. k + 3 =  3
x2 y 6 z 3  k = 0 or – 6
= =
2 3 4 77. Let x, y, z be any point
rg
The d.r.s. of the first line are 1, 2, 3 and

d12  d 22  d 32  36
The d.r.s. of the second line are 2, 3, 4
Ratio of the d.r.s. are not same xz
2
x  2y  z
2
x yz
2
2 3 4  + + = 36
Ta
i.e.   2 6 3
1 2 3
1
 The lines are not parallel.  [3x2 – 6xz + 3z2 + x2 + 4y2 + z2 – 4xy
6
Sum of the products of the d.r.s. is not equal
to 0 i.e., 2(1) + 2(3) + 3(4)  0 – 4yz + 2xz + 2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2
 The lines are not perpendicular. + 4xy + 4yz + 4xz] = 36
0  2 2  6 3  3 2 4 6   x2 + y2 + z2 = 36
Consider 1 2 3 = 1 2 3 78. Since all the planes are parallel,
2 3 4 2 3 4 |26| 4
 p1 = =
1 2 3 2  ( 3)  4
2 2 2
29
= 2 1 2 3 = 0 ( the two rows are same) Equation of the plane 4x  6y + 8z + 3 = 0 can
2 3 4 3
be written as 2x  3y + 4z + =0
 The two lines are coplanar. 2
343


3 3 12 13
2 Now, y = 5 – 4 = 5 – 4   = 5  =
2 1 5 5 5
 p2 = =
2  ( 3)  4
2 2 2
2 29 3
z = 7 + 15 = 7 + 15   = 2
|26| 8 5
and p3 = =
22  ( 3) 2  42 29  13 
 The required point is  0, ,2 
Now consider p1 + 8p2  p3  5 
4 4 8 84. Let A  (a, 0, 0), B  (0, b, 0) and c  (0, 0, c)
=  
29 29 29 The equation of the plane in intercept form is
=0 x y z
+ + =1
79. Let a, b, c = 3, 2, 6 a b c
 the equation of plane is Since, centroid is (3, 3, 3)
ns
x1  x2  x3 a 00
 3x + 2y + 6z + d = 0 …(i)  3= = =3
Now, the perpendicular distance (D) from origin 3 3
is a=9
0b0
d Similarly = 3  b = 9, and
io
D= 3
( 3) 2  22  62 00c
=3 c=9
d 3
7=  d =  49
at
7 x y z
 The equation of plane is + + = 1
 The equation of plane is 9 9 9
3x + 2y + 6z + 49 = 0 x+y+z=9
or 3x + 2y + 6z  49 = 0
80.
lic
Let the components of the line vector be a, b, c.
85. Let A  (a, 0, 0), B  (0, b, 0) and C  (0, 0, c).
Since, centroid is (, , )
a2 + b2 + c2 = (63)2 …(i)  a = 3, b = 3, c = 3
a b c x y z
  = (say)  the equation of the plane is   =1
ub
3 2 6 a b c
 a = 3, b = 2, c = 6 x

y

z
1
 92 + 42 + 362 = (63)2 …[From (i)] 3 3 3
2 2 63 x y z
 49 = (63)   =  =  9    =3
P
7   
Since, as the line makes an obtuse angle with
86. The given equation of plane is 6x – 3y + 2z = 18
X-axis, a = 3 < 0,  =  9
x y z
 The required components are  27, 18,  54. i.e.   1
et
3 6 9
81. The direction ratios are same. Also both lines If a, b, c are intercepts made by the plane, then
pass through origin. a 00 0b0 00c
Centroid   , , 
 Given lines are coinciding lines.  3 3 3 
rg
3 0 0 06 0 9 0 0 
82. r = (3 î + 4 ĵ + ) + t ( 2 – 3 + 5)  G   , , 
 3 3 3 
= (3 + 2t) + (4 – 3t) + (1 + 5t)
 G  (1, 2, 3)
When the line crosses XY plane  z = 0
Ta
1 87. The given equations of plane is ax + by + cz = 1

 1 + 5t = 0  t = x y z
5 i.e. + + =1
1 1 1
83. The equation of the line joining the points a b c
(3, 5, – 7) and (– 2, 1, 8) is 1 1 1
x3 y 5 z   7   The intercepts made by the plane are , ,
= = a b c
2  3 1 5 8   7 
A   ,0,0  ; B   0, ,0  ; C   0,0, 
1 1 1

x3 y 5 z7 a   b   c
Let = = =
5 4 15 1 1 1
 x = 3 – 5, y = 5 – 4, z = 7 + 15  a 00 0 b 0 00 c 
 centroid   , , 
For YZ plane, x = 0  3 3 3 
 G   , , 
3 1 1 1
 3 – 5 = 0   =
5  3a 3b 3c 
344


88. Let equation of plane be lx + my + nz = p  Substituting value of  in equation (i), we get
x y z 7 21 42 49
i.e., + + =1 – x– y– z+ =0
p p p 2 2 2 2
l m n  x + 3y + 6z = 7
p   p   p Comparing with x + 3y + 6z = k, we get
 A   ,0,0  , B   0, ,0  , C   0,0, 
 l   m   n  k=7
If centroid of ABC is (x1, y1, z1), then 92. The equation of the plane through the line of
p p p intersection of the planes,
x1 = , y1 = , z1 =
3l 3m 3n 4x + 7y + 4z + 81 = 0 and 5x + 3y + 10z = 25
Now, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 is (4x + 7y + 4z + 81) + (5x + 3y + 10z – 25) = 0
p2 p2 p2 (4+ 5) x +(7+ 3) y + (4 +10)z + 81– 25 =0
 2
 2 2=1
9 x1 9 y1 9z1 …(i)
ns
1 1 1 9 It is parallel to x  4 y  6z  k ,
   
x12 y12 z12 p 2 4  5 7  3 4  10
  
89. The equation of line perpendicular to given plane 1 4 6
io
passing through (2, 2, 2) is =1
x2 y2 z2 Substituting value of  in equation (i), we get
= = =  (say)
1 1 1 – x + 4y – 6z + 106 = 0
at
Any general point on it is P  ( + 2,  + 2,  + 2)  x – 4y + 6z = 106
Since, P lies the plane x + y + z = 0 Hence k = 106
 +2++2++2=9=1
93. The equations of the planes bisecting the angle
 The foot of perpendicular is (3, 3, 3).
90.
lic
The required plane is perpendicular to the line
between the given planes are
a1 x  b1 y  c1z  d1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2z  d 2
=
x2 y4 z 5 a b c
2 2 2
a 22  b 22  c 22
= = =  (say) 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 x  y + 2z + 3 3 x  2 y + 6z + 8
 =
ub
the d.r.s of normal to the plane are proportional
2   1  2 32  (2) 2  62
2 2 2
to 1, 2, 2
 Equation of the plane is  7 (2x  y + 2z + 3) =  3(3x  2y + 6z + 8)
x + 2y + 2z + d = 0 ...(i)  7(2x – y + 2z + 3) = 3 (3x – 2y + 6z + 8)
Since it passes through the point (5, 1, 2), we or 7(2x – y + 2z + 3) = – 3 (3x – 2y + 6z + 8)
P
have  5x  y  4z  3 = 0 or 23x  13y + 32z + 45 = 0

(5) + 2(1) + 2(2) + d = 0
 d = – 11 94. The point (3, –2, 1) satisfies both the equations
et
 The equation (i) becomes x + 2y + 2z – 11 = 0 so it is the point of intersection

Any general point on the given line is given by Alternate method:
 + 2, 2 + 4, 2 + 5. x  3 y  2 z 1
Line is     (say)
This point lies in the required plane 3 2 1
rg
  + 2 + 2(2 + 4) + 2(2 + 5) – 11 = 0 x = 3  3; y = 2 + 2; z =   1

  + 2 + 4 + 8 + 4 + 10 – 11 = 0 Line intersects plane,
 9 + 9 = 0   = – 1 4x + 5y + 3z 5 = 0
Ta
 The point of intersection is  4(3  3) + 5(2 + 2) + 3(  1)  5 = 0

[(–1) + 2, 2(–1) + 4, 2(–1)+5]   = 2.
 (1, 2, 3)  The point of intersection is (3, 2, 1)
91. The equation of plane passing through the 95. The point (1, –2, 7) satisfies the given equation
intersection of the given planes is of plane. So it is the point of intersection.
(2x  5y + z  3) + (x + y + 4z  5) = 0 Alternate method:
 (2 + )x + (5 + )y The d.r.s ratios of the line joining the points
+ (1 + 4) z  3  5 = 0 …(i) (2, –3, 1) and (3, –4, –5) are 1, –1, –6
This plane is parallel to the plane x + 3y + 6z = 1  The equation of line is
2 5   1  4 x2 y3 z 1
 = = = = = (say)
1 3 6 1 1 6
11 Any general point on the line is
=
2 (  + 2, –  – 3, – 6 + 1)
345


The above point lies on the plane 98. Let 1 : x + 2y + 3z = 5
be two given planes
2x + y + z = 7 2 : x + 2y + 3z = 7
 2( + 2) + (–  – 3) + (– 6 + 1) = 7 Any plane parallel to the given planes and
 – 5 + 2 = 7 equidistant from these is given by
d1  d 2 57
=–1 x + 2y + 3z = =
2 2
 The point is (1, –2, 7)
i.e. x + 2y + 3z = 6
96. The equations of line is 99. Given planes are parallel,
x3 y4 z 5  the required plane is also parallel to them
= = = (say)
1 2 2 Let 3x + 4y + 5z +  = 0 be the required plane
Any point on the line is ( + 3, 2 + 4, 2 + 5) d1  d 2 6  6
  0
Since the point lies on the plane x + y + z = 17 2 2
ns
  + 3 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 5 = 17   = 1  the equation of required plane is
 The point is (4, 6, 7). 3x + 4y + 5z = 0
Hence, the required distance is
io
3  4   4  6  5  7
2 2 2
1. Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of the line.

= 12  22  22  3  a  b + c = 0 and …(i)
a  3b = 0
at
x y z …(ii)
97. The d.r.s ratios of the line = = are a b c
2 3 6   
3 1 2
2, 3,  6.
 the direction ratios of the line are 3, 1, 2.

2, 3, 6.
lic
The d.r.s of any line parallel to it are also
2. Let the d.r.s of the given line be a, b, c
 The equation of the line passing through Then, according to given condition of
P(1, 2, 3) and parallel to the given line is perpendicularity,
1.a + 2.b + 2.c = 0 …(i)
ub
x 1 y2 z 3
= = = (say) …(i) 0.a + 2.b + 1.c = 0 …(ii)
2 3 6
x y z
 
P(1, 2, 3) a = 2, b = 1 and c = 2
2 3 6
P
x  2 2y  5
3.  , z = 1
2 3
5
Q x2 y 2
 , z = 1
et

2 3
2
Any point on the line is 5
Q  (2 + 1, 3  2, 6 + 3) x2 y 2
rg
  , z = 1
The point Q lies on the plane x  y + z = 5. 4 3
 (2 + 1)  (3  2) + (6 + 3) = 5  d.r.s of given line are 4, 3, 0
 7 = 1  d.c.s of the line are
Ta
1 4 3 4 3
= , ,0 i.e., , ,0
7 4 3
2 2
4 3 2 2 5 5
9 11 15 
 Q   , ,  4. Given equation of line x = 4z + 3, y = 2 – 3z
7 7 7 x 3 y2
z= ,z=
 Required distance = l(PQ) = d 4 3
2 2 2 x 3 y2 z 0
 9   11   15   Equation of line is = =
 d=   1    2     3 4 3 1
7   7  7 
d.r.s of line are 4, –3, 1
2 2 2
 2   3   6  4 4
=        cos  = = ,
7 7  7  4  (3)  1
2 2 2
26
4 9 36 49 3 1
=   = =1 cos  = , cos  =
49 49 49 49 26 26
346


4 3 1 11. Equation of line AB in vector form is
 cos  + cos  + cos  = – +
26 26 26 
r = 6a  4b  4c   4c  {6a  4b  4c} 
2
=
26
 r = 6a  4b  4c   6a  4b  8c  …(i)
Equation of line CD in vector form is
5. The given equation is
x3
3
=
y  2 z 1
1
=
0

r  a  2b  5c   a  2b  3c  {a  2b  5c} 
The direction ratios of the above line are 3, 1, 0 
 r  a  2b  5c   2a  4b  2c  …(ii)
 n = cos  = 0   = 90 The point of intersection of AB and CD will
 The given straight line is perpendicular to satisfy
Z-axis. r  r
The line passes through (1, 2, 1)  6a  4b  4c   (6a  4b  8c)
ns
6.
Let other point be (x2, y2, z2)  a  2b  5c   (2a  4b  2c)
Direction ratio are 0, 6,  1
Comparing the coefficients of a and b , we get
 x2  1 = 0  x2 = 1
6  2 = 5 …(iii)
io
y2  ( 2) = 6  y2 = 4 2 + 2 = 3 …(iv)
z2  ( 1) =  1  z2 =  2 1
  = 1 and  =
2
at
7. Putting r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ in the given
Substituting value of  in equation (i), we get
equation, the point of intersection
  
x î + y ĵ + z k̂ = î  ˆj  kˆ +  ˆj  kˆ   Point of intersection r   4c i.e. point B.

lic
x î + y ĵ + z k̂ = î + (1 + ) ĵ + (1 + ) k̂ 12. Given equations of line are
 x = 1, y = 1 + , z = 1 +  r = (iˆ  2jˆ  k)
ˆ  (3iˆ  4k)
ˆ …(i)
 x = 1, y = z and r = (1  t) (4iˆ  ˆj)  t(2iˆ  ˆj  3k)
ˆ
ub
8. The equation of line passing through (a, b, c) and i.e., r = (4iˆ  ˆj)  t(2iˆ  2jˆ  3k)
ˆ …(ii)
xa y  b zc Now, d.r.s. of line (i) and (ii) are
having d.r.s. 0, 0, 1 is = =
0 0 1 a1, b1, c1 = 3, 0, 4
P
and a2, b2, c2 = 2, 2, 3

9. If a line is equally inclined to axes, then
3(2)  0(2)  (4)(3)
l=m=n=
1 cos  =
3 9  0  16 4  4  9
et
 d.r.s. of the line are 1, 1, 1 6

 cos  =
Given that the line passes through the point 5 17
(– 3, 2, – 5)  6 
  = cos1 
rg
x3 y2 z5 

 The equation of line is = =  5 17 
1 1 1
13. The d.r.s. of the lines are 2, 5, 3 and 1, 8, 4
10. Let a, b, c be the d.r.s. of the required line
Ta
 cos  = 2(1)  5(8)  ( 3)(4)

d.r.s. of the given lines are 2, –2, 1 and 1, –2, 2.
2  52  ( 3) 2 (1) 2  82  42
2
 2a – 2b + c = 0 …(i)
a – 2b + 2c = 0 …(ii)  cos  = 26
a b c 9 38
  
42 4 1  4  2 1  26 
  = cos  
a b c  9 38 
  
 2 3 2
14. The d.r.s. of the lines are 1, 0, 1 and 3, 4, 5
 Equation of the required line is
1(3)  0(4)  ( 1)(5) 2
x  3 y 1 z  2  cos  = =
  1  02  (1) 2
2
32  42  52 10
2 3 2
x  3 y 1 z  2 1
     = cos1  
2 3 2 5
347

2(1)  2(2)  (1)(2) 4 4 Given point A  (1, 8, 4)

15. cos = = 
4  4 1 1 4  4 9. 9 9  d.r.s of AD are 2 – 1, 8 – 11 – 8, –3 + 4 – 4
= 2 – 1, 8 – 19, –3
4
  = cos1   Since AD  BC,
9  
aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
16. a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (2) (1) + (5) (2) + (4) (3)  2(2 – 1) + 8(8 – 19) – 3(–3) = 0
=0  4 – 2 + 64 – 152 + 9 = 0
 Lines are perpendicular  77 = 154
  = 90 =2
17. The equation of given lines are  D  (4, 5, –2)
x y z x y z
= = and   22. Given equation of line is
ns
3 2 6 2 12 3
r   3  t  î  1  t  ˆj    2  2t  kˆ
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 3(2) + 2(12) + (6) (3)
=0  
 r  3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  î  ˆj  2kˆ t , where t  R
 Lines are perpendicular
 The line passes through (3, 1, –2) and is parallel
io
  = 90
to the vector î  ˆj  2 kˆ .
18. The first line is parallel to Z-axis and the second Equation of second line is
line is parallel to X-axis.
at
x = 4 + k, y = – k, z = – 4 – 2k,
 The angle between them is 90.
x 4 y z 4
    k, where k  R
19. a1,b1, c1, = 3, 2k, 2 and a2, b2, c2 = 3k, 1, 5
lic 1 1 2
Since the lines are perpendicular to each other,  d.r.s. of the line are 1, –1, –2. Also, it passes
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 through (3, 1, – 2).
 (– 3)(3k) + (2k)(1) + (2)(– 5) = 0  Both lines are coincident
 9k + 2k  10 = 0
23. Consider option (A)
ub
10
k=
7  5 10 
point  21, ,  satisfies both the equations of
 3 3
20. Given equations of lines are
line
x = ay + b, z = cy + d
P
xb y zd y  option (A) is correct answer

  ,  Alternate method:
a 1 c 1
xb y zd x 5 y 7 z  2
 Let   
  1
et
a 1 c 3 1
and x = ay + b, z = cy + d x 3 y 3 z 6
and   
x  b y z  d y 36 2 4
  ,   x = 3 + 5, y =   + 7, z =   2 and
rg
a 1 c 1
x  b y z  d x = 36  3, y = 2 + 3, z = 4 + 6
   5 10
a 1 c On solving, we get x = 21, y = ,z=
Since the lines are perpendicular to each other, 3 3
Ta
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

24. Consider option (B)
 aa + 1(1) + cc = 0
Point (2, 4, 5) satisfies both the equations of
 aa + cc = 1 the line.
21. Equation of line BC is  Option (B) is the correct answer.
x 0 y  11 z 4
= = 25. Consider option (B)
20 3 11 1 4
point (11, 4, 5) satisfies both the equations of
x y  11 z 4
 = = line
2 8 3
 option (B) is correct answer
x y  11 z 4
Let = = =
2 8 3 26. Consider option (B),
Any point D on the line is point (2, 3, 4) satisfies both the equations of line
 (2, 8 – 11, –3 + 4)  option (B) is correct answer
348


27. B 2
P  3 18 
= 1 9    
 70 70 
A
37
= units
10
C D
Q
30. Let M be the foot of perpendicular drawn from
Let the two lines be AB and CD having the point P(2, 3, 4) to the line
x ya z x 1 y  0 z 1
equations     and and   =
1 1 1 1 2 3
xa y z  M  ( + 1, 2, 3  1).
  .
2 1 1 The d.r.s of PM are   1, 2  3, 3  5
ns
Then, P  (,   a, ) and Q  (2  a, , ) Since PM is perpendicular to the given line,
According to the given condition, 1(1) + 2(2  3) + 3(3  5) = 0
  2  a   a     
    + 1 + 4  6 + 9  15 = 0
2 1 2
 14 = 20
io
   a and   3a
10
 P ≡ (3a, 2a, 3a) and Q ≡ (a, a, a) =
7
at
28. Let M be the foot of perpendicular drawn from  3 20 23 
the point P(1, 2, 3) to the line  M  , , 
 7 7 7 
x 6 y 7 z7
and = = = 
2
3   20  
2
23 
2
3 2 2  PM = 2    3    4  
 The co-ordinates of any point on the line are
lic  7  7   7 
M  (3 + 6, 2 + 7, 2 + 7) 289 1 25
 The d.r.s of PM are =  
49 49 49
3 + 6  1, 2 + 7  2, 2 + 7  3
ub
3
i.e., 3 + 5, 2 + 5,  2 + 4 . = 35
7
Since PM is perpendicular to the given line
whose d.r.s. are 3, 2, 2, 31. Let M be the foot of perpendicular drawn from
3(3 + 5) + 2(2 + 5)  2(2 + 4) = 0 the point P(1, 2, 1) to the line
P
 9 + 15 + 4 + 10 + 4  8 = 0 x 1 y  2 z  3
and   =
 17  + 17 = 0 2 1 2
  = 1  M  (2 + 1,  + 2, 2 + 3).
et
 M  (3, 5, 9) The d.r.s of PM are 2 ,  , 2 + 2

 PM =  3  12   5  2 2   9  32 Since PM is perpendicular to the given line,
= 4  9  36 = 7 2(2) + 1() + 2(2 + 2) = 0
rg
4
29. Since the point is (–2, 4, –5), =
9
 a = –2, b = 4, c = –5
Given equation of line is  1 14 19 
Ta
 M  , , 
x 3 y 4 z+8 9 9 9 
= =
3 5 6 64 16 100
Required distance =  
 x1 = –3, y1 = 4, z1 = –8 81 81 81
d.r.s of the line are 3, 5, 6
180 2 5
3 5 6 = 
 d.c.s are , , 9 3
70 70 70
Perpendicular distance of point from the line is 32. Let P = (2, –1, 4)
( a  x1) 2  (b  y1) 2  (c  z1) 2  Let the point Q on the line
x3 y2 z
  (a  x1 ) l  (b  y1 ) m + (c  z1 ) n 
2
  
10 7 1
2
 3(1) 0(5) 3(6)  be (10 – 3, –7 + 2) such that
= 12  0  32     
 70 70 70  PQ  give line.
349


The direction ratios of given line are 10, –7, 1 x y 1 z  2
35. Let = = =
 10(10 – 5) –7 (–7 + 3) 1 + ( – 4) = 0 1 2 3
 100 – 50 + 49 – 21 +  – 4 = 0
A (1, 6, 3)
1 P
= (2, –1, 4)
2
 3 1 M x y 1 z  2
 Q =  2,  ,   
 2 2 1 2 3
1 49
 | PQ | = 0 
4 4 B (x1, y1, z1)
50 Q Any general point on this line is
=  (3, 4)
4 M  (, 2 + 1, 3 + 2)
33. d.r.s. of the line joining (0, – 11, 4) and Let A  (1, 6, 3)
ns
(2, – 3, 1) are 2, 8, – 3. d.r.s. of AM are  – 1, 2 – 5, 3 – 1
x y 11 z4 Since AM is perpendicular to the given line,
 Equation of line is = = 1 ( – 1) + 2 (2 – 5) + 3 (3 – 1) = 0
2 8 3
 14 = 14
io
A (1, 8, 4)
 =1
 M = (1, 3, 5)
Now, M is the midpoint of AB.
at
x y 11 z  4
   1  x1 6  y1 3  z1 
2 8 3   , ,  = (1, 3, 5)
 2 2 2 
M
x y  11 z  4  x1 = 1, y1 = 0, z1 = 7
Let 
2 8

3

lic 36. Let
x  1 y +1 z  1
= = =
Any general point on this line is 2 2 1
M  (2, 8 – 11, – 3 + 4) any point on the line is
Let A  (1, 8, 4) P  (2 + 1, 2  1,   1)
ub
d.r.s. of AM are 2 – 1, 8 – 19, – 3 Let A  (1, 1, 1)
Since AM is perpendicular to the given line, Now, PA = 3
2 (2 – 1) + 8 (8 –19) – 3 (– 3) = 0  (2  1  1) 2  (2  1  1) 2  (  1  1) 2 = 3
 77 = 154
P
 4 2  4  2   2 = 3
=2
 92 = 9
 M  (4, 5, – 2)
=±1
34. The equation of the line joining the points  P  (3, 3, 0) or P  (1, 1, 2)
et
(– 9, 4, 5) and (11, 0, – 1) is
x+9 y4 z5 x  1 y  2 z 1
= = 37. Let = = =
11  9 04 1  5 3 2 1
A (1, 0, 2)
rg
x+9 y4 z 5
 = =
20 4 6
x+9 y4 z5 x 1 y  2 z 1
 = =  
10 2 3
Ta
3 2 1
 The d.r.s. of the given line are 10, 2, 3
x+9 y 4 z 5 B
Let = = = Any general point on this line is
10 2 3
B (3 – 1, – 2 + 2, –  – 1)
 Any point on the line is
Let A  (1, 0, 2)
P  (10  9, 2 + 4, 3 + 5)
 d.r.s. of AB are 3 – 2 , – 2 + 2 , –  – 3
 The d.r.s.of OP are Since, AB is perpendicular to the given line,
10  9, – 2 + 4, –3 + 5  3 (3 – 2) – 2 (– 2 + 2) – 1 (–  – 3) = 0
Since the given line is perpendicular to OP,
 14 = 7
10(10  9) – 2(– 2 + 4) – 3(– 3 + 5) = 0 1
 100  90 + 4 – 8 + 9 – 15 = 0 =
2
 113 = 113
1 3 
=1  B   , 1, 
2 2 
 P  (1, 2, 2)
350

38.   
r  6iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ  t î  2ˆj  2kˆ and  2(3 – 8) – (k + 1) (2 – 4) – 1 (4 – 3) = 0
 – 10 + 2k + 2 – 1 = 0
r   4iˆ  kˆ   s  3iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ  9
k=
Let a1 = 6iˆ  2jˆ  2kˆ , a2 = 4iˆ  kˆ , 2
b1 = î  2jˆ  2kˆ , b2 = 3iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ 42. Since the given lines intersect each other,
a 2 – a1 = 10iˆ  2jˆ  3kˆ 2 1 3  2 1  3
b1 × b 2 = 8iˆ  8jˆ  4kˆ k 2 3 =0
3 k 2
b1 × b 2 = 12
 1(4  3k) 1(2k  9)  2(k2  6) = 0
(b1 × b 2 )  (a 2 – a1 )  2k2 + 5k  25 = 0
Shortest distance =
ns
b1 × b 2 5
k= , 5
108
2
= =9
12 43. Let the equation of a line passing through the
x y z
io
39. First line passes through (x1, y1, z1) = (3, 8, 3) origin be = = .
and has d.r.s. (a1, b1, c1) = (3, 1, 1) a b c
Second line passes through This meets the lines
(x2, y2, z2) = (3, 7, 6) and has d.r.s.
at
8
x2 y 1 z 1 x
(a2, b2, c2) = (3, 2, 4) = = and 3 = y  3 = z 1
 Shortest distance (d) between them is 1 2 1 2 1 1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1 8
3 1
a1 b1 c1
lic 
2 1 1
a b c = 0 and
3
=0
a2 b2 c2 a b c
d= 1 2 1 2 1 1
 b1c2  b 2c1    c1a 2  c 2a1    a1b 2  a 2 b1 
2 2 2
ub
6 15 3  a + 3b + 5c = 0 and 3a + b  5c = 0
3 1 1 a b c
 = =
3 2 4 5 5 2
=
(4  2) 2  (3  12) 2  (6  3) 2 Thus, the equation of the line through the origin
P
6(4  2)  15(12  3)  3(6  3)

intersecting the given lines is
= x y z
36  225  9 = =   (say)
5 5 2
et
270
= = 3 30 The co-ordinates of any point on this line are
270
(5, 5, 2).
40. Here, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, 1) The co-ordinates of any point on
rg
(x2, y2, z2) = (2, 2, 3) x2 y 1 z 1

(a1, b1, c1) = (3, 1, 2) = = = 1(say) are
1 2 1
(a2, b2, c2) = (1, 2, 3)
(1 + 2, 21 + 1, 1  1).
3 0 4
Ta
If these two lines intersect, then

3 1 2
5 = 1 + 2, 5 = 21 + 1 and 2 = 1  1
d= 1 2 3 = 17  17  1 = 3 and  = 1
(3  4)  (2  9)  (6  1)
2 2 2
75 5 3
So, the co-ordinates of P are (5, 5, 2).
41. Since the given lines intersect each other, Similarly, co-ordinates of Q are  10 , 10 , 8 
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1  3 3 3
2 2 2
a1 b1 c1 =0  PQ2 =  10  5  +  10  5  +  8  2  = 6
a2 b2 c2  3   3  3 
3 1 k 1 0 1
44. n  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ
 2 3 4 =0
1 2 1  n̂ 
1
14

2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ 
351


The equation of required plane is Alternate method:
r . nˆ = d n  4iˆ  4jˆ  4kˆ , a  4iˆ  5jˆ  6kˆ
 r.
1
14

2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ =  3
14
 equation of plane is
rn  an

 r . 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ = 3   r   4iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ  =  4iˆ  5jˆ  6kˆ  .  4iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ 
45. Let A  (1, 1, 2)  4x + 4y + 4z = 16 + 20 + 24
 x + y + z – 15 = 0
 a =  î  ˆj  2kˆ
n = î  ˆj  kˆ 52. The plane passes through (1, 2, 2)
 equation of plane is r  n = a  n option (B)
   
 r  î  ˆj  kˆ = î  ˆj  2kˆ  î  ˆj  kˆ  Also, it has d.r.s. 1, 2, 2.
ns
 option (B) is correct answer.
 r   î  ˆj  kˆ  = 2
53. Let M (1, 2, 3) be the foot of perpendicular from
46. The d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are 1, 2, 3 the origin O(0, 0, 0) to the plane
io
 the d.c.s. of the normal to the plane are d.r.s. of normal are 1, 2, 3
1 2 3  the equation of the required plane is
, ,
1  2   3 
2 2 2
1  2   3
2 2 2
1  2   3 
2 2 2 1(x 1) + 2(y 2) + 3(z 3) = 0
 x 1 + 2y  4 + 3z  9 = 0
at
1 2 3
i.e., , , .  x + 2y + 3z 14 = 0
14 14 14
Consider the option (B)
47. d.c.s of normal to the plane are point (7, 2, 1) satisfies the above equation of plane.
cos
π π π
, cos , cos =
1
,
1
,0
lic  option (B) is correct answer.
4 4 2 2 2
8
Equation of the plane is lx + my + nz = p 54. The plane is y = which is parallel to XZ-plane
x y 5
 + =
ub
2  Foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin
2 2
x+y=2  8 
  0, ,0 
 5 
48. 5x  3y + 6z = 60
5 x 3 y 6z x y z 55. The plane passes through (2, 6, 3)
P
   1    1
60 60 60 12 20 10 It satisfies option (D)
 the intercepts are (12, –20, 10). Alternate Method:
49. The plane  is parallel to Y-axis. The d.r.s of OP are 2 – 0, 6 – 0, 3 – 0 i.e., 2, 6, 3
et
The plane passes through P(2, 6, 3).

 Y intercept is zero
x z  the equation of the required plane is
 the equation of plane is  1 2(x  2) + 6(y  6) + 3(z  3) = 0
4 3
rg
 3x + 4z = 12  2x + 6y + 3z = 49
50. The intercepts made by the plane are 56. Let the XZ plane divides the line segment
a, b, c = l, m, n joining the given points in the ratio k : 1 at the
point P (x, y, z).
Ta
 The distances of plane from origin is

1 ka  3 4k  2
d=  x= ,y=
1 1 1 k 1 k 1
 
a 2 b2 c2 3k  b
z=
1 1 1 1 1 k 1
k=  2 2 2 2
1 1 1 l m n k Since P (x, y, z) lie on the XZ plane, its y
 
l 2 m2 n 2 co-ordinate will be zero.
4k  2
51. Let P  (2, 3, 4) and Q  (6, 7, 8)  0=
k 1
If R is the mid-point of PQ,
 R  (4, 5, 6)  –4k + 2 = 0
This point satisfies the equation of plane in 1
k=
option (D) 2
 option (D) is correct answer  k:1=1:2
352


57. Let the XY plane divides the line segment and 1.a + 5b + 4c = 0 …(iii)
joining the given points in the ratio k : 1 at the On solving (ii) and (iii), we get
point P (x, y, z). a =  4, b = 4, c =  4
ka  2  2k  3  equation of required plane is x  y + z = 1
 x= ,y=
k 1 k 1
63. Point (2, 1, 2) lies in the plane
 3k  5 x + 3y  z +  = 0
z=
k 1  2 + 3(1)  (2) +  = 0
Since P (x, y, z) lie on the XY plane, its z  2 +  = 5 …(i)
co-ordinate will be zero. Also, the d.r.s of the normal are perpendicular
 3k  5 to the given plane.
 0=
k 1  3(1) + (5)(3) + (2)() = 0
 – 3k – 5 = 0  3  15  2 = 0
ns
5   = 6
k=  Substituting value of  in equation (i), we get
3
=7
58. r = (1  p  q) a + p b + q c
io
64. The d.r.s. of the line are 1, 2, 3.
 
 r = a + p b  a + q c  a …(i)  The line is perpendicular to the plane
Comparing with r  A   B  C ,  The d.r.s. of plane are 1, 2, 3

at
the equation (i) represents a plane passing The equation of plane passing through (2, 3, 4) is
a(x – 2) + b(y – 3) + c(z – 4) = 0 …(i)
through a point having position vector a and
 1(x – 2) + 2(y – 3) + 3(z – 4) = 0
parallel to the vectors b  a and c  a .  x + 2y + 3z = 20
59. The equation of plane passing through
lic 65. The plane passes through (1, 1, 1) and
(1, 2, 3) and (2, 2, 1) and parallel to X-axis is (1, 1, 1)
x 1 y  2 z  3 The above points satisfies the equation of plane
2  1 2  2 1  3 = 0 in option (B)
ub
1 0 0  option (B) is correct answer.
 (y  2)(4) + (z + 3)(4) = 0 66. The plane passes through A(2, 2, 2) and
y+z+1=0 B(2, 2, 2)
P
60. The plane passes through (2, 3, 4) The above points satisfies the equation of plane
This point satisfies the equation of plane in in option (A)
option (B)  option (A) is correct answer.
et
Also, it has d.r.s. 5, –6, 7. 67. The plane passes through (0, 1, 2) and
 option (B) is correct answer. (–1, 0, 3)
61. Normal vector of plane is The above points satisfies the equation of plane
in option (D)
rg
î ˆj kˆ
2 3 4 = 28iˆ  16jˆ  2kˆ
1  1 2  2 3  1 68. The d.r.s. of the line joining the points
(4, 1, 2) and (3, 2, 3) are 7, 3, 1
Ta
Direction ratios of the normal to plane will be The plane passes through (10, 5, 4)
(14, –8, –1)
 The equation of required plane is
62. The plane passes through the line 7 (x + 10)  3 (y 5) 1 (z  4) = 0
x 3 y 6 z 4  7x + 70  3y + 15  z + 4 = 0
  i.e. through (3, 6, 4)
1 5 4  7x  3y  z + 89 = 0
The points (3, 2, 0) and (3, 6, 4) satisfies option
69. The equation of the plane is
(A)
b(x – 1) + c(y – 1) + a(z – 1) = 0 …(i)
 option (A) is correct answer.
Now, 2001 = 3  23  29
Alternate method:
Since, a  b  c
The equation of plane passing through (3, 2, 0) is
 a = 3, b = 23 and c = 29
a(x  3) + b(y  2) + c(z  0) = 0 …(i)
Substituting the values of a, b, c in equation (i),
 a(3  3) + b(6  2) + c(4  0) = 0 we get
 0.a + 4b + 4c = 0 …(ii) 23x + 29y + 3z = 55
353


70. The equation of plane passing through (2, –1, –3) is 74. Equation of plane passing through
a(x  2) + b(y + 1) + c(z + 3) = 0 (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1) and (3, 1, 2) is
Also, as the plane is parallel is the given two lines, x 1 y  2 z  3
 3a + 2b  4c = 0 and 2a  3b + 2c = 0 2 1 3  2 1  3  0
 a = 8, b = 14, c = 13 3 1 1  2 2  3
 The equation of the required plane is
8(x  2)  14(y + 1)  13(z + 3) = 0 x 1 y  2 z  3
 8x + 14y + 13z + 37 = 0  1 1 2  0
2 1 1
71. The vector equation of the plane passing
 
through the point A a and parallel to the non-  (x – 1) (–3) – (y – 2) (3) + (z – 3) (–3) = 0
 –3x + 3 – 3y + 6 – 3z + 9 = 0
zero vectors b and c is  x + y +z = 6
   
ns
r  b × c = a  b× c Comparing the above equation with
ax + by + cz = d, we get
Here, a = – î  2ˆj  5kˆ , b = 4iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ ,
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
c = î  ˆj  kˆ Now, a + 2b + 3c = (1) + 2(1) + 3(1) = 6
io
î ˆj kˆ
75. The equation of the required plane is
 b  c = 4 1 3 (x + 2y + 3z + 4) + (4x + 3y + 2z + 1) = 0
1 1 1
at
…(i)
= 2iˆ  7ˆj  5kˆ The plane passes through origin i.e., (0, 0, 0)
 4+=0=–4
     
a  b  c = î  2ˆj  5kˆ  2iˆ  7ˆj  5kˆ  Substituting value of  in equation (i), we get
= (–1) (–2) + 2 (7) + (–5) (5)
lic – 15x – 10y – 5z = 0
= –9  3x + 2y + z = 0
 The vector equation of the plane is
 
r  2iˆ  7ˆj  5kˆ = –9 76. The plane passes through (2, 1, 0)
ub
It satisfies option (C)
72. Equation of plane passing through (1, 0, 2), The equation of the required plane is
(–1, 1, 2) and (5, 0, 3) is (x  2y + 3z  4) + (x  y + z  3) = 0
x  1 y0 z 2 …(i)
P
11 1  0 2  2 = 0 The plane passes through (2, 1, 0).

5 1 0  0 3  2  (2 – 2 + 0 – 4) +  (2 – 1 + 0 – 3) = 0
x 1 y z 2 =–2
et
 2 1 0 =0 Substituting value of  in (i), we get

4 0 1 x+z+2=0
xz=2
 (x – 1) – y (–2) + (z – 2) (–4) = 0
rg
 x – 1 + 2y – 4z + 8 = 0 77. The equation of the required plane is given by

 x + 2y – 4z + 7 = 0 2x – y – 4 +  (y + 2z – 4) = 0 …(i)
73. Equation of plane passing through (1, 2, 3), This plane passes through (1, 1, 0)
Ta
(1, 4, 2) and (3, 1, 1) is  2(1) – 1 – 4 + (1 + 0 – 4) = 0

x 1 y  2 z  3   = –1
1  1 4  2 2  3  0 Substitution  = –1 in (i), we get
3 1 1  2 1 3 2x – y – 4 – 1 (y + 2z – 4) = 0
 x – y –z = 0
x 1 y  2 z  3
 2 2 1  0 78. The d.r.s of normal to the given planes are
2 1 2 1, 2, 2 and –5, 3, 4
 (x  1) (4 –1)  (y  2) (4 + 2) (1)( 5)  (2)(3)  (2)(4) 3 2
 cos  = =
+ (z  3) (2  4) = 0 1 2 2
2 2 2
( 5)  3  4
2 2 2 10
 5x + 5  6y + 12  2z + 6 = 0 3 2 
 5x  6y  2z + 23 = 0   = cos1  
 5x + 6y + 2z = 23  10 
354

79.   
r  miˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  3  0  r  miˆ  ˆj  2kˆ = 3  82. The equation of plane passing through
(4, 4, 0) is a(x – 4) + b(y – 4) + c(z – 0) = 0
r   2iˆ  mjˆ  kˆ   5  0  r   2iˆ  mjˆ  kˆ  = 5  a(x – 4) + b (y – 4) + cz = 0 …(i)
Since plane (i) is perpendicular to the planes,
Here, n1 = miˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and n 2 = 2iˆ  mjˆ  kˆ
2x + y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x + 3y + 2z – 8 = 0
n1  n 2  2a + b + 2c = 0, and …(ii)
 cos  = 3a + 3b + 2c = 0 …(iii)
n1 n 2
 cos

=
 miˆ  ˆj  2kˆ    2iˆ  mjˆ  kˆ  a = –4, b = 2, c = 3
Substituting the values of a, b, c in (i), we get
3 m2  1  4 4  m2  1
–4(x – 4) + 2(y – 4) + 3z = 0
1 2m  m  2  –4x + 16 + 2y – 8 + 3z = 0
 = …(Cosidering positive value)
 4x – 2y – 3z = 8
ns
2 m2  5
 m2 + 5 = 6m  4
 m2  6m + 9 = 0
83. sin  
 2iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ   10iˆ  2ˆj  11kˆ 
 (m  3)2 = 0 4  9  36. 100  4  121
io
m=3
80. Here, n 1  pi  j  2k and n 2  2i  pj  k 20  6  66 8
= =
7.15 21
at
n1 . n 2
 cos =
n1 n 2  8 
  = sin–1  
 21 
  pi  j  2k   2i  pj  k 
 cos 
3 p2  1  4 4  p2  1
lic 84. The d.r.s. of line are 3, 4, 5 and
the d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 2, 1
  2p + p  2   The angle between line and plane is
 =  2 
2  p 5  aa1  bb1  cc1
ub
sin  =
 3p  2 a  b 2  c 2  a12  b12  c12
2
 = 2 ...(considering positive value)
2 p 5
(2)(3)  ( 2)(4)  (1)(5)
 p2 + 5 = 6p  4 =
22  ( 2) 2  (1) 2  32  42  52
 p2  6P + 9 = 0
P
 (p  3)2 = 0 =
3

1
=
2
p=3 9 50 5 2 10
81. Let the d.r.s of the normal to the plane be
et
85. The d.r.s. of line are 2, 2, 1 and

proportional to a, b, c.
It passes through (1, 0, 0) the d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 2, 1
 the equation of the plane is  The angle between line and plane is
rg
a(x  1) + b(y  0) + c(z  0) = 0 …(i) 4  4 1 1

sin  = =
Also, the plane passses through (0, 1, 0). 4  4 1 4  4 1 9
 a(1) + b(1) + c(0) = 0 1 1
  = sin–1 = tan–1
a= b …(ii)
Ta
9 4 5
Now, the angle between the required plane and
 86. The d.r.s. of line are 2, –1, 1 and
the plane x + y = 3 is . the d.r.s. of normal to the plane are –3, 4, 1
4
 a(1)  b(1)  c(0)  The angle between line and plane is
 cos  6  4  1 9 9
4 a 2  b2  c2 1  1 sin  =  
4  1  1 9  16  1 156 156
1 ab
   9 
2 a  b 2  c2 2
2
  = sin–1  
 156 
 a2 + b2 + c2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab  9 
= sin–1  
 c2 = 2ab …(iii)  2 39 
From (ii) and (iii), we get  5 
= cos–1  
a : b : c = a : a : 2a = 1 : 1 : 2  2 13 
355


87. The d.r.s. of line are 1, 2, 2 and 92. The d.r.s. of the XY-plane are 0, 0, 1
the d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, 1,  the d.r.s. of the given line are l, m, n
1(2)  2(1)  2(  ) Since, the line is parallel to the plane
 sin  =  aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
1 4  4  4 1 
 l(0) + m(0) + n(1) = 0
1 2 
 = n=0
3 3 5
 2  = 5 x4 y2 zk
93. line   lies on the plane
4=5+ 1 1 2
5 2x  4y + z = 7.
=
3  Point (4, 2, k) lies on the plane 2x  4y + z = 7
 2(4)  4(2) + k = 7
88. d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 2, –3, 6
k=7
ns
d.r.s. of X-axis are 1, 0, 0.
 The angle between the plane and X-axis is 94. Line is perpendicular to normal of plane
sin  =
aa1  bb1  cc1
a 2  b 2  c2 a12  b12  c12
 
 2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ . l î  mjˆ  kˆ  0
io
2l  m  3 = 0 …(i)
2 1  3  0   6  0 
= (3,  2, 4) lies on the plane lx+my – z = 9
4  9  36  1
 3l  2m + 4 = 9
at
2  3l  2m = 5 …(ii)
=
7 Solving (i) and (ii)
  = sin–1  
2 l = 1, m = 1
7 l2 + m2 = 2
But  = sin–1 
lic
95. Let the position vector of Q be
2
 =
7  î  ˆj  2kˆ  +   3iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ 
ub
89. The d.r.s. of line are 1, 2,  and = (3 + 1) î + (  1) ĵ + (5 + 2) k̂
The d.r.s. of normal to the plane are 1, 2, 3.  PQ = (3  2) î + (  3) ĵ + (5  4) k̂
1(1)  2( 2)   (3)
 sin  = Since PQ is parallel to the plane,
1  4  9 1  4  2

P
(32)(1) + (3)(4) + (54)(3) = 0

5  3
 sin  = 1
14 5   2   
4
(5  3) 2
et
 sin2  = 96. The plane passes through points (– 3, 0, 2) and

14(5   2 )
(3, 2, 6)
5 (5  3) 2  5  This points satisfies the equation of plane in
1 = ....  cos   (given) 
14 14(5   ) 2
 14  option (D)
rg
9 25  30  9 2  option (D) is correct answer.

 =
14 14(5   2 ) 97. Lines are coplanar if
On solving, we get x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1
Ta
2 a1 b1 c1 =0
=
3 a2 b2 c2
90. Let a, b, c = 3, 2 + , 1 and a1, b1, c1 = 1, 2, 0 1 2 4  3 5  4
Since the line lies on the plane,  1 1 k = 0
aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0
k 2 1
 3(1) + (2 + ) (2) + (1) (0) = 0
1 1 1 1
=
2  1 1 k = 0
k 2 1
91. The line is parallel to the plane if
aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0  1(1 + 2k) 1(1 + k2) + 1(2  k) = 0
Consider option (B), 2(3) + 1(4)  2(5) = 0  k2 + 3k = 0
 2x + y  2z = 0 is the required plane.  k = 0,  3
356


x y z 3(6)  6(2)  2(3)  10
98. The equation of the plane is   =1 d=
8 4 4
(3)2  (6) 2  (2) 2
i.e., x + 2y + 2z = 8
 The length of the perpendicular from origin to 18  12  6  10
=
the plane is 9  36  4
8 8 14 14
d= = = =
1 4  4 3 49 7
 d=2
99. The equations of the plane with reference to the
two systems of rectangular axes are 103. Here, a = 2, b = 1, c = 2, d = 5, x = 2, y = 1,
x y z z=0
  1 …(i)
a b c 2(2)  1(1)  2(0)  5
 d=
ns
X Y Z 22  12  22
and + + = 1 …(ii)
a b c
10 10
Since the origin of axes is same. = =
9 3
 Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) on
io
plane (i) î ˆj kˆ
= Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) on
plane (ii) 104. Normal vector n̂ = 1 2 3
at
1 1 2 1 1
 =
1 1 1
 
1

1

1 = î (2  3)  ˆj(1  6)  kˆ (1  4)
a 2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
= 5iˆ  7ˆj  3kˆ
1 1 1
a
1
b c a b c
1 1
 2  2  2  2  2  2 0
lic Let A  (1, 1, 1)
 a = î  ˆj  kˆ
100. Since the line is parallel to XY-plane, the
 Equation of the plane is
distance of the point P (6, 7, 8) from this plane
ub
is equal to its Z co-ordinate i.e. 8 units. 5(x  1) + 7(y + 1) + 3(z + 1) = 0
 5x + 7y + 3z + 5 = 0

101. Given equation of plane is r  3iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ = 13  Distance of (1, 3, 7) from the above plane is
5(1)  7(3)  3(7)  5
The vector form of the equation is
P
d=
3x + 2y + 6z = 13 25  49  9
  3x + 2y + 6z  13 = 0 10
= units
Given point  (2, 3, ) 83
et
 Distance of the point from the plane

105. n  2i  j  2k and p = 5
ax1  by1  cz1  d
= n 2i  j  2k 2i  j  2k
a 2  b 2  c2 n̂   =
rg
n 4 1 4 3
3(2)  2(3)  6()  13
5=
9  4  36  The vector equation of the plane is r.nˆ  p
6  1  2i  j  2k 
Ta
5=  r.   = 5
7 3
 
 6  1 =  35
17

  
 r. 2i  j  2k = 15 
  = 6,
3 106. The equation of a plane passing through
102. (1, – 2, 1) is
P (6, 2, 3) a(x – 1) + b(y + 2) + c(z  1) = 0 …(i)
Plane (i) is perpendicular to planes
2x – 2y + z = 0 and x – y + 2z = 4.
M 3x  6y + 2z + 10 = 0  2a – 2b + c = 0, and …(ii)
a – b + 2c = 0 …(iii)
Distance of point P from the given plane is Solving (ii) and (iii), we get
given by a = 3, b = 3, c = 0
357


Substituting the values of a, b, c in equation (i), 109. The equation of the plane passing through
we get (–1, 3, 0) is
x+y+1=0 a(x + 1) + b(y – 3) + c(z –0) = 0 …(i)
 The distance of this plane from (1, 2, 2) is Also, the plane passes through the points
1 2 1 (2, 2, 1) and (1, 1, 3).
d= 2 2  3a – b + c = 0 …(ii)
11
2a – 2b + 3c = 0 …(iii)
107. Equation of L1 i.e., the line of intersection Solving (ii) and (iii), we get
of the first two given planes is a =  1, b =  7, c =  4
(2x – 2y + 3z – 2) +  (x – y + z + 1) = 0 Substituting the values of a, b, c in equation (i),
 ( + 2) x – (2 + ) y we get
+ ( + 3) z + ( – 2) = 0 …(i) 1(x + 1)  7(y – 3)  4(z) = 0
 x + 7y + 4z – 20 = 0
ns
Equation of L2 i.e., the line of intersection of the
next two given planes is  The distance of this plane from the point
(1 + 3) x + (2 – ) y (5, 7, 8) is
+ (2 – 1) z – ( + 3) = 0 …(ii) 1(5)  7(7)  4(8)  20 66
d=   66
io
Since, equations (i) and (ii) represent the same 1 7 4
2 2 2
66
plane.
 by comparing, we get 110. Lines L1 and L2 are parallel to the vectors
at
2λ 2  λ b1 = 3 î + ĵ + 2 k̂ and b2 = î + 2 ĵ + 3 k̂
=
1  3 2 respectively.
3  The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2
 1 + 3 =  – 2 =– is
3
lic2
b1  b 2
Substituting  = – in (ii), we get n̂ 
2 b1  b 2
7x – 7y + 8z + 3 = 0 î ˆj kˆ
ub
Perpendicular distance from the origin (0, 0, 0) Now, b1  b2 = 3 1 2 =  î  7 ĵ + 5 k̂
7  0  7  0  8 0  3 3 1 2 3
= =
7 2  7 2  82 162
3 1
 n̂ =
1
 î  7ˆj  5kˆ 
P
5 3
= =
9 2 3 2
111. Given equation of locus xy + yz = 0
108. The equation of a plane passing through the line  y (x + z) = 0
et
of intersection of the planes  y = 0 or x + z = 0

x + 2y + 3z = 2 and x – y + z = 3 is The planes y = 0 and x + z = 0 perpendicular to
(x + 2y + 3z – 2) + (x  y + z – 3) = 0 each other.
 x(1 + ) + y(2  ) + z(3 + ) – 2 – 3 = 0
rg
112. x2  5x + 6 = 0
…(i)
 (x – 2) = 0 or (x  3) = 0, which represents a
2
This plane is at a distance of units from plane.
3
Ta
(3, 1, – 1). 113. Here, the co-ordinates of A, B, C are (3a, 0, 0)

3(1  )  1(2  )  1(3  )  2  3 2 (0, 3b, 0) and (0, 0, 3c) respectively.
 
(1  ) 2  (2  ) 2  (3  ) 2 3  The centroid is (a, b, c).
2 2
  114. Let A  (a, 0, 0), B  (0, b, 0) and C  (0, 0, c)
3  4  14
2
3 The equation of the plane in intercept form is
Squaring both sides, we get x y z
  =1
2 2 7 a b c
3 + 4 + 14 = 3  4 = –14   =
2 Since, centriod is (6, 6, 3)
Substituting value of  in equation (i), we get x1  x2  x3
 6=
5 11 z 17 3
 x y  = 0
2 2 2 2 a 00
6=  a = 18
 5x – 11y + z – 17 = 0 3
358


0b0 Substituting the value of  in equation (i), we get
Similarly = 6  b = 18
3 11
(2x – 5y + z  3)  (x + y + 4z  5) = 0
00c 2
=3c=9
3  –7x – 21y – 42z + 49 = 0
x y z  x + 3y + 6z –7 = 0
 The equation of plane is   =1
18 18 9 119. The planes are concurrent,
 x + y + 2z 18 = 0 1  c b
115. Given equation of plane is ax + by + cz = 1  c 1 a = 0
b a 1
1   1 
 A   , 0 , 0  , B   0, , 0  and
a   b   a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc – 1 = 0
 a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 – 2abc
 1
ns
C  0 , 0 , 
 c 120. The point (5, –1, 1) satisfies both the equations
 it is the point of intersection
 1 1 1  1 1 
 Centroid   , ,  =  , , 1  option (D) is correct
 3a 3b 3c  6 3 
io
 3a = 6  a = 2 121. The point (10, 10, 3) satisties both the equations.
3b = –3  b = –1  it is the point of intersection.
 option (B) is correct
at
1
3c = 1  c =
3 x 1 y  2 z
122. The point of intersection of  
1 2 3 1
 a + b + 3c = 2 – 1 + 3   = 2
3 and 2x – y + z = 0 is (–1, –2, 0).
lic  Required distance = (1)2  (2)2 = 5
116. The d.r.s. of PM are x1 – 1, y1 – 3, z1 – 4

The d.r.s. of normal n to the plane are 2, –1, 1 123. The point (–4, –3, 0) satisfies the given equations

The d.r.s. of PA and n are parallel  correct answer is option (D).
ub
x1  1 y1  3 z1  4
    124.
2 1 1 A (1, 2, 3)
 x1 = 2 + 1, y1 = – + 3, z1 =  + 4
M lies on 2x – y + z + 3 = 0
P
M
 2(2 + 1) – (– + 3) +  + 4 + 3 = 0
 6 = –6   = –1
 M = (–1, 4, 3) B (3, 6, –1)
et
M is the midpoint.
1 9 7  M = (2, 4, 1)
117. [a b c] 8 2 7  = [0 0 0] d.r.s. of AB : 2, 4, –4
rg
7 3 7  Equation of plane is

2(x – 2) + 4(y – 4) – 4(z – 1) = 0
 a + 8b + 7c = 0, 9a + 2b + 3c = 0,
7a + 7b + 7c = 0  x + 2y – 2z – 8 = 0
 a = 1, b = 6, c = 7 125.
Ta
P(a, b, c) lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1. A (1, 2, 3)

 7a + b + c = 7 + 6  7 = 6
118. The equation of the required plane is M
(2x – 5y + z  3) + (x + y + 4z  5) = 0
…(i)
 (2 + )x + (5 + )y + (1 + 4)z + ( 3 – 5) = 0 B (3, 4, 5)
Since, this plane is parallel to x + 3y + 6z = 1 M is the midpoint.
2   5   1  4 M = (2, 3, 4)
  
1 3 6 d.r.s. of AB : 2, 2, 2
On solving, we get Equation of plane is
11 2(x – 2) + 2(y – 3) + 2(z – 4) = 0
= 
2 x+y+z=9
359


x  2 y 1 z  2 x y z
126. Let = = = 129. The d.r.s. of the line = = are 1, 4, 5
3 4 12 1 4 5
 the co-ordinates of any point on the line are  The d.r.s. of any line parallel to it are also
P  (3 + 2, 4  1, 12 + 2) 1, 4, 5
This point lies on the plane x  y + z = 16 The equation of the line passing through
 3 + 2  4 + 1 + 12 + 2 = 16 Q (1, 2, 3)
 11 = 11   = 1 x 1 y  2 z  3
  = (say) …(i)
1 4 5
 P  (5, 3, 14)
 Let Q  (1, 0, 2) x y z Q(1, 2, 3)
 
1 4 5
 distance PQ is given by
ns
d= (5  1) 2  (3  0) 2  (14  2) 2  13
127. Given planes are p

2x + y + 2z – 8 = 0
io
4x + 2y + 4z – 16 = 0 …(i)
and 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 …(ii)
P  ( + 1, 4  2, 5 + 3)
at
The distance between two parallel planes is
The point P lies on the plane
d1  d 2 16  5 21 7 2x + 3y  4z + 22 = 0
d= = = =
a b c
2 2 2
4 2 4
2 2 2 6 2
 2( + 1) + 3(4  2)  4 (5 + 3) + 22 = 0
128. P (1, –2, 1)
lic  6 = 6
=1
 P = (2, 2, 8)
ub
 Required distance = l(PQ) = d
x + 2y – 2z = 
M d= (2  1) 2  (2  2) 2  (8  3) 2
= 1  16  25
P
Distance of point P (1, –2, 1) from the  d= 42 units
x + 2y – 2z =  plane is 5 x y z
130. Since line PQ is parallel to line  
1 4  2   1 4 5
et
 5
1 4  4  d.r.s. of PQ are 1, 4, 5
 |  + 5| = 15  Equation of line PQ passing through P(1, 2, 3)
  + 5 =  15 is
rg
x 1 y 2 z 3
  = 10, – 20 = =
1 4 5
  = 10 ...(  > 0) x 1 y 2 z 3
Let = = =
Ta
The equation of line PM whose d.r.s. are 1, 2, –2 is 1 4 5

x 1 y  2 z 1 Any point R on PQ  ( + 1, 4  2, 5 + 3)
  = (say) Since point R lies in the plane
1 2 2
The co-ordinates of M are ( + 1, 2 – 2, –2 + 1) 2x + 3y  4z + 22 = 0
Since, M lies on the plane  2( + 1) + 3(4  2)  4(5 + 3) + 22 = 0
 6y + 6 = 0
x + 2y – 2z = 10
=1
  + 1 + 4 – 4 + 4 – 2 = 10
 R  (2, 2, 8)
5
 9 = 15   = PQ = 2PR
3
= 2 (2  1) 2  (2  2)2  (8  3) 2
 8 4 7 
Hence, the co-ordinates of M are  , ,  .
3 3 3  = 2 42 units
360


131. Let A = (5, –1, 4), B = (4, –1, 3) 132. The line of intersection of first two planes is
AB = î  kˆ  AB = 2 8
B x5 y z3
= =
0 3 5a
A
It must lie on third plane.
 3b(0) + (3) (1) + (3) (5a) = 0
90   B
A   8 
and 3b(5) + 0(1) + (3)  = 0
 3 
1
a= and 15b + 8 = 0
x+y+z=7 5
ns
Projection of AB in the plane x + y + z = 7 1 8
a= and b = 
is AB cos  = A B cos  5 15
io
Direction ratios of normal to the given plane is  
133. Let a  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and b  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ
1, 1, 1.
iˆ ˆj kˆ
1 1  1 0   1 1  
a  b  1 1 1  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ
at
cos (90 – ) =
1  12  12 12  02  12
2
1 2 3
 
2 4 1 Projection of vector 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ on a  b
 sin  =  cos  = 1 =
6 6
lic 3
 2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ  . iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ 
=
Required projection = AB cos  1 4  1
2  6 1 3 3
ub
1 2 = = =
= 2  = 6 6 2
3 3
Evaluation Test
P
1. The given equation of line is 2. Let the components of the line vector be a, b, c.
et
x = 4y + 5, z = 3y  6.  a2 + b2 + c2 = (63)2 …(i)
It can be written as a b c
Also,    k , say
3 2 6
rg
x 5 z6
y = = r, say
4 3  a = 3k, b = 2k, c = 6k
 co-ordinates of the any point on the line are Substituting value of a, b and c in equation (i),
(4r + 5, r, 3r  6).
Ta
we get
This point is at a distance of 3 26 from the point 9k2 + 4k2 + 36k2 = 632
(5, 0, 6)  49k2 = 63  63
 
2
 (4r + 5  5)2 + (r  0)2 + (3r  6 + 6)2 = 3 26 63 63
 k2 = = 81
49
 16r2 + r2 + 9r2 = 234
 k=9
 26r2 = 234
Since, the line makes obtuse angle with X-axis
 r2 = 9 component along X-axis is negative.
 r = 3  k = 9
If r = 3, then the point is  The components of the line vector are 3k, 2k, 6k
(4  3 + 5, 3, 3  3  6)  (17, 3, 3) i.e., 27, 18, 54
361


3. Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn 6. Let S be the foot of perpendicular drawn from
from the point P(3, 1, 11) to the given line. P(1, 0, 3) to the join of points A(4, 7, 1) and
x y 2 z 3 B(3, 5, 3) P (1, 0, 3)
Let   
2 3 4
 x = 2, y = 3 + 2, z = 4 + 3
 M  (2, 3 + 2, 4 + 3)
d.r.s. of PM are 2  3, 3 + 3, 4  8
 1
Since PM is perpendicular to the given line,
(2  3)(2) + (3 + 3)(3) + (4  8)(4) = 0 A(4,7,1) S B(3,5,3)
 4  6 + 9 + 9 + 16  32 = 0
Let S divide AB in the ratio  : 1
=1
 M  (2, 5, 7)  3  4 5  7 3  1 
 S  , ,  …(i)
  1  1  1 
ns
 length of perpendicular (PM)
= (3  2)2  (1  5) 2  (11  7)2 Now, d.r.s. of PS are
3  4 5  7 3  1
= 1  36  16 1 , 0 , 3
 1  1  1
= 53
io
2  3 5  7 2
i.e., , ,
4. When square is folded co-ordinates will be  1  1  1
D(0, 0, a), C(a, 0, 0), A(– a, 0, 0), B(0, – a, 0). i.e., 2 + 3, 5 + 7, 2
at
Y Also, d.r.s. of AB are 1, 2, 2
Since, PS  AB
D  (2 + 3)(1) + (5 + 7)(2) + (2)(2) = 0
  2  3  10  14  4 = 0
a
lic =
7
a a 4
X A C X
Substituting the value of  in (i), we get
a
 5 7 17 
ub
S=  , , 
B 3 3 3 
Y 7. Equation of the line passing through the points

xa y z (5, 1, a) and (3, b, 1) is
Equation AB is,  
P
a a 0 x  3 y  b z 1
  ...(i)
x y za 5  3 1 b a 1
and equation of DC is  
a 0 a  17 13 
The line passes through the point  0, , 
et
 shortest distance  2 2 
a 0 a 17 13
3 b 1
a a 0  = 2  2 ...[From (i)]
2 1 b a 1
rg
a 0 a
= 15
(a 2  0) 2  (0  a 2 ) 2  (0  a 2 ) 2
 a–1= 2 =5
3
Ta
2
a(a 2 )  a(a 2 ) 2a 3 2a  a=5+1=6
= = =
a a a
4 4 4
3a 4
3 and 3 + 3b = 17 – 2b
 5b = 20  b = 4
5. d.r.s. of L1 are 3, 1, 2 and d.r.s. of L2 are 1, 2, 3
 a = 6, b = 4
î ˆj kˆ
 vector perpendicular to L1 and L2 = 3 1 2 8. Given planes are
x  cy  bz = 0 ...(i)
1 2 3
cx  y + az = 0 ...(ii)
= î(3  4)  ˆj(9  2)  k(6
ˆ  1) bx + ay  z = 0 ...(iii)
= î  7ˆj  5kˆ Equation of a plane passing through the line of
intersection of planes (i) and (ii) is
î  7ˆj  5kˆ î  7ˆj  5kˆ x  cy  bz + k(cx  y + az) = 0
 unit vector = =
1  49  25 5 3  (1 + ck)x  (c + k)y  (b  ak)z = 0 ...(iv)
362


Now, planes (iii) and (iv) are same for some The equation of the given plane is
value of k, x + 2y + 6z = 10
1  ck ck (b  ak)  d.r.s of the normal to the plane are 1, 2, 6
 =  =
b a 1
ax1  by1  cz1  d
1  ck ck  p=
 =  a 2  b2  c2
b a
 a + ack = bc – bk  1
1(2)  2(1)  6     10
 k(b + ac) = (a + bc) =  2
 a  bc  12  22  62
k=  
 b  ac 
ck 2  2  3  10 9
Also,  = b  ak = =
a 1  4  36 41
ns
 a  bc 
 c  b  ac   9
 a  bc   =
    b  a   41
 a   b  ac 
    = 9,  = 41
io
bc  ac 2  a  bc  5   = 5(9)  41 = 45 – 41 = 4
 = b2 + abc + a2 + abc
a
 1 – c2 = a2 + b2 + 2abc 12. Let a be the vector along the line of intersection
at
 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1 of the planes 3x  7y  5z = 1 and 8x – 11y + 2z
9. Let a, b, c be the intercepts form by the plane on = 0. the d.r.s of the normals to the planes are
co-ordinate axes. 3, 7, 5 and 8, 11, 2.
1 1 1 1
Since,  
lic î ˆj kˆ
a b c 2  a = 3 7 5
2 2 2 8 11 2
   1
ub
a b c
 The point (2, 2, 2) satisfies the equation of the = î(14  55)  ˆj(6  40)  k(
ˆ 33  56)
x y z
plane   1. = 69iˆ  46jˆ  23kˆ
a b c
 the required point is (2, 2, 2). Similarly, let b the vector along the line of
P
intersection of the planes 5x  13y + 3z + 2 = 0

10. Given euation of line and plane are and 8x – 11y + 2z = 0
 
r = î  ˆj   2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ , and the d.r.s of the normals to the planes are
et
r. î  2jˆ  kˆ   3 5, 13, 3 and 8, 11, 2

î ˆj kˆ
 b  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ and
 b = 5 13 3
rg
n  î  2jˆ  kˆ 8 11 2
 
Consider b  n = 2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ  î  2ˆj  kˆ  = î(26  33)  ˆj(10  24)  k(
ˆ 55  104)
Ta
=2+2–4
=0 = 7iˆ  14ˆj  49kˆ
 the line lies in the plane. Consider,
11. The equation of the given line is  
a . b = 69iˆ  46ˆj  23kˆ . 7iˆ  14ˆj  49kˆ 
1 1
x = 2 + t, y = 1 + t, z =   t = 69  7 + (46)  14 + 23  49
2 2
1 = 483  644 + 1127
x  2 y 1 z 2

   =  1127 + 1127
1 1 1
 =0
2
 The given line passes through the point  a and b are perpendicular
 1 1   = 90
 2,1,   and it’s d. r.s are 1, 1, 
 2 2  sin = sin 90 = 1
363


13. The equation of the given plane is 16. Equation of the plane containing the given lines
2x  (1 + )y + 3z = 0 is
 2x  y  y + 3z = 0 x 1 y  2 z  3
 (2x  y)  (y  3z ) = 0 2 3 4 =0
1 3 4 5
 (2x  y)  (y  3z) = 0

 (x  1) (15  16)  (y  2) (10  12)
 The plane passes through the point of
+ (z  3) (8  9) = 0
intersection of the planes 2x  y = 0 and
y  3z = 0  (x  1) (1)  (y  2) (2) + (z  3) (1) = 0
 x + 1 + 2y  4  z + 3 = 0
14. A(2, 1, 3)
 x + 2y  z = 0
 x  2y + z = 0 …(i)
ns
3x – 2y – z = 9 Given equation of plane is
M
Ax  2y + z = d …(ii)
The planes given by equation (i) and (ii) are
io
B parallel.
 A=1
Let A  (2, 1, 3), AM be  to the given plane distance between the planes (D) is
at
and let B  (x, y, z) be the image of A in the
d d
Plane. D= 
1   2   1 6
2 2 2
the d.r.s. of the normal to the plane are 3, 2, 1
 The equation of the line AM is
lic 
d
= 6
x  2 y 1 z  3 6
  = k, say
3 2 1  |d| = 6
 x = 3k + 2, y = 2k  1, z = k + 3
ub
17.
Let M  (3k + 2, 2k  1, k + 3) P(2, 1, 2)
 equation of plane becomes
3(3k + 2)  2(2k  1)  (– k + 3) = 9
P
2 Q 2x + y + z = 9
 k=
7
6 4 2   20 11 19 
et
 M    2,   1,   3    ,  , 
7 7 7   7 7 7 Since, direction cosines of PQ are equal and
Since, M is the mid point of AB. positive
x1  2 20 y1  1 11 z  3 19 1 1 1
rg
 = ,  , 1   the d.r.s. of PQ are , ,

2 7 2 7 2 7 3 3 3
26 15 17  The equation of the line PQ is
 x1 = , y1 =  , z1 = x  2 y 1 z  2
7 7 7
Ta
 
1 1 1
Image of A is B  ,  , 
26 15 17
3 3 3
 7 7 7 
 x – 2 = y + 1 = z  2 = k, say
15. Since, a and b are coplanar, a  b is a vector  Co-ordinate of the point Q are
perpendicular to the plane containing a and b . (k + 2, k  1, k + 2)
Similarly, c  d is a vector perpendicular to the The point Q lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 9
 2(k + 2) + k  1 + k + 2 = 9
plane containing c and d .
 4k + 5 = 9 k=1
The two planes will be parallel, if their normals
 Q  (3, 0, 3)
a  b and c  d are parallel.
 3  2    0  1   3  2 
2 2 2
 PQ =
 a  b   c  d   0
= 111 = 3
364


18. Let A  (a, 0, 0), B  (0, b, 0), C  (0, 0, c) 20. The equation of the given plane can be written as
a b c x y z
 G  (x, y, z)   , ,    =1
 3 3 3 20 15 12
a b c Let the plane intersects the x, y and z axes in the
 = x, = y, = z points A(20, 0, 0), B(0, 15, 0), C(0, 0, 12)
3 3 3
 a = 3x, b = 3y, c = 3z …(i)  ˆ 15jˆ , and c   12kˆ
a  20i,b
The equation of the plane is 1
 Volume of tetrahedron = a b c 
x y z
  =1 6 
a b c
20 0 0
Since, this plane is at a distance of 1 unit from the 1
= 0 15 0 = 600 = 600
origin, 6
0 0 12
ns
1 21. Given lines are coplanar.
=1
1 1 1
  1 2 4  3 5  4
a 2 b2 c2
io
 1 1 k = 0
1 1 1
   =1 k 2 1
a 2 b2 c2
  1(1 + 2k)  1(1 + k2) + 1(2  k) = 0
at
1 1 1
 2  2  2 =1 …[From (i)]
9x 9y 9z   1  2k  1  k2 + 2  k = 0
1 1 1   k2  3k = 0  k(k + 3) = 0
 2  2  2 =9
 k = 0 or k = 3
x
k=9
y z
lic
19. Let the equation of the plane OAB be
ax + by + cz = d
ub
This plane passes through the points A(1, 2, 1) and
B(2, 1, 3)
 a + 2b + c = 0, …(i)
P
and 2a + b + 3c = 0 …(ii)
 on solving (i) and (ii), we get
a b c
 
et
5 1 3
Similarly, let the equation of the plane ABC be
a(x + 1) + b(y  1) + c(z  2) = 0
rg
Substituting the co-ordinates of A and B, we get

2a + b  c = 0,
and 3a + c = 0
Ta
a b c
  
1 5 3
If  is the angle between two planes, then it is the
angle between their normals.
51 (1)  (5)  (3)  (3)
 cos  =
25  1  9 1  25  9
559
=
35 35
19
=
35
 19 
  = cos1  
 35 
365
Textbook
Chapter No.
07 Linear Programming
Hints
Classical Thinking
1. Solution set of the given inequality is

{(x, y) : x  0} i.e., the set of all points whose abscissa are non-negative.
ns
All these points lie either on Y-axis or on the right of Y-axis.
2. Solution set of the given inequality is{(x, y) : y ≤ 0} i.e., the set of all points whose ordinates are non-
positive.
io
All these points lie either on X-axis or below X-axis.
3. Solution set of the given inequalities is {(x, y): x  0}  {(x, y): y  0}= {(x, y) : x  0, y  0} i.e., the set of
at
all those points whose both co-ordinates are non-negative.
All these points lie in the first quadrant (including points on +ve X-axis, +ve Y-axis and the origin).
6. 5 < x < 5  | x | < 5
10.
lic
Option D is the only option which is non-linear.
11. ‘p’ is a linear inequality and ‘q’ is a non-linear inequality

ub
12. Since the profit should be maximum, the objective function is
Maximum profit, z = 40x + 25y.
16. Let x = number of table clothes produced in a day, and

P
y = number of curtains produced in a day

 x  0, y  0 …[ both items cannot be negative]
Representing the given information in tabular form, we get
et
Table cloth (x) Curtain (y) Total availability

Money earned (`) 50 250 500
rg
Hours of work 1 3 z
 50x + 250y  500
 Total hours = z = x + 3y
Ta
 Required LPP is formulated as

Minimize, z = x + 3y , subject to 50 x + 250 y  500, x  0 , y  0
22. At (800, 400), P = 12 (800) + 6 (400) = 12000

At (1050, 150), P = 12 (1050) + 6 (150) = 13500
At (600, 0), P = 12 (600) + 6 (0) = 7200
 Maximum value of P is 13500.
23. The corner points of feasible region are O(0, 0), A(7, 0), B(3, 4) and D(0, 2)
At A(7, 0), z = 5(7) + 7(0) = 35
At B(3, 4), z = 5(3) + 7(4) = 43
At C(0, 2), z = 5(0) + 7(2) = 14
 Maximum value of z is 43.
366

Chapter 07: Linear Programming

24. The corner points of feasible region are O(0, 0), A(25, 0), B(16, 16) and C(0, 24)
At O(0, 0), z = 0
At A(25, 0), z = 4(25) + 3(0) = 100
At B (16, 16), z = 4(16) + 3(16) = 112
At C(0, 24), z = 4(0) + 3(24) = 72
25. The corner points of feasible region are O (0,0), A (52, 0), E (44, 16) and D (0, 38).
 At A(52, 0), z = 3(52) + 4(0) = 156
At E(44, 16), z = 3(44) + 4(16) = 196
At D(0, 38), z = 3(0) + 4(38) = 152
 Maximum value of z is 196
ns
26. At A (50, 50), P = 5 (50) + 3 (50) + 410 = 610
2 2
5 3
At B (10, 50), P = (10) + (50) + 410 = 510
2 2
io
5 3
At C (60, 0), P = (60) + (0) + 410 = 560
2 2
At D (60, 40), P = (60) + 3 (40) + 410 = 620
5
at
2 2
 Minimum value of P is 510 at B (10, 50)
27. The corner points of given feasible region are A(12, 0), B(4, 2), C(1, 5) and D(0, 10)
At A(12, 0), z = 3(12) + 2(0) = 36
lic
At B(4, 2), z = 3(4) + 2(2) = 16
At C(1, 5), z = 3(1) + 2(5) = 13
At D(0, 10), z = 3(0) + 2(10) = 20
ub
Minimum value of z is 13
28. The corner points of feasible region are (0, 3), (0, 5) and (3, 2)
 At (0, 3), z = 11(0) + 7(3) = 21
P
At (0, 5), z = 11(0) + 7(5) = 35

At (3, 2), z = 11(3) + 7(2) = 47
 Minimum value of z is 21
et
29. The feasible region lies on origin side of x + y = 2 Y

The corner points of feasible region are
A (2, 0), B (0, 2) and O (0, 0). B(0,2)
rg
At (2, 0), z = 3(2) + 2(0) = 6 x+y = 2

At (0, 2), z = 3(0) + 2(2) = 4
 The maximum value of z is 6 at (2, 0).
Ta
X O X
A(2,0)
Y
 3 24  3  24  51
30. At P  , ,z= + 2  = = 3.923
 13 13  13  13  13
 3 15  3  15 
At Q  , , z = + 2  = 9
 2 4  2  4
7 3 7 3
At R  ,  , z = + 2   = 5
2 4 2 4
 18 2 18 2 22
At S  , , z = + 2  = = 3.143
7 7 7 7
  7
22
 Maximum value of z is 9, and Minimum value of z is .
7
367


31. The corner points of the feasible region are
O (0, 0), E (12, 0), H (18, 2), G (5, 15), D  0, 
35
 2
 The maximum value of 4x + 5y is at G (5, 15)
 Maximum 4x + 5y = 4 (5) + 5 (15) = 95
32. Assume that x and y take arbitrary large values. So the objective function can be made as large as we want.
Hence, the problem has unbounded solution.
33. The feasible region is unbounded. x and y can take arbitrary large values.
Hence, the problem has unbounded solution.
34. Since there are two disjoint feasible regions, the LPP has no solution.
ns
35. The feasible region is disjoint.
 There is no solution.
Critical Thinking
io
3. xy ≥ 0  (x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0) or (x ≤ 0 and y ≤ 0)
Now x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 represents the first quadrant and x ≤ 0, y ≤ 0 represents the third quadrant.
at
4. This line passes through origin and it represents the half plane that contains the positive X-axis.
Y lic
ub
X X
P
Y
Consider the equation, 2x  y = 1
et
5.
x y
 + =1
1 / 2  1
1
rg
The line 2x  y = 1 makes intercepts of and 1 on the axes.

2
Thus, the line meets X-axis at  ,0  and Y-axis at (0, 1).
1
2  
Ta
Consider (0, 0). Clearly (0, 0) does not satisfy the given inequation.
 The solution set of the given inequation is open half plane not containing the origin.
Y
1 
 ,0
2 
X X
O 0
(0, 1)
Y
368


6. The inequality is 3x + 4y  12
x y
 + 1
4 3
 The half plane containing the origin and the points of the line 3x + 4y = 12 is the required solution set
Y
B(0, 3)
ns
X X
O A(4, 0)
3x + 4y = 12
Y
io
7. The graph of given inequalities is common to the graphs of x ≥  2, x ≤ 2, y ≥  2, y ≤ 2.
at
x=2
x = 2
y=2
lic
X X
O
ub
y=2
P
Y
8. From the given table the constraints are 2x + 3y  36; 5x + 2y  50; 2x + 6y  60

et
Also, x  0, y  0 …[ number of magazines cannot be negative]

 The number of constraints are 5.
9. Repersenting the given information in table form, we get
rg
Shirt (x) Pants (y) Total availability

Work time on machine (hours) 2 3 70
Man labour (hours) 3 2 75
Ta
Linear constraints are 2x + 3y  70, 3x + 2y  75.

Also, x  0, y  0 …[ number of shirts and pants cannot be negative]
10. Let the factory owner purchase x units of machine A and y units of machine B for his factory.
 x0,y0 …[ number of machines cannot be negative]
Machine A(x) Machine B(y) Total Availability
Machine Area (m2) 1000 1200 7600
Skilled men 12 8 72
Daily output (no. of units) 50 40 z
 1000x + 1200y  7600
12x + 8y  72
369


11. Let, x = number of necklaces, and y = number of bracelets
 x  0, y  0 …[ number of necklaces and bracelets cannot be negative]
Necklace (x) Bracelet (y) Total availability
1
Time required (hrs) 1 16
2
Profit (`) 100 200 z
1
  x + y  16  x + 2y  32
2
x + y  24
Total profit z = 100x + 300y
ns
Maximize z = 100x + 300y, subject to
x + y  24, x + 2y  32, x  0, y  0
12. Let the consumption per day be, x grams of food X and Y grams of food Y.
io
 x  0 and y  0 …[ the quantities cannot be negative]
Representing the given information in table form, we get
Type of food Food X (x) Food Y (y) Minimum requirement
at
Vitamin A per gram (units) 4 6 90
Vitamin B per gram (units) 7 11 130
Cost per gram (paise) 15 22 z
 4x + 6y  90,
7x + 11y  130, and z = 15 x + 22 y
lic
 Required LLP is formulated as,
Minimize z = 15x + 22y , subject to constraints
ub
4x + 6y  90, 7x + 11y  130, x  0, y  0
13. Suppose x kg of food A and y kg of food B are consumed to form a weekly diet.
 x  0, y  0. …[Since quantity of food cannot be negative]
Representing the given information in table form, we get
P
Food A (x) Food B (y) Minimum requirement

Fats (units) 4 12 18
Carbohydrates (units) 16 4 24
Protein (units) 8 6 16
et
Cost (`) 6 5 z
Minimize z = 6x + 5y subject to constraints,
Y
rg
4x + 12y  18, 16x + 4y  24, 8x + 6y  24, x  0, y  0 (0, 5)

14. Converting the given inequalities into equations, we get x + y = 4 y=5
The equation intersects the axes at (4 , 0) and (0 , 4)
(0, 4)
The feasible region lies on origin side of lines y = 5 and x + y = 4 and
Ta
in first quadrant.
It is bounded in first quadrant.
X O (4, 0) X
15. Converting given inequalities into equations, we get x+y=4
x y Y
y  x = 1 i.e.  1 …(i)
 1 1 Y yx=1
x y
2x  6y = 3 i.e.  1 …(ii)
3  1 
2  2  2x  6y = 3
3 
x = 0, y = 0 A(0, 1) B , 0
2 
 Equation (i) intersects the axes at (1, 0) and (0, 1) X (1, 0) O X
 1 
3   1   0, 
Equation (ii) intersects the axes at  ,0  and  0,   2
2   2 
Y
370


Substituting x = 0, y = 0 in given inequalities, we get
(0)  (0) = 0  1 , and 2 (0)  6 (0) = 0  3
 Feasible region lies on the origin side of both the lines, in first quadrant.
It is unbounded and convex.
16. The feasible region lies on origin side of line Y
2x + 3y  5 = 0 and non-origin side of line 4x–3y+2= 0
4x  3y + 2 = 0. However, it is not bounded by any
axes.
X O X
2x+3y–5= 0
ns
Y
17. Y  x + 3y = 9
io
(0,3)
(0,1)
at
X X
(–9,0) (– 1, 0) O
Y
x+y=1
lic
The feasible region lies on origin side of the lines x + 3y = 9 and x + y = 1, and in first quadrant.
 It is unbounded.
Feasible region lies on origin side of line 2x  3y = 5.
ub
18.
Y
 O lies inside the region
Substituting P (2, 2) in given inequality, we get
2x–3y=5
2 (2)  3 (2) = 10  5
X X
P
 P lies outside the region. O 5 

 ,0 
2 
 5
 0,  
 3
et
Y
19. It is clear from the graph that origin is not there in the feasible region. Out of the 4 options, only option (B)
rg
satisfies this condition i.e., 4(0)  2(0) = 0  3.

20. The shaded region lies;
On origin side of line x + 2y = 8  x + 2y  8,
Ta
On non-origin side of line 2x + y = 2  2x + y  2,

On origin side of line x  y = 1  x  y  1
and in first quadrant  x  0, y  0. Y
2x+y=2
21. The feasible region lies on non-origin side of line 2x + y =2
and origin side of line x  y = 3 as shown in the figure. (0,2)
x–y=3
By solving the two equations, we get the point of (1,0) X
X
O (3,0)
 5 4 
intersection  ,  , which is the vertex of the common graph.  5 4 
3 3   , 
3 3 
(0,–3)
Y
371


22. Feasible region lies on origin side of line x + y = 6, non-origin side of line 3x + 2y = 6 and in the first
quadrant.
 Vertices of the feasible region are (0, 6), (0,3), (2, 0) and (6, 0)
Y
B(0,6)
D(0,3)
ns
X X
O C(2,0) A(6,0)
io
3x + 2y = 6 x+y=6
Y
at
23. Converting the given inequalities into equations, we get x = 5, x = 10, y = 5 and y = 10
The feasible region is as shown in the figure
Y
(5, 10) ( 10 , 10)
y = 10
lic
y=5
(5, 5) (10, 5)
ub
X X
O
x=5 x = 10
P
Y
 The vertices of the feasible region are (5, 5), (10, 5), (10,10) and (5, 10)
24. Converting the given inequations into equations, we get
Y
et
x y
2x + 3y = 6 i.e.  1 …(i)
3 2 (0,5)
x y
5x + 3y = 15 i.e.   1 …(ii) 5x+3y=15
rg
3 5
2x+3y=6
 Equation (i) intersects the axes at points (3, 0) and (0, 2)
Equation (ii), intersects at points (3, 0) and (0, 5). (0,2)
Also, substituting origin (0, 0) in both in equalities we get,
Ta
(3,0)
2(0) + 3(0) = 0  6 and 5(0) + 3(0) = 0  15 X X
O
 Feasible region lies on origin side of both the lines as shown in the graph
Y
 The vertices of feasible region are (0, 2), (0, 0) and (3, 0)
 (0, 5) is not a vertex of feasible region.
25. Using two point form we have, equation of line AB : x + 2y = 8 and equation of line CD : 3x + 2y = 12
The shaded region lies on the origin side of line AB, non-origin side of line CD and above X axis.
 x + 2y  8 , 3x + 2y  12 and y  0
26. Take a test point (1, 1) that lies within the feasible region.
Since (1) + (1) = 2  5, is true we have x + y  5. Since 4(1) + 1 = 5  4, we have 4x + y  4. Since 1  4 and
1  3 are true, we have x  4 and y  3.
372


27. The feasible region lies on the origin side of 2x + y = 30 and x + 2y = 24, Y
in the first quadrant.
The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (15, 0), B (0, 12)
and C (12, 6) 2x+y = 30
At A(15, 0), z = 90
At B(0, 12), z = 96 B(0,12) C(12,6)
At C(12, 6), z = 120
 Maximum value of z is 120. X X
O A(15,0)
x+2y = 24
Y
28. The feasible region lies on origin side of lines x + y = 5 and Y
3x + y = 9, in first quadrant.
 The corner points of feasible region are 3x + y = 9
ns
(0,9)
O (0, 0), A (0, 5), B (2, 3) and C (3, 0) x+y = 5
 Maximum value of objective function
A(0,5) B(2,3)
z = 12x + 3y is at C (3, 0)
 z =12 (3) + 3 (0) = 36
io
(5,0)
X X
O C(3,0)
Y
at
29. The feasible region lies on the origin side of 3x + 5y = 15 and 5x + 2y = 10,
in first quadrant. Y
The corner points of the feasible region are
 20 45 
lic 5x + 2y = 10
D(0,5)
O (0, 0), B (0, 3), E  ,  and C (2, 0)
 19 19  3x+5y = 15
 20 45  B(0,3)  20 45 
The maximum value of z = 5x + 3y is at E  ,  E , 
ub
 19 19   19 19 
 20   45  235 A(5,0)
 Maximum z = 5   + 3   = X X
O C(2,0)
 19   19  19
Y
P
30. Feasible region lies on the origin side of x + 5y = 200 and Y

2x + 3y = 134, in first quadrant.
The corner points of the feasible region are
et
O (0, 0), A (67, 0), B (10, 38) and C (0, 40)  134 
 0, 
 3  B(10, 38)
At A (67, 0), z = 268
C(0, 40)
At A (10, 38), z = 382
rg
x + 5y =200
At A (0, 40), z = 360 X X
 Maximum value of z is at B (10, 38) O A(67, 0) 2x + 3y = 134 (200, 0)
Ta
Y
31. Suppose that the manufacturer produces x soaps of Y
type I and y soaps of type II.
 x  0; y  0; 2x + 3y  480 and 3x + 5y  480 300
Feasible region lies on origin side on both 250
inequalities,
200
in first quadrant. (0, 160)
The corner points of the feasible region are 150
O (0, 0), A (0, 96) and B (160, 0) 100 A(0, 96)
Maximum profit, P = 0.25x + 0.5y 50
B(160, 0) (240, 0)
 At A (0, 96), P = 0.25(0) + 0.5(96) = 48 X
X
At B (160, 0), P = 0.25(160) + 0.5(0) = 40 O 50 100 150 200 250 300
For maximum profit of ` 48, 96 soaps of type II must be 2x + 3y = 480
3x + 5y = 480
manufactured. Y
373


32. The feasible region lies on the origin side of both the lines.
The corner points of feasible region are Y
O (0, 0), A (30, 0), B (0, 40) and P (30, 40)
 At O (0, 0), z = 4(0) + 5(0) = 0 B (0, 40) P (30, 40)
At A (30, 0), z = 4(30) + 5(0) = 120 y = 40
At B (0, 40), z = 4(0) + 5(40) = 200
At P (30, 40), z = 4(30) + 5(40) = 320
 The minimum value of z is 0
X
X' O A (30, 0)
ns
Y'
x = 30
33. The feasible region lies on origin side of line 2x + 3y = 6 Y
io
and non-origin side of line x + y = 1
A (3, 0), B (0, 2), C (1, 0) and D (0, 1) B (0, 2)
at
 z = 3x + y will be minimum at C or D.
D (0, 1)
 At C (1, 0), z = 3 (1) + (0) = 3 A(3,0)
X X

At D (0, 1), z = 3 (0) + 1 = 1
Minimum value of z is 1
lic O C(1,0)
Y
ub
34. Feasible region lies on origin side of lines 5x + 8y = 40 and 3x + y = 6 and above line y = 2, in first quadrant.
The corner points of the feasible region Y
4   8 90 
A(0, 2), B  , 2  , C  ,  and D(0, 5) (0, 6)
P
3   19 19 
At A (0, 2), z = 14 D(0, 5)
4 
et
At B  , 2  , z = 22
3   8 90 
C , 
 19 19 
 8 90  678
At C  ,  , z = A(0,2) 4 
B  ,2 
 19 19  19
rg
3 
At D (0, 5), z = 35 X X
O 5x + 8y = 40
 Minimum value of z is 14 3x + y = 6
Y
Ta
36. The corner points of feasible region are

Y
A(1, 0), B(10, 0), C (2, 4), D(0, 4) and E (0, 1)
At A (1, 0), z = 1 + 0 = 1 = 1 (0, 5)
At B (10, 0), z = 10 + 0 = 10 D(0 ,4) C(2,4)
y=4
At C (2, 4), z = 2 + 4 = 6
E(0, 1)
At D (0, 4), z = 0 + 4 = 4
At E (0, 1), z = 0 + 1 = 1 X X
O A(1, 0) B(10, 0)
z has minimum value at both A (1, 0) and E (0, 1).
x + 2y = 10
 z has infinite solutions on seg AE. Y
x+y=1
374


37. Feasible region lies on origin side of line x1 + x2 = 1 and non-origin side of line 3x1 + x2 = 3 in first quadrant.
 There is no feasible region.
X2
B(0,3)
x1+x2=1
A(0,1)
C(1,0)
X1
O
3x1+x2=3
38.
ns
x + y = 10 Y
(0, 10)
io
2x + 3y = 18
(0, 6)
y=2
at
(0, 2) (6, 2) (8, 2)
X O X
(9, 0)
lic (10, 0)
Y
The feasible regions are is disjoint. Hence, there is no point in common.
 There is no optimum value of the objective function.
ub
5. In linear programming problem, concave region is not used. Convex region is used in linear programming.
6. Y
P
et
(0, 1)
X O X
(3, 0) 3y + x = 3
rg
Y
Feasible region is on non-origin side of 3y + x = 3 and in first quadrant.
Hence, it is unbounded.
7. Feasible region lies on non-origin side of both lines and is true for positive values of x and both positive and
Ta
negative values of y.
Y
3x  y = 3
X X
O (1,0)
(0,–3)
(0,–4)
4x  y = 4
Y
375


8. Shaded region lies on origin side of x + 2y = 8 and x  y = 1, and on non-origin side of 2x + y = 2.
 x + 2y  8, x  y  1, 2x + y  2
9. Take a test point (2, 1) which lies within the feasible region.
Since 2 – 1 = 1  0, 2  5, 1  3 and 2,1  0
 x, y  0, x  y  0, x  5, y  3.
10. Shaded region lies on origin side of 3x + 10y = 30
and x = 6, and on non-origin side of 4x + 5y = 20.
 4x + 5y  20, 3x + 10y  30, x  6, x, y  0
11. Shaded region lies on non-origin side of 5x + 4y = 20, and on origin side of the lines x = 6 and y = 3
 5x + 4y  20, x  6, y  3, x  0, y  0
ns
14. At (10, 0), z = 60  10 + 10  0 = 600
At (2, 4), z = 60  2 + 10  4 = 160
At (1, 5), z = 60  1 + 10  5 = 110
At (0, 8), z = 60  0 + 10  8 = 80
io
15. The feasible region lies on the origin side of x + y = 40 and x + 2y = 60, in first quadrant.
at
O(0, 0), A(0, 30), B(20, 20) and C(40, 0)
x+y = 40
 At A(0, 30), P = 0 + 4 (30) = 120 lic (0,40)
At B(20, 20), P = 3(20) + 4(20) = 140 A(0,30) B(20,20)
At C(40, 0), P = 3(40) + 0 = 120
 Maximum value of P is 140. (60,0)
X X
O C(40,0)
x+2y = 60
ub
Y
16. The feasible region lies on origin side of 4x + 5y = 20, Y

non-origin side of x + y = 3 and in first quadrant.
P
B(0,4)
 The corner points of feasible region are
D(0,3)
A(5, 0), B(0, 4), C(3, 0) and D(0, 3)
et
 Maximum 2x + 3y is at B (0, 4)
 Maximum 2x + 3y = 2 (0) + 4 (3) = 12 A(5,0)
X C(3,0)
X
O 4x+5y = 20
rg
x+y=3
Y
Ta
17. Feasible region lies on origin side of x + y = 7 Y
and x + 2y = 10, and in first quadrant. B(0,7)

D(0,5)
O(0, 0), A(7, 0), E(4, 3) and D(0, 5)
 Maximum z = 5x + 2y is at A (7, 0) E(4,3)
 Maximum, z = 5 (7) + 2 (0) = 35
X A(7,0) C(10,0) X
O
x+y = 7 x+2y = 10
Y
376


18. Corner points of the feasible region are Y
9 5  26 
(0, 0) (6, 0),  ,  and  0 , 
2 2  5  10
At (0, 0), z = 2(0) + 0 = 0 3x + 5y = 26
8
At (6, 0), z = 2(6) + 0 = 12
9 5 9 5 6
At  ,  , z  2    = 11.5  26 
2 2  2 2  0, 
 5  4 9 5
 26  26  , 
At  0 ,  , z = 2(0) + = 5.2 2 2
 5  5 2
 Maximum value of z is 12 at (6, 0). (6, 0)
X X
O 2 4 6 8 10
ns
Y
5x + 3y = 30
io
19. The feasible region lies on origin side of all the lines and in first quadrant.
 The corner points of feasible region are Y
2 7 2x+y =1
O (0, 0), A (2, 0), B (2, 1), C  ,  and D (0, 1)
at
3 3
(0, 3)
Maximum value of z = 3x + 2y is at B (2, 1) 2 7
C , 
 Maximum z = 3 (2) + 2 (1) = 8 3 3
B(2,1)
lic D(0,1)
X A(2,0) (3,0) X
O
x=2 x+y = 3
ub
Y
20. The corner points of the feasible region are Y

A(4, 2), B (4, 6) and C (0, 6).
At A (4, 2), z = 10
P
At B (4, 6), z = 14 C (0, 6) B (4, 6)

y=6
At C (0, 6), z = 6
et
A (4, 2)
X
(6, 0)
rg
Ta
x=4 x+y=6
21. The feasible region lies on the origin side of the lines
6x + 4y = 120 and 3x + 10y = 180
O (0, 0), A (20, 0), E (10, 15) and D (0, 18) 6x+4y = 120
 The maximum value of 45x + 55y is at E (10, 15) B(0,30)
3x+10y = 180
Max (45x + 55y) = 45(10) + 55(15)
= 1275 D(0, 18) E(10,15)
C(60,0)
X O A(20,0) X
Y
377


22. Feasible region lies on origin side of all lines and in first quadrant. Y
 7 5  7  2x+2y = 9
O (0, 0), A (0, 4), B 1,  , C  , 2  , D  ,0 
 2 2  2 
Substituting the above points in P = 2x + 3y, we get A(0,4) B(1,3.5)
 7 C(2.5,2)
Max P = 12.5 at B 1, 
 2
X X
 B  (1, 3.5) O D(3.5,0)
x+2y = 8
Y 2x+y = 7
23. The corner points of the feasible region are Y
A(4, 0), B (18, 0), C (3.6, 8), D(0, 8) and E(0, 4).
ns
At A (4, 0), z = 24
At B (18, 0), z = 108
At C (3.6, 8), z = 37.6
io
At D (0, 8), z = 16 D (0, 8) C(3.6, 8) y=8
At E (0, 4), z = 8
 Minimum value of z occurs at (0, 4). 5x + 9y = 90
at
E (0, 4)
lic A (4, 0) B (18, 0)
X
ub
x+y=4
24. At (15, 15), z = 15p + 15q
At (0, 20), z = 20q
P
Since maximum occurs at (15, 15) and (0, 20),

15p + 15q = 20q
 15p + 15q = 20q
et
 15p = 5q  3p = q
25. z = px + qy
rg
At (25, 20), z = 25p + 20q

At (0, 30), z = 0 + 30q = 30q
Since maximum z occurs at both the points,
Ta
25p + 20q = 30q

 25p = 10q  5p = 2q
26. At (5, 5), z = 3(5) + 9(5) = 60 Y
At (0, 10), z = 3(0) + 9(10) = 90

(0, 20)
At (0, 20), z = 3(0) + 9(20) = 180
At (15, 15), z = 3(15) + 9(15) = 180
(15, 15)
 Minimum value of z is 60 at (5, 5).
(0, 10)
(5, 5)
X 0 X
Y
378


27. The feasible region lies on non-origin side of all the lines, X2
in first quadrant
A(11, 0), B(4, 2), C(1, 5) and D(0, 10). D(0, 10)
 At A(11,0), z = 2(11) + 0 = 22
At B(4, 2), z = 2(4) + 3(2) = 14
At C(1, 5), z = 2(1) + 3(5) = 17 (0, 6) C(1, 5)
At D(0, 1), z = 0 + 3(10) = 30
 22  B(4, 2)
 Minimum value of z is 14.  0, 
 7 
X1
X1 O (2, 0) (6, 0) A(11, 0)
2x1+7x2= 22
ns
X2 5x1+x2=10 x1+x2= 6
Y
The feasible region is unbounded whose vertex is  ,  .
5 5
28.
4 4
 
io
x – y=0
Minimum z = 2x + 10y is at  , 
5 5

4 4
 
x – 5y = –5
5 5
at
 z = 2   + 10   = 15 (0,1) 5 5
4 4  , 
4 4
lic X O X
Y
29. The feasible region region lies on the non-origin side Y
x+y = 8
of 2x + 3y = 6 and y = 1 and on origin side of x + y = 8
The corner points of feasible region are D(0, 8)
ub
3 
A  , 1 , B(0, 2), C(7, 1) and D(0, 8).
2 
Substituting above points in z = 4x + 6y, we get
3 
P
Min. z = 12 at A  ,1 and B (0, 2). C(7, 1)

2  B(0, 2) A(3/2, 1) y=1
X X
O
et
Y 2x + 3y = 6
30. The feasible region lies on origin side of line Y
x + y  20 = 0 and above the line y = 5.
The corner points of feasible region are B(0, 20)
rg
B (0, 20), C (0, 5) and D (15, 5)

 The minimum value of z = 7x  8y is at B (0, 20)
z = 7 (0)  8 (20) =  160 C(0, 5) D(15, 5) y=5
Ta
X X
O A(20, 0)
Y x + y  20 = 0
Y
31. Corner points of the feasible region are (60, 0), (120, 0),
(60, 30), (40, 20).
At (60, 0), z = 5(60) + 10(0) = 300
x – 2y = 0
At (120, 0), z = 5(120) + 10(0) = 600
At (60, 30), z = 5(60) + 10(30) = 600 (60, 30)
(40, 20)
At (40, 20), z = 5(40) + 10(20) = 400
 Minimum value of z is 300 at (60, 0). X X
(60, 0) (120, 0)
x + 2y = 120
Y x + y = 60
379


32. The corner points of the feasible region are X2
A(3.5, 0), B(7.5, 0), C(3, 3) and D(2, 3)
At A(3.5, 0), z = 4(3.5) + 5(0) = 14 (0, 7)
At B(7.5, 0), z = 4(7.5) + 5(0) = 30
At C(3, 3), z = 4(3) + 5(3) = 27
At D(2, 3), z = 4(2) + 5(3) = 23 (0, 5)
 z is minimum at A(3.5, 0).
C(3, 3) x2 = 3
D(2, 3)
X1
A(3.5, 0) B(7.5, 0)
ns
2x1+ 3x2 = 15
2x1 + x2 = 7
33. The corner points of feasible region are Y
io
A (6, 0), B (6, 4), C (3, 7) and D (0, 5)
 At A (6, 0), z = 6 + 0 = 6 C (3, 7)
At B (6, 4), z = 6 + 4 = 10
at
At C (3, 7), z = 3 + 7 = 10
D (0, 5)
B (6, 4)
2x + 3y = 15
lic
X
O A (6, 0)
x + y = 10
x=6
ub
34. The corner points of feasible region are Y
 3 x+y = 8
A(8,0), B(0, 8), F(0, 3), G 1,  and C(4, 0)
 2 B(0,8)
P
At F(0,3), z = 30(0) + 20(3) = 60

At G(1,3/2), z = 30(1) + 20(3/2) = 30 + 30 = 60
At A (8, 0), z = 30 (8) + 0 = 240 F(0,3)
et
At A (0, 8), z = 0 + 20 (8) = 160 D(0,2) G(1,3/2)

At C (4, 0), z = 30 (4) + 0 = 120
X X
 3 O C(4,0) A(8,0)
 z has minimum value at F (0, 3) and G 1, 
rg
2  
6x+4y = 12
 z has infinite solution on seg FG. Y
x+2y = 4
Ta
35. The feasible region lies on the origin side of the line x + 2y = 2 and on non-origin side of x + 2y = 8.
 There is no feasible solution.
8
6
x + 2y = 2 4
2 4 6 8 10
x + 2y = 8
380


36. The feasible region is disjoint.
 there is no point common to all inequations. Y
 There is no maximum value of z. x + y = 10
D(0,10)
B(0,6)
C(10,0)
X
X O A(9,0)
ns
Y
2x+3y = 18
io
Evaluation Test
at
2. For (1, 3), 3x + 2y = 3 + 6 > 0,
for (5, 0), 3  5 + 0 > 0,
and for (1, 2), 3 + 4 > 0
lic
Similarly, other inequalities satisfy the given points.
 Option (D) is the correct answer.
3. The feasible region lies on origin side of the lines x1 + x2 = 1 and x1 + 3x2 = 9, in first quadrant.
ub
It is unbounded.
X2
x1 + x2 = 1
P
x1 + 3x2 = 9
(0,3)
et
(–9,0) (0,1)
X1
(–1,0) O
rg

3 + 2(4)  11
Ta
3(3) + 4(4) ≤ 30
2(3) + 5(4) ≤ 30
 All the above three in-equalities hold for point (3, 4).
 Option (C) is the correct answer.
5. Let the manufacturer produce x and y bottles of medicines A and B.
3x y
He must have +  66, x + y  45000, x  20000, y  40,000, x  0, y  0.
1000 1000
 The number of constraints is 6.
6. Let the company produce x telephones of A type and y telephones of B type.
 Objective function is maximize z = 300x + 400y
 Constraints are 2x + 4y  800  x + 2y  400, x + y  300
Maximize z = 300x + 400y
381


Y
(0, 300)
(0, 200)
x + 2y = 400
(400, 0)
X X
O (300,0)
Y x + y = 300
 The feasible region of the LPP is bounded.
ns
7. Given that 4x + 2y  8, 2x + 5y  10
 The feasible region lies on origin side of 4x + 2y = 8 and 2x + 5y = 10.
Also, x, y  0

io
The feasible region lies in first quadrant.
 option (C) is correct.
8. Since shaded region lies on origin side of lines x + y = 20 and 2x + 5y = 80 and is in first quadrant
at
 x + y  20 , 2x + 5y  8, x  0, y  0
9. Objective function z = x1 + x2 X2
2 7
lic
O(0, 0), A(2, 0), B(2, 1), C  ,  and D(0, 1)
3 3
2 7
2 7  , 
At B(2, 1) and C  ,  , z is maximum. Max z = 3 C 3 3
3 3
ub
 Infinite number of solutions exists along BC. B(2, 1)
D(0,1)
X1 X1
O A(2,0)
P
2x1 + x2 = 1 x1 + x2 = 3
X2 x1 = 2
10. Y
et
(0,1500)
rg
(0,1000)
Ta
B(800,600) x2 = 600
A(0,600) C(1000,500)
(2000,0)
X X
O D(1500,0)
x1 + 2x2 = 2000
Y x1 + x2 = 1500
OABCD is the feasible region
 O(0, 0), A(0, 600), B(800, 600), C(1000, 500), D(1500, 0)
z = x1 + x2
At point C and D, z is maximum. Max z = 1500
 Infinite optimal solutions exist along CD.
382


11. Objective function P = 2x + 3y Y
(0,30) x = 20
B(12, 12), C(3,3), D(20, 3), E(20, 10), F(18, 12)
At B, PB = 2 (12) + 3 (12) = 60 xy=0
At C, PC = 2 (3) + 3 (3) = 15
At D, PD = 2 (20) + 3 (3) = 49 B(12,12) F(18,12)
y = 12
At E, PE = 2 (20) + 3 (10) = 70 E(20,10)
At F, PF = 2 (18) + 3 (12) = 72 C(3,3) D(20,3) y=3
 P is maximum at F(18, 12). X O X
(30, 0) x + y = 30
Y
12. The feasible region is unbounded.
Y
ns
 Maximum value does not exist.
(0, 100)
3x+2y = 160
io
(20, 50)
(0, 40)
at
(40, 20)
(80,0)
X X
x+2y=80
lic Y 5x+2y = 200
13. Objective function z = 3x + 2y

y  5x = 0
ub
1 5 1 5 5 7 (0,6) x=3
A  ,  , B  ,  , C(1, 0), D(3, 0), E(3, 3), F  , 
4 4 6 6 2 2
1 5
At A = zA = 3   2   = 3.25 F(5/2, 7/2)
P
4 4
E(3,3)
1 5
At B = zB = 3   2   = 2.167
6 6
et
A(1/4, 5/4)
At C = zC = 3(1) + 2(0) = 3
B(1/6,5/6)
At D = zD = 3(3) + 2(0) = 9 D(3,0) (6,0)
X O C(1,0) X
At E = zE = 3(3) + 2(3) = 15 x  y = 1 x+y=6
x+y=1
rg
5 7
At F = zF = 3   2   = 14.5 Y
2
  2
 
 Maximum value of z at (3,3) is 15.
Ta
14. Let no. of model M1 = x and no. of model M2 = y

 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 Y
Constraints are 4x + 2y ≤ 80  2x + y ≤ 40, 2x + 5y ≤ 180
Maximize z = 3x + 4y
(0, 40)
The corner points of feasible region are O(0, 0), A(20, 0),
B(2.5, 35), C(0, 36) C(0, 36)
 At A (20, 0), z = 3(20) + 0 = 60 B(2.5, 35)
At B (2.5,35), z = 3(2.5) + 4(35) = 147.5 2x + 5y = 180
At C (0, 36), z = 0 + 4(36) = 144 (90,0)
 z is maximum at B(2.5, 35). X
A(20, 0)
X
O
2x+y=40
Y
383
Textbook
Chapter No.
01 Differentiation
Hints
Classical Thinking 11. y = log  tan x 
ns
dy 1 d
1.
d
[sin (2x + 3)] = cos(2x + 3).
d
(2x + 3)   .  tan x 
dx dx dx tan x dx
= 2 cos (2x + 3) 1 1
= . sec2 x .
io
tan x 2 x
dy d dy e x
2. y= e x = e x .  x  = sec2 x
dx dx dx 2 x =
2 x tan x
d x3 3 d
at
3
3. (e ) = e x . ( x3 ) = 3x 2 .e x
dx dx 12. y = log(sec x + tan x)
dy 1 d
4. Let y = (log x) 4
 =   sec x  tan x 
dx sec x + tan x dx
dy d

dx
= 4(log x)3 (log x)
dx
lic =
sec x tan x  sec 2 x
sec x  tan x
4(log x)3
= = sec x
x
13. y = log(log(log x3))
ub
d 1 d
5. [log(log x)] = . (log x ) dy 1 d
dx log x dx   . log(log x3 ) 
dx log(log x3 ) dx
1 1 1
= . = (x log x) 1 1 d
log x x = . . (log x3 )
log(log x ) log x3 dx
3
P
loge | x |
6. y = log10 | x | = 1 1 1
loge 10 = 3
. . 3 .3x2
log(log x ) 3log x x
dy 1 1 | x| 1
et
 = . . = 1
dx log e 10 | x | x x log e 10 =
x log x log(log x3 )
7. y = f (ax2 + b)
14. Derivative exists if 1  x2 > 0 i.e., 1 > x2
dy d
rg
 = f  (ax2 + b). (ax2  b) = 2ax f (ax2 + b) i.e., x2 < 1 i.e., | x | < 1 i.e.,  1 < x < 1
dx dx
d  1 1 1 1
8. y = (4x3  5x2 + 1)4 15.  tan ( x )  = . =
dx 1 ( x) 2
2 x 2 x (1  x)
dy d
Ta
 = 4(4x3  5x2 + 1)3 (4x3  5x2 + 1)

dx dx 1
16. y = cos1  3 
= 4(4x3  5x2 + 1)3 (12x2  10x) x 
d 2 d  y = sec1 (x3)
x  cos x   4( x 2  cos x)3. ( x 2  cos x)
4
9.
dx dx dy 1 3
 = .3x2 =
 4( x 2  cos x )3 (2 x  sin x ) dx x3 x 3 2
1 x x6  1
dy dy du
10. = . 17. Put x = sin    = sin1x
dx du dx
sin  1  sin  
2 1  y = tan 1  
 = tan  cos  
=   1  sin  
2
 
(u  1) 2 x
2
1 = tan1 (tan ) =  = sin1 x

= dy 1
  
2
x 1 x 
dx 1  x2
384

Chapter 01: Differentiation
 1  x2  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

18. Let y = cos1  2  1 dy 1
1 x   = x  + log x . 1
y dx x
Put x = tan   = tan1 x
dy
 1  tan 2    = xx(1 + log x)
 y = cos1   dx
 1  tan 2  
= xx (log e + log x) = xx log (ex)
 y = cos1 (cos2) = 2 = 2 tan1 x
dy 2 24. y = x log x
 =
dx 1  x 2 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y = log x log x
 1  x2  = (log x)2
19. Let y = cosec 1  
 2x  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 2x  1 dy 1
ns
= sin 1   = 2 log x .
2  y dx x
1 x 
Put x = tan    = tan1x 
dy
=
2y
log x
 2 tan   dx x
 y = sin 1  2 
io
 1  tan   dy x log x
 =2 . log x = 2xlog x  1 . log x
= sin–1 (sin 2) dx x
= 2 = 2 tan–1 x
y = x2 + x log x
at
dy 2 25.
 = dy d
dx 1  x 2  = 2x + (x log x)
dx dx
20. Put x = tan    = tan1x dy 2
 y = sin1 
 1  tan 2   1
lic
 = sin (cos 2)

dx
= 2x +
x
log x (xlog x)
 1  tan 2   2 2 2
   26. x3  y 3  a 3
= sin1  sin   2  
ub
  2   Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
  2 32 1 2 32 1 dy
x  y  0
=  2 =  2 tan1 x 3 3 dx
2 2
2 1 2 1 d y

dy
=
2  x3  y3  0
P
3 3 dx
dx 1  x2
1
1 1
=   
dy dy y 3
21. Put x = cos    = cos1x  y3   x 3 
dx dx x
 1 
et
 y = sec–1  
  x3 + y3 – 3 axy = 0
2
 2cos 1  27.
 1  Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
= sec–1   dy  dy 
 cos 2  3x2 + 3y2.
rg
– 3a  x  y  = 0
dx  d x 
= sec–1 (sec 2)
= 2 = 2 cos–1 x dy
 3(x2 – ay) + 3 (y2 – ax) = 0
dy 2 dx
Ta
 =– ,x1 dy ay  x 2
dx 1  x2  = 2
dx y  ax
22. Let y = ex sin x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get 28. x3 + 8xy + y3 = 64
log y = x sin x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get  dy  2 dy
3x2 + 8  y  x  + 3y =0
1 dy  dx  dx
 = sin x + x cos x
y dx dy 3x 2  8 y
dy  =–
 = ex sin x (sin x + x cos x) dx 8x  3 y 2
dx
29. y = cos (x + y)
23. Let y = xx
dy  dy 
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get  = sin (x + y) . 1  
log y = x log x dx  dx 
385


dy 36. Let y = sin x2 and z = x2
 [1 + sin (x + y)] =  sin (x + y)
dx dy
 = cos x2.(2x) = 2x cos x2
dy  sin( x  y ) dx
 
dx 1  sin( x  y ) dz
and = 2x
dx
30. sin2 x + 2 cos y + xy = 0 dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy
  dx = cos x2
dy dy dz dz
2 sin x cos x – 2 sin y +y+x =0
dx dx dx
dy 3
 ( x  2sin y ) =  y  sin 2x 37. Let y  e x and z = log x
dx
dy 3 3 dz 1
dy y  sin 2 x   e x .3x 2  3x 2e x and 
 = dx dx x
ns
dx 2sin y  x
dy 3
31. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 dy dx 3 x 2e x 3
    3 x 3e x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dz dz 1
dx  
 dy  x
io
dy dy
2ax + 2h  y  x  + 2by + 2g + 2f =0 1 x
 dx  dx dx 38. Let y = a sin and z = sin1 x
dy  y = az
 (2hx + 2by + 2f) = – (2ax + 2hy + 2g)
at
dx dy 1
 = az log a = a sin x log a
dy ax  h y  g dz
 =–
dx hx  by  f lic 39. x = a sec2  and y = b tan2 
dx
32. x + y =1  = 2a sec2  . tan 
d
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get dy
dy y and = 2b tan  . sec2 
=– d
ub
dx x dy
dy b

 dy 
  1 1  = –1  =  =
d
 dx  ,  dx dx a
 4 4 d
x = a2 (sin  + cosec )
P
33. x = a cos  and y = b sin  40. …(i)

dx dy y = a2(sin   cosec ) …(ii)
 =  a sin  and = b cos  Squaring (i) and (ii) and subtracting, we get
d d
x2  y2 = 4a4
et
dy
dy b cos   b Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
 = d = =    cot  dy dy x
dx dx a sin   a  2x  2y =0  
d dx dx y
rg
34. Let y = 5x and z = log5 x 41. y = log(ax + b)

dy 1

dy dz
= 5x log 5 and =
1   a
dx dx x log 5 dx ax  b
Ta
d2 y a 2
dy  
dy 5 x log 5 dx 2 (ax  b) 2
  dx = = x.5x (log 5)2
dz dz 1
42. y = log(sin x)
dx x log 5
dy 1
   cos x = cot x
1 dx sin x
35. x= and y = 1 + t2 d2 y
1  t2  = – cosec2 x
dx 2t dy dx 2
 = and = 2t
dt (1  t ) 2 2
dt
43. xy = 1
dy
dy 2t  xy = 1
 = dt = = (1  t2)2 1
dx dx 2t
y=
dt (1  t 2 ) 2 x
386


dy 1
 = 2
dx x Critical Thinking
2
d y 2
 2
= 3 1. Let y = x 1
dx x
44. y = sin mx ….(i) 

dy
dx
=
2
1 d
.
x  1 dx
 x 1 
dy
 = m cos mx 1
dx =
4 x. x 1
d2 y
 = m2sin mx 1
dx 2 =

d2 y
+ m2y = 0 ….[From (i)]
4 x  x 1 
2
dx
ns
x
45. y = 2 sin x + 3 cos x 2. As x = radian.
180
dy dy 
 = 2 cos x  3 sin x  = sec x tan x
dx
io
dx 180
d2 y
 = 2 sin x  3 cos x d 
dx 2 3. 10 x tan x  (10 x tan x ) 
 dx 
at
d2 y
 y+ = 2 sin x + 3 cos x 2 sin x  3 cos x d
dx 2 = 10x tanx. 10x tan x. log10 .  x tan x 
dx
d2 y
y+ =0 = log 10 (tan x + x sec2 x)
dx 2
lic x2
46. x = a cos nt  b sin nt ….(i) 1 x 2
4. y= e
dx
 = – na sin nt – nb cos nt dy
x2
d  x2 
ub
dt  = e 1 x 2   
d2x dx dx  1  x 2 
 2
= – n2 a cos nt + n2 b sin nt x2
dt  (1  x 2 ).(2 x)  x 2 .(0  2 x) 
1 x 2
2 e . 
= – n (a cos nt – b sin nt)  (1  x 2 ) 2 
P
= – n2 x …[From (i)] x2
1 x 2
47. y = a sin (mx) + b cos (mx) ….(i) 2x e

dy
(1  x 2 ) 2
et
 = am cos (mx)  bm sin (mx)

dx
dy dy du dv
5.   
d2 y 2 2 dx du dv dx
 =  am sin (mx)  bm cos (mx)
dx 2 1
rg
   3  4v   2 x
=  m2 [a sin (mx) + b cos (mx)] 2 u
=  m2y ….[From (i)] =
1
  3  4v   x
 3  2v  v
Ta
48. y = a + bx2
1
dy =  3  4x2   x
 = 2bx …(i) 3  2 x2  x2
dx
d2 y 3  4 x2
 = 2b =
dx 2 3  2 x2
d2 y dy
x = 2bx = …[From (i)] 6. y = (cos x2)2
dx 2 dx
dy d
 = 2 cos x2.  cos x 2 
49. ax
f(x) = be + ae bx dx dx
d 2
 f ( x) = abeax + abebx = 2 cos x2.(sin x2).
dx
x 
 f ( x) = a2beax + ab2ebx
= 2 cos x2.(sin x2).2x
 f (0) = a b + ab = ab(a + b)
2 2
= 2x (2 sin x2 cos x2) = 2x sin 2x2
387


d 2 2 d 1 d
7. [cos(1  x 2 )2 ] = –sin (1 – x )  (1  x 2 )2 = ex log sin 2x + ex   cos 2x (2x)
dx dx sin 2 x dx
d = ex log sin 2x + ex cot 2x  2
= –sin (1 – x2)2 2 (1 – x2) (1  x 2 )
dx
= ex (log sin 2x + 2 cot 2x)
= – sin (1 – x2)2  2 (1 – x2)  (–2x)
= 4x (1 – x2) sin (1 – x2)2
1
13.
d
dx
e  1 x 2
.tan x 
tan x 
8. y
tan x  cot x

tan x  cot x tan x  1
tan x = e 1  x2
 sec2 x + tan x . e 1  x2
.
d
dx
 1  x2 
tan x 1
1  x2 1  x2
1  tan 2 x = e  sec2 x + tan x . e .  (–2x)
=    sec 2 x 2 1  x2
1  tan 2 x
ns
dy d 1 x 2  2 x tan x 
   sec 2 x tan 2 x. (2 x) = e sec x  
dx dx  1  x2 
 2sec2 x tan 2 x
io
2)
14. y  log x.e(tan x  x
9. y = log  x  xa 
dy 1 d
= e (tan x  x )  + log x  e (tan x  x )  (tan x + x2)
2 2
dy 1 d 
 = .  x  xa dx x dx
at
dx x  x  a dx
1
+ log x  e (tan x  x ) (sec2 x + 2x)
2 2
1  1 1  = e (tan x  x ) 
=    x
x  xa  2 x 2 xa 
2 1 
=
1  1

1 
lic = e(tan x  x )   (sec2 x  2 x)log x 
x 
2  x  xa  
 x

xa 
 xa  x  e 2 x  e 2 x
1 15. y
=   e 2 x  e 2 x
 
ub
2 x  xa  x xa 
dy 1
1  = [(e2x – e–2x)  2(e2x – e–2x)
=
2 x xa
dx  e 2 x
 e 
2 x 2
– (e2x + e–2x) . 2 (e2x + e–2x)]

P
10.
d  

dx  
 d 1
  dx  2

log  sin e x     log sin e x 

  =
8
(e 2 x  e 2 x ) 2
1
 
1

d
sin e x 
et
2 sin e x dx d  e ax 
16.  
dx  sin(bx  c) 
.cos e x .  e x 
1 1 d
 
2 sin e x dx d d
rg
sin (bx  c).eax . (ax)  e ax .cos(bx  c). (bx  c)

1 1 1   x x
= dx dx
 cot e x . .e x  e cot  e  2 2
sin(bx  c)
2
2 2 e x 4  
sin(bx  c).eax .a  eax cos(bx  c).b
Ta
d x 
11. e log(1  x 2 )   {sin(bx  c)}2
dx
1 d eax [a sin(bx  c)  bcos(bx  c)]
= log (1 + x2) . ex + ex   (1 + x2) 
1 x 2
dx sin 2 (bx  c)
ex
= ex log (1 + x2) +  2x
1  x2 17. y  sin  sin x  cos x 
 2x 
= e x log(1  x 2 ) 
 1  x 2 

dy
dx
 cos  sin x  cos x .  ddx  sin x  cos x 
1 d
d x  cos  sin x  cos x  .   sin x  cos x 
12.
dx
 e logsin 2 x  2 sin x  cos x dx
= log sin 2x ex + ex 

1

d
(sin 2x) 
cos  sin x  cos x  .(cos x  sin x)
sin 2 x dx 2 sin x  cos x
388

d   1 1  1
18. d
dx
 
sec2 x  cosec 2 x    2
 2 
dx   cos x sin x  
=
x x
2sin cos
2 2
d 1  d 4 
      1
2 2
dx  cos x sin x  dx  sin 2 2 x  =
sin x
d d
=  2cosec 2 x   2cosec2 x cot 2 x.  2 x  = cosec x
dx dx
 4cosec 2 x cot 2 x 1
23. f(x) =
3
x  a  x2  b2
2 2
19. y =  x cot 3 x  2
1 x2  a 2  x2  b2
dy 3  1
d = 
  x cot 3 x  2 . ( x cot 3 x) x a  x b
2 2 2 2
x2  a 2  x2  b2
dx 2 dx
ns
3 1
3 2  d  1  2
 x cot x  cot x.1  x.3cot 2 x. (cot x ) 
3
= x  a 2  x2  b2 
2  dx  a 2  b2  
1
3
=  x cot 3 x  2 [cot3 x+3x cot2 x(–cosec2 x)] 1  1 1 
 f ( x) = 2 
 2x   2x
2
io
a  b 2 x  a
2 2 2
2 x b
2 2

1
3
=  x cot 3 x  2 (cot3 x – 3x cot2 x cosec2 x) x  1 1 
2 =   
a  b2  x2  a 2
2
x b 
2 2
at
1 tan x  
20. y= = tan   x 
1 tan x 4   1  sin x  1  1  sin x 
dy 1 d  π  24. y = log   = log  
 =   tan  4  x    1  sin x  2  1  sin x 
dx  
2 tan   x 
d x   
lic 1 1
4  = log(1  sin x)  log(1  sin x)
2 2
1 1 tan x  
= . sec2   x  dy 1 1  1
2 1 tan x 4   = . .cos x  . .( cos x)
ub
dx 2 1  sin x 2 1  sin x
  x 
21. y = log  tan     =
1  1
cos x  
1 
 4 2
  
2  1  sin x 1  sin x 
dy 1 d    x 
 = . tan    1  2  2cos x
P
dx   x  dx   4 2   = cos x  
tan    2  1  sin x  2cos x
2 2
 4 2
1 π x 1 1
= . sec2  +  . =  sec x
et
 x  4 2 2 cos x
tan   
 4 2
=
1
=
1 25. y
x 2
2
a2
a  x 2  log x  x 2  a 2
2
 
rg
  x    x    
2sin    cos    sin   x 
 4 2  4 2 2  dy 1  2 1 
   a  x2  x  .2 x 
1 dx 2  2 a x
2 2

= = sec x
cos x
Ta
a2 1  1 
  1  .2 x 
  x  2 x  x2  a 2  2 x a
2 2

 1  cos x   2sin 2   
2 
22. log   =  log 1
 1  cos x   2 x 
= a 2
 x2  x2 


2cos   
2  2  a x 2 2

 x a2 1 x2  a 2  x
= log  tan    
 2 2 x  x2  a 2 x2  a 2
dy 1 d x
 =   tan  1
x = a 2
 2x2  a 2 
 
dx tan dx  2
2 2 a x 2 2
1 x 1
= .sec 2 . 2 a 2  x2 
x 2 2 =  a 2  x2
tan
2 2 a x 2 2
389


2x  1  x 1  –1  x 1 
26. Let t = Then, y = f(t) 31. y = sec–1   + sin  
x2  1  x 1   x 1 
dy dt d  2x  1 
 = f (t)  = sin t2   2  = cos–1 
 x 1  –1  x 1 
dx dx dx  x  1   + sin  
 x 1   x 1 
...[ f (x) = sin x2 (given)]   
 y= ...  sin 1 x  cos 1 x 
  x 2  1  2  0    2 x  1 2 x + 0   2  2 
= sin t2  
    dy
2
 x 2
 1   =0
2
dx
2 x 2  2 x  2  2 x  1 
= sin  2   x 1   x 1 
( x 2  1) 2  x 1  32. y = cos1   + sin
1
  = /2
2  x 1   x 1 
y = 5x 1  x  3 + cos2 (2x + 1)

ns
27.
dy
dy 2 5
d 2  =0
1  x  3  (1 – x) + 5 1  x  3

 = 5x  dx
dx 3 dx
d 33. sin1 x + sin1 1  x 2
+ 2 cos (2x + 1)  [cos (2x + 1)]
io
dx = sin1 x + cos1 x ...  cos 1 x  sin 1 1  x 2 
10 x 5  
= 
5 2 
3 1  x  3 1  x  3 =
at
2
2 [2cos(2x + 1) sin(2x + 1)] d d 
 2x   (sin–1 x + sin–1 1  x 2 ) =   =0
5 dx dx  2 
=   1 – 2 sin (4x + 2)
 31  x  
2
1  x  3
lic 34. Let y = tan1 (cot x) + cot1(tan x)
...[ 2sin  cos  = sin 2]      
= tan1  tan   x    cot 1  cot   x  
5(3  x )  2   2 
= 5
 2sin(4 x  2)
=   2x
ub
3(1  x ) 3
dy
28. f(x) = cos (sin x2)  =2
dx
d
 f (x) =  sin (sin x2) . (sin x 2 ) d
dx 35. { sin (2 cos–1 (sin x))}
P
=  sin (sin x2) . (cos x2) .(2x) dx

    d   1      
  = sin  2cos  cos   x    
 f   = –2 sin  sin  cos
 2 2  2 2 dx    2    
et
   d     
=0 …  cos  0 = sin  2   x   
 2  dx    2  
d d
rg
29. Let y = log f (e x  2 x)  = {sin ( – 2x)}

dx  dx
1 d = –2 . cos ( – 2x)
= .  f (e x  2 x ) 
f (e x  2 x ) dx  = 2 cos 2x
Ta
1 d
= .f (e x  2 x ). (e x  2 x )  a x
f (e x  2 x ) dx 36. y = tan–1   = tan
–1
a – tan
–1
x
 1  ax 
f (e  2 x)(e  2)
x x
=
f (e x  2 x) 
dy
=0–
1

d
 x  = – (1 1 x)  2 1 x
 
2
dx 1 x dx
f (1).3 2.3
 (y)(x = 0) = = 2
f (1) 3
 13 13 
 = tan1  x 3  + tan1  a 3 
1 1
–1  19  –1  19  37. y = tan 1  x a
30. y = sin  x  + cos  x  1 1     
 20   20   1 x 3 a 3     
 
  
= …  sin 1 x  cos 1 x   dy 1 1 2 1
2  2   . x 3 =
2
dx  1 3 2
 2

dy 1   x3  3x 3 1  x 3 
 =0    
dx
390

 6    x   x 
 5  tan x   2sin  4  4  cos  4  2  
38. y = tan –1
  = tan 1
    
 1  6 (tan x)   2 
2cos   
x 
 5    4 2 
6   x  
= tan1  tan     = 
= tan–1   + tan–1 (tan x) x
5     4 2  4 2
6 dy 1
 y = tan–1   + x  =
5 dx 2
dy 41. y = tan1(sec x  tan x)
 =0+1=1
dx dy d  1  1  sin x  
 =  tan  
dx dx   cos x  
 2 
ns
1  5x  x  1  3x    x x 
39. y = tan  + tan 

1  5 x . x
 2  d  1  cos 2 sin 2  
   1  . x  =  tan  
 3  dx   cos x  sin x  
2   2 2  
io
= tan1 5x  tan1 x + tan1 + tan1 x
3   x 

d  1  1 tan 2  
2 =  tan  
= tan1 5x + tan1 dx   1  tan x  
at
3
  2  
dy 1 5
  .5 = d  1    x   
1  5x  1  25 x 2
2
dx =  tan  tan     
dx    4 2  
40.
d  1 cos x  
 tan 
lic =
d  x
   =
1
dx  1  sin x   dx  4 2  2
  x x   1 1  cos x 
cos 2  sin 2 d
d  1   42.  tan 
ub
2 2
=  tan   dx  1  cos x 
dx  2 x 2 x x x
 cos  sin  2 sin cos  
  2 2 2 2    x
2cos 2 
d  1 2
  2 x x    tan
 2
d  1  cos 2 sin 2   dx  2 x 
P
  tan   2sin 
2   2 
dx    cos x  sin x   
    d  1  x 
 2 2    =  tan  cot  
dx   2 
et
  x x 

d  1  cos 2 sin 2   d  1    x 
  tan   =  tan  tan     
dx   cos x  sin x  
dx    2 2 
  2 2   d  x
rg
=   
  x  dx  2 2 

d  1  1 tan 2  
  tan   1
dx   1  tan x   =
2
Ta
  2  
d  1   x   1 sin x  1 sin x 
=  tan tan     43. y = cot1  
dx   4 2   1 sin x  1 sin x 
d  x 1 By rationalizing the denominator, we get
=   = –  2  2 cos x 
dx  4 2  2 y = cot1  
Alternate Method:  2sin x 
 cos x  1  cos x
Let y = tan1   = cot1  
 1  sin x   sin x 
     x x
 sin  2  x  
= cot1 cot  =
    2 2
= tan1 
1  cos    x   dy 1
    =
2  dx 2
391


5 4 = 2 + 2 = 4 = 4 tan1x
44. Put cos  = , sin  =
41 41 dy 4
–1
 =
 y = sin [sin (x + )] = x +  dx 1 x 2
dy
 =1 1
dx 50. Put x = cos 2   = cos 1 x
2
45. Put x = tan    = tan1x  1 x   1  cos 2 
1  tan    sin–1   = sin–1  
 y = tan 
1
  2   2 
 1  tan  
1    
= tan  tan       + 
= sin–1  
sin 2  = 
 4  4 1
= cos–1 x
 2
= + tan–1 x
ns
4 d  1  1  x   d 1 1 
 sin   =  cos x 
dy 1 dx   2   dx  2 
 =
dx 1 x 2 1
=
2 1  x2
io
Let y = tan  1   tan 1 
2 2x 
46. 1

x x  1  x2  51. Put e2x = cot    = cot1 (e 2x)
1
Put x = tan    = tan x  cot   1  1  1  tan  
 y = tan1 
at
 2 tan    = tan  
 1
y  tan    cot   1   1  tan  
 1  tan 2  
  
= tan1(tan 2) = 2 = 2tan1 x = tan1  tan     
  4  

dy
dx
=
2
1  x2
lic =
 
+  = + cot1 (e2x)
4 4
 x  x 1  –1  x  1 
2
dy 1
47. Let y = cos1   = cos    =0 . e2x.2
 
1 2 2
x+x   x +1 dx
ub
1  e2 x
Put x = cot   = cot 1 x dy 2e 2x
 cot 2   1   =
1  1  tan  
2
 1 dx 1  e4 x
y = cos  2   cos  
 cot   1   1  tan 2  
 1+ x  1 x 
P
= cos1 (cos 2) = 2 = 2 cot1 x 52. Let y = sin 1  

dy 2  2 
 =
dx 1  x2 1
Put x = cos 2   = cos 1 x
et
2
  x
48. Let y = tan1    2 2 
 a x 
2 2
 y = sin 1  cos   sin  
 2 2 
x
Put x = a sin    = sin1  
rg
 1 1 
a = sin–1  cos   sin  
 2 2 
 
a sin 
 y = tan1      
 a  a sin  
2 2 2
= sin1  sin cos  cos sin  
Ta
 4 4 
 a sin  
= tan1  1
 = tan (tan ) =      1
 a cos   = sin1  sin      =  cos1 x
 4  4 2
x
= sin1   dy 1
  a  =
dx 2 1  x 2 
dy 1 1 1
   
dx a  x
2
a  x2
2
1    1 x  1 x 
a 53. Let y = tan–1  
 1 x  1 x 
49. Put x = tan    = tan1x Put x = cos 2   =
1
cos1 x
 2 tan    1  tan 2   2
 y = sin  1  tan 2   + sec  1  tan 2  
1   1
 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 
1 1
 y = tan–1  
= sin (sin 2) + sec (sec2)  1  cos 2  1  cos 2 
392

 2 cos 2   2sin 2     x 
= tan 1   = tan–1  tan    
 2cos 2   2sin 2     4 2 
 
 x
 cos   sin   –1  1  tan  
 f (x) = +
= tan–1   = tan   4 2
 cos   sin    1  tan   1
 f (x) =
   2
= tan–1  tan     
  4  
  1
 f   =
  1 6 2
 y = –  = – cos–1 x
4 4 2
57. Put log x = tan    = tan1 (log x)
dy 1 1   1  tan 2  
 =  
 f(x)  cos 1 
dx 2  1  x2  
   1  tan 2  
ns
  1  x   = cos1 (cos 2)
54. Let y = sin cot 1 
2
  = 2 = 2 tan1(log x)
  1  x   1 1
Put x = cos   f (x) = 2. .
1  (log x) 2 x
io
  1  cos    2 1 2 1 1
 y = sin2 cot 1     f (e) = .  . 
  1  cos    1  (log e) 2 e 1  12 e e
 
at
 2  58. y = (xx)x
  2sin 
 sin 2 cot 1  2   Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
  2cos 2    log y = x log xx = x2 log x
 
  2   Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
   
 sin 2 cot 1  tan 
lic 1 dy 1
. = x2 . + 2x log x = x(1 + 2 log x)
  2  y dx x
       dy
 sin 2 cot 1  cot       = xy(1 + 2 log x)
dx
ub
   2 2  
   59. y = xx
2
 sin 2   
 2 2 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
 1  cos  1  x log y = x2 log x
 y = cos 2  
P
2 2 2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x. we get

dy 1 1 dy 1
   = x2. + log x . (2x)
dx 2 y dx x
et
55. f (x) = cot–1 (cos 2x)1/2 dy

 = y (x + 2x log x)
 f (x) = cot –1  cos2x  dx
2 2
1
1  2sin 2 x  = x x (x + 2x log x) = x x (1 + 2 log x)
 f (x) =
rg
 
1  cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  3
60. Let y = x 4 x
sin 2 x Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
=
(1  cos 2 x) cos 2 x log y = 4x3 . log x
Ta
3 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

 2 2 1 dy
 = 4x2 + 12x2 log x
 f   = =
 6   1  1  3 y dx
 1   
 2  2  dy 3
 = x 4 x . 4x2 (1 + 3 log x)
2 dx
  
Since 1 + sin  =  sin  cos 
3 2
56. = 4x4 x (1  3log x)
2 
2 
2
   1 x
and 1 – sin  =  sin  cos  61. y
2  2  1 x
x  x  x Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
cos  sin 
–1 
2 2 1  1  tan 2  1 1
 f (x) = tan   = tan   log y = log(1  x)  log(1  x)
x x
 cos  sin   1  tan x  2 2
 2 2  2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
393


1 dy 1 1 1 1 1 dy  1 1
     .( 1)   = log 1   –
y dx 2 1  x 2 1  x y dx  x 1 x
dy 1 x 1 dy  1
x
  1 1 
    = 1  
dx 1  x (1  x )(1  x)  log  1    
dx  x   x  1  x
1
= 1 3 66. Let y = (sin x)log x
(1  x) (1  x) 2
2
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
 
log y = log x log (sin x)
3

  x  x  2  4  Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
62. Let y = log e   
x2   1 dy 1 1
    .  log x. .cos x  log(sin x ).
y dx sin x x
3
 x  2 4 dy 1 
ns
x
 y = log e + log    = (sin x)log x  log sin x  cot x log x 
 x + 2 dx x 
3
 y = x + [log(x  2)  log(x + 2)] 67. y = (sin x)tan x
4
io
dy 3 1 1 
 =1+    log y = tan x.log (sin x)
dx 4 x  2 x  2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
3 x2  1 1 dy
=1+ = = tan x . cot x + log (sin x) . sec2 x
at
x2  4 
x2  4 y dx
3 dy
2( x  sin x) 2  = (sin x)tan x [1 + sec2 x log (sin x)]
63. y= dx
x
lic
68. y = (tan x)sin x
3 1 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y  log 2  log( x  sin x)  log x log y = sin x log (tan x)
2 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
ub
1 dy 3 1 1 1 dy 1
 0  .(1  cos x)   = sin x. . sec2x + log (tan x).cos x
y dx 2 x  sin x 2x y dx tan x
3 1 dy cos x 1
dy 2( x  sin x ) 2  3 1  cos x 1    = sin x. . + cos x log(tan x)
P
   .   y dx sin x cos 2 x
dx x  2 x  sin x 2 x 
dy
 = (tan x)sinx [sec x + cos x log (tan x)]
e x log x dx
64. y
et
x2
e 2 x cos x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get 69. y
x sin x
log y = x + log (log x)  2 log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
rg
1 dy 1 2 log y = 2x + log (cos x)  log x  log (sin x)

 1  Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
y dx x log x x
1 dy   sin x  1 cos x
dy e x log x  x log x  1  2log x   =2+   – –

Ta
   y dx  cos x  x sin x
dx x2  x log x 
dy e2 x cos x  sin x 1 cos x 
e x [( x  2)log x  1]  = 2    
= dx x sin x  cos x x sin x 
x3
2 1 1 cot 2 x 
 1
x
= e2x  cot x   2 cot x  
65. y  1   x x x x 
 x
e2 x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get = 2
[2x cot x – cot x – x(1 + cot2 x)]
x
 1
log y = x log 1   e2 x
x   = 2 [(2x – 1) cot x – x cosec2 x]
x
1 dy  1 1  1 70. y = (x log x)log (log x)
 = log 1   + x    2 
y dx  x 1
1  x  Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
x log y = log (log x)[log x + log (log x)]
394


Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 74. cos(x + y) = y sin x
1 dy 1 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 = [log x + log (log x)]
y dx x log x  dy  dy
 sin( x  y ).1    y cos x  sin x.
1  dx  dx
1 
+ log (log x)    dy y cos x  sin( x  y )
x x log x   
dx sin( x  y )  sin x
dy
 75. sin (x + y) + cos (x + y) = 1
dx
 1
= (x log x)log(log x)   log x + log  log x    dy   dy 
 x log x cos (x + y). 1   sin (x + y). 1  = 0
 dx   dx 
1 1   dy
+ log (log x)     [cos (x + y)  sin (x + y)]
ns
x x log x   dx
=  cos (x+ y) + sin (x + y)
71. y   (tan x ) tan x

tan x
dy sin  x + y   cos  x + y 
 =
dx cos  x + y   sin  x + y 
io
dy
log y = tan x log(tan x )tan x  = 1
dx
 log y = (tan x)2 log (tan x)
at
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 76. sin(x + y) = log(x + y)
1 dy 1
 = (tan x)2   sec2 x  dy  1  dy 
y dx tan x cos (x + y) 1    1  
 dx  x  y  dx 
lic
+ log (tan x) . 2 tan x . sec2 x
 cos (x + y)
dy

1 dy
 
1
 cos( x  y )
dy tan x tan x
 =  tan x   . dx x  y dx x  y
dx
dy  1  1
tan x sec2 x [1 + 2 log (tan x)]    cos( x  y)  =  cos( x  y )
ub
dx  x  y  x + y
 dy 
 2
2
     = 1.1. (1 + 0) = 2 dy
 dx  x    = 1
 4 dx
x2ey + 2xyex + 13 = 0 77. 3sin(xy) + 4cos(xy) = 5

P
72.
 dy   dy 
y dy 2 y  dy  3cos(xy)  y  x   4sin( xy )  y  x   0
2xe + x e  2  xye x  xe x  ye x  = 0  dx   dx 
et
dx  dx 
 dy  4 y sin( xy )  3 y cos( xy )
dy 2 xe y  2 y ( xe x  e x ) dx 3 x cos( xy )  4 x sin( xy )
 
dx x( xe y  2e x ) y
= y[4sin( xy )  3cos( xy )] = 
rg
dy yx
2 xe  2 y ( x  1)  x[4 sin( xy )  3cos( xy )] x
 = 
dx x ( xe y  x  2)
78. y sec x + tan x + x2 y = 0
Ta
 x y x y
73. sec   =a = sec–1 a dy
 x  y  x  y sec x. + y .sec x tan x
dx
+ sec2 x + y . 2x + x2 . =0
 x  y  1     x + y  1  
dy dy dx
 dx   dx  dy
=0 2 xy + sec2 x + y sec x tan x
 x  y 2  =–
dx x 2  sec x
dy
 (x – y – x – y) + (x – y + x + y) =0 x
dx 79. sin( xy)   x2  y
y
dy
 2x = 2y Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dx
 dy  dy 1 dy

dy y cos (xy)  y  x + x   12   = 2x –
dx
=
x  dx   y  dx y dx
395


dy 1 dy
  x cos  xy   x2  1 = 2x – – y cos (xy)  (x2 + 1) + xy = x2  1  1
 y  dx y dx x2  1
dy y 2xy  y cos  xy   1

2
dy
 =  (x2 + 1) + xy + 1 = 0
dx xy 2 cos  xy   y 2  x dx
80. x = y 1 y 2 83. If y = f ( x )  f ( x )  f ( x )  ... ,
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dy f '( x)

then 
dy 1 dy dx 2 y  1
1 1  y 2  y. .(2 y ).
dx 2 1 y 2 dx dy 1
 =
dy y2 dy dx x  2 y 1
 1 1  y2  
ns
dx 1  y 2 dx 84. If y = f(x )  y , then
dy  1  y 2  y 2  dy f  (x)
 1   =
dx  1  y 2  dx 2 y – 1
io
dy  1  2 y 2  dy cos x
 1    =
dx  1  y 2  dx 2 y 1

at
dy 1  y2 85. If y = f ( x )  f ( x )  f ( x )  .... , then
 
dx 1  2 y 2
dy f '( x)

dx 2 y  1
81. x 1 y  y 1 x = 0
 x2(1 + y) = y2(1 + x)
lic dy  sin x sin x
  =
 (x – y)(x + y + xy) = 0 dx 2 y  1 1  2 y
 x + y + xy = 0 …(i) [ x  y]
ub
x  e x ....
86. y  ex e
dy dy y = ex+y
1  x  y.1 = 0 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
dx dx
dy log y = (x + y) log e
P
 (1  x) =  (1 + y) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dx
1 dy dy dy y
 (1  x)2
dy
=  (1 + x) (1 + y)
 1  
y dx dx dx 1  y
dx
et
dy  (1  y  x  xy) f ( x )....
 = 87. If y  f ( x)f ( x) , then
dx (1  x)2
dy y f ( x) 2
dy 
rg
1
 = ...[From (i)] dx f ( x) 1  y log f ( x) 
dx 1  x 
2
dy y2
 
dx x(1  y log x)
y x2 1 = log  
Ta
82. x2  1  x
dy 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get  x(1 y log x) y
dx
dy 2 1
x 1 + y . . 2x f ( x )...
dx 2 x2  1 88. If y  f ( x)f ( x ) , then
  dy y f ( x) 2
1 1 
=   . 2 x  1 dx f ( x) 1  y log f ( x) 
x2  1  x 2 x 1
2 
  1
dy y2.
xy dy 2 x y2
 x 1  +
2
  
dx x2  1 dx x (1  y log x ) 2 x  1  1 y log x 
 
 2 
1 x  x2  1
=  dy y2
x 1  x
2
x2  1  (2  y log x) 
dx x
396


f ( x )... 94. xmyn = 2(x + y)m + n
89. If y  f ( x)f ( x ) , then
dy y 2f '( x) m log x + n log y = log 2 + (m + n)log(x + y)

dx f ( x)[1  y logf ( x)] Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy y 2 cos x m n dy mn  dy 
  +  = 1 
dx sin x (1  y log sin x ) x y dx x + y  dx 
y 2 cot x
=   m  n  n  dy  m  m  n
1  y logsin x  x  y y  dx x x y
1 dy y
90. y = x2 +  =
y dx x
1 dy yf ( x )
If y = f(x) + , then  95. xy = 2 x  y
ns
y dx 2 y  f ( x )
dy 2 xy y log x = (x  y) log2
 
dx 2 y  x 2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
y = xexy
io
91. 1 dy  dy 
y.  log x.  log2 1  
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get x dx  dx 
log y = log x + log exy dy y
 log y = logx + xy  (log x + log 2)  log2 
at
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dx x
dy x log2  y
1 dy 1
 = +x
dy
+y   log(2x) 
y dx x dx dx x

dy  1  1
lic 
dy x log 2  y

dx x log(2 x)
  x = + y
dx  y  x
y
dy 1  xy  y 96. y = ax
 =
ub
dx 1  xy  x  log y = xy log a
 log (log y) = y log x + log(log a)
92. xy = yx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
 y loge x = x loge y 1 1 dy y dy
  = + log x
P
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get log y y dx x dx

dy y 1 dy
  log e y  x    dy y
log e x
dx x y dx   1
 log x  =
 y log y  dx x
et
 dy  y log e x  x   x log e y  y dy
dx  y x
  x(1  y log x log y)  y2 log y
dx
dy y( x loge y  y)
 
rg
dx x( y loge x  x) 97. xe xy  y  sin 2 x ...(i)

93. y x
x .y = 1 When x  0 , y  0
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
Ta
y log x + x log y = 0
 dy  dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get exy + xexy  x  y  = + 2 sin x cos x
dy 1  dx  dx
1 dy
log x . + y. + x.  + log y.1 = 0 Putting x  0, y  0 , we get
dx x y dx
dy  y dy
x =1
 log x   + + log y = 0 dx
dx  y x
y  98. log (x + y) = 2xy ...(i)
dy   log y 
 =–x  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dx log x +
x  1  dy   dy 
y   1   2 x  y
 x  y   dx   dx 
dy  
 =  y  y  x log y  
dy 1  2 xy  2 y 2

dx x  x + y log x  dx 2 x 2  2 xy  1
397


Putting x = 0 in (i), we get
y=1
104. Let y = sin1x and z = cos1  1  x2 
1 0  2 dy 1
 y(0) = 1  =
0  0 1 dx 1  x2
99. Let y = excos x and z = ex sin x z  cos 1  

1  x 2  cos 1  
1  sin 2 y  sin 1 x
dy dz
 = ex (cos x  sin x) and  = 1
dx dx 1  x2
dz
= ex (cos x  sin x) dy
dx
dy dx
dy  = =1
dy dz dz
= dx = e2x
ns
 dx
dz dz
dx 1 x 
105. Let y  sin 1   and z  x
1 x 
100. Let y  cos1  x  and z  1 x
io
dy 1(1  x )( 1)  (1  x )(1)
  .
dy 1 1 dz 1 dx 1 x  (1  x ) 2
2
   and  1 
dx 1 x 2 x dx 2 1 x 
1 x 
at
dy 1
dy dx 1 =
   x (1  x )
dz dz x
dz 1
dx
lic and dx  2 x
et  et et  et dy
101. x = and y =
2 2 dy dx 2
  
dz
ub
dx et  et dy et  et dz 1 x
  and  dx
dt 2 dt 2
dy e t  e  t 106. Let y = asec x and z = atan x
dy dt 2 x
    dy
P
dx dx e t  e  t y  = asec x log a sec x tan x

dt 2 dx
dz
102. x = a(t cos t  sin t) and y = a(t sin t + cos t) and = atan x log a sec2 x
dx
et
dx dy
 = a( t sint + cos t  cos t) =  at sin t
dt dy dx a sec x log a sec x tan x
 = =
dy dz dz a tan x log a sec 2 x
rg
and = a(t cos t + sin t  sin t) = at cos t dx

dt
sin x
dy = a sec x  tan x . = sin x asec x  tan x
1
dy dt at cos t cos x.
 = = =  cot t cos x
Ta
dx dx at sin t
dt
 1
1
107. x = e    
103. y = log (1 + ), x = sin   
dy 1 dx dx  1  1
 = , = 1  = e  1  2  + e    
d 1  d 1  2 d     
 1 1 
dy = e  1     
dy d   2 
 = 1 
2

dx dx 1   2  3    1 
d = e  
 2 
1  1   1 
 1
= = y = e    
1  
2
1  
 
398

dy  1  1 –1  1  x 
2
111. Let y = sin–1 
 = e– 1  2  – e–     2x 
2 
and z = cos  2 
d      1 x  1 x 
1 1

= e– 1 
1 1
 
 y = 2tan x and z = 2 tan x
 2  dy
dy
 2  1  3     = dx  1
= e–   dz dz
 2  dx
dy
dy e –2 (1  2  3  )  1  x2   1  3x 2 
 = d = 112. Let y = cos–1  2 
and z = cot–1  3 
dx dx 2  1  3   1 x   3x  x 
d  y = 2 tan–1 x and z = 3 tan–1 x
dy 2
ns
 
  dy d x 1  x2 = 2
108.
dx
 a   sin t 
1 2 t 1
 sec  
 = =
dz dz 3 3
dt  t 2 2
tan dx 1  x2
 2 
113. Put t = sin 
io
 
 1   x = sin–1 (3 sin  – 4 sin 3)
 a   sin t  
 t t = sin–1 (sin 3) = 3
2sin cos 

 
2 2
at
y = cos–1 1  sin 2  = cos
–1
(cos ) = 
 1   cos 2 t 
= a   sin t   = a  
 sin t   sin t   x = 3y
= a cos t cot t 1
y=
and
dy
 a cos t
lic 3
x
dt dy 1
 =
dy dx 3
dy dt 1
ub
    tan t t
dx dx cot t 114. sin y =
dt 1 t2
Put t = tan 
1
109. x = a(sin 2 + sin 4), tan 
P
2  sin y = = sin 
sec 
 1 
y = b cos 2  (1  cos 4)   y=
 2  dy

et
dx
=1
 = 2a(cos 2 + cos 4) = 2a(2cos 3 cos) d
d 1 1
dy cos x = = = cos 
and = 2b(sin 4 – sin 2) = 2b(2cos 3 sin) 1 t 2 sec
rg
d
 x=
dy dx
dy b  =1
 = d = tan  d
dx dx a
Ta
dy
d
dy
 =  =1
d
dx dx
110. Let y = tan 
2x 
and z = sin 1 
1 2x 
2  2  d
1 x  1 x 
Put x = tan   1  x2

115. Let y = tan1  1 2
 and z = cos (x )
 2tan    1  x2

 y = tan1  = tan1 (tan 2) = 2  
2 
 1  tan   2 1
Put x = cos 2   = cos 1 x 2
2 tan   2
and z = sin1  1
 = sin (sin 2) = 2
 1  tan  
2  2sin  
2
 y = tan1    tan 1 (tan ) = 
 y=z  2cos 2  
 
dy 1
 =1  y = cos 1 ( x 2 )
dz 2
399


1  cos x 
y= z z = tan 1 
2 
1  sin x 
dy 1
 =  (cos2 x / 2  sin 2 x / 2) 
dz 2 = tan1  2 
 (sin x / 2  cos x / 2) 
116. Putting t = tan  in the given equations, we get  (cos x / 2  sin x / 2) 
1  tan 2  = tan1  
x=  cos 2 and  (cos x / 2  sin x / 2) 
1  tan 2   1  tan x / 2 
y=
2 tan 
 sin 2 = tan1  1  tan x / 2 
1  tan 2 
dx dy = tan1[tan(/4  x/2)] = /4  x/2
  2sin 2 and  2 cos 2 dz 1
d d  = 
ns
dy dx 2
dy d cos 2 x dy
    dy
dx d x sin 2 y  = dx = 1
d dz dz
dx
io
 1  x2  1  1
117. Let y = tan–1   and z = tan x 120. x = a cos4  and y = a sin4 
 x 
  dx
  4a cos 3  sin 
at
Put x = tan    = tan1 x d
 sec   1  dy
 y = tan1  
and  4a sin 3  cos 
d
 tan  
dy
= tan1 
 1  cos  

lic 
dy d  sin 2 
    tan 2 
 sin   dx dx cos 2 
   tan 1 x d
= tan1  tan  = =
 2 2 2  dy  2  3 
ub
   3     tan    ( 1)  1
2
dy 1 dz 1  dx     4 
 = and =  4 
dx 2 1  x 2  dx 1  x2
121. Let y = sec1  2  and z  1  3x
1
dy
 2x 1 
P
dy 1
 = dx =  y = cos (2x2  1) = 2cos1x
1
dz dz 2
dx dy 2 dz 3
  and 
dx 1 x 2 d x 2 1  3x
et
118. Put x = sin   2sin1 x = 2

dy
 sin(2sin1x) = sin 2  y = sin 2 dy dx 2 2 1  3x
dx dy    
  cos  and  2 cos 2 dz dz 1 x 2 3
rg
d d dx
dy  dy 
dy d 2cos 2     1   0
    dz  x= 
dx dx cos   3 
Ta
d
122. x = sin t cos 2t and y = cos t sin 2t
2(1  2sin 2 ) 2  4 x2
=  
dx
1  sin 2  1  x2  cos t cos2t  2sin t sin2t
dt
dy
 sin x  1  cos x 
and  2cos t cos 2t  sin t sin 2t
119. Let y = tan 1   and z = tan  dt
1  cos x  1  sin x  dy
 2sin( x / 2)cos( x / 2)  dy dt 2 cos t cos 2t  sin t sin 2t
 y = tan1    =
 dx dx cos t cos 2t  2sin t sin 2t
 2cos 2 ( x / 2) 
dt
  x  x
= tan1  tan    = 0
1
 2   2  dy  2 1
     
dy 1   t   0  2  1
d x 2
 =  4
dx 2 2
400

 1  x2  1  dy dx
123. Let y = tan–1   and 126. = 10t9 and = 8t7
 x  dt dt
 
dy
 2x 1  x2  dy 5t 2
z = tan–1  
 = dt =
 1  2 x2  dx dx 4
  dt
Put x = tan    = tan1 x d2 y 5 dt 5t 1 5
 2
= 2t  =  7 =
 sec   1    dx 4 dx 2 8t 16t 6
 y = tan–1   = tan
–1
 tan 
 tan    2 1
127. x = log t and y =
 1 t
 = tan–1 x
2 2 dx 1 dy 1
 = and = 2
ns
dt t dt t
dy 1
 =
dx 2 1  x 2  dy
dy 1
  dt =  …(i)
 2x 1  x2  dx dx t
1
z  tan  
io
dt
 1  2x2 
d2 y  1  dt
Put x = sin    = sin1x  =  2 
dx 2  t  dx
at
2sin  cos   1  sin 2 
 z = tan–1    tan   =
1
.
1 1 1 1
= 2. =
 1  2sin  
2
 cos 2  t 2 dx t 1 t
= tan–1(tan 2) = 2 lic dt t
= 2 sin–1 x 
d2 y
=
dy
…[From (i)]
dz 2 dx 2 dx
 =
dx 1  x2 x2 x3
128. y = 1 – x + – + ….
 2 !  3 !
ub
dy
dy 1  x2  y = e–x
 = dx = …(i)
dz dz 4 1  x 2  dy
dx  = e–x(– 1)
dx
P
 dy  1 d2 y
   =  = (– 1){e–x.(– 1)} = e–x = y …[From (i)]
 dz  x  0 4 dx 2
129. Consider option (C),

et
3x 3x
124. y = cos2  sin2 f(x) = sinx
2 2
 y = cos 3x ….(i)  f(0) = 0 and
f (x) = cosx
rg
dy
 =  3 sin 3x  f (0) = 1
dx
Also, f (x) =  sinx = f(x)
d2 y
 =  9 cos 3x  option (C) is the correct answer.
Ta
dx2
d2 y 1
 =  9y …[From (i)] 130. ey (x + 1) = 1  ey =
dx2 x 1
 y = log   1
125. x = t2 and y = t3 + 1 
 x 1
dx dy  y = log (x + 1)
 = 2t and = 3t2
dt dt
dy 1
 =  ...(i)
dy dx x 1
dy 3t
 = dt = 1 
2
= 
d2 y 1
dx dx 2  = 
( x  1)  x 1
2 2
dx
dt
2
=  
d2 y 3 dt 3 1 3 dy
 = .  . = ...[From (i)]
dx 2
2 dx 2 2t 4t  dx 
401


b 136. y = x2 + 2x + 3
131. y = ax5 + ...(i)
x4 dy
 = 2x + 2
dy 4b dx
 = 5ax4  5
dx x dx 1
 =
d2 y 20b dy 2x + 2
 = 20ax3 + 6
dx 2 x
d2x 1 dx 1
20  5 b  20 y  = . =
2  x + 1 dy
2
dy 2 4( x  1)3
=  ax  4  = 2 …[From (i)]
x2  x  x
137. y = x + ex
132. y = axn+1 + bxn …(i) dy
dy
 = 1 + ex ...(i)
 = (n  1)ax n  nbx  n 1 dx
ns
dx dx 1
  = (1 + ex)–1
d2 y dy 1  e x
  n(n  1)ax n 1  n(n  1)bx  n  2
dx 2 d2x d
 = – (1 + ex)–2 . (1 + ex)
d y2
n  n  1 n 1 dy 2
 ax  b x  n  dy
io
 =
dx 2 x2 dx
=  (1 + ex)2 . ex .
d2 y2 dy
x  n(n  1) y …[From (i)]
at
dx 2 ex 1
= . ...[From (i)]
133. y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) ….(i) (1  e x )2 1  e x
a sin  log x  b cos  log x  =

ex
 y = +
x x
lic (1  e x )3
 xy = a sin (log x) + b cos (log x) 138. y = sin x + ex
 = cos x + ex
ub
 a cos (log x ) bsin (log x ) dx
xy + y = 
x x dx
 = (cos x + ex)1 …(i)
 x2y + xy = [a cos (log x) + b sin (log x)] dy
 x2y + xy = y …[From (i)] d2 x dx
  (cos x  e x ) 2 ( sin x  e x ) 
P
2
dy dy
134. y = ax.b2x – 1 …(i)
(sin x  e x )

dy
= b2x1.ax log a + ax. 2b2x1 log b =  (cos x  e x ) 1 …[From (i)]
(cos x  e x ) 2
et
dx
= axb2x – 1(log a + 2 log b) sin x  e x
=
(cos x  e x )3
d2 y
 = axb2x – 1(log a + 2 log b)2
rg
dx2 139. y = e2x

x 2x – 1 2 2
=ab (log ab ) dy
 = 2e2x
= y(log ab2)2 …[From (i)] dx
Ta
d2 y

135. y = log x + x 2  a 2  
dx 2
= 4e2x
Now, y = e2x
dy  1 1 
 = . 1  .2 x   log y = 2x
dx x x a  2 x a
2 2 2 2
 1
 x= log y
1 x a  x
2 2 2
dy
 =  dx 1
dx x x a
2 2
x2  a 2  =
dy 2y
dy 1
 = d2x 1 1
dx x  a2
2  = 2 =
2  e2 x 
2
dy 2 2y
d2 y 1 2 3
x

dx 2
=  x  a 
2 2
.2 x = 3 d2 y d2x 2
2
 x2  a 2 2  2
 2 = 2 x = – 2e– 2x
dx dy e
402


140. Let y = 2 cos x cos 3x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 y = cos 4x + cos 2x d 2 y dy 1
x 2
 .1   cos(log x ).
dy dx dx x
 = – 4 sin 4x – 2 sin 2x 2
dx 2 d y dy
x 2 x y ...[From (i)]
d2 y dx dx
 = –16 cos 4x – 4 cos 2x 2
dx2 d y dy
 x2 2  x  y = 0
= – 4(cos 2x + 4cos 4x) dx dx
= –22 (cos 2x + 22 cos 4x) 145. y = etan x
1  log y = tan x
dx  dy 
141. =  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy  dx 
1 dy dy y
 = sec2x  =
d  dy  
1
d  dx  y dx dx cos 2 x
ns
   =   
dy  dy  dy  dx   dy
 cos2x =y
dx
d 2 x d  dy   dx
1
     Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dy 2 dx  dx   dy
io
d2 y dy dy
2 cos2 x  2 cos x sin x =
2
d x  dy  d  dy  dx dx2 dx dx
 =    .  . 2
2 d y
2
dy  dx  dx  dx  dy dy
 cos x 2 = (1 + sin 2x)
at
3 dx dx
 dy   d y 
2
d2x
 2
=    2  1
dy  dx   dx  146. y = e m cos x
...(i)
dy 1 1
cos x  sin x 1  tan x  = e m cos x .m.
142. y =
cos x  sin x

1  tan x
lic dx 1  x2
dy
   1  x2 = my ...[From (i)]
 y = tan   x  ...(i) dx
4  2
 dy 
 (1  x2)   = m2y2
ub
dy    dx 
 =  sec2   x 
dx  4  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 
2
d2 y   dy d 2 y  dy  2 dy
 2
= 2 sec2   x  . tan   x  (1  x2) .2 .    .(0  2 x) = 2m y
dx 4  4  dx dx 2  dx  dx
P
d2 y d2 y dy
 (1  x2) x = m2y
 dx 2 = 2 tan    x  =  2y ...[From (i)] dx2 dx
dy  
4   (1  x2) y2  xy1  m2y = 0
et
dx
dy 2sin 1 x 2cos 1 x
 
147. = 
dx 1  x2 1  x2
1  log ex  1  8  log x 
rg
143. y = tan  + tan

e
 log 

1+8log x 


dy
=

2 sin 1 x  cos1 x 
 x dx 1  x2
1  log x   8  log x 
 y = tan1  1
 + tan 
dy
= 2 (sin1x  cos  1 x)
Ta
1  log x
  1  x2
  1+8log x  dx
 y = tan11+ tan1(log x) + tan1 8 –tan1(log x) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 y = tan11 + tan1 8 1  x2 
d 2 y dy
 
1
 (2 x)
2
dy dx dx 2 1  x 2
 =0
dx  1  1  4
d2 y =2    =
 =0  1  x2 1  x 2  1  x2
dx 2 
d2 y dy
144. y = cos (log x) ...(i)  (1  x2) x =4
dx2 dx
dy 1
 =  sin (log x). 148. y = cos (m sin1x) ….(i)
dx x
1 m
x
dy
= sin (log x)  y1 = sin (m sin x) 
dx 1  x2
403

 1  x 2 y1 = m sin(m sin1x) dy
2cos 2

dy d a(1  cos ) 2  cot 
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get    
dx dx a sin    2
xy1 m 2sin cos
1  x 2 y2  = m cos (m sin1 x)  d 2 2
1  x2 1  x2  1 d
d2 y
 (1  x2) y2  xy1 = m2y …[From (i)]  2
=  cosec2 . .
dx 2 2 dx
 (1  x2) y2  xy1 + m2y = 0 1  1
=  cos ec 2 .
2 2 a sin 
149. y2 = ax2 + bx + c
 d2 y  1
 2  . a(1)
1 1
2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get   2  
dy  dx    2 a
2y = 2ax + b …(i) 2
dx
153. Let y = a sin3t and x = a cos3 t
ns
dy
d2 y dy dy  = 3a sin2t cos t
2y 2 + .2 = 2a dt
dx dx dx dx
Multiplying both the sides by y2, we get and = –3a cos2t sin t …(i)
dt
io
2
d2 y  dy  dy dy / dt
y3 = ay2 –  y   = = tan t
dx 2  dx  dx dx / dt
2 d2 y dt
 b  = sec2 t.
at
= a(ax2 + bx + c) –  ax +  …[From (i)] dx 2 dx
2  
1
b2 =  sec2t. …[From (i)]
= a2x2 + abx + ac – a2x2 –  abx  3a cos 2 t sin t
4
= ac –
b2
= a constant
lic =
1
3a cos 4 t sin t
4  d2 y  1
  2 =
150. y = x3 log loge(1 + x)  dx t      
3a cos 4   sin  
ub
4
x3 1
  4
4
 y = 3x2 log loge (1 + x) +  1
log e 1  x  1  x =
4 2
=
5
2  1  3a
3x 1 3a  
 y = 6x log loge (1 + x) +   2
log e 1  x  1  x
P
+ 154. ey + xy = e
 
3 1
 1  x  log e 1  x  . 3x  x 1  x  .  log e 1  x   
2
dy dy
et
  1  x  ey +y+x =0 …(i)
dx dx
 1  x  log e 1  x  
2 2 
    Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
  d2 y  dy  dy
2
d2 y
ey + ey   + 2 + x 2 = 0 …(ii)
rg
 y(0) = 0 dx 2
 dx  dx dx
Putting x = 0 in ey + xy = e, we get y = 1
151. x = sin t and y = sin3 t
Putting x = 0, y = 1 in (i), we get
 y = x3
Ta
dy 1
dy =
 = 3x2 dx e
dx dy 1
=  in (ii), we get
Putting x = 0, y = 1,
d2 y dx e
 = 6x
dx 2 2
d y 1 2 d2 y 1
e 2 + e. 2  + 0 = 0  2 = 2
  dx e e dx e
At t = , x = sin =1
2 2
156. f (–x) = – f(x) …[ f ( x) is an odd function]
 d2 y   d2 y 
  2    2  = 6(1) = 6  f (x) = – f (–x)
 dx  t    dx  x 1 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
2
f  (x) = [f (x)]
152. x = a (1  cos ) and y = a( + sin )  f  (x) = f  (x)
dx dy  f  (3) = f  (3)
 = a sin  and = a (1 + cos )
d d  f  (3) = 2
404

 y x  f [g(x)].g(x) = 1
157.   +  =2
x  y  1 
.g(x) = 1…  f   x  
1 
 given 
2
 y + x = 2xy 2 1   g  x  
3
 1  x3 
 (x  y)2 = 0  g(x) = 1 + [g(x)]3
xy=0
x=y
dy
 =1 Competitive Thinking
dx
158. y = ex. e2x.e3x….enx 1. y = cos (2x + 45)
y= e 
x 1 23............. n  dy d
 = sin (2x + 45)  (2x + 45)
 n (n 1) 
x
dx dx
ns

y= e  2 
= 2 sin (2x + 45)
n(n  1) 
 log y = x  
 2  2. y= sin x
io
1 dy
.
y dx
=
n(n  1)
2

dy
dx
=
1

2 sin x x
d
d
sin x  
dy n(n  1) y
at
 = 1 1
dx 2 =  cos x 
2 sin x 2 x
1 x
a cos z
159. y = 1 x
and z = a cos1 x
y= cos x
1  a cos 1 z
 dy
= 
1  z  1  z 1
=
1
lic
1
=
4 x sin x
2 =
1  z  1  z  1  a 
2 2
dz cos1 x
d d  1 
3. log|x|e =  
ub
1  ex 1  ex dx dx  log x
160. y  y2  
1 e x
1  ex
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1 1 1
= × =
x  log x 
2 2
dy (1  e )e  (1  e )e x
2e x x x x log x x
2y  
P
dx (1  e )
x 2
(1  e x ) 2
dy ex 1  ex 4. f(x) = log x
 
dx (1  e ) 1  ex
x 2
 f[log x] = log  log x 
et
ex  1  e x  1  e x 
=   
(1  e )  1  e x  1  e x  1 d
 log x 
x 2
 f [log x] = .
x log x dx
e
rg
=
(1  e ) 1  e2 x
x 1
=
x log x
 1 x
161. Let f(x) = cos–1  sin  + xx
Ta
 2 
5. y = log2 (log2x)
–1   1  x  x
= cos cos    +x  log x 
  2 2   log  
=  log 2 
 1 x
=  + xx log 2
2 2
1 1 log(log x )  log(log 2)
 f (x) =   + xx (1 + log x) =
2 2 1 x
log 2
 f (1) =  1 + 1 = 3
4 4 dy 1  1 1 
   .  0
162. Since g(x) is the inverse of f(x). dx log 2  log x x 
 fog(x) = x 1
d d =
 [fog(x)] = (x) ( x log x )log 2
dx dx
405

 1  x2  10. H(x) = G[F(x)]

6. y = log  2 
x
1 x  = e e
x
 H(x) = –ex  e e

dy
=
1

1  x 2
  0  2 x   1  x   0  2 x 
2
0
 H(0) = –e0 . e e
dx  1  x 2 
 2 
1  x  2 2
=  e1
1  x 
1
1 2 x  2 x 3  2 x + 2x 3
= 
=  e
1  x 
2
1  x 2  11. y = f (x2 + 2)
dy 4 x dy
 =  = f (x2 + 2).(2x)
dx 1  x 4 dx
 dy 
ns
7. At x = 1, f(x) is not defined.    = f (12 + 2).(2 1)
 dx  x = 1
For x  R {1},
= f (3).2 = 5.2 = 10
 
  12. g (x) = [f (2f (x) + 2)]2
io
  1  1
g(x) = f [f {f (x)}] = f f   = f  
 g(x) = 2 [f (2f (x) + 2)] . [f (2f (x) + 2)]
  1  x  1  1 
 1  x 
 = 2 [(2f (x) + 2] f [2f (x) + 2] . 2f (x)
at
 x  1 1  g(0) = 2 [f (–2 + 2)] f [–2 + 2] . 2(1)
=f   = =x
 x  x1 = 2 [ f (0)] [f (0)] 2
1
x = 2 (–1)(1)2
 g(x) = 1 for all x  R  {1}
lic =–4
d   log  log x 
8.  log  x  x 2  a 2   13. f (x) = logx (log x) =
dx    log x
ub
  1 d 1
1 1 2x log x . .  log x   log  log x  .
=   1   log x dx x
x x2  a 2 2 x x2  a 2
 2 2 
2 x a   f (x) =
  log x 
2
 x2  a 2  x  1 1
 log  log x 
P
=

2 x2  a 2 x  x2  a 2  = x x
 log x 
2
1 1
et
= 0
1
2 x a f (e) = e 2 =
2 2

1 e
d    3  
9.  3cos   x   4cos   x   f(x) = 1  cos 2  x 2 
rg
dx  6  6  14.
d   3      1
=    4cos   x   3cos   x     f (x) = .(2 cos x2).(– sin x2).(2x)
dx   6  6   2 1  cos 2  x 2 
Ta
d   
=   cos 3   x    x sin 2 x 2
dx  6   f (x) = 1  cos 2  x 2 
…[ cos 3 = 4 cos3  – 3 cos ]
 2 
d        sin 1 
=   cos   3x    f    = 2 4 =  2 =–
dx   2  2  3 6
  1  cos 2
d    4 2
=  sin 3 x  
dx  180 
3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
=  cos 3x  15. f(x) = +
180 1  cot x 1  tan x
 sin 2 x  sin x  cos 2 x  cos x 
= cos 3x = +
60 sin x + cos x cos x + sin x
406

sin 3 x + cos3 x d 1 x  d

= 20. tan–1   = [tan–1(1) – tan–1(x)]
sin x + cos x dx 1 x  dx
= sin2 x – sin x cos x + cos2 x 1 1
=0– =
1 x 2
1  x2
…[ a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
 sin x  cos x   1  tan x
1 21. y = tan–1   = tan
–1
 
= (sin2 x + cos2 x) – (2 sin x cos x)  cos x  sin x   1  tan x
2
   π
1 = tan–1  tan   x   = +x
=1 .sin 2x  4  4
2
dy
   =1
 f (x) =  cos 2x  f    =  cos   = 0 dx
4 2    
ns
 a cos x  bsin x 
22. y = tan1  
16. h(x) = f(g(x))  bcos x + a sin x 
1 x
 h(x) = f(sin1 x) = esin  a 
...(i)  tan x 
–1  b
= tan  
io
1 x d 1 1  1  a tan x 
 h(x) = esin . (sin–1 x) = esin x 
dx 1  x2  b 
a
h( x ) 1 = tan–1   – tan–1 (tan x)
at
 = ...[From (i)] b
h( x ) 1  x2
a
 y = tan–1   – x
m sin 1 x b
17. y= e …(i)

dy 1
= em sin x .
m
lic 
dy
dx
= –1
dx 1  x2
 
dy  3 
 1 x 2
= my …[From (i)]
ub
 6x x   6x 2 
dx 23. Let y = tan1   = tan
1

1  9 x 3  3 2
 dy 
2   1   3 x 2  
 (1  x2 )   = m2 y2    
 dx     
 A=m 2  
P
 3 
1  2  3 x 
2
 x2  1  –1  x  1 
= tan 
3 2
2
18. y = cosec–1   + cos   1   3 x 2  
 x  1  x  1
2 2
   
et
   
 x2  1  –1  x  1 
2
= sin–1 
3
 + cos  2  = 2 tan1 3x 2
 x  1  x  1
2
1
dy 2 3 9
 3
rg
 1  =  x2 =
...  cosec1 x  sin 1   
x
dx  3
2
2 1  9 x3
  x  1   3x 2 
   
= ... sin 1 x + cos 1x = 
Comparing with x g(x), we get
Ta
2  2
dy 9
 =0 g(x) =
dx 1 9 x 3
24. Putting x = sin A and x = sin B, we get

19. y = sec(tan1 x)

dy
= sec(tan1 x) tan(tan1 x).
1 y = sin –1
sin A 1  sin B  sin B 1  sin 
2 2
dx 1  x2 = sin–1 (sin A cos B + sin B cos A)

x = sin–1 [sin(A + B)] = A + B = sin–1x + sin–1 x
= 1  x2 .
1+x 2 dy 1 1 1
 = + 
dx 1  x2
 x 2 x
2
1 1
…[ tan x = sec 1 x ] 2
1
x 1 1
= 2
= +
1+x 1 x 2
2 x  x2
407


 x   1 x  27. Put xx = tan    = tan1 (xx)
25. y = tan 1    sin  2 tan 1
   tan 2   1 
 1 1 x 2   1  x   f(x) = cot1 
  
Put x = cos    = cos–1 x  2 tan  
  = cot1 (cot 2)
–1  cos   1 1  cos 
 y = tan   + sin  2 tan  =   cot1(cot 2)
 1  sin    1  cos  
 f(x) =   2 =   2tan1(xx)
    2
 1  tan  2sin 2   f (x) = . xx(1 + log x)
= tan –1 2  + sin
 2 tan 1 2  1  x2 x
    2  
 1  tan  2cos  2
 2  2  f (1) =  1 (1 + 0) = –1
1  12
      1   
= tan–1  tan  4  2   + sin  2 tan  tan 2  
       x x
 x  – tan–1 (x)
ns
28. y = tan–1   , = tan–1
   3

=  + sin   1 x2 
4 2
1 1 1
 cos 1 x  y =  –
=  + sin(cos–1 x) 1 x 2 x 1  x2
io
4 2
1 1 1 1

= 
4
cos 1 x
2

+ sin sin 1 1  x 2   y(1) =   
2 2 2 4
at
 cos 1 x  1  x2  1 
=  + 1  x2 29. y = tan1  
4 2  x 
 

dy 1  2 x 
dx
= + Put x = tan    = tan1x
2 1  x2
1  2x
2 1  x2
lic  y = tan1 
 1  tan 2   1   sec   1 
 = tan1  
=  tan    tan  
2 1  x2  
 1  cos  
  3 cos x  sin x  
2
= tan1  
ub
26. 2y =  cot 1     sin  

  cos x  3 sin x    2  
2  2sin 2 
  3  tan x   = tan 1
 
=  cot 1     2 sin  cos  

 1  3 tan x  
P
  2 2
2
       1
 1  tan 3  tan x   = tan1  tan  = = tan–1 x
=  cot    2  2 2
 1  tan  tan x  
et
 1
  3   y =
2
2 1  x 2 
    
= cot 1  tan   x   1 1
 3    y(1) = =
rg
 2 1  12  4
2
    
=   tan 1  tan   x  
2  3   30. xy = exy
Ta
   
2

    x , 0  x  y log x = x  y
 2 3  6 x
=  2 y=
   2    1  log x
  2  3  x , 6  x  2
  
1  log x   1  x  0 
1
dy 
  
2
  x
 =
   x , 0  x  dx 1  log x 
2
  6  6
 2y = 
  7  
2
 log x
 x ,  x  =
  (1  log x) 2
  6  6 2
 
x  , 0 x 
 31. y = {f(x)}(x)
dy  6 6 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
 = 
dx 
x
7 
, x
 log y =  (x) log {f(x)}
 6 6 2  y = e(x) log f(x)
408


dy d Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 = e(x) log f(x) [ (x) log f(x)]
dx dx dy
2(y2 – x)  2 y 
dy
 1 = 2
 f  x    dx  dx
= e(x) log f(x)  ( x) .  log f  x  .   x  
 f  x  dy y2  x
 =
dx 2 y  2 xy  1
3
32. y = 1 + x ey …(i)
dy dy
 = ey.1+ x. ey. 38. If y = x  x  x  ...
dx dx
y dy If y = f ( x )  f ( x )  f ( x )  ... ,
 (1 – x e ) = ey
dx dy f '( x )
dy then 
 (2  y) = ey …[From (i)] dx 2 y  1
dx
ns
dy 1

dy
=
ey  =
dx 2 y
dx 2 y1
39. xpyq = (x + y)p+q
33. xy = 1 + log y
io
p log x + q log y = (p + q)log(x + y)
dy 1 dy
x. + y.1 =  Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
dx y dx
p q dy pq  dy 
at
dy +  = 1  
 (xy – 1) + y2 = 0 x y dx x y  dx 
dx dy y
 k = xy – 1  =
dx x
34. tan1 (x2 + y2) = 
lic 40. 3 y x = 6
 x  y
5
 x2 + y2 = tan 
   
6
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 6
  x  y
5
3 y x = 6
dy dy x
=0
ub
2x + 2y =
dx dx y  y2 x3 = (x + y)5
5
2 3 x  5
 1   y x = y   1
35. y = esin
1 (t 2 1)
and x = e
sec1 
 2 
 t 1 
= e
 
cos 1 t 2  1
 y 
3 5
P
x x 
    =   1
  y
   y 
 xy = e 2 …  sin 1 x + cos 1 x = 
 2 5
x x 3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get  =   1
et
dy y y 
x +y.1=0 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
dx
dy y  dy  2  dy 
  y  x dx   y  x dx 
rg
= 5 x 3
dx x   =   1  
 y2  3 y   y2 
36. 2x2  3xy + y2 + x + 2y  8 = 0    
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2
Ta
5 x 3

dy  dy dy    1 = 1
4x – 3  x   y  + 2y +1+2 =0 3 y 
dx
  dx dx
dy x 3 3
 (3x + 2y + 2) + 4x  3y + 1 = 0  = –1
dx y 5 5
dy 3y  4x  1 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
 = dy
dx 2 y  3x  2 yx
dx = 0
2
y
37. y= x y x y  ...
dy y
 =
dx x
y= x+ y + y
2
ALTERNATE METHOD :
 (y – x) = 2y dy y
If xpyq = (x + y)p+q, then = .
 (y2 – x)2 = 2y dx x
409


41. yy = x sin y dy
 4xy2  4x2y =0
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get dx
y log y = log x + log (sin y) dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get  4xy2 = 4x2y
dx
1 dy dy 1 1 dy dy y
y.  + log y . = +  cos y .  =
y dx dx x sin y dx dx x
dy 1 45. sin y = x sin(a + y)
 (1 + log y – cot y) =
dx x sin y
x=

dy
=
1 sin  a  y 
dx x(1  log y  cot y ) Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy
 x2  y2  sin  a  y  . cos y  sin y . cos  a  y 
42. log10  2 =2 1 = dx dx
2 
ns
x y  sin 2  a  y 
x2  y2 dy
 = 102 . sin  a  y  y 
x2  y 2  1 = dx 2
 x2  y2 = 100 x2 + 100 y2 sin  a  y 
io
 99x2 + 101y2 = 0 dy sin 2  a  y 
 =
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dx sin a
 dy 
at
99(2x) + 101  2 y  = 0 46. cos y = x cos(a + y)
 dx  cos y
x=

dy
= 
99 x cos  a  y 
dx 101y
lic Differetiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
x  y 
3 3
43. log10  3 
=2  cos  a  y  sin y
dy
 cos y sin  a  y 
dy
 x y 
3
1= dx dx
x3  y 3 cos 2  a  y 
ub
 = 102
x3  y 3 dy
sin  a  y  y 
 x3 – y3 = 100 x3 + 100y3  1 = dx 2
 99x3 = –101y3 ...(i) cos  a  y 
Differentating w.r.t. x, we get cos 2  a  y 
P
dy
dy  =
99(3x2) = –101 (3y2) dx sin a
dx
47. 2x + 2y = 2x+y
dy 99 x 2
et
 = Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dx 101 y 2
dy  dy 
dy  101 y 3  1
2x(log2) + 2y(log2) = 2(x + y).(log2) 1  
 = dx  dx 
 × ...[From (i)]
dx  x  101 y2
rg
dy  dy 
 2x + 2y = 2x + y + 2 x + y  
dy y dx  dx 
 =
dx x dy
 (2y – 2 x + y) = 2 x + y – 2x
dx
Ta
 x2  y2 
44. cos1  2 
= log a dy 2x  y  2x
x y 
2
 = y x+ y
dx 2 2
x2  y2
 = cos (log a)  dy  22  2 2
x2  y 2    = = = –1
 dx  x  y  1 2  2 2
2

 dy  2  dy  48. sin y + excos y = e
x 2
 y2  2x  2 y

   x  y   2 x + 2y 
dx 
2
 dx  Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

=0
x  y 
2 2 2
cos y
dy   dy  
+ e–x cos y   x    sin y   cos y  1 
dx   dx  
 dy 
 (x2 + y2)  2 x  2 y  =0
 dx 
dy dy
 dy   cos y + x sin y e–x cos y – cos y e–x cos y
– (x2 – y2)  2 x  2 y  =0 dx dx
 dx  =0
410

dy cos y e  x cos y 54. Let y = cos3 x and z = sin3 x

 = dy dz
dx cos y + x sin y e x cos y  = 3 cos2 x sin x and = 3 sin2 x cos x
cos e  cos 
 1 e = e dx dx
 dy 
   =  cos 
= dy
 dx 1,  cos   sin  e 1  0
dy  cos x
 = dx = =  cot x
dz dz sin x
49. x2x  2xx cot y  1 = 0 ....(i)
Putting x = l in (i), we get dx
 55. Let y = log10 x and z = x2
1  2cot y  1 = 0  cot y = 0  y =
2 dy 1 dz
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get  = and = 2x
dx x log e10 dx
2x2x (1 + logx)  2xx(1 + log x) cot y dy
dy
+ 2xx cosec2 y. =0 
dy
= dx = 2
1 1
= 2 log10e
ns
dx dz dz 2 x log e 10 2x
 dx
, we get
Putting x = 1 and y =
2
dy dy 56. Let y = log10 x and z = logx10
20+2 =0 = 1
io
dy 1
dx dx  =
dx x log10
50. y 1 x 2 = k – x 1 y 2 
dz 1 1 log10
and = log 10     =–
at
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get x  log x 
  log x  x 
2 2
dx
 xy dy xy dy
+ 1 x 2 =  1  y2 1
1 x 2 dx 1 y d
2x dy
 log x  = –(log x)2
2
dy x log 10
 = dx = =–
1
y   
1
lic dz dz

log10  log 10 
2 10
 
2 4 x  log x 
2
dx
1 1
Putting x = and y = , we get
2 4 57. x = a cos3  and y = a sin3 
ub
1 1 dx
  =  3a cos2 .sin 
8 + 3 dy dy 15 d
= 8 
3 2 dx 15 dx 4 dy
and = 3a sin2 .cos 
2 4 d
P
dy 5 dy
 =–  =  tan 
dx 2 dx
2
Let y = x6 and z = x3  dy 
51.  1 +   = 1 + tan2  = sec2 
et
dy dz  dx 
 = 6x5 and = 3x2
dx dx 58. x = log (1 + t2) and y = t  tan1 t
dy 2t 1 t2
dx dy
dy 6 x5  = and = 1  =
rg
 = dx = 2 = 2x3 dt 1  t 2 dt 1  t2 1  t2
dz dz 3x
dx dy
dy t
52. Let y = sin x and z = cos x  = dt =
dx
Ta
dx 2
dy dz dt
 = cos x and =  sin x
dx dx Since x = log (1 + t2)
dy  t = (ex – 1)1/2
dy cos x
 = dx =  e x  1
1/ 2
= –cot x dy
dz dz  sin x  =
dx dx 2
53. Let y = sin2 x and z = cos2 x 59. x = a(t  sin t) and y = a(1 cos t)
dy dz dx dy
 = sin 2x and = – sin 2x  = a(1  cos t) and = a sin t
dx dx dt dt
dy dy t t
2a sin cos
dy dy a sin t 2 = cot t
 = dx = – 1  = dt = = 2
dz dz dx dx a 1  cos t  2a sin 2 t 2
dx dt 2
411


60. x = 2 cos   cos 2 and y = 2 sin   sin 2  sin  
dx
 y = tan1  
 = 2 sin  + 2 sin 2 and  1  cos  
d
  
dy = tan1  tan  =
= 2 cos   2 cos 2  2 2
d
dy sin 1 x
=
dy cos   cos 2 2
 =  =
d
dx d x sin 2  sin  dy 1 dz 1
 = and =
d dx 2 1 x 2 dx 1 x 2
3 
2sin sin dy
= 2 2 dy 1
3   = dx =
2cos sin dz dz 2
2 2
ns
dx
3
= tan
2 64. Let u = cos1 (2x2 – 1) and v = cos1 x
Putting x = cos  in both equations, we get
61. Let y = (logx)x and z = logx
u = cos1 (2 cos2  – 1)
io
 log y = x log(log x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get u = cos1 (cos 2)
1 dy 1 = 2
 = log(log x) + v = cos1 (cos )
at
y dx log x
=
dy  1 
 = (log x)x log  log x    du dv
dx  log x   = 2 and =1
d d
z = logx
lic  du 
dz 1  
 du d
dx
=
x  =  =2
dv  dv 
dy  
 d 
ub
dy  1 
 = dx = x(log x)x log  log x   
dz dz
dx
 log x 65. 
Let y = sin1 2 x 1  x 2 
1 3
and z = sin (3x  4x )
2t 2t
P
62. sin x = , tan y = Put x = sin    = sin1 x

1 t 2
1  t2
Putting t = tan  in both equations, we get
 
y = sin1 2sin  1  sin 2   and
2 tan  z = sin–1 (3 sin  – 4 sin3 )
et
sin x =
1  tan 2   y = sin–1 (sin 2) and z = sin–1 (sin 3)
 sin x = sin 2  y = 2 = 2 sin1x and z = 3 = 3sin1x
 x = 2 dy 2 dz 3
rg
 = and =
dx dx 1 x 2 dx 1  x2
 =2
d
dy
2 tan  dy 2
tan y =  = dx =
Ta
1  tan 2  dz dz 3
 tan y = tan 2 dx
 y = 2
 
x

dy
=2 66. Let y = tan1  
d  1  x2 
 
 dy  and z = sin1 (3x  4x3)
 
dy d Put x = sin    = sin1 x
=  =1
dx  dx   
  sin 
 d   y = tan1  
 1  sin 2  
 
 x
63. Let y = tan 1  1
 and z = sin x = tan1 (tan ) =  = sin1 x and
1 1 x  z = sin1 (3sin   4 sin3 )
2
Put x = sin    = sin1x = sin1 (sin 3) = 3 = 3 sin1 x

412

dy 1 y = e(sin + cos)
dy 1  x2 1 dy
 = dx = =  = e(cos – sin) + e(sin + cos)
dz dz 3 3 d
dx 1  x2 = 2e cos
1
dy
67. f(x) = x tan x dy 2e cos 
= d =  = cot
 log f(x) = tan–1x log x dx dx 2e sin 
1 log x tan 1 x d
 f (x) = 
f  x 1 x 2
x  dy 
    =1
1 x  log x tan x 
1  dx  
 f (x) = x tan   
4
1  x
2
x 
71. Let y = log (sec  + tan ) and z = sec 
ns
–1  1 
g(x) = sec  2  dy 1
 2x  1   =  (sec  tan  + sec2 ) = sec 
d sec   tan 
 g(x) = cos–1(2x2 – 1) dz
Put x = cos   = cos–1x and = sec  tan 
d
io
 g(x) = cos–1(2cos2 – 1)
dy
= cos–1(cos2) dy sec  1
= 2  = d = = = cot 
dz dz sec  tan  tan 
at
 g(x) = 2cos–1x d
2
 g(x) =  dy  
1  x2     = cot =1
  
dz 4
Now,
 log x tan 1 x 
lic 4
1 x
 1 
f  x 
x tan 1  x 2  x  72. Let y = sec–1   and z = 1 x 2
=    2 x 2
 1
g  x  2
 y = cos1 (2x2  1)
ub
1  x2
Put x = cos    = cos1x
1 1  log x tan 1 x   y = cos1( 2 cos2  1)
=– 1  x 2 x tan x   
1  x
2
2 x  = cos1(cos2) = 2 = 2cos1 x
2
P
c dy
68. x = ct and y =  =
t dx 1  x2
dx dy c dz 2 x x
 = c and = 2 and = =
et
dt dt t dx 2 1  x2 1  x2
c
dy 2 1 dy
 = t = 2 dy 2
dx c t  = dx =
rg
dz dz x
 dy  1 1
   = 2 = dx
 dx  t  2 2 4
 dy 
3 3    1  = 4
69. y = a sin  and x = a cos   dz  x = 
Ta
 2
dy dx
 = 3a sin2  cos  and = 3a cos2  sin 
d d 73. Let y = f(tan x) and z = g (sec x)
dy dy
dy  sin   = f (tan x) . sec2 x
 = d = =  tan  dx
dx dx cos  dz
d and = g(sec x).sec x tan x
dx
 dy  
    =  tan = 3 dy
 dx   3 dy f   tan x 
3  = dx =  cosec x
 dz dz g  sec x 
70. x = e (sin – cos) dx
dx
 = e(cos + sin) + e(sin – cos)  dy  f  1 2 2 1
d      = . 2 = =
= 2esin   x   g 2
dz
 4
  4 2
413


74. y = A sin 5x …(i) 2  ab x
dy 79. y= tan-1  tan 
 a b  ab 2
2 2
= 5 A cos 5x
dx
dy 2 1
d2 y  =
 = 25 A sin 5x dx a 2  b 2 1   a  b  tan 2 x
dx 2  
a  b 2
d2 y
 = 25 y …[From (i)] ab x1
dx 2  sec2  
ab 2 2
75. x = A cos 4t + B sin 4t x
dx 1 sec 2
 = –4A sin4t + 4B cos4t =  2
dt ab a  b 2 x
1   tan
d2 x a  b 2

ns
= –16A cos 4t – 16B sin 4t
dt 2 x
= –16 (A cos 4t + B sin 4t) sec2
dy 2
 =
= –16x dx x
 a  b   a  b  tan 2
2
io
76. y = log (log x)
dy 1
 =  2 x  x x x
dx x log x  a  b    a  b  tan 2   sec 2 sec 2 tan 2 
at
d2 y 1 x x x
 = [1 + log x]  sec 2  a  b  tan sec 2 
 x log x 
2
dx d2 y 2 2 2
 = 2
dx 2  2 x
 a  b    a  b  tan 2 
77. Let y =
ex  1
ex
1
= 1 + x = 1 + ex
e
lic

dy
= ex a  b  a  b 2  2 1 
dx
ub
 2   a  b   2  
2 2
d2 y 1 
 = ex = x  d2 y 
dx 2 e  2 =
a  b  a  b
2
 dx     
 4
x2 y 2
78.  =1 4a  4  a  b 
P
a 2 b2 =
4a 2
 b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2 …(i) 4b b
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get = 2 = 2
4a a
et
dy
2b2x + 2a2y =0
dx dx dy
80. Here, = 1, =2 ...(i)
2 dy ds ds
 2a y = –2b2x
d2 x d2 y
rg
dx and 2 = 0, 2 = 0 ...(ii)
dy b2  x  ds ds
 = 2   …(ii) Now, u = x2 + y2
dx a  y
du dx dy
 = 2x. + 2y.
Ta
 dy  ds ds ds
yx 
d2 y b 2  dx
 2 = 2   d 2u  dx   d2 x 
2
 dy   d2 y 
2
dx a  y2   2
= 2   + 2x  2  + 2   + 2y  2 
  ds  ds   ds   ds   ds 
b 2   b 2 x   From (i) and (ii), we get
=  y  x  2   …[From (ii)] d 2u
a2 y2   a y  = 2(1) + 0 + 2(4) + 0 = 10
ds 2
b 2  a 2 y 2  b 2 x 2 
=   81. x = at2
a2 y2  a2 y 
dx
b 2 a 2b2  = 2at
= 2 2  2 …[From (i)] dt
a y a y y = 2at
b 4 dy
= 2 3  = 2a ...(i)
a y dt
414


dx 2at dx d2 y
 =  =t  (1  x2) = 2 [1 + x sin–1 x . (1 – x2)–1/2]
dy 2a dy dx 2
2
d  dx  d 2 d y dy
   = (t)  (1  x ) 2  x =2 …[From (i)]
dy  dy  dy dx dx
d2x dt
 sin x 
1 2
 = dy sin 1 x
dy 2
dy 86. y=  =
2 dx 1  x2
d2x 1
 = ...[From (i)] dy
dy 2 2a  1  x2 = sin–1x
dx
82. x = a sec2 , y = a tan2  d2 y dy   x  1
 1  x2 +  =

dx
= 2a sec2  tan  dx 2
dx  1  x 2 
 1  x2
ns
d
 (1 – x2)y2 – xy1 = 1
dy
and = 2a tan  sec2  1 1
d 87. y = cos x  y = (cos x)
2
dy 1
2cos x
io
dy 2a tan  sec2  dy
 =  =
d =1  =
dx dx 2asec2 tan  dx 1  x2
d
2 x cos 1 x
2
at
d2 y
 =0 d2 y 1  x2
dx 2  =
dx 2 1  x2
83. x = f (t) and y = g (t) dy
2 x

dx
= f (t) and
dy
= g(t)
lic d2 y
 2 = dx
dt dt dx 1  x2
dy d2 y dy
dy g  t   (1  x2) x =2
 = dt = dx 2 dx
ub
dx d x f  t   (cot ) 2 2 (cot )
dt 88. r = ae r= a e
d2 y f   t   g  t   g  t   f   t  dr 2 2 (cot )
 = 
dt  =a .e . 2 cot 
d
f   t  
2 2
dx dx
P
dr
f   t   g  t   g  t   f   t 
 = 2a2 cot .e2 (cot )
1 d
= 
f  x 
f   t  
2
d 2r
 = 4a2 cot2 .e2 (cot )
d2
et
f   t   g  t   g  t   f   t 
= d 2r
f   t  
3
  4r cot2 
d2
84. y = (tan–1 x)2 = 4a2 cot2 .e2 (cot )  4a2 cot2 .e2 (cot ) = 0
rg
dy 2 tan 1 x
 = 89. y = (x + 1  x 2 )n …(i)
dx 1  x2
dy n–1
 x 
dy  . 1  
Ta
 (1 + x2) = 2tan–1 x = n(x + 1  x2 )

dx  1  x 2 
dx 
dy d2 y 2
 
n
 (2x) + (1 + x2) 2 = dy n x + 1  x2
dx dx 1  x2  =
dx 1  x2
d2 y dy
 (x2 + 1)2 + 2x(x2 + 1) =2
  ddyx = n(x +
2
dx dx  1  x2 1  x2 )
n
85. y = (sin1 x)2 Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dy 2sin 1 x
 = …(i) d 2 y dy  x 
dx 1  x2 1  x2  +  
dx 2
dx  1  x 2 
 
1  x . sin -1 x . 1 x 2 1/ 2 
d2 y  
 = 2 
= n2 (x + 1  x 2 )n – 1 1 
x

dx 2  1 x 2  
   1  x 2 
415


d2 y dy dy 5 1  y 2
 (1 + x2) 2
+x = n2(x + 1  x 2 )n  = …(i)
dx dx dx 1  x2
2
2 d y dy
 (1 + x ) 2 + x = n2y …[From (i)]  2 y  dy  2 x 
dx dx 5 1  x 2    5 1  y2  
d2 y  2 1  y2  dx  2 1  x2 
90. x2y3 = (x + y)5  2    
 
2
Taking logarithm on both sides,we get dx 1  x2
2logx + 3logy = 5log (x + y)
2 3 dy 5  dy  d 2 y 5 y 1  x 2 dy 5 x 1  y 2
+  = 1    (1 – x2) =  –
x y dx x + y dx  dx 2 1  y2 dx 1  x2
dy  3 5  5 2 d2 y
    = –  (1 – x2) = –25y + x
dy
…[From (i)]
dx  y x  y  x+y x
ns
2
dx dx
dy y d2 y dy
 = …(i)  (1 – x2) –x = –25y
dx x dx 2
dx
dy
x y
io
d2 y 93. y= e x
 e x
 2
= dx 2
dx x
dy e x e x
 y  = 
x   y dx 2 x 2 x
at
2
d y
 2 =  2
x
…[From (i)]
dx x 
dy
dx
=
1
2 x
e x  e  x

d2 y
 2 =0
dx d2 y 1  e x e x  e x  e  x
 1 
91. x = sin t and y = sin pt
lic 
dx 2
=  
2 x  2 x 2 x 
 +
2
 3/ 2 
2
 x 
dx
 = cos t d2 y e x  e x
e x  e x
dt  = –
dx 2 4x 4x x
ub
dy
and = p cos pt d 2 y 1 dy  e x  e x
e x  e x 
dt  x +  = x   
2
dy dx 2 dx  4x 4x x 
dy pcos pt
 = dt = 1  e x  e x 
dx dx cos t +  
P
dt 2  2 x 
dy p 1  y2 e x  e x
e x  e x
e x  e x
 = …(i) = – +
dx 1  x2 4 4 x 4 x
et
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get e x  e x

=
 2 y  dy  2 x  4
p 1  x2    p 1  y2   2
d y 1 dy 1
 2 1  y2  dx  2 1  x2   x 2+ 
rg
d2 y     = y ...[From (i)]
= dx 2 dx 4
 
2
dx 2 1  x2
94. g(x) = f (x) …(i)
2
d y 1 x 2
dy 1  y2  g (x) = f  (x) = – f (x) …(ii)
Ta
 (1 – x2) = –py  + px
dx 2 1  y2 dx 1  x2 Given that h (x) = (f (x))2 + (g (x))2
d2 y dy  h(x) = 2f(x) f (x) + 2g(x) g(x)
 (1 – x2) = –p2y + x …[From (i)] = 2 f(x) f (x) + 2 f (x) [–f(x)]
dx 2 dx
d2 y dy …[From (i) and (ii)]
 (1 – x2) 2 – x + p2y = 0 =0
dx dx
 h(x) is a constant function.
92. x = cos  and y = sin 5
dx dy
 = sin and = 5 cos 5 h(1) = 2  h(x) = 2
d d
 h(2) = 2
dy
dy 5cos5 95. x = 2at2 and y = at4
 =  =
d
dx d x sin  dx dy
d  = 4at and = 4at3
dt dt
416


dy 2 1
= 
dy  cos t  sin t 
2
e t  sin t  cos t 
 = dt = t2
dx dx 2 1 2 1
=  = 
dt  e sin t  e cos t   cos t  sin t 
t t 2
x y  cos t  sin t 
2
d2 y dt 1 1  d2 y 
 = 2t. = 2t. =  2 1
= 1
dx 2
dx 4at 2a  2  = 11  2
2
 dx 1,1    
 d2 y  1  cos  sin 
 = 4 4  
 2
 dx   t  2  2a 3 
99. At  2, 2 2 
2 
96. x = a sin  and y = b cos  1 1
dx dy cos t = and sin t =
 = a cos  and =  b sin  2 2
d d 
 tan t = 1  t =
ns
dy 4
dy b
 = d = tan  Now, x = 3cos t and y = 4sin t
dx d x a dx dy
d  = –3sin t and = 4cos t
dt dt
io
d y2
b d b
 = sec2  . = 2 sec3  dy
dx 2 a dx a dy
 = dt = – 4 cot t
d y2
b  b dx dx 3
  2 = 2 sec3 = 2 2 2
at
 d x  
   a 4 a dt
 
 4
d2 y dt
 = 4 cosec2t = 4 cosec2t × – 1
97. x = a (t + sin t) and y = a (1 – cos t) dx 2 3 dx 3 3 sin t
dx dy

dt
= a (1 + cos t) and
dt
= a sin t
lic 
 d2 y 
 2
 dx  3 
= 4
3
cosec2(/4) × 1
3 sin   / 4 
2, 2 2 
dy t t 2 
2a sin cos
dy dt a sin t 2 2 t 8 2
 = = = = tan =
dt dx a 1  cos t  t 2 9
ub
2a cos 2
dt 2 x 2  ax + 1
d2 y 1 t dt 100. f(x) =
x 2  ax + 1
 = sec2 .
dx 2 2 2 dx x 2
 ax + 1  2 x  a    x 2  ax + 1  2 x  a 
t  f (x) =
x  ax + 1
P
2
sec2 2
= 2
2a 1  cos t  2a  x  1 2
 f (x) =  x  ax + 1 2 2
et

4ax  x 2  ax + 1  4a  x 2  1  2 x  a   x 2  ax + 1
2
 d2 y  sec 2
 = 3 =
4  f (x) =
 2 x  ax + 1
2 4
 d x 
 t   2a 1  cos
 2   2   a
 
4a  x  x 2  ax + 1   x 2 1  2 x + a  
 3 
 3 
rg
 f (x) =
 x 2  ax + 1
3
98. At (1, 1), 1 = et sin t and 1 = et cos t
 4a
 tan t = 1  t =  f (1) = 0, f (1) = and f (–1)= – 4a 2
2  a  2  a 
2
4
Ta
Now, x = et sin t and y = et cos t  2 2

(2 + a) f (1) + (2 – a) f (–1) = 0
dx dy
 = et (sin t + cos t) and = et (cos t – sin t) 101. f 1 (x) = g(x)
dt dt
 x = f [g (x)]
dy
dy cos t  sin t
 = dt = f [g (x)]  g(x) = 1
dx d x cos t  sin t
1  1 
dt   g (x) = 1 …  f   x   
1   g( x) 
4
2
d y d  cos t  sin t  dt 1  x4 
 =  
dx 2
dt  cos t  sin t  dx  g(x) = 1 + [g (x)]4
= 102. According to the given condition,
  cos t  sin t   sin t  cos t    cos t  sin t   sin t  cos t   dt h (f (x)) = x
  Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
 cos t  sin t 
2
  dx
h (f (x))  f (x) = 1
417


1 f h
 f (x) =  f (0) = lim …(i)
h'  f  x   h 0 h
 f (x) = 1 + log (f(x)) f  x  h  f  x
 f (x) = lim
h 0 h
103. f(x) = tan1x
f  x   f h   f  x
 f (x) = 1 = lim
1  x2 h 0 h
1 f h
 f (x) =  2x  f(x) = lim = f(0) ...[From (i)]
1  x2  h
2 h 0
 f(x) = xf (0) + c
Since f (x) + f (x) = 0
2x
But, f(0) = 0
1
  =0  c=0
1  x2 1  x  2 2
Hence, f(x) = xf (0) for all x  R
ns
 1 + x2  2x = 0 Clearly, f(x) is everywhere continuous and
x=1 differentiable and f (x) is constant for all x  R.
104. x = t log t and y = tt Hence, option (D) is incorrect.
 x = log tt = log y 108. x2 + y2 = t + 2
io
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get t
1 dy Squaring on both sides, we get
1= . 4
y dx x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 = t2 + +4
at
t2
dy   2 4
+ 2x2y2 = t2 + 4
+4
 = y = tt t  2 
 t  t2
dx
Since x = t log t,  x2y2 = 2 ...(i)
x = log tt
lic Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy
 ex = tt x2.2y + y2.2x = 0
dx
dy
 = ex  x2 y dy
= xy2
ub
dx dx
dy
105. x = a  t  1  ...(i)  x3 y = x2 y2
dx
 t
dy
 1  x3y = 2 ...[From (i)]
and y = a t   ...(ii) dx
P
 t
d d fn  1 x 
Squaring (i) and (ii) and subtracting, we get 109. fn(x) = e
dx dx
x2 – y2 = a2(– 4)  y2 – x2 = 4a2
Let n = 3
et
d d f2  x 
dy dy x  f3(x) = e
2y – 2x = 0  = dx dx
dx dx y
d
= e f2  x  f2(x)
106. 2y = sin1(x + 5y) dx
rg
 sin 2y = x + 5y = e f2  x 
d f1 x 
e
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dx
d
2 cos 2y  dy 
= 1 + 5  dy  = ef2  x ef1 x  f1  x 
  dx
 dx   dx 
Ta
d
dy = e f2  x e f1 x  e x
 (2 cos 2y  5) = 1 dx
dx
dy 1 = ef2  x ef1 x  e x
 = d
dx 2 cos 2 y  5 f3(x) = f3(x) f2(x) f1(x)
dx
dx 1
Now, = Similarly,
dy  dy / dx 
d
dx fn(x) = fn(x) fn – 1(x) ... f1(x)
 = 2 cos 2y  5 dx
dy
110. f (x) = f (–x) …[ f(x) is an even function]
107. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y  R
Putting x = 0 and y = 0, we get  f (x) = – f (–x)
f(0) = f(0) + f(0)  f(0) = 0  f (0) = – f (0)
f (0 + h)  f (0)  2f (0) = 0
Now, f (0) = lim  f (0) = 0
h 0 h
418

Evaluation Test
x  1  x  1  x  1 +  x  1 + …
3 5 7
 12  5 
1. y= + + = (1)2  
4 12 20 28  16 
1   x  1   x  1   x  1  ....
3 5 7
12  5
=  x  1   =
4  3 5 7  16
2 3 4
x x x 4. y = |cos x| + |sin x|
Now, log(1 + x) = x – + – + ….
2 3 4 d x
x 2 x3 x 4 x5 Since |x| =
 log(1 – x) = – x  –   – …. dx x
2 3 4 5 dy cos x d sin x d
  (cos x) + 
ns
1 x  = (sin x)
 log   = log(1 + x) – log(1 – x) dx cos x dx sin x dx
1 x  cos x sin x
 x3 x5  = (–sin x) + cos x
= 2 x    .... cos x sin x
 3 5  2 2  1
io
1
When x = , cos x = cos = , |cos x| =
 x  1 +  x  1 +  x  1 + ….
3 5 7
3 3 2 2
 x–1+
3 5 7 2 3 3
and sin x = sin = , |sin x| =
at
1  1 x 1  3 2 2
= log  
2 1   x  1   dy   3  1 
   2  = –1   + 1  
1  x   dx  x   2   2 
= log 
2

2 x
lic 3
3 1
1  x  =
 y= log   2
8 2 x
dy 1  2  x    2  x 1  x  1   1  2  n
ub
 =  5. y = 1   1   …. 1  
    x  x  x
2  x
2
dx 8  x   
dy  1   2  3  n
1 2 x 2  x  x 1  =   2  1   1   …. 1  
=    2 
= dx  x   x  x  x
8  x    2  x   4x  2  x 
P
 1  2  3  n
+ 1     2  1   …. 1  
2. y = (cos x + i sin x) (cos 3x + i sin 3x)  x  x   x  x
…(cos(2n – 1)x + i sin(2n – 1)x)
 1  2  3  n
Since cos  + i sin  = ei + 1   1     2  …. 1   + ….
et
 x  x  x   x
 y = eix  ei3x  ei5x …. ei(2n – 1)x
= eix[1 + 3 + 5 + …. + (2n – 1)] 1 1
When x = –1, 1 + = 1 + =1–1=0
2x x  1
= ein
rg
dy 2  Except 1st term all terms are 0.

 = in 2 ein x
dx  dy 
   = (–1) (–1) (–2) …. (1 – n)
d2 y 2  dx ( x 1)
Ta
 = i 2 n 4 ein x = – n4y
= (–1)n (n – 1)!
2
dx
 3x   
3. y = f   x
 5x  4  1  x , x  0
6. f (x) = 
dy  3x    d  3x   
 = f      x , x0
dx  5 x  4  dx  5 x  4  1  x
 3x      5 x  4  3  5  3x     x
= f     f ( x)  f (0) 0
 5x  4  5x  4 = lim 1  x
2
   Lf (0) = lim =1
x 0 x0 x0 x
 dy     12  5 
   = f     x
0
 dx  x  0  4   16  1  x
Rf (0) = lim =1
    12  5  x 0 x0
= tan2    
 4   16   f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and f (0) = 1.
419


7. f(x) = sin(log x) 1  sin x  32cos32 x  sin 32 x cos x 
 f (x) =
 f (x) = cos(log x)
1 32  sin 2 x 

x  1 
 32 1  0 
y = f
 2x  3   1  2 
  f   =
 3  2x   4  32  1 
2
dy  2x  3  d  2x  3   
 = f   2
  
dx  3  2 x  dx  3  2 x  1 1 2
=   32  2 = = 2
  2x  3   32 2 2
= cos  log  
  3  2x  
10. 1 + x4 + x8 = 1 + 2x4 + x8 – x4
  3  2 x  2    2  2 x  3   3  2 x  = (1 + x4)2 – x4
.    = (1 + x4 + x2) (1 + x4 – x2)
3  2x    2 x  3 
2

ns
1  x 4  x8
  2x  3    6  4x  4x  6   = 1 – x2 + x4
= cos  log     1  x2  x4
  3  2x    3  2x 
d  1  x 4  x8  d
1    = (1 – x2 + x4)
 dx  1  x 2  x 4  dx
io
2x  3
= 4x3 – 2x = ax3 + bx
12   2x  3 
= cos log    a = 4, b = –2
9  4x2   3  2 x 
at
1 1

d 
11. 2x = y 5 + y 5
 x  1  1
8. a tan 1 x  blog   = 4
dx 
1
 x  1  x 1 Let y 5 = a
 x 1
 a tan–1 x + b log  
 x 1
lic  y

1
5
= ,
1
a
1 1
=  a+ = 2x
x4  1 a
ub
=
1  a2 – 2ax + 1 = 0
x 2
 1 x 2  1 2x  4x2  4
 a=
1  1 1  2
=   2  2  dx
2  x 1 x 1 
1
 y5 = x + x2  1
P
1 1  x 1 1
tan–1 x
 
5
=  log  –  y = x  x2  1
2 2  x 1 2
 
1 1  
et
 a=– ,b= dy 4 1
 = 5 x  x2  1 1  2x 
2 4 dx  2 x 1 
2
1 1 1 1
 dy
  x  
4
a – 2b = – – 2   = – – = –1  x2  1 = 5 x  x2  1 x2  1
2 4 2 2 dx
rg
9. f(x) = cos x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x cos 16x = 5y

2
(x2 – 1)   = 25y2
1 16 dy
=  (2 sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x 
32 sin x  dx 
Ta
cos 8x cos 16x) 2dy d 2 y  dy  dy

2
1 16
 (x2  1)   +   (2x) = 25  2y
=  (sin 2x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x dx dx 2  dx  dx
32 sin x dy
cos 16x) Dividing both sides by 2 , we get
dx
1 8
=  (sin 4x cos 4x cos 8x 2
d y dy
32 sin x (x2  1) 2 + x = 25y
dx dx
cos 16x)
 k = 25
1 4
=  (sin 8x cos 8x cos 16x)  y
32 sin x tan 1  
1 2 12. x 2  y 2 = ae …(i) x
=  sin 16x cos 16x Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get

32 sin x
sin 32 x  1 dy 
=  2x  2 y 
32sin x 2 x y  2 dx  2
420

 dy  = sin[cos1(cos(sin1x)]
 y x y
tan 1   1  dx = sin(sin1 x) = x
= ae x
.  
y2 x2 
1  2   
dy
=1
x   dx
 dy   dy 
1  dy   x dx  y     1=1
 2 
x y  = x y  2
2 2
2   dx  x 
x y  dx   x  y 
2
2
 
 tan 1
y
 1
16. 8 f(x) + 6f   = x + 5 …(i)
…  ae x
 x2  y 2  x  
 
1
dy dy Replacing x by , we get
 x+y =x y …(ii) x
dx dx
ns
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get 1 1
8f   + 6f(x) =  5
2 x
  x
d2 y  dy  d2 y dy dy
1+y +   =x 2 + 
dx 2
 dx  dx dx dx 1 1
 6f(x) + 8f   =  5 …(ii)
2 2 2 x x
1 + y 2 +   = x 2
d y dy d y
io
 (i)  8  (ii)  6 gives
dx  dx  dx
6
d2 y   dy  2  64 f(x)  36 f(x) = 8x + 40   30
 (y  x) =  1     x
at
dx 2   dx   6
  28 f(x) = 8x   10
From (i), when x = 0, y  ae 2 x
x2  6 
dy Given, y = x2f(x) =  8 x   10 
From (ii), when x = 0,
dx
= 1
lic 28  x 

d2 y 1
 ae 2 2 = 2  y= (8x3  6x + 10x2)
dx 28
dy 1
ub
d y
2
2   = (24x2  6 + 20x)
  2 = e 2 dx 28
 dx  x  0 a
 dy  1 2 1
f g h    = (24  6  20) =  =
 dx  x 1 28 28 14
13. f(x) = f  g h
P
f  g h 17. f(x3) = x5

f  g h  f g h
f (x3) . 3x2 = 5x4
 f (x) = f  g h + f  g h
et
5 2
f  g h f  g h  f (x3) = x
3
f g h 5
 f (27) = f  (33) = (3)2 = 15
+ f g h
rg
3
f  g h 18. Since g(x) is the inverse of f(x).
=0+0+0  f[g(x)] = x
…[ f, g, h are polynomials of 2nd degree,  f   g( x)  g( x) = 1
Ta
f  = g = h = 0]  f   g(1)  g(1) = 1

=0
1
 g(1) = …(i)
y y1 y2 cos ax  a sin ax  a 2 cosax 
f (g(1))
14. y3 y4 y5 = a 3 sin ax a 4 cosax  a 5 sin ax f(x) = x3 + ex/2
y6 y7 y8  a 6 cos ax a 7 sin ax a 8 cosax  f(0) = 1
=a 0 2
…[ C1  C3]  0 = f1(1)
=0  g(1) = 0 …[ g(x) = f1(x)(given)]
From (i), we get
15. y = sin cos 1{sin(cos 1 x)}
1
g(1) =
     f (0)
= sin cos 1 sin   sin 1 x  
  2   Now, f(x) = x3 + ex/2
421


1 x/2 dy n(sec n   cos n )
 f (x) = 3x2 + e 
2 dx sec   cos 
1  dy 
2
n 2 (sec n   cos n ) 2
 f (0) =    
2  dx  (sec   cos ) 2
1
 g(1) = =2 n 2 [(sec n   cos n ) 2  4sec n  cos n ]
1/ 2 
(sec   cos ) 2  4sec .cos 
19. y = f(x3) n 2 ( y 2  4)
dy =
 = f (x3).3x2 = 3x2 tan(x3) x2  4
dx 2
(x2 + 4) 
dy  2 2
z = g(x5)   = n (y + 4)
dz  dx 
 = g (x5).5x4 = 5x4 sec(x5)
dx
ns
x sin x cos x
dy
23. f(x) = x 2 tan x  x3
dy 3x 2 tan x3 3tan x3
 = dx = 4 = 2 2 x sin 2 x 5 x
dz dz 5 x sec x 5
5 x sec x5
dx 1 sin x cos x
io
3 3 3  f (x) = 2 x tan x  x3
20. 1  x 6  1  y 6 = a (x  y )
2 sin 2 x 5x
Put x3 = sin  and y3 = sin 
at
3 x cos x cos x x sin x  sin x
 1  sin 2   1  sin 2  = a (sin   sin )
+ x 2 2
sec x  x + x 2 tan x 3x 2
3
 cos  + cos  = a3(sin   sin )

2 x 2cos 2 x 5 x 2 x sin 2 x 5
     
 2 cos   cos 
 2   2 

lic f ( x)
1
sin x cos x
tan x
       = 2  x2
= a 3 .2sin   cos   x x
 2   2 
2 sin 2 x 5 x
ub
   3
 cot  =a 1 cos x
cos x 1 sin x  sin x
 2 
+x  x3 + x tan x 3x 2
sec 2 x
    = 2 cot1 a3
 sin1 x3  sin1 y3 = constant 2 2cos 2 x 5 x 2 sin 2 x 5
P
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

f ( x)
3x2

3y2
dy
 =0  lim = 2 1 0+ 0 1 0+ 0 0 0
6 dx
x0 x
1 x 6
1 y 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 5
et
dy x2 1  y6 =  2  2 + 0 = 4
 = 2
dx y 1  x6 24. Since g is the inverse of f.
21. 2
Let f(x) = px + qx + r  f[g(x)] = x
rg
 f(1) = f(1)  p + q + r = p  q + r  q = 0 Diff. w.r.t.x, we get

 f(x) = px2 + r f (g(x)) g(x) = 1
 f (x) = 2px 1
 g(x) = = 1 + [g(x)]5
Ta
 f (a) = 2ap, f (b) = 2bp and f (c) = 2cp f (g( x))

Since a, b, c are in A.P.
sin x sin x sin x
 2ap, 2bp, 2cp are in A.P. 25. y=   ... 
sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3x sin nx sin(n 1) x
 f (a), f (b), f (c) are in A.P.
sin(2 x  x) sin(3x  2 x) sin((n 1) x  nx)
dx =   ... 
22. = sec  tan  + sin  sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3x sin nx sin(n 1) x
d
sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x sin x sin 3x cos 2 x
dy =  
and  n sec n 1  .sec  tan   n cos n 1  .(  sin ) sin x sin 2 x sin x sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 3x
d
cos3x sin 2 x sin(n  1) x cos nx cos(n  1) x sin nx
= n sec n  tan   n cos n 1  sin    ....  
sin 2 x sin 3x sin nx sin (n  1) x sin nx sin (n  1) x
dy
dy d n sec n  tan   n cos n 1  sin  = cot x  cot 2x + cot 2x  cot 3x
  
dx dx sec  tan   sin  + …. + cot nx  cot(n+ 1) x
d  y = cot x  cot(n + 1)x
422


dy f (1) n(1) n 1
 =  cosec2x  [ cosec2(n + 1)x] (n + 1) = = n = nC1
dx 1! 1
= (n + 1) cosec2(n + 1)x  cosec2x f (1) n(n  1)(1) n  2 n(n  1) n
= = = C2
2! 2! 2!
a
26. If |r| < 1, a + ar + ar2 + …. +  = f (1) n(n  1)(n  2)(1) n  3 n(n  1)(n  2) n
1 r = = = C3
2 3! 3! 3!
sin x
 sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + …. = f (1) f (1) f (1) f n (1)
1 sin 2 x  f(1)  +  + ….+(1)n
2
1! 2! 3! n!
sin x
= = tan2x = nC0  nC1 + nC2  nC3 + …. + (1)n nCn
cos 2 x =0
2x
 y = e tan
30. p = a2cos2 + b2sin2
dy 2 2
 = e tan x .2 tan x sec2x = 2e tan x tan x sec2x dp
ns
dx  = a2.2 cos  ( sin ) + b2.2 sin  cos 
d
1 1 = (b2  a2) sin 2
27. y = tan1 + tan1 2
1 x  x 2
x  3x  3 d 2p
 = 2(b2  a2) cos 2
io
1 1 d2
+ tan 2 + …. to n terms
x  5x  7 = 2(b2  a2) (cos2  sin2 )
1 1 d 2p
= tan1 + tan1  4p + = 4a2 cos2 + 4b2 sin2 
at
1 (1  x) x 1 ( x+ 2)( x+1) d2
1 + 2(b2  a2) (cos2   sin2 )
+ tan1 + …. to n terms = cos (4a + 2b  2a2)
2 2 2
1 ( x+3)( x+ 2)
+ sin2 (4b2  2b2 + 2a2)
= tan1 
 ( x  1)  x 
 + tan 
lic
1  ( x  2)  ( x + 1) 
 = cos2 (2a2 + 2b2) + sin2 (2a2 + 2b2)
1  ( x  1) x  1  ( x  2)( x +1)  = (2a2 + 2b2) (cos2  + sin2 )
 ( x  3)  ( x  2)  = 2a2 + 2b2
+ tan1   + …. to n terms
1  ( x  3)( x + 2)  = 2(a2 + b2)
ub
= tan1(x + 1)  tan1 x + tan1(x + 2) = 2c2 …[ a2 + b2 = c2 (given)]
 tan1(x + 1) + tan1(x + 3)  tan1(x + 2)
+ …. + tan1(x + n)  tan1(x + (n  1))
 y = tan (x + n)  tan1 x
1
P
dy 1 1
 = 
dx 1  ( x  n) 2 1 x 2
 dy  1 1  n2 n2
et
1
   = 1 = =
 dx  x  0 1 n 2
1 n 2
1  n2
28. y = a sin(bx + c)
rg
 
 y1 = a cos(bx + c).b = ab sin   bx  c 
2 
 y2 =  ab sin(bx + c).b = ab2 sin( + bx + c)
Ta
 3 
y3 =  ab2 cos(bx + c).b = ab3 sin   bx  c 
 2 
y4 =  ab3( sin(bx + c).b) = ab4 sin(2 + bx + c)
 4 
= ab4 sin   bx  c 
 2 
 n 
In general, yn = abn sin   bx  c 
 2 
29. f(x) = xn
f (x) = nxn1
f (x) = n(n  1) xn2
f ( x ) = n(n  1) (n  2)xn3
 f(1) = 1n = 1 = nC0
423
Textbook
Chapter No.
02 Applications of Derivatives
Hints
Classical Thinking dy x
 =
dx 2
1. x = 3t2 + 1, y = t3 – 1
 m = Slope of the tangent at (4, 4)
ns
dx dy
 = 6t, = 3t2
=  
dt dt dy
=2
dy  dx ( 4,  4)
dy 3t 2 t  equation of the tangent at (4, 4) is
 = dt = =
io
dx d x 6t 2
y  y1 = m (x  x1)
dt
 y + 4 = 2(x + 4)
 dy  1
     2x  y + 4 = 0
at
 dx t 1 2
2. y = x3  x 7. x + y =a
dy Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get

dx
= 3x2  1
lic 1
+
1 dy
=0 
 dy  2 x 2 y dx
   = 3 (2)2  1 = 11
 dx  x  2
ub
1 1
 slope of normal at x = 2 =   
dy
=
y
 dy  11 dx
  x
 dx  x  2
a2
3. If the tangent is perpendicular to X-axis, then  a 2 a 2  dy 4 = 1
=
P
At  ,  ,
 = 90  4 4  dx a2
 cot  = 0 4
1 dx  a2 a2 
 =0 =0
et
tan  dy  Equation of the tangent at  ,  is

 4 4
dy a2  a2 
4. y = x3  3x2  9x + 5  = 3x2  6x 9 y = 1  x  
dx 4  4
rg
dy a2
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis, =0  x+y=
dx 2
 3x2  6x  9 = 0  x = 1, 3
Ta
8. y = x2 – 2x + 1
5. x = t2 – 1, y = t2 – t
dy
dy  = 2x – 2
dy 2t  1 dx
 = dt =  m = slope of the normal at (0,1)
dx dx 2t
dt 1 1 1
 = =
Since the tangent is perpendicular to X-axis,  dy  2(0)  2 2
 
dx 2t  dx (0,1)
=0 =0t=0
dy 2t  1  Equation of the normal at (0,1) is
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
6. x2 = 4y
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1
y–1= (x – 0)
dy 2
2x = 4
dx  x – 2y + 2 = 0
424

Chapter 02: Applications of Derivatives
x dy  x  
   = 0 Equation of the tangent at  ,  is
dy
9. y = sin  = cos 
2 dx 2 2  dx (1, 1) 2 2
 Equation of the normal at (1,1) is x = 1   
y =2 x 
10. 2
At t = 1, x = (1) = 1 and y = 2(1) = 2 2  2

dy  y  2x 
dy 2 1 2
= dt = =
dx dx 2t t   2 3 3
dt 14. At x = , y = 2 sin + sin =
3 3 3 2
 dy 
   =1 y = 2 sin x + sin 2x
 dx  t 1 dy
 Equation of the normal at (1, 2) is   2cos x  2cos 2 x
dx
ns
y – 2 = – 1(x – 1)  x + y – 3 = 0  dy   2
     2cos  2cos 0
 2  dx  x= 3 3
11. At x = , y = = 2 3
4 2  3 3
y = 2 sin x  Equation of the tangent at  ,  is
io
3 2 
dy
 = 2 cos x 3 3  
dx y  0 x    2 y  3 3
2  3
at
 dy 
    = 2
 dx  x   2
4 15. At x = ,y=  2
4 2

 Equation of the tangent at  , 2  is y = 2 cos x
4  
lic

dy
= 2 sin x
  dx
y 2 = 2 x 
 4  dy 
    2
 dx  x  / 4
ub

12. At x  , 
2  Equation of the normal at  , 2  is
4 
 2
y = 4 + cos =4 1  
2 y 2 x  
P
2 4
y = 4 + cos2 x
dy 16. s = 3t2 + 2t  5
  2cos x( sin x)
dx ds
 = 6t + 2
et
 dy     dt
    = 2cos   sin  = 0 d 2s
 dx  x  2  2  Acceleration = =6
2
dt 2

Equation of the tangent at  ,4  is
rg
 17. s = 2t2  3t + 1
2  ds

 v= = 4t  3
y  4 = 0  x   dt
 2 d 2s
Ta
 =4
 y4=0y=4 dt 2
 18. s = aet +
b
13. At x = , et
2
ds b
     = velocity = aet – t
y=  sin cos = dt e
2 2 2 2 d 2s b
 = acceleration = aet + t = s
y = x  sin x cos x dt 2
e
dy
 = 1  cos x cos x  sin x ( sin x) ds 2
dx 19.  velocity = 45 + 22t  3t
dt
= 1  cos2x + sin2 x When particle will come to rest, then v = 0
 dy  2    5
    = 1  cos + sin2 = 2  3t2  22t  45 = 0  t = 9 ...  t   
 dx  x 
2
2 2  3
425


20. Given, s = a sin t + b cos 2t x2
ds
27. V = 5x –
 = a cos t  2b sin 2t 6
dt dV dx x dx
 =5 – .
d 2s dt dt 3 dt
 =  a sin t  4b cos 2t
dt 2 dV
d 2s dx
At t = 0, 2 = a sin 0o  4b cos 0o = 4b  = dt
dt dt  x
5  
 3
21. s = 2t3  9t2 + 12t
 
d x 5 15
ds   = = cm/sec
 = 6t2  18t + 12  dt  x  2 5
2 13
dt 3
d 2s
 = 12t  18 = acceleration
ns
dt 2 28. Let f(x) = x
When acceleration of the particle will be zero, 1
 f (x) =
12t  18 = 0 2 x
3 Here, a = 25 and h = 0.2
 t = sec
io
2  f (a) = f (25) = 25 = 5
Hence, the acceleration of the particle will be and f (a) = f (25) =
1

1
3 2 25 10
zero after sec.
at
2  f (a + h)  f (a) + h f (a)
1
1 2 ds ds 2
 5  (0.2)  
22. s= gt  = gt  2 = g  10 
2 dt dt

lic
The acceleration of the stone is uniform.
 25.2
 5 + 0.02
 5.02
23. Motion of a particle s = 15t  2t2
1
ds 29. Let f(x) = x 3
 velocity = = 15  4t
ub
dt 1  32 1
 ds   ds   f  (x) = x  2
   = 15 and   = 3 3
3x 3
 dt  t  0  dt  t 3
Here, a = 27 and h = 2
15  3
 average velocity = = 9 units  f (a + h)  f(a) + h f (a)
P
2
  27  3  2  
1
1
2 
Velocity, v = 2  3x
2
24.  3(27) 3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
et
 3 + 2  
dv dx 1
2v =3  27 
dt dt
dv  3 + 0.07407
 2v =  3v
rg
1
dt   29  3  3.07407
dv 3
  30. f(x) = x3  3x + 5
dt 2
 f (x) = 3x2  3
Ta
Hence, the acceleration is uniform.

Here, a = 2 and h =  0.01
dr  f(a + h)  f(a) + hf (a)
25. =3
dt  7 + (0.01) (9)
dA dr  f (1.99)  7  0.09  6.91
A = r2  = 2r
dt dt 1
 dA  31. Let f(x) = x 4

   = 2  10  3 = 60 cm2/sec 1 43 1
 dt r 10  f (x) = x  3
4
4x 4
26. A = s2
dA ds
Here, a = 81 and h = 1
 =2s  f (a + h)  f (a) + h f (a)
dt dt
1
 1 
 dA  2   81 4  (1)  
   = 2  10  0.5 = 2  5 = 10 cm /sec
3
 dt s 10  4(81)  4
426


1 40. f(x) = ax + b
 3
108  f (x) = a
 3  0.009259 For f(x) to be decreasing,
 80 
1
f (x) < 0
 4  2.9907
a<0
32. If Rolle’s theorem is true for any function f(x) in
[a,b]. 41. f(x) = 5–x
log e 5
Then f(a) = f(b)  f (x) = – 5– x loge 5 = –
Only option (B) satisfies this condition. 5x
 f (x) < 0 for all x
33. According to Lagrange’s mean value theorem, i.e., f(x) is decreasing for all x.
in interval [a, b] for f(x),
f (b)  f (a) 43. Let f(x) = x4  4x  f (x) = 4x3  4
f (c) = , where a  c  b
ns
ba For f(x) to be decreasing, f (x)  0
 a  x1  b  4x3  4  0  x3  1
 x  (, 1)
34. f(x) = cos x
io


f(0) = 1, f   = 0 and f (x) = sinx 44. f(x) = 4x4  2x + 1
2  f (x) = 16x3  2
By mean value theorem, For f(x) to be increasing,
at
f (b)  f (a) f (x) > 0
f (c) =
ba  16x3  2 > 0

f    f (0)
1
 x3 >
 2 8
 sin c =

0
lic x>
1
2 2
0 1 2
sin c =  45. f(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 20
 
ub
2  f (x) = 6x2 + 18x + 12
2 1
2 For f(x) to be increasing,
 c = sin1  
2
 sin c =
  f (x) > 0
x2 + 3x + 2 > 0
P
35. f(x) = 2  3x
(x + 2) (x + 1) > 0
 f (x) =  3 < 0
 f(x) is a decreasing function.  x  (– , – 2)  (1, )
f(x) = 2x3  3x2  12x + 12
et
36. f(x) = x2  f (x) = 2x 46.

For increasing function,  f (x) = 6x2  6x  12
f (x) > 0 For f(x) to be increasing,
 2x  0 f (x) > 0
rg
 x  (0, )  x2  x  2 > 0
 (x  2) (x + 1) > 0 1 2
37. Since f(x) = x3  f (x) = 3x2, which is non-  x(– , – 1)  (2, )
Ta
negative for all real values of x.

 Option (C) is the correct answer. 47. f(x) = x3  6x2 + 9x + 3
 f (x) = 3x2  12x + 9
38. It is always increasing. 1
For f(x) to be decreasing, 3
Y
f (x) < 0
 3(x2  4x + 3) < 0
f(x) = x
 (x  3) (x  1) < 0
X
 x  (1, 3)
48. Let f(x) = 2x3  6x + 5
 f (x) = 6x2  6
39. f(x) = x + cos x  f (x) = 1  sin x For f(x) to be increasing, f (x) > 0
f (x)  0 for all values of x.  6x2  6 > 0  (x  1) (x + 1) > 0
 f(x) is always increasing.  x > 1 or x < 1
427


1 Now, f (x) = 22  0
49. Let f(x) =
1  x2 10
 f(x) is minimum at x  .
2x 11
 f (x) = 
(1  x 2 ) 2  10 
  f ( x)min = f 
For f(x) to be decreasing,  11 
2x 200 100  11 23
f (x) < 0   0 =7  =–
(1  x 2 ) 2 11 121 11
 x  0  x(0, ) 57. Let f(x) = 2x2 + x  1
50. Let f(x) = log (sin x)  f (x) = cot x  f (x) = 4x + 1
 The given function is increasing in the interval For maximum or minimum,
1
  f (x) = 0  x = 
 0,  . 4
ns
 2
Now, f (x) = 4 > 0
51. 3 2
f(x) = 2x  3x  36x + 7 1
 f(x) is minimum at x  .
 f (x) = 6x2  6x  36 4
For decreasing function, f (x)  0   1  2 1 9
io
 [f(x)]min =  f     =  1 =
 x2  x  6  0   4  16 4 8
 (x  3)(x + 2)  0
58. f(x) = 2x3  3x2  12x + 4
 x  (–2, 3)
at
 f (x) = 6x2  6x  12
52. Function is monotonically decreasing, when For maximum or minimum,
f (x)  0 f (x) = 0  x2  x  2 = 0  x = 2, 1
 6x2  18x + 12  0 Now, f (x) = 12x  6
 x2  3x + 2  0
lic  f (2) = 18 > 0 and f (1) = 18 < 0
 (x  2)(x  1)  0  The given function has one maximum and one
1x2 minimum.
59. f(x) = x4 – 62x2 + ax + 9 ….(i)
ub
53. f(x) = (x  1)2 1. Hence, decreasing in x < 1.
Y  f (x) = 4x3 – 124x + a
For maximum or minimum, f (x) = 0
 4x3 – 124 x + a = 0
Since x = 1 is a root of (i),
P
(1,0)
X f (1) = 4 – 124 + a = 0
O
 a = 120
(1, –1)
60. y = 1  cos x
et
Alternate Method:  y = sin x

f (x) = 2x  2 = 2(x  1) For maximum or minimum,
To be decreasing, 2(x  1)  0 y = 0  sin x = 0  x = 0, 
rg
 ( x  1)  0  x  1 Now, y = cos x

 y (0) = 1 > 0 and y () = 1 < 0
54. f(x) = 2x3  3x2  12x + 5
 y is maximum when x = .
 f (x) = 6x2  6x  12
Ta
For maximum or minimum,

f (x) = 0 Critical Thinking
 x2  x  2 = 0 1. xy = 15
 (x  2) (x + 1) = 0 15
 x = 2, 1  y=
x
Now, f (x) = 12x – 6 15
 f (2) = 18 > 0  y =  2
x
 f(x) is minimum at x = 2. 15
At (3, 5), y = 
56. f(x) = 7  20x + 11x2 9
 f (x) = 20 + 22x 9
 Slope of normal at (3,5) =
For maximum or minimum, 15
f (x) = 0  20 + 22x = 0 9
  = tan1  
 x = 10/11  15 
428


2. x2 = 2y  dy 
   = 4x1  1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get  dx ( x1 , y1 )
2dy
2x = Slope of the given line is 3.
dx Since the tangent is parallel to the given line,
dy slope of the tangent = 3
 x
dx  4x1  1 = 3
 dy   x1 = 1
   1   1
 dx 1,  From (i), y1 = 2
 2
 The coordinates of P are (1, 2).
 tan  = 1
  = 45 …[ tan 45 = 1] 7. y = x log x ….(i)
dy
 = 1 + log x
ns
3. x3  8a2y = 0 ....(i) dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 1
Slope of the normal =  =
2 dy 2  dy  1  log x
3x  8a =0  
dx  dx 
io
dy 3x 2 Slope of the given line is 1.
 = 2
dx 8a Since the normal is parallel to the given line.
1 1 8a 2 1
 Slope of the normal =  =  2 =  2  =1
at
dy 3x 3x 1  log x
dx 8a 2  log x = 2
According to the given condition,  x = e2
From (i), y = 2e2
8a 2 2
3x 2

3
lic  Co-ordinates of the point are (e2, 2e2).
2 2
  4a = x 8. y = (x  3)2
 x = 2a  y= 2 (x  3)
ub
From (i), 8a3  8a2y = 0  y = a Since the tangent is parallel to the line joining
 The required point is (2a, a). (3, 0) and (4, 1).
4. x2 = 3  2y ….(i) 1 0
 2 (x  3) =
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 43
P
dy dy 7
2 x  2   x  2x  6 = 1  x =
dx dx 2
 Slope of the tangent = x 7
et
When x = ,
Slope of the given line is 1. 2
Since the tangent is parallel to the given line, 2
1
7 
x = 1  x = 1 y =   3 =
2  4
rg
From (i), y = 1
The required point is  ,  .
7 1
 The required point is (1, 1). 
2 4  
5. y = 6x  x2 ….(i)
Ta
2
dy 9. y = x  4x + 5 ….(i)
 = 6  2x dy
dx  = 2x  4
Slope of the given line is 2. dx
Since the tangent is parallel to the given line, 1
Slope of the given line = 
6  2x = 2  x = 2 2
From (i), y = 8 Since the tangent is perpendicular to the given
 The point of tangency will be (2, 8). line,
 1
6. Let the coordinates of P be (x1, y1).  (2x  4)    =  1
2
 
Then, y1 = 2x12  x1 + 1 ....(i)  2x  4 = 2
Now, y = 2x2  x + 1 x=3
dy From (i), y = 2
 = 4x  1
dx  The required point is (3, 2).
429


10. x2 + y2 – 2x – 3 = 0 ….(i) 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 14. At t = 2, x =
2
dy
2x + 2y –2=0 1 3
dx and y = 2  =
2 2
dy 1  x
 = dy 1
dx y 1 2 2
Now,
dy
= dt = t = t 1
dy dx dx 1 1
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis, =0
dx dt t2
1 x  dy 
 0  x = 1    = 5
y  dx (t  2)
From (i),
1 3
 Equation of the normal at  ,  is
ns
y=2 2 2
11. y3 + 3x2 – 12y = 0 ….(i) y
3 1 1
= x 
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get 2 5 2
dy 6x  x  5y + 7 = 0
io
=– 2
dx 3 y  12

dx 15. At  = ,
Since the tangent is parallel to Y-axis, 0 6
at
dy
 2a  a
3y2 – 12 = 0 x = a sec = and y = a tan =
6 3 6 3
 y2 = 4  y =  2
dy
…  y  2
 y=2
lic dy d
 
a sec2 

1
dx dx a sec  tan  sin 
 cosec 
From (i),
4 d
x= 
3  dy 
    = cosec = 2
ub
 dx  6
6
12. y = ax2 + bx
 2a a 
dy  dy   Equation of the tangent at  ,  is
 = 2ax + b    = 4a + b  3 3
dx  dx (2, 8)
P
a  2a 
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis, y  2 x  
3  3
 dy 
 dx  = 0  b = 4a ….(i)  2x  y  3 a
  2, 8
et
Also, the point (2, –8) lies on the curve 16. y = x3 + 2x2  4x  43
y = ax2 + bx.
dy
 8 = 4a + 2b ….(ii)  = 3x2 + 4x  4
rg
dx
From (i) and (ii), we get a = 2, b = 8
 dy 
2
   = 3(2)2 + 4( 2)  4 = 0
13. y = ax  6x + b  dx  2,5
Ta
dy  Equation of the tangent at (2, 5) is

 = 2ax  6
dx y  5 = 0(x + 2)
 dy  i.e., y = 5 (parallel to X-axis)
   3  = 3a  6
 dx   x   Normal is perpendicular to X-axis and passes
 2
through (2, 5).
3
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis at x  ,  Equation of the normal is
2
x = – 2, i.e., x + 2 = 0
 dy 
  3  = 0
 dx   x  
 2
17. y2 = 5x  1
dy 5
 3a  6 = 0  a = 2  =
Now, the given curve passes through (0, 2). dx 2 y
 2=00+b  dy  5
   =
b=2  dx (1,  2) 4
430


 Equation of the normal at (1, –2) is 21. y2 = 2(x  3) ….(i)
4 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
y  (2) = ( x  1)
dy dy 1
5 2y 2 
 4x  5y  14 = 0 ….(i) dx dx y
As the normal is of the form ax  5y + b = 0, 1
 Slope of the normal = = y
comparing this with (i), we get dy
a = 4 and b = 14 dx
Slope of the given line = 2.
2 2 2
Since the normal is parallel to the given line,
18. x + y = a
3 3 3
y = 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get From (i), x = 5
1 1
2 3 2 3 dy  The required point is (5, 2).
x + y =0
ns
3 3 dx
1 22. 9y2 = x3 ….(i)
dy y 3 Differentiating w.r.t. x, get
 = 1
dx dy
x3 18y = 3x2
dx
io
At (a sin3, a cos3), dy x2
dy cos   =
= =  cot  dx 6y
dx sin 
6y
at
 slope of the normal is tan.  slope of the normal = 
x2
 equation of the normal at (a sin3 , a cos3) is
Since the normal to the given curve makes equal
y  a cos3  = tan  ( x  a sin3 ) intercepts with the axis.
 y cos   a cos4 = x sin   a sin4 
lic
 x sin   y cos  = a sin4   a cos4   
6y
x2
=1
4 x2 x2
19. Let (x1, y1) be a point on the curve y = x + . y= or
x2 6 6
ub
Since the tangent is parallel to X-axis, Putting these values in (i), we get
 x4  3
 dy 
 
8
= 0  1  3 = 0  x1 = 2
9  = x  x = 0 or x = 4
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) x1  36 
16 16 8 8
 y = 0 or y =  or =  or
P
4
Now, y1 = x1 + 6 6 3 3
x12
 8  8
4  The required points are  4,  or  4,   .
 y1 = 2 +  3  3
et
22
 y1 = 3 23. Since, the given curve crosses the Y-axis, x = 0
 equation of the tangent at (2, 3) is  y = be0  y = b
y3=0y=3  the given curve crosses the Y-axis at (0, b).
rg
x

20. Since the given curve crosses the X-axis, y = 0 Now, y = be a
 0=2xx=2 dy b x
   e a
 dx a
Ta
The given curve crosses the X-axis at (2, 0).

Now, (1 + x2)y = 2  x  dy  b
   
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get  dx (0, b) a
dy  The equation of the tangent at (0, b) is
(1 + x2) + 2xy = 1 b
dx y  b =  (x  0)
dy 1  2 xy a
 = x y
dx 1  x2   =1
 dy  1 a b
   = 
 dx (2, 0) 5 24. y = e2x
 equation of the tangent at (2, 0) is dy
  2e2 x
1 dx
y  0 =  (x  2)  dy 
5    2
 x + 5y = 2  dx (0,1)
431


 Equation of the tangent at (0, 1) is From (i), y1 = 9
y  1 = 2(x  0)  The coordinates of the point are (1, 9).
 y = 2x + 1  Equation of the tangent at (1, 9) is
This tangent meets X-axis,
y  9 = 4 (x  1)
 y=0
1
 4x  y + 5 = 0
 0 = 2x + 1  x = 
2 28. 8y = (x  2)2
 1  Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
 The required point is   , 0 .
2   dy x  2

25. Let the required point be ( x1 , y1 ). dx 4
 dy  6  2
x
 1      2 ….(i)
 y1  be a
….(i)  dx ( 6,8)
ns
4
x
Now, y  be
 3
a
y x
x
dy b  ax
  e dy 3
 1 2
io
dx a
x dx x
 dy  b  a1  y1
    e  ....[From (i)]  dy  3
 dx  x1 , y1  a a     1  2  2 ….(ii)
 dx 1, 4 1
at
 equation of the tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is
From (i) and (ii),
y T1 is parallel to T2
y  y1 = 1 ( x  x1 )
a
x y x1
   1
lic 29. xy = 1
a y1 a 1
 y =
x y x
Comparing this equation with   1, we get
a b 1

ub
y = 2
x1 x
y1  b and 1   1  x1  0
a  Slope of the normal = x2
 The required point is (0, b). a
Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is 
26. When x = 0, b
P
y = (1 + 0)y + sin1 (0)  y = 1 Since the line ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the

Now, y = (1 + x)y + sin1(sin2 x) a
curve xy = 1, x2 = 
dy  dy y  sin 2 x b
et
  (1  x ) y  log(1  x )  
dx  dx 1 x  1  sin 4 x For this condition to hold true, either
 dy  a < 0, b > 0 or b < 0, a > 0
   =1
 dx (0,1)
rg
dy
 The equation of the normal at (0, 1) is 30. = 1  2x + 3x2
dx
y  1 =  1(x  0)  x + y = 1
dy  2 2 1
27. Let (x1, y1) be the point on the curve  = 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 3 x  x 
 3
Ta
dx 3
y = 2x2 + 7, where the tangent is parallel to the
 2 1 1 1
line 4x  y + 3 = 0. = 3  x2  x    
Then, y1 = 2x12 + 7 ....(i)  3 9 9 3
Now, y = 2x2 + 7  2
2
= 3  x    
1
dy 3 9 
 = 4x 
dx 2
 dy   1 2
 = 4x1 = 3 x  + > 0
   3 3
 dx ( x1 , y1 )
Slope of the given line is 4. l
Slope of the given line is  .
Since the tangent is parallel to the given line, m
slope of the tangent = 4 The slope will be positive only if l and m have
 4x1 = 4 opposite signs.
 x1 = 1  option (D) is the correct answer.
432


n n
x   y dy
31.   +   =2  1 2y
a   b dx
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get dy 1
 
1 n–1 1 dx 2 y
nx + nyn–1y = 0
an bn  dy  1
     m 2 (say)
b n x n 1  dx (1, 1) 2
 y=  n 1
an y
At (a, b),  angle of intersection is tan  = m1  m 2
1  m1m 2
n a n 1 b
y = bn  n 1 = , which is independent of n. 1
a b a 2 3
= 2 =
1 4
32. Since (x1, y1) lies on the curve xy = a2, 1  2 
ns
2
x1y1 = a2 ....(i)
2 3
Now, xy = a   = tan1  
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 4  
dy
io
x y=0 35. The point of intersection of the given curves is
dx
(0, 1).
dy y
  Now, y = ax
dx x
at
dy
 dy  y   a x log a
   =  1 dx
 dx  x1 , y1  x1
 dy 
   = log a = m1 (say)
 equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is
y1
lic  dx (0,1)
y  y1 =  (x  x1) Also, y = bx
x1
dy
xy1 + yx1 = 2x1y1   b x log b
dx
ub
xy1 + yx1 = 2a2 ....[From (i)]
 dy 
This tangent meets the coordinate axes at     log b  m 2 (say)
 dx (0,1)
 2a 2   2a 2 
 , 0  and  0, .
 y1   x1  m1  m 2 log a  log b
 tan  = =
P
1  m1m 2 1  log a log b

1  2a 2  2a 2 
 required area =   
2  y1  x1 
dS
36. = velocity = 15 + 12t  3t2
et
2a 4 dt
=
x1 y1 When particle comes to rest, v = 0
= 2a2 ....[From (i)]  3t2  12t  15 = 0
rg
 t = 5 sec
= 2x    = 2 = m1(say)
dy dy
33. y = x2 
dx  dx (1,1) ds 1
dy 37. s= t  =
6y = 7  x  6 3
= 3x2 dt 2 t
Ta
dx
d 2s 1
 dy  1 and = 3
   =  = m2(say) dt 2
 dx (1,1) 2 4t 2
3 3
Since m1m2 = 1 1  2ds   ds 
=   =  2 
 4  dt   dt 
 The angle of intersection is .
2 Hence, acceleration  (velocity)3.
34. y = x2
38. s= at 2  bt  c
dy
  2x ds 1 2at  b
dx  v= =
dt 2 at 2  bt  c
 dy 
    2  m1 (say)
 dx (1,1) 2at  b
=
and x = y 2 2s
433


d 2s dv 4 3
acceleration = = V= r
dt 2
dt 3
2
ds dV 3 3
2s(2a)  (2at  b)  2  = 4   (2x + 3)2.
= dt dx 4 2
4s 2
27  2
4a s  2(2a t  b)
 2a t  b  =
8
(2x + 3)
= 2s
4s 2 dr
44. Given, = 2 cm/sec, where r be the radius of
4as 2  (2at  b) 2 dt
= circle and t be the time.
4s3
4a(at  bt  c)  (4a t  4abt  b )
2 2 2 2 Now, area of circle is given by A = r2
= dA dr
4s3  = 2r
ns
dt dt
4ac  b2
= dA
4s3  = 2 . 20 .2
dt
1
 acceleration varies as 3 dA
s  = 80  cm2/sec
io
dt
v2  The rate of change of area of circle with respect
39. t=  v2 = 2t
2 to time is 80  cm2/sec.
at
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.t., we get 45. Let r be the radius and V be the volume of the
dv spherical balloon at any time t. Then,
2v =2
dt 4 3
V= r
dv 1
 = =f
dt v
lic 3
dV dr
 = 4r2
df 1 dv 1 1 dt dt
 = 2 = 2 
 dV 
= 4  (15)2   
dt v dt v v dr
  
ub
df 1 3  dt (r 15)  dt (r 15)
 = =f
dt v3
 30 = 900 
dr 

 dt (r 15)
40. s = 6 + 48t  t3
  
ds dV
P
 v= = 0 + 48  3t2  30ft 3 / min (given)  

dt  dt 
1
  
When direction of motion reverses, v = 0 dr
= ft / min
 48  3t2 = 0  t = 4, 4  dt (r 15) 30
et
 (s)4 = 6 + 192  64 = 134 4 3

46. V= r
dR 3
41. Area of a circle is A = R2 and = 0.2
dV dr dr 1 dV
rg
dt  = 4r2.  = .
dA dR dt dt dt 4r 2 dt
 = 2R = 1.2cm2
dt dt dr 1
 =  900
dt 4    15  15
Ta
42. Let a be each side and A be the area of the 7

dr 1
square at any time t. Then,  = =
dt  22
A = a2
dA da da
  2a 47. =5 ….(i)
dt dt dt
= 2(2)(4) But if a is edge of a cube, then V = a3
dV da
....  
da  = 3a2 = 3a2. 5
 4cm / secand a  2cm(given) 
 dt  dt dt
= 16 cm2/sec = 15a2 = 15  (12)2 …[ edge a = 12 cm]
3 = 2160 cm3/sec
43. Radius of balloon = r = (2x + 3)
4 da
48. = 60cm/sec where a is edge and t is time.
dr 3 dt
 =
dx 2 V = a3
434


dV da dy A
 = 3a2 53. = 1.2.
dt dt dt
= 3a2  60 = 180a2 From the figure,
P
= 180  (90)2 x x y 4.5
=
= 1458000 cm3/sec. 1.8 4.5 1.8
2 dx 2 dy
4 x= y = . C x Q y B
49. V= (x + 10)3, where x is thickness of ice. 3 dt 3 dt
3
dV dx  Required rate of length of shadow
  4(10  x ) 2 dx
dt dt = = 0.8 m/s
dV dt
But, = 50
dt
54. Let L be the lamp and PQ be the man and
ns
dx OQ = x metre be his shadow and let
 50 = 4 (10 + x)2
dt MQ = y metre. L
dx 50
At x = 5, =
dt 4 10  5 
2 P
io
50 5m
= 2m
4(225)
at
1 O x Q y M
= cm/ min
18
4 3
r and S = 4r2
50. Here, V =
3
lic dy
dt
= speed of the man = 3 m/s (given)
dV dr dr 40 
 = 4r2  = = Since  OPQ and  OLM are similar,
dt dt dt 4r 2 32
OM LM x y 5
dS dr =  =
ub
 = 8r OQ PQ x 2
dt dt
5 3
= 8  8  = 10 cm2/min y= x
32 2
dy 3 dx
P
dx D C  = 
51. = 0.5 cm/sec dt 2 dt
dt
3 dx
x2 3= 
 Area = a 2 dt
et
2 x
dx
dA 2 x dx  = 2m/s.
   dt
dt 2 dt A a B
rg
 dA  1 A  400cm 2  55. When a = 8, b = 15

  dt   800 … 
  A  400 2 a2 + b2 = 172
 x  800 cm 
2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
 10 2 cm /sec
Ta
da db
2a + 2b =0
52. From the figure, dt dt 17
b
x x y db
=  8 (1) + 15 =0
2 6 dt 15
8
1 db 8
 4x = 2y  x = y  = m/sec
2 dt 15 a
 The upper end is coming down at the rate of
8
m /sec.
6 15
2
y x 56. Let the position of the kite at time t be at C.
dx 1 dy 5  BC = 151.5 m
 = = metre/hour
dt 2 dt 2 Let AD be the boy who is flying the kite.
435


 CE = BC – BE = 151.5 – 1.5 = 150 m 58. According to the figure, x2 + y2 = 25 ….(i)
C Differentiate (i) w.r.t. t, we get
dx dy
2x + 2y =0 ….(ii)
250 m dt dt
Y
y 150 m dx B
Here x = 4 and = 1.5
dt
5m
From (i), 42 + y2 = 25  y = 3 y
D E dy
x From (ii), 2(4)(1.5) + 2(3) =0 O x X
1.5 m 1.5 dt A
A B dy
 = – 2 m/sec
x dt
Hence, length of the highest point decreases at
ns
In right angled  CDE, the rate of 2 m/sec.
y2 = x2 + (150)2 1
59. Let f(x) =
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get x
dy dx 1 23
io
2y = 2x 1
dt dt  f (x) = x = 3
2
2x 2
dy x  dx 
  .(10) …   10 Here, a = 25 and h = 0.1
 dt 
at
dt y
 f(a + h)  f(a) + hf (a)
10 y 2  (150) 2 1 (0.1) 1 0.1
=    
y lic 5 2  125 5 2 50
10 (250) 2  (150) 2 10  200 1  1  1  499  1  998 
 = = 8 m/s   1      
250 250 5  500  5  500  5  1000 
1 1
57.    0.998  0.1996
C 25.1 5
ub
B 1
60. Let f(x) =
x2
2
y  f (x) = 2x 3 =
P
x3
Here, a = 2 and h = 0.002
O  f(a + h)  f(a) + hf (a)
A  2  1
et
x 1 0.002
 + (0.002)    
Let OC be the wall. Let AB be the position of 4  8 4 4
the ladder at any time t such that OA = x and 1 0.998
OB = y.    0.2495
rg
2
(2.002) 4
Length of the ladder AB = 20 ft.
In right angled  AOB, 61. Let f(x) = cot1x
x2 + y2 = (20)2 1
Ta
 f (x) =
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get 1 x 2
dx dy Here, a = 1 and h = 0.001
2x + 2y =0
dt dt  f(a + h)  f(a) + hf (a)
dy x dx x dx π  1 
 =  =   + 0.001  
dt y dt 400  x 2 dt 4  2
 dy  16 dx 4 dx 3.14
   =–  =– .  – 0.0005
 dt  x 16 400  (16) 2 dt 3 dt 4
Negative sign indicates, that when x increases  cot1 (1.001)  0.785  0.0005  0.7845
with time, y decreases. 62. Let f(x) = tan1 x
4 1
Hence, the upper end is moving times as fast  f (x) =
3 1 x 2
as the lower end. Here, a = 1 and h =  0.001
436


 f(a + h)  f(a) + hf (a) 67. Consider option (B),
 1 f(x) = x2 is a polynomial function.
 tan1 (0.999)  + (0.001)
4 11  f(x) is continuous and differentiable in the
 0.001 given interval.
 
4 2 Also, f(1) = f(1) = 1
 So, Rolle’s theorem is applicable to
  0.0005 f(x) = x2 on [ 1, 1].
4
63. Let f(x) = cos x  x, x  0
68. f(x) = |x| = 
 f (x) = sin x   x, x  0
Here, a = 90 f (0  h)  f (0)
 c f (0) = lim
1 1  h 0 h
and h = 30 =   =   0.0175 
2 2 
ns
| h | h
= lim = lim  1
= 0.00875 h 0 h h  0 h
f(a) = f(90) = cos 90 = 0 f (0  h)  f (0)

f (a) = f (90) = sin90 = 1 f (0+) = lim
h 0 h
io
 f(a + h)  f(a) + h f (a) |h| h
 cos (90 30)  0 + (0.00875)  (1)  0.00875 = lim = lim  1
h 0 h h 0 h
64. Let f(x) = sin x  f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
at
 f (x) = cos x 69. f(x) = e–2x sin 2x
Here, a = 30 and h = 1 = 0.0175c
 f (x) = 2e–2x (cos2x – sin 2x)
 f(a + h)  f(a) + h f (a)
Now, f (c) = 0

1
+ 0.0175  0.8660
lic  cos2c – sin2c = 0
2  
 tan2c = 1  2c = c=
 0.5 + 0.01515 4 8
 sin(31)  0.51515
f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + ax + b
ub
 0.5152 70.
 f (x) = 3x2 – 12x + a
65. Let f(x) = tan x  1 
 f (x) = sec2x Now, f (c) = 0  f   2   =0
c  3

P
Here, a = 45 =   and h = 1 = 0.0175c  1 

2
 1 
4  32  – 12  2   +a=0
 3  3
f(a + h)  f(a) + hf (a)
 tan (a) + h sec2 a  1 4   1 
 34   – 12  2 
et
3 +a=0
1  3  3
 tan (a) + h
cos 2 a  12 + 1 + 4 3 – 24 – 4 3 + a = 0

 tan   + (0.0175)
1  a = 11
rg
 
2
4 1/ 2 1
  x
71. f ( x )  x ( x  3)e  2
 1 + 0.035
1 1
 tan 46o  1.035   x
 1   x
Ta
 f (x) = ( x 2  3x)e 2

.    (2 x  3)e  2 
66. Let f(x) = loge x  2
1
1 = e
  x
2  1 2 
  ( x  3 x )  2 x  3
 f (x) =
x  2 
 x
Here, a = 9 and h = 0.01 1  
=  e  2
( x 2  x  6)
 f(a + h)  f(a) + hf (a) 2
 f(9) + (0.01) f (9) Since f(x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s
 loge 3 + 2 0.01 theorem, there exists c  (3, 0) such that
9 f (c) = 0
 2 loge 3 +
0.01  c2  c  6 = 0
9  c = 3, 2
 2.1972 + 0.0011 But c = 2  [3, 0]
 2.1983  c = 2
437


72. Here, f(x) is continuous and differentiable on 1 1  1 
   (b  a)   2 
(0, 1) for  > 0 b a  x1 
Also, f(0) = f(1) = 0 a  b (a  b)
For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0,  
 ab x12
lim f(x) = f(0)  lim x log x = 0
 
x 0 x 0
 x12 = ab  x1 = ab
log x
 lim  = 0
x 0 x 77. f(x) = x(x  1)2 = x3  2x2 + x
Applying LHospital rule, we get  f(0) = 0, f(2) = 2 and f (x) = 3x2  4x + 1
1 By mean value theorem,

lim x = 0  lim  x = 0, f (2)  f (0)
x  0  x  0  f (c) =
  1 20
x
ns
20
which is possible only when  > 0  3c2  4c + 1 = =1
20
 option (D) is the correct answer.
 3c2  4c = 0
73. y = x3 = f(x) 4
io
 f(2) = 8, f( 2) =  8 and f ( x)  3x2  c(3c  4) = 0  c = 0, c =
3
By mean value theorem,
f (2)  f (2) 78. f(x) = x(x  1) (x  2)
f ( x) 
at
f(a) = f(0) = 0, f(b) = f   = and
2  (2) 1 3

8  (8) 2 8
 3x 2 
4 f ( x )  ( x  1)( x  2)  x ( x  2)  x( x  1)
x =2 4
lic  f (c)  (c  1)(c  2)  c(c  2)  c(c  1)
3 f (c) = c2  3c + 2 + c2  2c + c2  c
2
  x    f (c) = 3c2  6c + 2
3
ub
f (b)  f (a)
Given, f (c) 
74. f (x) = loge x ba
 f (1) = loge 1 = 0, 3
0
1 8 3
f (3) = loge 3 and f (x) =  3c  6c  2 
2

1
P
x 0 4
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, 2
f (3)  f (1) 5
f (c) =  3c2  6c  = 0
3 1 4
et
1 loge 3  0 2 6  36  15 6  21 21
  c=  c = 2 log3 e  c= = = 1
c 2 log e 3 23 6 6
rg
75. f(x) = x +
1 79. f(x) = 1  x3  x5  f (x) = 3x2  5x4
x  f (x)  0 for all values of x.
10 1
 f(3) = , f(1) = 2 and f ( x)  1  2 80. f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2  12x + 5
3 x
Ta
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem,  f (x) = 6x2 + 6x  12 +ve

+ve
f (3)  f (1) = 6 (x2 + x  2) ve
f (c) = 2 1
3 1 = 6 (x +2) (x 1)
10
2 Increasing at (, 2)  ( 1, ) = l1
1 1 2
 1  2 = 3  1 2  Decreasing at (2, 1) = l2
c 2 c 3
 c2 = 3  c = 3 81. f(x) =
x
1 x
1
76. f(x) = x
x 1 x  x
x = 1
1 1 1  f (x) = >0
f(a) = , f(b) = andf (x) =  2 1  x  1 x 
2 2
a b x
Given, f(b)  f(a) = (b  a) f (x1)  The given function is increasing.
438


log x  kx2  6x + 3 > 0  x  R
82. f(x) =
x  k > 0 and 36  12k < 0
1 log x …[  ax2 + bx + c > 0  x  R
 f (x) = <0
x2  a > 0 and b2  4ac < 0 ]
 1  log x < 0 k>3
 1 < log x
 log x > log e Hence, f(x) is increasing on R if k > 3.
x>e 90. Since f(x) is increasing for all x, f (x) > 0  x
2  x
K2
83.
d
(f(x)) =  > 0 for all x
(sin x  cos x) 2
 x  1
2
dx
K–2>0K>2
d
ns
For x > 0, (f(x)) < 0 91. The graph of cosec x is opposite in interval
dx
  3 
84. f (x) = 3x2 + 3x + 3 = 3(x2 + x + 1)  , 
2 2 
 1
2
3 9 Y
io
= 3  x       0
 2  4  4
 f(x) is an increasing function.
at
85. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 24x + 5 1
For f(x) to be increasing, f (x) > 0
 3x2 – 6x – 24 > 0
 x2 – 2x – 8 > 0
lic X
 (x + 2) (x – 4) > 0 0  3
 x (– , – 2)  (4, )
2 2
ub
86. f(x) = 2x3  9x2  12x + 1 1
 f (x) = 6x2  18x  12
For f(x) to be decreasing, f (x)  0
  6x2  18x  12  0 At the point x = , cosec x is not defined and
P
 x2 + 3x + 2  0   3 
x   , 
 (x + 2)(x + 1)  0 2 2 
 x  (, 2) or (1, )  equation is neither increasing nor decreasing.
et
d
87. f (x) = 2xex  x2 ex = xex (2  x) Also, (tan x) = sec2 x > 0 which is a
dx
Since f is increasing, f (x) > 0 increasing function.
 xe –x (2  x) > 0 Also y = x2 is a parabola, which is increasing
rg
 x(2  x) > 0 Also y = |x  1| is a V-shaped upward curve,

0<x<2 which is always increasing.
 x  (0, 2)  option (A) is the correct answer.
Ta
88. f(x) = eax + e–ax 1

92. Let f(x) = x +
 f (x) = a(eax  e–ax) < 0 x
1 1
But, a < 0  f (x) = 1  2
 0  1  2  x2  1
x x
 eax  e–ax > 0
 x  [1, 1]
 eax > e–ax
 ax >  ax 93. Since f (x) =
3
is greater than '0' in interval
 2ax > 0 ( x  1) 2
 ax > 0, then x < 0 …[ a < 0] x2
(, ), therefore f(x) = is increasing in
x 1
89. f (x) = 3kx2  18x + 9 interval (, ) or R.
= 3 (kx2  6x + 3) 94. Let f(x) = sin x  bx + c
Since f(x) is increasing on R, f (x) > 0  f (x) = cos x  b  0  cos x  b  b  1
439


x3  For f(x) to be decreasing,  ex (x + 1)  0
95. f(x) = x4   f (x) = 4x3  x2
3  ex (x + 1)  0
For f(x) to be increasing, 4x3  x2  0 x+1>0
 x2(4x  1)  0  x > 1
1  x  (1, )
 The function is increasing for x 
4  The function is decreasing in (1, ).
1 x2
Similarly, decreasing for x  
4 101. f(x) = 1  e 2
x2 x2
96. f(x) = 2x3  15x2 + 36 x + 1 
 f (x) = e 2 (  x )  xe 2

 f (x) = 6x2  30x + 36 For f(x) to be increasing, f (x) > 0

= 6(x2  5x + 6) x2

= 6(x  2)(x  3)  xe 2  0
ns
To be monotonic decreasing, f (x)  0  f(x) is decreasing for x < 0 and increasing for
 (x  2)(x  3)  0  x  (2, 3) x > 0.
97. f(x) = x3  10x2 + 200x  10 ln(  x)
102. Let f(x) =
io
 f (x) = 3x2  20x + 200 ln(e  x)
For f(x) to be increasing f (x) > 0 1 1
ln(e  x)   ln(  x) 
 3x2  20x + 200 > 0  x e x
 f (x) =
at
ln(e  x)
2
 3  x 2  x 
20 200 100 100 
  0
 3 3 9 9  (e  x)ln(e  x )  (   x)ln(  x)
 2

=
ln(e  x)
2
10  500  (e  x )(  x )
 3  x    0
 3 9 
lic  f (x)  0 for all x  0 ….[   e]
 10 
2
500  f(x) is decreasing on [0, ).
 3 x   0
 3 3 log x
103. f(x) =
Always increasing throughout real line. x
ub
1 log x 1  log x
98. As f(x) = sin 2x  f (x) = 2 cos2x  f (x) = 2  2 =
x x x2
   
Here, f (x)  0 in  0,  and f (x)  0 in  ,  For f(x) to be increasing, f (x)  0
 4 4 2
 1  log x  0  1  log x  e  x
P
99. f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x  f(x) is increasing in the interval (0, e).
 f (x) = – sin 4x a sin x  bcos x
104. f(x) =
 f (x) > 0 csin x  d cos x
et
 – sin 4x > 0 f(x) will be decreasing, if f (x) < 0

 sin 4x < 0 
1
(csin x  d cos x)(a cos x  bsin x)
 (2n + 1)  < 4x < (2n + 2)  (csin x  d cos x) 2
rg

(2n  1)
< x <
(n  1) (a sin x  bcos x)(ccos x  dsin x)  0
4 2
 acsin x cos x  bcsin 2 x  ad cos 2 x
 
For n = 0, < x <  bdsin x cos x  acsin x cos x  adsin 2 x
Ta
4 2
 4 3  bccos 2 x  bdsin x cos x  0
Now, = >
2 8 8  ad(sin 2 x  cos 2 x)  bc(sin 2 x  cos 2 x)  0

  3 
f(x) is increasing in  ,  .  ad  bc < 0
4 8  105. Let y = x2x  log y = 2x.log x, (x  0)
dy
100. f(x) = (x + 2)ex Differentiating, = 2x2x (1 + log x);
 f (x) = ex  ex (x + 2) = ex (x + 1) dx
For f(x) to be increasing, dy
 =0
 ex (x + 1)  0  ex (x + 1)  0 dx
 (x + 1)  0 1
 log x = 1  x = e1 =
 x < 1 e
 x  (, 1) 1
 Stationary point is x =
 The function is increasing in (, 1). e
440


106. f(x) = (x  ) (x  ) = x2  ( + )x +  f(2) = 48  32 = 16
 f (x) = 2x  ( + )  Maximum at 2 and Minimum at 1 and
For maximum or minimum, f (x) = 0 Maximum value is 16 and Minimum value is
 1.
x=
2 111. Let f(x) = x3 – 12x2 + 36x + 17
Now f (x) = 2 > 0  f (x) = 3x2 – 24x + 36 = 0 at x = 2, 6
 
 f(x)  f  
Again f (x) = 6x – 24 is –ve at x = 2
 2  So that f(6) = 17, f(2) = 49
     At the end points, f(1) = 42, f(10) = 177
=      So that f(x) has its maximum value as 177
 2  2 
       ( ) 2 112. x + y = 16  y = 16 – x
=  =   x2 + y2 = x2 + (16 – x)2
ns
 2  2  4
Let z = x2 + (16 – x)2
107. y = xex  z= 4x – 32
 y = xex + ex = ex (x + 1) = 0 To be minimum of z, z = 4 > 0
 x=1 z= 0  4x – 32 = 0  x = 8, y = 8
io
y = xex + ex + ex 1
At x =  1, 113. f(x) =  x  1 3 (x  2)
1
y =  e 1 + e 1 + e 1 =
1
at
>0 1 2
e  f (x) = (x  1) 3 . 1 + (x  2).  x  1 3
3
 Minimum at x = 1. 4x  5
= 2
5 4 3
108. f(x) = x  5x + 5x  10
 f (x) = 5x4  20x3 + 15x2
lic 3( x  1) 3
For maxima or minima, f (x) = 0
For maximum or minimum, f (x) = 0 4x  5
 5x2 (x2  4x + 3) = 0  2
=0
 x2 (x  3) (x  1) = 0 3( x  1) 3
ub
x=0,x=3,x=1  x=
5
f (x) = 20x3  60x2 + 30x = 10x (2x2  6x + 3) 4
f (0) = 0 1
 f(1) = (1  1) 3 (1  2) = 0
f (3) = 90, Positive (Minima)
P
f (1) =  10, Negative (Maxima)  5   5 3  5  3

f   =   1   2  = 4 , f(9) = 14
 (p, q) = (1, 3) 4
   4   4 
43
5
et
a 
= + 2bx + 1  
dy dy  absolute minimum occurs at x = and min.
109.  = a + 2b + 1 = 0 4
dx x  dx  x 1
3
 a = 2b  1 value = 4
rg
 dy  a 43
and   = + 4b + 1 = 0
 dx  x  2 2 Absolute maximum occurs at x = 9 and max.
2b  1 value = 14.
 + 4b + 1 = 0
2 114. Given f(x) = x(1 x)2, f(x) = x3  2x2 + x
Ta
  b + 4b + = 0
1  f (x) = 3x2  4x + 1
2 Put f (x) = 0, i.e., 3x2  4x + 1 = 0
1 1 1 2  3x2  3x  x + 1 = 0  x = 1, 1/3
 3b = b= and a = 1 =
2 6 3 3 f (x) = 6x  4
 f (1) = 2 > 0 and f (1/3) = 2 < 0
110. f(x) = 3x4  4x3 1
 f (x) = 12x3  12x2  f(x) is maximum at x = .
3
 x2(x  1) = 0  x = 1, 0
1 4
Now f (x) = 36x2  24x  Maximum value = f   =
 3  27
f (1) = 12 > 0
f (0) = 0 115. Let f(x) = x25 (1 – x)75
f(1) = 3  4 = 1  f (x) = x25 (75)(1 – x)74 (– 1) + 25x 24 (1 – x)75
f(1) = 3 + 4 = 7 For maximum value of f(x), f (x) = 0
441


 – 75x25 (1 – x)74 + 25x24 (1 – x)75 = 0 
 f has maximum at x = and maximum value of
 25x24 (1 – x)74 (1 4x) = 0 6
1 
 x = 0 or x = 1 or x = f at x = is
4 6
1 1  1     3 1
At x = ,f    h  > 0 and f    h  < 0 f   = exp  2  3     = exp(4)
6 
4 4  4    2  2
1
 f (x) has maximum value at x = . 120. f(x) = cos x + cos( 2 x)
4
 f (x) =  sin x  2 sin( 2 x) = 0
116. Let f(x) = x 1 x 2  x = 0 is the only solution.
1  2 x2 1 f (x) =  cos x  2 cos( 2 x)  0 at x = 0
 f (x) = =0x=
ns
1 x 2
2 Hence, maxima occurs at x = 0.
1 121. Let f(x) = x3  18x2 + 96x
But as x  0, we have x =
2  f (x) = 3x2  36x + 96
Now, For maximum or minimum, f (x) = 0
io
x x2  12x + 32 = 0  (x  4)(x  8) = 0
1  x 2 (4 x)  (1  2 x 2 )
f (x) = 1  x2  x = 4, 8
(1  x 2 ) Now, f (x) = 6x  36
at
2 x3  3x At x = 4, f (x) = 24  36 =  12  0
= At x = 4, f(x) will be maximum and
(1  x 2 )3/ 2
[f(4)]max. = 160
 1 
 f  
 2
 = ve
lic At x = 8,
d2 y
dx 2
= 48 36 = 12  0
1 At x = 8, f(x) will be minimum and
 f(x) is maximum at x =
2 [f(8)]min. = 128
ub
117. f(x) = 2x3  21x2 + 36x  30 122. f(x) = | px – 9 | + r | x |, x  (, )
 f (x) = 6x2  42x + 36 Where p  0, q  0 and r  0 can assume its
minimum value only at one point, if p = q = r.
 f (x) = 0  x = 6, 1 and f (x) = 12x  42
Here, f (1) =  30 < 0 and f (6) = 30 > 0 123. f(x) = 3x4  8x3 + 12x2  48x + 25
P
 f(x) has maxima at x = 1 and minima at x = 6.  f (x) = 12x3  24x2 + 24x  48

= 12(x3  2x2 + 2x  4) = 12[(x  2)(x2 + 2)]
x2  1 x2  1  2 2 For maximum or minimum of f(x), f (x) = 0
118. f(x) = = 2 =1 2
et
x2  1 x 1 x 1  12[(x  2)(x2 + 2)] = 0

2  x = 2.
 f(x)  1 x and f(x)   1as 2  2
x 1 Now, f (x) = 12(3x2  4x + 2)
 f (2) = 12(12  8 + 2) = 72  0
rg
 1  f(x)  1
 f(x) has minimum value –1.  f has minimum at x = 2 and the minimum value
is f(2) = 48  64 + 48  96 + 25 =  39
119. Let f(x) = exp(2 + 3 cos x + sin x) 124. Let y = sinp x. cosq x
Ta
 f (x) = exp(2 + 3 cos x + sin x) dy

 = p sinp1 x. cos x. cosq x + q cosq1 x.
dx
 (– 3 sin x + cos x)
(sin x) sinp x
For maximum or minimum of f(x), f (x) = 0 dy
 = p sinp1 x. cosq+1 x  q cosq1 x. sinp+1 x
 exp(2+ 3 cosx + sinx)(  3 sinx + cosx) = 0 dx
  3sin x + cos x = 0 For maximum or minimum,
1 dy
 tan x = =0
dx
3
p p
  tan2 x =  tan x = 
x= q q
6
 p
Atx = , f (x) is negative  Point of maxima x = tan1
6 q
442


125. x + y = 8  y=8x 131. Let one number be (100  x) and then another is
Now f(x) = xy = x(8  x) = 8x  x2 x.
 f (x) = 8  2x  f(x) = 2(100  x) + x2 = x2  2x + 200
For maximum value of f(x), f (x) = 0  f (x) = 0  2x  2 = 0  x = 1
 x = 4 and y = 4 Here, f (x) = 2  0
So, maximum value of xy = 4  4 = 16 Therefore function is minimum at x = 1.
So the numbers are 99 and 1.
126. Here f(x) = | sin 4 x  3 |
We know that minimum value of sin x is –1 and 132. According to the given condition,
maximum is 1. 2x + 2y = 100  x + y = 50 ….(i)
Hence, maximum | sin 4 x  3 | = |1  3 | = 4 and Let the area of rectangle be A.
minimum | sin 4 x  3 | = | 1  3 | 2 A
 A = xy  y =
x
ns
127. Let x and y be two natural numbers such that A
Put in (i), we have x + = 50  A = 50x  x2
x + y = 10 and the product is xy. x
xy = x (10  x) = 10x  x2 = f(x) dA
 = 50  2x
 f (x) = 10  2x dx
io
 f (x) =  2 dA
For maximum area, =0
Roots of f (x) = 0, dx
i.e., 10  2x = 0, i.e., x = 5  50  2x = 0  x = 25 and y = 25
at
f (5) = 10  10 = 0 Hence, adjacent sides are 25 and 25 cm.
 f is maximum when x = 5, y = 5
133. Let the numerator be x, then the fraction is
 The product is maximum if x = 5, y = 5 x
128. 2 (x + y) = 24
lic f(x) =
x  16
2
 x + y =12 On differentiating with respect to x, we get

 x = 12  y ( x 2  16).1  x (2 x )
f (x) =
f(x) = xy = x(12  x) = 12x  x2
ub
( x 2  16) 2
 f (x) = 12  2x = 0 x 2  16  2 x 2
 x = 6 At x = 6, y = 6 =
( x 2  16) 2
 Maximum area is 36 m2. 16  x 2
=
P
129. Let x and y be the lengths of two adjacent sides ( x 2  16) 2

of the rectangle. Put f (x) = 0 for maxima or minima
Then, its perimeter is 2(x + y) = 36 f (x) = 0  16  x2 = 0  x = 4, 4
et
 x + y = 18  y = 18  x ….(i) Again differentiating

Area of rectangle, ( x 2  16) 2 ( 2 x )  (16  x 2 )2( x 2  16)2 x
A = xy = x (18  x) = 18x  x2 f (x) =
( x 2  16) 4
dA
rg
  18  2 x At x = 4, f (x) < 0 and at x = 4, f (x) > 0

dx
4 1
For maximum or minimum,  Least value of f(x) = f(4) = =
dA 16  16 8
Ta
= 0  18  2x = 0  x = 9
dx 134. Let x + y = 4  y = 4  x
From (i), y = 18  9 = 9 1 1 x y
+ =
x y xy
130. Let x + y = 3
According to the given condition, 4 4 4
f(x) = = =
f(x) = x2  (3  x) = 3x2  x3 .…(i) xy x(4  x) 4 x  x2
 f (x) = 6x  3x2 = 0 4
 f (x) = .(4  2 x)
 3x (x  2) = 0 (4 x  x 2 ) 2
 x = 0,x=2 For maximum or minimum of f(x),
Now f (x) = 6  6x f (x) = 0  4  2x = 0
f (2) =  6 < 0  x = 2 and y = 2
 f(x) ha mximum value at x = 2 1 1 1 1
 min    = + = 1
 Maximum value is f(2) = 4 ....[From (i)] x y 2 2
443


135. Let x and y be the lengths of two adjacent sides dA a d 2A
 = 0 gives r = , thus 2 > 0
of the rectangle. dr 2(   4) dr
Then, its perimeter is P = 2(x + y) ….(i) and hence minimum.
P  2x a 4a
y=  4x = a – 2r = a – =
2 4 4
Area of rectangle, A = xy a
 x=
P  2 x  Px  2 x 2
= x  
4
 2  2 a2
 A = x2 + r2 =
dA P  4 x d 2A 4(  4)
  and 2  2
dx 2 dx
139.
For maximum or minimum,
dA O
ns
0
dx r r
P  4x 
 0
2
A B
 P = 4x
io
l
 2x + 2y = 4x ….[From (i)] Let OAB be a given sector of a circle of a radius
x=y r cm such that arc AB = l cm, and AOB = 
radians.
at
 d 2A 
  2  x  y  2  0 Then
 dx 
2r + l = 20 ….(i)
Hence, the area of a rectangle will be maximum
l
when rectangle is a square. = ….(ii)
1
lic r
1
136. Let PQ = a and PR = b, then  = ab sin  A  r 2 ….(iii)
2 2
 1  sin   1 From (i), (ii) ,(iii), we get
ub
Since area is maximum when sin  = 1 A=
1 2 l 1 1
r  = r l = r(20  2r)
 2 r 2 2
=
2  A = 10 r  r2 ….(iv)
dA
137. Let x + y = 20  y = 20 – x ….(i) Now, = 10  2r = 0  r = 5
P
dr
and x3y2 = z d 2A
 z = x3 (20 – x)2  z = 400x3 + x5 – 40x4  = 2 < 0
dr 2
dz
et
 = 1200x2 + 5x4 – 160x3  A is maximum at r = 5

dx Hence, the maximum area
For maximum or minimum, = 10  5 – 25 = 25 cm2 …. [From (iv)]
dz 140. 2l + 2R = 440
rg
=0
dx  l + R = 220 …(i)
 1200 x2 + 5x4  160x3 = 0
 x = 12, 20
Ta
d 2z
= 2400x + 20x3 – 480x2 Now f(x) = l (2R) = (220  R) (2R)
dx 2
 f(x) = 440R  2R2
d z
2
  2 = 5760 < 0  f (x) = 440  4R = 0
 dx  x 12  0 = 110  R
 z is maximum at x = 12. 22
 110 = R
From (i), y = 20  12 = 8 7
 The parts of 20 are 12 and 8.  R = 35
 2R = 70
138. 4x + 2r = a …(i)
22
2
A = x + r =
1 2
(a – 2r)2 + r2 …[From (i)] From (i),l +  35 = 220
16
7
dA 1  l + 110 = 220
 =  (a – 2r)  + 2r  l = 110
dr 4
444


141. Let the length of side of each square cut out be x sq cm.  f (A) = cos2 A  sin2 A = cos 2 A
Then, each side of base of the box is For maximum or minimum,
(12  2x) cm and x cm will be height of box. f (A) = 0  cos 2A = 0
 
 2A = A =
2 4
x 12  2x x Now, f (A) = 2 sin 2 A

= 2 sin
= 2 < 0
12  2x 12  2x 12 2

 f(A) is maximum at A = .
4
x 12  2x x
  1
 Maximum value = cos sin =
ns
4 4 2
12 145. Since f(x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s

theorem, f(3) = f(5) = 0
Volume =V = (12  2x)2 x
io
 x = 3 and x = 5 are the roots of f(x).
= 4(36 + x2  12x)x
 f(x) = (x  3) (x  5) = x2  8x + 15
= 4(x3  12x2 + 36x) 5 5
dV   f ( x)dx =  ( x 2  8 x  15)dx
at
 = 4(3x2 – 24x + 36)
dx 3 3
= 12 (x2 – 8x + 12)  x3 
5
d 2V =   4 x 2  15 x 
and 2 = 4(6x  24) 3 3
dx
dV
lic 1
Now, = 0  x2  8x + 12 = 0 = (125  27)  4(25  9) 15(5  3)
dx 3
 (x  2)(x  6) = 0  x = 2 or x = 6 =
4
ub
But x < 6 3
 x = 2
d 2V
For x = 2, = 4 (12  24) =  48 < 0
dx 2 Competitive Thinking
P
 Volume is maximum when each square of

2 cm length is cut out from each corner. 1
1. y = x2 
2 x2
142. Given equation is 10s = 10ut – 49t
dy 2
et
 s = ut – 4.9t2  = 2x + 3
ds dx x
 = u – 9.8t = v
dt  dy  2
   = 2(1) + = 4
When stone reaches the maximum height, then  ( 1,0)
d x ( 1)3
rg
v=0
1 1
 u – 9.8t = 0  u = 9.8t  Slope of normal at (1, 0) =  =
 dy  4
But time t = 5 sec  
 dx ( 1, 0)
So the value of u = 9.8  5 = 49.0 m/sec
Ta
143. Let A, P and x be the area, perimeter and length 2. For the point (2, 1) on the curve
of the side of the square respectively at time t
x = t2 + 3t – 8, y = 2t2 – 2t – 5, we have
seconds. Then, A = x2 and P = 4x
t2 + 3t – 8 = 2 and 2t2 – 2t – 5 = 1
 P= 4 A
dP 1 dA  (t + 5) (t  2) = 0 and (t 2) (t + 1) = 0
  4. . t=2
dt 2 A dt
2 dA 2 1 dy
= .  .2  cm / sec. dy dt 4t  2
x dt 16 4 Now,  
dx dx 2t  3
144. Let dt

f(A) = cos A cos B = cos A cos   A   dy  4(2)  2 6
2      
 dx ( t  2) 2(2)  3 7
= cos A sin A
445


3. x = t2 – 7t + 7 x=1
dx At x = 1, y = 0
 = 2t – 7
dt  The required point is (1, 0).
y = t2 – 4t – 10
8. Given equation of curve is y = x  1
dy
 = 2t – 4 Slope of tangent to the curve is
dt
dy 1
At (1, 2), we get =
dx 2 x 1
t2 – 7t + 7 = 1 …(i)
and t2 – 4t – 10 = 2 …(ii) Slope of line 2x + y  5 = 0 is 2
By (ii) – (i), we get Since the tangent is perpendicular to the given line,
3t = 18  1 
  ( 2)  1
 t=6  2 x 1 
ns
dy  x 1  1
dy dt 2t  4
   x=2
dx dx 2t  7
dt y = x 1 = 2 1 = 1
io
dy dy 8  (x, y) = (2, 1)
  
dx (1,2) dx t 6 5 9. y2 = px3 + q …..(i)
at
1 dy
4. Slope of the normal = 2y. = 3px2
dy
dx
dx
dy 3p  x 2 

 tan
3
4
=
1
 dy 
lic dx
=  
2 y
   dy  3p 4
 dx (3, 4)  =  = 2p
 
 dx (2,3) 2 3
  
dy
= 1  f (3) = 1
ub
 dx (3, 4)
Since the line touches the curve, their slopes are
equal.
5. y = ax3 + bx + 4  2p = 4  p = 2
dy Since, (2,3) lies on y 2  px3  q.
 = 3ax2 + b
P
dx  9=28+q q=–7
 dy 
Slope of tangent at (2, 14) =   10. y2 = ax3 + b …..(i)
 dx  2, 14 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
et
 21 = 3a(2)2 + b 2y.
dy
= 3ax2
 21 = 12a + b ...(i) dx
y = ax3 + bx + 4 dy 3a  x 2 
 =  
rg
 14 = a (8) + b (2) + 4 dx 2 y
 8a + 2b = 10 ...(ii)  dy  3a 4
On solving (i) and (ii), we get    =  = 2a
 (2,3)
d x 2 3
a = 2, b = –3
Ta
Since, the line touches the curve, their slopes are

dy equal.
6. y = x3  = 3x2
dx  2a = 4  a = 2
According to the given condition, 3x2 = y Since (2,3) lies on y 2  ax3  b ,
 3x2 = x3 ….[ y = x3] 9=28+b b=–7
 x = 0, 3 Now, 7a + 2b = 7(2) + 2(–7) = 0
Thus, the two points are (0, 0) and (3, 27). 1
11. y= ....(i)
dy x
7. y = x2  3x + 2  = 2x  3 dy 1
dx  = 2
Slope of the given line = 1 dx x
Since the tangent is perpendicular to the given 1
 Slope of tangent to the curve =
line, (2x  3) (1) = 1 x2
446


Slope of y = 4x + b is 4. 1
 Slope of tangent (m1) =
1 t
 = 4
x2 x2  y 2 = a2
1 dy
x=   2x  2y =0
2 dx
From (i), y =  2 
dy
=
x
Putting the values of x and y in dx y
y = 4x + b, we get  dy  a sec 
b=4   = = cosec 
 dx  a sec , a tan  a tan 
12. x = a(1 + cos ) and y = a sin   Slope of normal (m2) = cosec 

dx
=  a sin  and
dy
= a cos  Now, m1m2 = 1
d d
ns
1
   (cosec )  1
dy t
dy
 =  = cot 
d  t = cosec 
dx dx
d 16. y = ex + e–x ...(i)
io
1 1 dy
 slope of the normal =  = = tan   = ex – e–x
dy  cot  dx
dx dy
at
 equation of the normal at  is The slope of the horizontal tangent is =0
dx
y  a sin  = tan [x  a(1 + cos)]
 0 = ex – e–x
Clearly, this line passes through (a, 0).
 ex = e–x
13. y2 = 12x ....(i)
lic  e2x = 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get x=0
dy dy 6 Substituting x = 0 in (i), we get
2y = 12  
dx dx y y = e0 + e0 = 2
ub
1 y 17. Given equation of curve is
 slope of the normal =  
dy 6 x2 – 4y2 = 1 ...(i)
dx Slope of tangent to the curve is
Slope of the line x + y = k is 1. dy x
P
=
y dx 4y
  = 1  y = 6
6 1
From (i), x = 3 Slope of line is x = 2y is
2
et
Putting the values of x and y in x + y = k, we get Since the tangent is parallel to the given line,
k=9 x 1
=
a 4y 2
rg
14. Slope of given line = 

b  x = 2y
4 dy 4 Substituting x = 2y in equation (i), we get
y=  = 2 (2y)2 – 4y2 = 1  0 = 1, which is not possible.
x dx x

Ta
a 4 The tangent is parallel to curve at zero point.

 = 2
b x 18. y2(x – a) = x2(x + a) …(i)
a 4 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
 = 2>0
b x dy
2y (x – a) + y2 = 3x2 + 2ax …(ii)
 a < 0, b < 0 dx
dy
15. y2 = 4ax If tangent is parallel to X-axis, then =0
dx
dy
 2y = 4a  y2 = 3x2 + 2ax …[From (ii)]
dx
x 2 ( x  a)
dy 2a  = 3x2 + 2ax …[From (i)]
 = ( x  a)
dx y
 x2 – ax – a2 = 0
 dy  2a 1 Here, B2 – 4AC = a2 + 4a2 = 5a2 > 0
  = =
  at , 2 at 
dx 2 2at t  The number of tangents = 2
447


19. At x = 4,  1 3 
 equation of the tangent at  ,  is
42 = 8y  y = 2  2 2 2
Now, x2 = 8y 3 3 1 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get y =  x 
2 2 2 2
dy dy x
2x = 8  =  3x + 2y = 3 2
dx dx 4
 dy  23. At x = 0, y = e0 + 0 = 1
   =1
 dx (4, 2) y = e2x + x2
 equation of the normal at (4, 2) is dy
 = 2e2x + 2x
y  2 = 1(x  4)  x + y = 6 dx
 dy 
20. Centre of circle is (1, 2) and point A(2,1) lie on    =2
 dx (0,1)
ns
circle.
1 2  dx  1
 Equation of normal is y + 2 = (x  1) Also,    =
2 1  dy (0,1) 2
 y + 2 = 3(x  1)  y = 3x  5 Equation of normal at (0, 1) is
io
 x
n
 y
n 1
21. (y  1) = (x  0)
  +   =2 2
a b
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get  2y  2 =  x  x + 2y  2 = 0
at
n 1 n1  distance between origin and normal
1  1   dy 
n    y
x
  +n       =0 002 2
a
  a
  b  b   dx  = =
n 1 n 1 1 4 5
n  x 

n  y
 
b b
dy
dx
=  
a a
lic 24. x2 + y2 – 13 = 0
n 1 n1 dy
dy b  x  b  2x + 2y =0
 =  
a  a 
dx
dx  y
ub
dy x
 dy   =
Slope of tangent at (a, b) =   dx y
 dx  a, b 
 dy 
b  a   b 
n 1 n 1  Slope of tangent at (2, 3) =  
=  dx  2, 3
a  a   b 
P
2
b m=
= 3
a Given equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 13
et
b
Equation of tangent is (y – b) = (x – a)  Centre of circle 0 = (0, 0), radius = 13 units
a
 1   2 3 
 ay – ab = –bx + ab Given point M  m,  =  , 
 m  3 2
 ay + bx = 2ab
rg
x y = (–0.67, 1.5)
  =2 OM < radius
a b
 The point lies inside the circle

Ta
22. At  = , 25. y = a(sin   cos ) , x = a(cos  +  sin )

4
dy
 1  3  = a(cos   cos  +  sin ) = a  sin  and
x = 2 cos3 = and y = 3sin3 = d
4 2 4 2 2
dx
x = 2 cos3  and y = 3 sin3 = a( sin  + sin  +  cos ) = a  cos 
d
dx dy
 = 6 cos2 sin  and = 9 sin2 cos  dy
d d dy d a sin 
dy  = = = tan 
dx dx a cos 
d y d 3
  =  tan  d
dx dx 2
1
d  Slope of the normal  =  cot 
tan 
 dy  3
     =   Equation of the normal is
 dx    2
 4 y  a sin  + a  cos 
448


cos  28. x+ y= a
= (x  a cos   a  sin )
sin 
1 1 dy
 y sin   a sin2  + a sin  cos   +  0
2 x 2 y dx
=  x cos  + a cos2  + a sin  cos 
 x cos  + y sin  = a(sin2  + cos2 ) dy y
 =
 x cos  + y sin  = a dx x
a  Equation of the tangent at (x, y) is
 Distance from origin =
sin   cos 2 
2 y
Yy= (X – x)
= a = constant x
26. y = x2 – x + 1
 X y  Y x = xy  x y 
dy  X y  Y x = xy . a
ns
 = 2x – 1
dx X Y
 dy   dy   dy   + =1
  = –1,   = –3,   =4 a x a y
 dx  x  0  dx  x  1  dx  x  5 
 2
Clearly its intercepts on the axes are a x and
io
Equation of normal at (0, 1) and having slope 1 a y.
is (y – 1) = x – 0
x–y+1=0 ...(i) Sum of the intercepts
at
Equation of normal at (–1, 3) and having slope = a  x  y = a. a = a 
1 1
is (y – 3) = (x + 1)
3 3 29. Let the coordinates of P be (x1, y1).
 x – 3y + 10 = 0 ...(ii)
lic 
2
x13  y13  a 3
2 2
....(i)
 5 19 
Equation of normal at  ,  and having slope 2 2 2
2 4  Now, x  y  a 3 3 3
1 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

ub
is 1
4 
2  13 2  1 dy dy x 3
19 1  5 5 x + y 3 =0  =  1
y– =  x    4y – 19 = –x + 3 3 dx dx 
y 3
4 4 2 2
P
1
 2x + 8y – 43 = 0 ...(iii) x 3

 dy 
Equation (i), (ii) and (iii) are passes through    =  11
 dx ( x1 , y1 ) 
7 9 y1 3
point  ,  .
et
2 2  equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is


1
they are concurrent. 
x1 3
y  y1 =  1 (x  x1)
27. Given, x2 + 2xy  3y2 = 0 ….(i) y1

3
rg
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 1 2 2

 
 dy  dy  xx1  yy1 3 3
 x1 3  y1 3
2x + 2  x  y   6y = 0
 dx  dx 
1

1 2
 x x1 3  y y1 3 = a 3 ....[From (i)]
Ta
dy x y
   = 1
dy
 = This tangent meets the coordinate axes at
dx 3 y  x  dx (1,1)
 2 1   2 1 
 equation of the normal at (1, 1) is A  a 3 x 3 ,0  and B  0, a 3 y 3  .

1 1
   
y  1 = 1(x  1)
y=2–x
4 2 4 2 4
 2 2

 AB = a 3 x1 3  a 3 y1 3 = a 3  x1 3  y1 3 
Putting y = 2 – x in (i), we get  
x2 + 2x(2 – x)  3(2 – x)2 = 0 4 2
 x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 = a3 a3 ….[From (i)]

 x = 1, 3 =a
 The points of intersection are (1,1) and (3,–1). 30. y = x2  5x + 6
 The normal at (1, 1) meets the curve again at dy
 = 2x  5
(3, 1) which lies in the fourth quadrant. dx
449

 dy  
   = 2(2)  5 = 1 = m1 (say) Slope of tangent to (i) at x = is given by
 dx (2, 0) 2
2
 dy 
and  
dy
  2 xe x     e 4
2
= 2(3)  5 = 1 = m2 (say)  
 dx (3, 0)  dx  x   2   x
2
Here, m1 m2 = 1 

Slope of tangent to (ii) at x = is given by
 The required angle is  2
2 2
 dy 
  2 xe x sin x  e x cos x   =  e 4
2 2
    x
1 dy 1 d x
 x  2
31. xy = 1  y =   = m1 2
x dx x 2 Since both tangents have equal slopes, the angle
 x2 dy  x between them is zero.
x2 + 8y = 0  y =   = m2
8 dx 4
ns
By comparing given two equations, we get 34. Let the given curves intersect each other at
P(x1, y1).
1  x2
  x3 = –8  x = –2 y2 = 6x
x 8 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1
io
 y=  dy  dy  3
2 2y =6   =
dx  P
d x y1
 1 1
 At  2,   , m1 =  9x2 + by2 = 16
 2 4
at
 1 1 dy
At  2,   , m2 = 18 x + 2by =0
 2 2 dx
Let  be the angle between the given curves.  dy  9x
m1  m 2 6
lic    =  1
 P
d x by1
 tan  = 
1  m1m 2 7 Since the given curves intersect each other at
 3   9 x1 
 right angles,     = –1
ub
32. If sin x = cos x, then x =  y1   by1 
4
27 x1
Now, y = sin x  =1
dy by12
 = cos x 9
dx b= …  y12  6 x1 
P
 dy  1 2
      = m1 (say)
 dx   x   2 35. x = At2 + Bt + C
 4
Also, y = cos x dx
et
 v= = 2At + B
dy dt
 =  sin x  v2 = 4A2t2 + 4ABt + B2 …(i)
dx
 dy  1 and 4Ax = 4A2t2 + 4ABt + 4AC …(ii)
rg
        m 2 (say) From (i) – (ii), we get

 dx  x   2
 4 v2  4Ax = B2 – 4AC
 angle between the curves is  4Ax – v2 = 4AC – B2
1 1
Ta
 d 2 t d  dt  d  1  1 dv
m  m2 2 2 36.      2.
tan  = 1 
dx 2 dx  dx  dx  v  v dx
1  m1m 2  1  1 
1    
 2  2 dv dv f
Since v f  
 tan  = 2 2 dx dx v
d2t 1 f 2
3 d t
  = tan1  2 2   2
  2 .  v =f
dx v v dx 2
2
33. y = ex ….(i) 38. a + bv2 = x2
x2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t.t, we get
y = e sin x ….(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get  dv  dx
0 + b  2v.  = 2x.
e x2
e x2
sin x  dt  dt
 dv dx dv x  dx 
 sin x = 1  x =  v.b = x.  = …   v
2 dt dt dt b  dt 
450


39. According to the figure, x2 + y2 = 400 ….(i) 2
44. h = 6 m, r = 4 m = h
Differentiate (i) w.r.t. t, we get 3
dx dy 1 2
2x + 2y =0 ….(ii) V= r h
dt dt 3
Y
dy B 1 4
Here x = 12 and =2  V =   h3
dt 3 9
20 m
From (i), 122 + y2 = 400 y
dV 4 2 dh
 y = 16  = h
x X dt 9 dt
dx O A
From (ii), 2(12) + 2(16)(2) = 0 dV 3
dt But = 3 m /min and h = 3 m
dt
dx 8
 =– 4 dh
dt 3  3= 9
9 dt
ns
dr dh 3
40. Surface area, S = 4r2 and =2  = m/min
dt dt 4π
dS dr
 = 4  2r = 8r  2 = 16r 4 3
dt dt r
io
45. V=
dS 3
 r 4 3
dt  288  = r
3
at
41. If x is the length of each side of an equilateral
 r = 6 cm
triangle and A is its area, then
4 3
3 2 dA 3 dx V= r
A= x  = . 2x 3
4 dt 4 dt
Here, x = 10 cm and
dx
= 2 cm / sec
lic 
dV
= 4r2
dr
dt dt
dt
dr

dA
= 10 3 sq. unit/sec  4 = 4r2
dt dt
ub
dr 1
42. A1 = x2, and A2 = y2  = 2
dt r
dA1 dx dA 2 dy
 = 2x , and = 2y Now, A = 4r2
dt dt dt dt dA dr

P
dA 2 dy = 8r
2y dt dt
dA 2 dt dt = y  dy 
 = =   1
dA1 dA dx x  dx  = 8r 
1
2x r2
dt dt
et
Given, y = x + x2 8 8 4
= = = cm2/sec
dy r 6 3
 = 1 + 2x
dx 4 3
rg
dA 2 y 46. Volume = V = r
 = (1 + 2x) 3
dA1 x dV dr
x  x2
 = 4r2 . ,
= (1 + 2x) dt dt
Ta
x dV
= (1 + x) (1 + 2x) = 2x2 + 3x + 1 Here, r = 7 cm and = 35 cc/min
dt
43. Let x be the side, A be the area and  be the dr dr 5
 35 = 4(7)2  =
angle of the rhombus. dt dt 28
 A = x2 sin  Surface area, S = 4r2
dA dS dr
= 8(7) 
 = 2x sin  5  2
 = 8r  = 10 cm /min
dx dt dt  28  
2x sin  = x 4 3
47. V= r
1 3
 sin  =
2 dV dr
 = 4r2 ….(i)
π 5 dt dt
  = and
6 6 After 49 min, (4500 – 49  72) = 972 m3
451


4 3  8dx  dx
 972  = r 6   = 3x
2
… [From (i)]
3  dt  dt
 r3 = 3  243 = 3  35  3x2 = 48  x2 = 16  x = 4
 r=9 Putting x = 4 in (ii), we get
dV 6y = (4)3 + 2 = 64 + 2
Given, = 72
dt  y = 11
 dr  Putting x =  4 in (ii), we get
 72 = 4  9  9   ….[From (i)] y =  64 + 2
 dt 
 62 31

dr 2

 y= =
6 3
dt 9
 The required points on the curve are (4, 11) and
4  31 
48. Volume of sphere (V) = r3   4, .
ns
3  3 
Surface area of sphere (A) = 4r2
dV
= 4r2 and
dA
= 8r 52. f(x) = x3 + 5x2 – 7x + 9
dr dr  f (x) = 3x2 + 10x – 7
io
 dV  Here, a = 1 and h = 0.1
 dV    4πr 2 r  f(a) = f(1) = 13 + 5(1)2 – 7(1) + 9 = 8
  dr 
  = dA = =
and f (a) = f (1) = 3(1)2 + 10(1) – 7 = 6
 dA    8πr 2
at
   f (a + h)  f(a) + hf (a)
 dr 
 dV  4  8 + 0.1 (6)
   = = 2 cm3/cm2  8 + 0.6  8.6
 dA r  4 2
10
lic 53. Let f(x) = x
49. y= 1
x  f (x) =
2 x
dy 10 dx
  2 . …(i) Here, a = 25 and h = – 0.01
ub
dt x dt
 f(a) = f(25) = 25 = 5
dx
Given that =1 1 1
dt and f (a) = f (25) = =
2 25 10
dy 10
  2  f (a + h)  f(a) + hf (a)
P
dt x
When the point passes through (5, 2),we have  5 – 0.001
x = 5.  4.999
dy 10 2
et
1
  2  54. Let f(x) = 3
x  x3
dt 5 5
1  23 1

2
The ordinate decreases at the rate of unit per  f (x) = x = 2
5 3
3x 3
rg
second. Here, a = –1, and h = 0.01

f (a + h)  f (a) + h f (a)
50. W = nw, n = 2t2 + 3 and w = t2  t + 2 1
1
dW dn dw dn dW  (1) 3  0.01 
Ta
 w n , where  4t,  2t  1 2
dt dt dt dt dt 3  1 3
At t = 1,  – 1 + 0.0033
dn dW  – 0. 9967
n = 5, w = 2,  4, 1
dt dt
1/5
 dW  55. Let f(x) = 5
x =x
   = 2(4) + 5(1) = 13 1 –4/5 1
 dt ( t 1)  f  (x) = x = 4/5
5 5x
51. According to the given condition, Here, a = 243 and h = – 0.001
dy dx f(a + h) ≈ f(a) + h f  (a)
=8 …(i)
dt dt 1
= (243)1/5 – 0.001 ×
Given, 6y = x3 + 2 … (ii) 5  243
4/5
 dy  2 dx 0.001
 6  = 3x =3–
dt
  dt 5  81
452


1  2a + 8b = –26
=3–
405000  a + 4b = –13
1214999
 f(242.999) = 63. Since f(x) satisfies the Rolle’s theorem,
405000 f(1) = f(3)
56. Let f(x) = 5x  a + b + 5 = 27a + 9b + 27
 f (x) = 5x log 5  26a + 8b + 22 = 0
Here, a = 2 and h = 0.01  13a + 4b + 11 = 0 …(i)
 f(a + h) ≈ f(a) + h f  (a) Given that f   2 
 1 
=0
≈ f(2) + 0.01 f (2)  3
≈ 52 + 0.01 (52  log 5) f (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + 11
≈ 25 + 0.01 (25  1.6095)  1   1  
2
1 
≈ 25.4024  f  2   = 3a  2    2b  2    11
ns
 3   3   3
57. Let f(x) = cos x
  2b
2
= a 2 3  1  4b   11
 f  (x) = –sin x 3
Here, a = 30 and h = 1 = 0.0174 2b
= (13a  4b  11)  4 3a 
io
 f(a + h) ≈ f(a) + h f  (a) 3
3  1  12a  2b
≈ + 0.0174   = 0 …[From (i)]
2  2  3
at
1.732 0.0174 12a  2b
≈ –  0
2 2 3
≈ 0.8573 lic  6a + b = 0 …(ii)
58. x
f(x) = e (sin x – cos x) Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 1, b = – 6
 f (x) = ex (sin x –cos x) + ex (cos x + sin x)  a + b = –5
 f (x) = 2ex sin x 64. f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 8x + 11, x  [0, 1]
Now, f (c) = 0  f (x) = 3x2 – 8x + 8
ub
 2 ec sin c = 0 By LMVT,
 sin c = 0 = sin  f (c) =
f (1)  f (0)
c= 1 0
16  11
  3   3c2 – 8c + 8 =
P
59. Here, f   = e0 = 1 and f   = e0 = 1 1 0

2  2   3c2 – 8c + 3 = 0
   3  4 7
 f = f  c=  (0, 1)
et
2  2  3
 Third condition of Rolle’s theorem is satisfied
by option (A) only. 65. Using LMVT,
f (e)  f (1)
f (c) =
rg
60. (A) f(x) = | x | is not differentiable at x = 0. e 1

 1 1 0
(B) f(x) = tan x is discontinuous at x = .  
2 c e 1
2
c=e–1
Ta
(C) f(x) = 1  ( x  2) 3 is not differentiable at

x = 2. 66. f(x) = ex
(D) f(x) = x(x  2)2 is a polynomial function.  f(0) = e0 = 1, f(1) = e and f (x) = ex
 f(x) is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable on By mean value theorem,
(0, 2). f (b)  f (a)
f (c) 
Also, f (0) = f (2) ba
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is applicable. eb  ea
 f (c) 
61. f(x) = | x | in [–2, 2] is not differentiable at x = 0. ba
e  1
62. f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax – 6  ec 
1 0
f(1) = 1 + b + a – 6 = a + b – 5  c  log(e  1)
f(3) = 27 + 9b + 3a – 6 = 3a + 9b + 21
f(1) = f(3) 67. f (x) = x2
 a + b – 5 = 3a + 9b + 21 f (2) = 4, f (4) = 16
453


f (x) = 2x f  x
71. g(x) =
 By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, x 1
f (c) =
f (4)  f (2) f 0 f 6 4
42
 g(0) = = 12 and f(6) = =
0 1 6 1 7
16  4 By mean value theorem,
 2c =
2 g  6  g  0
g (c) =
c=3 60
4
68. f(x) = x  12
 f(a) = f(4) = 4 = 2, f(b) = f(9) = 9 = 3 and = 7
6
1 4  84
f (x) = = = 
44
2 x 76 21
ns
f (b)  f (a) 3 2 1
Given, f (c) = = =
ba 94 5 72. Consider option (A),
Lf    = 1 and Rf    = 0
1 1 25 1 1
 = c= = 6.25
2 c 5 4  2  2
io
69. f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) 1
So, it is not differentiable at x =  (0, 1).
 f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2 2
Hence, Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not
at
f (0) = 2
1 3 applicable.
f  =
2 4 73. f(x) = ax + b  f (x) = a
f  (x) = 2x – 3
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
lic  For strictly increasing, f (x) > 0
 a > 0 for all real x.
1
f    f (0)
dy
f (c) =  2  74. y = tan x  x  = sec2 x  1 = tan2 x  0
1 dx
ub
0
2
3 0 , x0
2 75. f(x) = 
 2c – 3 = 4 x  3 , x  0
1
0 , x  0
P
2  f (x) = 
1 , x  0
5 1
 2c = +3c=  It is strictly increasing when x > 0.
2 4
et
2x  3 76. f(x) = (2k + 1) x – 3 – ke–x + 2ex

70. f(x) =  f (x) = (2k + 1) + ke–x + 2ex
4x  1
5 2e2 x  (2k  1)e x  k
f(1) = , f(2) = 1 =
rg
3 ex
 4 x  1 2    2 x  3 4 
f  (x) = =
14 Since f(x) is monotonically increasing, f (x)  0
 4 x  1  4 x  1
2 2
Ta
 By Lagrange's mean value theorem, 2e2 x  2ke x  e x  k

 0
f  2   f 1 ex
f  (c) =  (2ex + 1) (ex + k)  0
2 1
5  ex + k  0 …[ (2ex + 1)  0]
1
14 3
 =  k  –ex
 4c  1
2
1
 k = 0 is the least value.
14
 (4c – 1)2 =
2 77. f(x) will be monotonically decreasing, if f (x)  0.
3  f (x) =  sin x  2p  0
 16c2 – 8c + 1 = 21 1
 sin x + p  0
 4c2 – 2c – 5 = 0 2
1  21 1
c= p ….[ 1  sin x  1]
4 2
454


78. f (x) = x2 + 2x – 5  f (x) < f (2 – x)
f (x) = 2x + 2 = 2(x + 1) x<2–x …[From (i)]
For increasing function, f (x) > 0 x<1
 2 (x + 1) > 0  (x) is decreasing in (0, 1).
 x > –1
 x  (–1, ) 83. If f(x) = (a + 2)x3 – 3ax2 + 9ax – 1
decreases monotonically for all x  R,
79. f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 9x + 10
then f (x)  0 for all x  R
 f (x) = 3x2 – 12x + 9
 3(a + 2)x2 – 6ax + 9a  0 for all x  R
For increasing function, f (x)  0
 3x2 – 12x + 9  0  (a + 2)x2 – 2ax + 3a  0 for all x  R
 x2 – 4x + 3  0  a + 2 < 0 and Discriminant  0
 (x – 3)(x – 1)  0  a < – 2, – 8a2 – 24a  0
ns
 x  (– , 1]  [3, )  a < – 2 and a(a + 3)  0
 a < – 2, a  – 3 or a  0
x x
80. f(x) = = = x loge x a–3–<a–3
log x e log e e
io
log e x x
84. f(x) =
 f (x) = 1 + loge x x 1
2
For increasing function, f (x) > 0

 f (x) =
x 2
 1 1  x  2 x  1  x2
at
 1 + loge x > 0 =
x  1 x  1
2 2 2
2
 x > e–1
1  For f(x) to be increasing
 x   , 1  (1, )
1  x2
e 
lic f (x) > 0 
x 2
 1
2
>0
81. f(x) = x + 1  x
…[  x 2  1  0]
2
 f  (x) = 1 –
1 1 – x2 > 0
2 1 x
ub
 x2 < 1
For f(x) to be decreasing, f  (x) < 0
 x  (–1, 1)
1
1– <0
2 1 x 85. f(x) = log(1 + x)  2x
1 2 x
P
1< 1 (2  x).(2)  2 x(1)

2 1 x  f (x) = 
1 x (2  x) 2
 2 1 x < 1
 4 (1 – x) < 1 x2
et
 f (x) =
1 ( x  1)( x  2) 2
1–x<
4  f (x)  0 for all x  0
3
 <x Hence, f(x) is increasing on (0, ).
rg
4
86. f(x) = 3x2  2x + 1,
3 
 x   ,1  f (x) = 6x  2  0
4 
1
Ta
x
82. f (x) > 0 3
 f (x) is increasing. …(i) Option (A) is incorrectly matched.
 (x) = f (x) + f (2 – x) 3
  (x) = f (x) – f (2 – x) 87. f(x) = x 2 (3x  10), x  0
For  (x) to be increasing, 3 12 3
 (x) > 0  f (x) = x (3x  10) + x 2 (3)

2
 f (x) – f (2 – x) > 0
15 12
 f (x) > f (2 – x) = x ( x  2)
2
x>2–x …[From (i)]
For f(x) to be increasing,
x>1
 (x) is increasing in (1, 2). 15 12
f (x)  0  x ( x  2)  0
For  (x) to be decreasing, 2
 (x) < 0  x  2  x  [2, )
455


88. f(x) = tan1 (sin x + cos x) 92. f(x) = [x(x  2)]2
1  f(x) = x2 (x  2)2
 f (x) =  (cos x  sin x)
1  (sin x  cos x) 2 f (x) = x2[2(x  2)] + (x  2)2 (2x)
  = 2x(x  2) [x + (x 2)]
2 cos  x   = 2x(x  2)(x  1)
=  4
1  (sin x  cos x) 2 For f(x) to be increasing, f (x) > 0
For f(x) to be increasing, f (x) > 0  2x(x  1)(x  2) > 0
 x(x  1)(x  2) > 0  x  (0, 1)  (2, ∞)
 
 2 cos  x   > 0
 4 93. y = {x(x – 3)}2
   y = x2 (x – 3)2
 cos  x   > 0 dy
  4  = 2x(x – 3)2 + 2(x – 3)x2
ns
   dx
 <x+ < = 2x(x – 3)[x – 3 + x]
2 4 2
= 2x(x – 3)(2x – 3)
3 
  <x< dy
4 4 For y to be increasing, >0
io
dx
  
 f(x) is an increasing function in   ,  .  2x(x – 3) (2x – 3) > 0
2 4  
 3
 x(x – 3)(2x – 3) > 0  x   0, 
at
89. f(x) = log(sin x + cos x)  2
cos x  sin x 1  tan x   94. f(x) = x3 – 3x
 f (x) = = = tan   x 
sin x  cos x 1  tan x 4
lic   f (x) = 3x2 – 3 and f (x) = 6x
For f(x) to be increasing, f (x) = 0
f (x) > 0  3x2 – 3 = 0
   3(x2 – 1) = 0
 tan   x  > 0
 4   x2 = 1
ub
  x=1
0< x< For x = 1,
4 2
  f  (1) = 6 > 0
 <x< For x = –1
4 4
P
 
f  (–1) = –6 < 0
 <x<  f(x) attains minimum value at x = 1.
4 4
 a=1
  
 x   , 
et
 4 4 95. f(a) = 2a2 – 3a + 10

f (a) = 4a – 3  f (a) = 4 > 0
90. f(x) =  e x ( x  1)( x  2)dx For minimum value of f (a),
rg
3
 f (x) = ex(x  1) (x  2) f (a) = 0  a =
4
For f(x) to be decreasing, f (x) < 0
3
 ex (x  1) (x  2) < 0  f(a) is minimum at a = .
4
Ta
 (x  1) (x  2) < 0 2
71
[f(a)]min  f   = 2    3    10 =
3 3 3
 x  (1, 2) 
4  4 4 8
91. f(x) = sin x  cos x
1
 f (x) = cos x + sin x = 2 cos  x     96. f(x) = a sin x +
3
sin 3x
 4 
1
For f(x) to be decreasing, f (x) < 0  f (x) = a cos x + 3 cos 3x
3
 
 2 cos  x   < 0  f (x) = a cos x + cos 3x
 4

  Now, f     0
 cos  x   < 0 3
 4  a
 a cos + cos =  1 = 0
  3 3 7 3 2
 <x <   x<
2 4 2 4 4 a=2
456


97. Clearly, it has a maximum at x = 1. d2 y 1
For x = e, 2
=  3 , which is ve.
99. y = x3 – 3x2 + 5 dx e
f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5  y is maximum at x = e
f (x) = 3x2 – 6x and its maximum value =
log e 1
= .
f ″(x) = 6x  6 e e
f (x) = 0 at x = 0, x = 2
105. x + y = 32  y = 32 – x
f  (0) < 0, f (2) > 0
 x2 + y2 = x2 + (32 – x)2
 f (x) is maximum at x = 0
Let z = x2 + (32 – x)2
100. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 4  z = 2x + 2(32 – x) (–1) = 4x – 64
 f  (x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36 = 0 at x = 3, 2 Now, z = 4 > 0
 f  (x) = 12x – 30 is –ve at x = 2  at x = 16 and y = 32 – x = 32 – 16 = 16

ns
Maximum value of f(x) attained at x = 2 x2 + y2 = 32 have minimum value
101. f (x) = 6x2  6x  12  Minimum value = x2 + y2 = (16)2 + (16)2 = 512
f (x) = 0  (x  2)(x + 1) = 0  x = 1, 2 1
Here, f(4) = 128  48  48 + 5 = 37 x2 2
io
106. h(x) = x
f(1) = 2  3 + 12 + 5 = 12 1
x
f(2) = 16  12  24 + 5 = 15 x
f(2) = 16  12 + 24 + 5 = 1  1
2
at
 The maximum value of function is 37 at x = 4. x    2
=  x
250  1
102. Let f(x) = x 2  x  
x  x
250
 f (x) = 2x – 2
lic =  x   +
1 2
x  x  1
500 x  
 f (x) = 2  3  x
x 1
ub
 1 2
For maximum or minimum of f(x), When x – < 0,
x   +   –2 2
x  x 1
f (x) = 0  2x3 – 250 = 0  x  
 x
 x3 = 125  x = 5
2
> 0,  x   +
1 1
 f (5) = 2 +
500
=6>0 When x – 2 2
P
x  x  1
125  x  
 f has minimum at x = 5 and minimum value of f  x
at x = 5 is f(5) = 25 + 50 = 75 The local minimum value of h(x) is 2 2 .
et
103. f(x) = x log x 107. f(x) = x2 + 2x + 2

f (x) = 1 + log x  f (x) = 2x + 2
1 Consider f (x) = 0, we get
for minimum, f (x) = 0  log x = –1  x =
rg
e 2x + 2 = 0
1 i.e., x = –1
f  (x) =
x f(x) has extreme value at x = –1.
1  Extreme value of f(x) = f(–1) = 1 = a
Ta
f  (e) = > 0
e g(x) = –x2 + 2x – 1
1  g(x) = –2x + 2
 f(x) is minimum at x =
e Consider g (x) = 0, we get
1 1 1 1 –2x + 2 = 0
 f   = log   = 
e e e e  x=1
 g(x) has extreme value at x = 1.
log x 1 log x
104. Let f(x) = f (x) = 2  2  Extreme value of g(x) = g(1) = 0 = b
x x x
For maximum or minimum value of f(x), f f ( x) x 2  2 x  2 x 2  2 x  2
Now, ( x)   
f (x) = 0 g g( x)  x 2  2 x  1 ( x  1) 2
1  log e x  f ( x) 
 =0 d 
x2  g( x)   2( x  1) ( x  1)  2( x  1)( x  2 x  2)
2 2

 loge x = 1 or x = e, which lie in (0, ). dx ( x  1) 4
457


f  According to the given condition, p2 = q
d  ( x) 
g  a2 = 2a
Consider,  =0
 a=2
dx
i.e., –x2 + 1 + x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 111. f(x) = 9x4 + 12x3 – 36x2 + 25
3  f (x) = 36x3 + 36x2 – 72x
 x=
2 = 36x (x – 1) (x + 2)
f 3 f
 ( x) has extreme value at x = . ( +) (+ ) ( +)
g 2 –2 0 1
f f  3  1 f changes sign from –ve to +ve in the
 Extreme value of ( x) =   =  = c neighbourhood of x = –2 and x = 1.
g g 2  5
 S1 = {–2, 1}
 a + 2b + 5c + 4 = 4
f changes sign from +ve to –ve in the
ns
108. f(x) = 2x3 – 9ax2 + 12a2x + 1 neighbourhood of x = 0.
  f (x) = 6x2 – 18ax + 12a2  S2 = {0}
 f (x) = 12x – 18a 112. f (x) = x2 + ex
For maximum or minimum of f(x), f (x) = 0 f (x) = 2x + ex
io
 6x2 – 18ax + 12a2 = 0 f ″ (x) = 2 + ex
 x2 – 3ax + 2a2 = 0 f ‴ (x) = ex
 x = a or x = 2a f ( x ) = ex
at
At x = a, f has maximum (5a3 + 1)
 f3 = f4  n = 3
and at x = 2a, f has minimum (4a3 + 1)
Since p3 = q , a3 = 2a  a = 2 or a = 0 113. Total length of wire = r + r + r
 20 = 2r + r

But a > 0
a= 2
lic =
20  2r 
r
r
109. f(x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 1 2
f  (x) = 2x + 2b = 0, at x = –b A = r
ub
2
f  (x) = 2 > 0 1  20  2r  2
 f(x) is minimum at x = –b = r2   = 10r  r
2  r 
 f(–b) = b2 – 2b2 + 2c2 = 2c2 – b2
dA
g(x) = –x2 – 2cx + b2  = 10  2r
P
dr
g(x) = –2x – 2c = 0 at x = – c
dA
g(x) = –2 < 0 For maximum area, =0
dr
 g(x) is maximum at x = – c
 0 = 10  2r  10 = 2r  r = 5 m
et
 g(–c) = –c2 + 2c2 + b2 = b2 + c2

1
Given, minimum value of f(x) > maximum of  Area = r (20  2r)
g(x) 2
 2c2 – b2 > b2 + c2 1
rg
=  5  (20  10) = 25 sq.m.

 c2 > 2b2 2
110. f(x) = 2x3 – 9ax2 + 12a2x + 1 1000t

114. p(t) = 1000 +
 f (x) = 6x2 – 18ax + 12a2 100  t 2
Ta
 f (x) = 12x – 18a dp (100  t 2 )1000  1000t.2t

 
Consider, f (x) = 0 dt (100  t 2 )2
 6(x2 – 3ax + 2a2) = 0 =
1000(100  t 2 )
 (x – a) (x – 2a) = 0 (100  t 2 ) 2
 x = a or x = 2a dp
So, f (a) = 12a – 18a For extremum, = 0  t = 10
dt
= –6a < 0 …[ a > 0] dp dp
Now > 0 and <0
 f(x) has maximum value at x = a. dt t  10 dt t  10
 p=a dp
Also, f (2a) = 6a > 0  At t = 10, change from positive to negative.
dt
 f(x) has minimum value at x = 2a. It is a critical point.
 q = 2a  p is maximum at t = 10.
458


 pmax = p(10) x
Let f(x) =  
1
119.
1000.10 x  
= 1000 + = 1050
100  10 2  f(x) = x x
115. f(x) = x + sin x  f (x) = 1 + cos x  f (x) =  xx (1 + log x)

 f  (x) = xx (1 + log x)2  xx1
Now, f (x) = 0  1 + cos x = 0  cos x = 1
For maximum or minimum of f(x), f (x) = 0
x=
 xx (1 + log x) = 0
Now, f  (x) =  sin x, f  () = 0
 1 + log x = 0
f (x) =  cos x 1
 f () = 1  0  log x = 1 = log
e
 Neither maximum nor minimum. 1
x=
116. Let ,  be the roots of the equation e
ns
1 1
x2  (a  2)x  a + 1 = 0, 1 1 e  1 1
2  1
e
 f    =   1  log    
then  +  = a  2,  = a + 1 e e  e e
 z = 2 + 2 = ( + )2  2 1 1
1
1
1
= e e (1  1)2  e e =  ee  0
io
= (a  2)2 + 2(a  1) = a2  2a + 2
dz 1
 = 2a  2 = 0  a = 1  f has maximum at x = and maximum value of
da e
at
1 1
d 2z
= 2  0, so z has minima at a = 1 f at x = is f   = (e)1/e
da 2 e e
So 2 + 2 has least value for a = 1. This is 120. Let r be the radius and h be the height, then
which we have minima. Hence, a = 1.

lic
because we have only one stationary value at
from the figure, r2 +   = 32
h
2
2  
x2  x  1
117. Let y = 2 D C
x  x 1
ub
dy ( x 2  x  1)(2 x  1)  ( x 2  x  1)(2 x  1)
 = O
dx ( x 2  x  1) 2 3
dy 2 x2  2 
 = 2 =0 B
A
P
dx ( x  x  1) 2 r
 2x2  2 = 0  x = 1, + 1  h = 4(9 – r2)
2
36 – h 2
d 2 y 4( x3  3x  1)
=  r2 =
4
et
dx 2 x2  x  1
Now, V = r2h
d2 y
At x = 1,  0 the function will occupy  36 – h 2 
dx 2  V =  h
maximum value,  4 
rg
 f(1) = 3 and dV 1
 =  (36 – 3h2)
d2 y dh 4
at x = 1,  0 the function will occupy dV
dx 2 for max or min, =0
Ta
minimum value. dh
1  (36 – 3h2) = 0  h2 = 12  h = 2 3
 f(1) =
3 121. Let diameter of sphere be AE = 2r
x
118. Let y = x  log y = x.log x, (x  0) Let radius of cone be x and height be y.
A
dy
Differentiating, = xx (1 + log x);
dx
dy y
 =0
dx
1
 log x = 1  x = e1 =
e B x D C
1
 Stationary point is x =
e E
459


 AD = y p
Since BD2 = AD.DE, So,  is a point of local maximum. Similarly,
3
 x2 = y(2r – y) p
1 1 x= is a point of local minimum.
Volume of cone V = x2y = y (2r – y)y 3
3 3
1 124. For any x  [0, 1], we have x2  x  1
= (2ry2 – y3) 2 2 2
3  x2 e x  x e x  e x
2 2 2 2 2 2

dV 1
= (4ry – 3y2)  e  x + x2 e x  e  x + x e x  e –x + e x
dy 3  h(x)  g(x)  f(x)
2 2
dV Now, f(x) = e x + e  x
Now =0
dy
 f (x) = 2x e x  e x 2 2
 > 0 for all x  (0, 1]
ns
1
 (4ry – 3y2) = 0  y(4r – 3y) = 0  f(x) is increasing on (0, 1]
3
 f(1) is the maximum value of f(x) on [0, 1]
4
y= r, 0  a = e + e1
3 Also, f(1) = g(1) = h(1) = e + e1
io
d 2V 1  a = b = c = e + e1
Now = (4r – 6y)
dy 2 3
125. If f(x) has a local minimum at x = 1, then
 d 2V 
at
1  4  lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
  2 =   4r  6  r  < 0 x 1 x 1
 dy  y  4 r 3  3 
3
 lim (2 x  3)  lim (k  2 x )
4 x 1 x 1
So, volume of cone is maximum at y = r.
Height of Cone y 2
lic 3 2+3=k+2k=1
 = = Y
Diameter of Sphere 2r 3
f(x) = k2x
ub
122. f(x) = 2x+3
Y
(–a cos, b sin) (a cos, b sin)
(1, 1)
B A
X
P
C D (a cos, – b sin) X (1, 0) O X

(–a cos, –b sin)
et
Area of rectangle ABCD

Y
= (2a cos ) (2b sin ) = 2ab sin 2 x
rg
Hence, area of greatest rectangle is equal to 2ab, 126. f(x) =  t sin t dt  f (x) = x sin x
when sin 2 = 1. 0
For local maximum or minimum of f(x),

123. Let f(x) = x3  px + q. Then, f (x) = 0  x sin x = 0
Ta
f (x) = 3x2  p  5  
 x = , 2 ...  x  0, 

= 3  x 
p  p   2  
3  x  3 

   The changes in signs of f (x) in the
The signs of f (x) for different values of x are as neighbourhoods of  and 2 are as shown
shown below: below:
+  + +  +
 p p   2

3 3
Clearly, f (x) changes its sign from positive to
Since f (x) changes its sign form positive to negative in the neighborhood of x =  and
negative to positive in the neighborhood of
p
negative in the neighbourhood of  . x = 2. Thus, f(x) has a local maximum at x = 
3
and a local minimum at x = 2.
460

  x  x2  1 , x   1 Clearly, f (x) changes its sign from positive to

 negative as x passes through x = 1 from left to
 x  x  1 , 1 x  0
2
2
127. f(x) = |x| + |x  1| =  right.
 x  x  1 , 0  x 1
2
 x  x 2  1 , x 1 So, f(x) attains a local maximum at x = 1.

Here, f (x) > 0 for all x  (3, 1) and
2 x  1 , x   1 f (x) < 0 for x  (1, 0).
 2 x  1 , 1 x  0
 Also, f (x) > 0 for x  (0, 2).
 f (x) = 
2 x  1 , 0  x 1 But, f (0) does not exist.
2 x  1 , x 1 So, f(x) attains a local minimum at x = 0
Here, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1, 0, 1. Hence, the total number of local maxima and
The changes in signs of f (x) for different local minima is 2.
values of x are as shown below: 130. f(x) = (1 + b2)x2 + 2bx + 1
ns
 +  +  +  f (x) = 2(1 + b2) x + 2b
1 1/2 0 1/2 1  f (x) = 2(1 + b2) > 0
For minimum value of f(x),
So, f (x) changes its sign at 5 points.
io
f (x) = 0
Hence, total number of points of local maximum  2(1 + b2) x + 2b = 0
or local minimum of f(x) is 5. b
x= 
at
e x
, 0  x 1 1  b2
 b
128. f(x) =  2  e x 1 , 1  x  2  f(x) is minimum at x = 
xe , 2 x3 1  b2

1
x
and g(x) =  f (t)dt, x  [1, 3]
lic  Minimum value of f(x) =
1  b2
0 1
 m(b) =
2  e x 1 1  x  2 1  b2
 g(x) = f(x) = 
ub
 xe 2 x 3 1 1
Since  1 and > 0  b  R,
Now, g(x) = 0  x = 1 + loge 2 and x = e 1  b2 1  b2
Also, g(x) > 0 for x  (1, 1 + loge 2)  0 < m(b)  1
and g(x) < 0 for x  (1 + loge 2, 2).  range of m (b) is (0, 1].
P
So, g(x) attains a local maximum at 131. P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

x = 1 + loge 2.  P (x) = 4x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx + c ....(i)
Similarly, Since, x = 0 is the only real root of P (x) = 0.
et
g(x) < 0 for 2 < x < e  P(0) = 0  c = 0

and g(x) > 0 for e < x < 3 Putting c = 0 in (i), we get
So, g(x) attains a local minimum at x = e. P(x) = x(4x2 + 3ax + 2b)
We have,
rg
Since x = 0 is the only real root of P (x) = 0,

e x , 0  x <1 4x2 + 3ax + 2b = 0 has no real root.

f (x) =  e x 1 , 1 x  2  9a2  32b < 0
 1 , 2  x<3 Given, P(1) < P(1)
Ta

Clearly, f (x) > 0 for x  (0, 1) 1a+bc+d<1+a+b+c+d
f (x) < 0 for x  (1, 2) a>0
f (x) > 0 for x  (2, 3) But, 9a2  32b < 0.
So, f(x) attains local maximum at x = 1 and local  b>0
minimum at x = 2.  P (x) = x(4x2 + 3ax + 2b) > 0 for all x  (0, 1]
Hence, option (C) is incorrect.  P(x) is increasing in (0, 1]
 P(1) is the maximum value of P(x).
(2  x)3 , 3  x  1 Also, P (x) = x(4x2 + 3ax + 2b) < 0 for all
129. f (x) = 
 x
2/3
, 1  x < 2 x  [1, 0)
3(2  x) 2 , 3  x < 1 ...[ 4x2 + 3ax + 2b > 0 for all x]

 f (x) =  2 1/3  P(x) is decreasing in [ 1, 0).
 x , 1  x < 2
 3  P( 1) is not the minimum value of P.
461


132. f(x) = ln{g(x)} Given, p(1) = 6 and p(3) = 2
 g(x) = ef(x) 1 
 6 = k   2  3  + c and 2 = k(918+9) + c
 g (x) = ef(x) f (x) 3 
For local maximum of g(x), g (x) = 0 4k
6= +c and c = 2  k = 3
 ef(x) f (x) = 0 3
 f (x) = 0  p(x) = 3(x2  4x + 3)
 2010(x  2009) (x  2010)2 (x  2011)3  p (0) = 9
 (x  2012)4 = 0
138. Let f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + a4x4
 x = 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
 f ( x) 
 f (x) changes its sign from positive to negative in Given, lim 1  2  = 3
x 0
 x 
the neighbourhood of x = 2009.
 g(x) has a local maximum at x = 2009 only. f ( x)
 lim =3–1=2
ns
x 0 x2
133. Given that f (x) > f(x) a  a x  a 2 x 2  a 3 x3  a 4 x 4
Multiplying both sides by e–x, we get  lim 0 1 2
x 0 x2
e–x f (x) > e–x f(x) …[ e–x > 0  x  R]  a0 = 0, a1 = 0, a2 = 2
io
 –x –x
e f (x) – e f(x) > 0 …(i)  f(x) = 2x2 + a3x3 + a4x4
Let g(x) = e–x f(x)  f (x) = 4x + 3a3x2 + 4a4x3 = x(4 + 3a3x + 4a4x2)
 g(x) = e–x f (x) – e–x f(x) Given, f (1) = 0 and f (2) = 0
at
 g(x) > 0 …[From (i)]  4 + 3a3 + 4a4 = 0 ….(i)
 g(x) is an increasing function. and 4 + 6a3 + 16a4 = 0 ….(ii)
 for x > 0, we get g(x) > g(0) Solving (i) and (ii), we get
i.e., e–x f(x) > e0 f(0)
lic a4 =
1
2
, a3 = –2
 e–x f(x) > 0 …[ f(0) = 0 (given)]
x4
i.e., f(x) > 0 for all x > 0  f(x) = 2x2 – 2x3 +
2
ub
dx  f(2) = 8 – 16 + 8 = 0
134. v = = 4t3  3kt2
dt

dv 139. tan A. tan B is maximum if A = B =
 = 12t2 – 6kt 6
dt
1
P
dv  Maximum of tanA.tanB =
At t = 2 and =0 3
dt
 48 – 12k = 0  k = 4 140. According to the given condition, 4x + 2r = 2
et
 2x + r = 1 ....(i)
135. Since f(x) satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s 2
1  r 
theorem. A = x2 + r2 =   + r
2
 2 
 f(2) = f(1)
rg
2 dA  1  r   
Now,  f ( x)dx  [f ( x)]12  f (2)  f (1)  0  = 2     2r
dr  2  2 
1
dA
3 2 For maximum or minimum, =0
Ta
136. f(x) = x + bx + cx + d dr
 f (x) = 3x2 + 2bx + c  (1 – r) = 4r
Now its discriminant = 4(b2  3c)  1 = 4r + r ...(ii)
 4(b2  c)  8c < 0, as b2 < c and c > 0 From (i) and (ii), we get
 f (x) > 0 for all x  R 2x + r = 4r + r
 f is strictly increasing on R.  x = 2r
137. Since x = 1 and x = 3 are extreme points of p(x). 1  sin x
141. f(x) = tan–1
 p (1) = 0 and p (3) = 0 1  sin x
 (x 1) and (x  3) are the factors of p (x). 2
 x x
 p (x) = k(x  1) (x  3) = k(x2  4x + 3)  cos  sin 
 2 2
 x3 
= tan–1 2
 p(x) = k   2 x 2  3x  + c  x x
3   cos  sin 
 2 2
462

  x   x  
= tan–1  tan     =   equation of the normal at  ,  is
  4 2  4 2 6 3
1      2
 f (x) = and at x = , f(x) = y– =–2  x    y + 2x =
2 6 3 3  6 3
Only option (A) satisfies this equation.
Evaluation Test
1.
1
f(x) = x +  f (x) = 1
1  2x  1 < 0
x x2  2x < 1
f (x) = 0  x2  1 = 0  x = 1, 1 1
ns
But it is given that x is positive x<
2
1
 at x = 1, f(x) = 1 + =2
1 5. h(x) = f(x)  (f(x))2 + (f(x))3
 h(x) = f (x)  2f(x) f (x) + 3(f(x))2 f (x)
io
2. Let f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx
 f(0) = 0 = f (x) [1  2 f(x) + 3 (f(x))2]
and f(3) = a.34 + b.33 + c.32 + d.3 Here, 1  2 f(x) + 3(f(x))2 > 0 for all f(x)
at
= 81a + 27b + 9c + 3d  h(x) > 0, if f (x) > 0 and h(x) < 0, if f (x) < 0
= 3(27a + 9b + 3c + d)  h is increasing whenever f is increasing
=30 and h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing.
 f(0) = f(3) = 0
f(x) is a polynomial function, it is continuous
lic 6. The equation of the parabola is y2 = 8x.
and differentiable. dy
 2y =8
Now, f (x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d dx
By Rolle’s theorem, there exist at least 1 root of
ub
dy 8 4
the equation f (x) = 0 in between 0 and 3.  = = = m1
dx 2y y
1 ds dv Slope of given line, m2 = 3
3. s= vt  2s = vt  2 = v + t.
2 dt dt m1  m 2
Since tan  =
P
2 2 ,
ds dv dv dv 1  m1m 2
2 2 = + t. 2 +
dt dt dt dt
4
dv 3
But = acceleration (a)  y
et
dt tan =
4 1 4 3
da da y
 2a = a + t. + a  = 0 or t = 0
dt dt
4  3y
rg
But t = 0 is impossible 1=

da y  12
 = 0, i.e., a is constant.
dt  y = 2 or y = 8
Putting y = 2 in the equation of the curve, we
Ta
4. The equation of the curve is y = x2 + bx + c.

1
dy get x =
 = 2x + b ….(i) 2
dx
1 
Since the curve touches the line y = x at (1,1),  The point of contact is  ,  2  .
[2x + b](1, 1) = 1 2 
 2(1) + b = 1
1
 b = 1 7. f(x) = tan1x  log x
2
Substituting the value of b in equation (i),
dy 1 1 ( x  1) 2
we get = 2x  1  f (x) =  = 
dx 1  x2 2x 2 x (1  x 2 )
Since gradient is negative, Now, f (x) = 0  x = 1
dy 1  3.14
 <0 f(1) = tan1 1  log 1 = = = 0.785
dx 2 4 4
463


Since we are finding maxima on an interval  dy  y
   =  1
 1   dx ( x1 , y1 ) x1
 , 3  , we have to find the value of f(x) at
 3   The equation of the tangent is


1
 3

 and 3   y  y1 = 
y1
x1
(x  x1)
 1  1 1 1  1  yx1  x1y1 =  xy1 + x1y1

f  = tan + log 3 =  log 3
 3  3 4 6 4  xy1 + yx1 = 2x1y1
3.14 1 1 x y
=  log 3 = 0.52 +  1.0986  + =1
6 4 4 2 x1 2 y1
= 0.52 + 0.2746 = 0.7946  The tangent meets the X-axis in the point
f ( 3) = tan
1
  1
3  log 3

A(2x1, 0) and the Y-axis in the point B(0, 2y1)
P is the mid point of AB
ns
4
 1  The ratio is 1 : 1
=  log3
3 4
ax 3 bx 2
3.14 11. Let f(x) =   cx  d
=  0.2746 3 2
io
3
 f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
= 1.04  0.2746 a b 2a  3b  6c  6d
= 0.7654 Now, f(1) = + +c+d=
3 2 6
at
 1
 The greatest value of f(x) is + log 3. 0  6d
6 4  f(1) = = d ….[ 2a + 3b + 6c = 0]
6
8. Given the rate of increasing the radius Also, f(0) = d
=
dr
dt
= 3.5cm/sec and r = 10cm
lic  f(0) = f(1)
f(x) is a polynomial function, it is continuous
Area of circle = A = r2 and differentiable.
dA dr  There exists at least one value of x in (0, 1) at
 = 2r. which f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0
ub
dt dt
dA dA  one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
 = 2  10  3.5  = 220 cm2/sec value between 0 and 1.
dt dt
12. From the figure, x2 + y2 = 100 ...(i)

P
9. += dx dy
2  2x + 2y = 0 ...(ii)
dt dt
 
 cos  = cos     = sin  Y
2  From (i) and (ii),
et
B
1 dy 16 8
Let y = cos  cos  = cos  sin  = sin2 =  =  cm / sec
2 dt 6 3 10 cm
y

dy 1
= cos 2.2 = cos 2 The rate at which the end B
rg
d 2 8 A
is moving is cm / sec. X
O x
dy  3
Now, = 0  cos 2 = 0  2 =
d 2 13. f(x) = sin x(1 + cos x)
Ta
 = sin x + sin x cos x

=
4 1
2
d y
 f(x) = sin x + sin 2x
Also, =  2 sin 2 =  2 < 0 2
d 2 x 3x

 f (x) = cos x + cos 2x = 2 cos cos
 y is maximum when  = 2 2
4 x 3x
  f (x) = 0  cos = 0 or cos =0
 It is maximum at  = 2 2
4 x  3x 
 = or =
10. Let P(x1, y1) be the point on the curve at which 2 2 2 2
tangent is drawn. 
 x =  or x =
The equation of the curve is xy = c2. 3
dy 
 x + y(1) = 0 f (x) =  sin x  2 sin 2x < 0, only when x =
dx 3
464


 Now, f (x) = 0
 The maximum value of function is at
3  2a2 sec2 x tan x  2b2 cosec2 x cot x = 0
 3  1 3 3 3 3 1 sin x 1 cos x
 f  = 1   =  = 2a2.  = 2b2 2 
3 2  2 2 2 4 2
cos x cos x sin x sin x
14. f(x) = sin4x + cos4x 

sin 4 x b2
= 2
= (sin2x + cos2x)2  2 sin2x cos2x
4
cos x a
1 b2
 f(x) = 1  sin22x  tan4x =
2 a2
1 b a
 f (x) =  (2 sin 2x cos 2x)  2  tan2x = and cot2x =
2 a b
f (x) =  2 sin 2x cos 2x Also,
Now, f (x) = 0
ns
f (x) = 2a 2 sec 2 x.sec2 x  tan x.2sec x sec x tan x 
 sin 2x = 0 or cos 2x = 0
 cosec2 x (cosec 2 x) 
 x = 0 or x = 2b 2  
4  cot x.2cosec x (  cosec x cot x) 

io
Since f (x) = 2 sin 2x cos 2x
 f (x) =  sin 4x = 2a 2 sec 4 x+ 2sec 2 x tan 2 x 
 f (x) =  4 cos 4x
 2b 2 cosec4 x  2cosec 2 x cot 2 x 
For x = 0, f (x) =  4 < 0
at
  f (x) > 0 for all x.
For x = f (x) = 4 > 0
4 b
 f(x) is minimum when tan2x =
 a
 At x = , f(x) is minimum
4
lic  Minimum value of f(x) = a2(1 + tan2 x)
1 1 1 + b2(1 + cot2 x)
 Minimum value of f(x) = 1  (1) = 1  =
2 2 2
 b  b
= a2 1   + b2 1  
ub
2  3)3  27 3  a  a 
15. 2( x is minimum when 


x2 3   27

is
a  b 2a b
minimum. = a2  b  
(x2  3)3 + 27  a   b 
= x6  9x4 + 27x2 = a(a + b) + b(a + b) = (a + b)2
P
= x2(x4  9x2 + 27)

ax  b ax  b
 9
2
27  18. y= = 2
= x2  x 2      0, for all x ( x  4)( x  1) x  5x  4
 2 4 
et
dy ( x 2  5 x  4)a  (ax  b)(2 x  5)

 Minimum value of (x2  3)3 + 27 is 0.  =
2 3 dx ( x 2  5 x  4) 2
 Minimum value of 2( x 3)  27 = 20 = 1
For extreme (i.e., maximum or minimum)
rg
16. f(x) = 3 cos|x|  6ax + b dy

= 3 cos x  6ax + b =0
dx
…[ cos ( x) = cos x]
 a(x2  5x + 4)  (ax + b) (2x  5) = 0
Ta
 f (x) =  3 sin x  6a Since y has an extreme at P(2, 1),

The function f(x) is increasing for all x  R.
x = 2 satisfies above equation
 f (x) > 0
a(4  10 + 4)  (2a + b) (1) = 0
  3 sin x  6a > 0
 6a <  3 sin x   2a + 2a + b = 0
1 b=0
 a <  sin x
2 x = 2, y = 1 satisfies the equation of the curve
1 a(2)  b
a<   1=
2 4  10  4
17. Let f(x) = a2sec2x + b2cosec2x 2a  0
 1= = a
 f (x) = a2.2 sec x sec x tan x 2
+ b2.2 cosec x ( cosec x cot x) a=1
= 2a sec x tan x  2b2 cosec2x cot x
2 2
 a = 1, b = 0
465


19. Let f(x) = x tan x  
2 cos  x  
 f (x) = x sec2 x + tan x  4
=
  1  (sin x  cos x) 2
 f (x) > 0 for x   0, 
2  For f(x) to be increasing, f (x) > 0
   
 f(x) is increasing in the interval  0,   2 cos  x   > 0
 2  4
  
Since 0 <  <  < , f() < f()  cos  x   > 0
2  4 
  tan  <  tan     3 
 <x+ <   <x<
 tan  2 4 2 4 4
 <
 tan    
 f(x) is an increasing function in   ,  .
ns
 2 4
dy
20. According to the given condition, =0
dx 24. f(x) = x3  12ax2 + 36a2x  4
 12  3x2 = 0 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f (x) = 3x2  12a(2x) + 36a2(1)
io
x=2
When x = 2, y = 16 = 3x2  24ax + 36a2
When x = 2, y = 16 Now, f (x) = 0  3x2  24ax + 36a2 = 0
 x2  8ax + 12a2 = 0
at
 The required points are (2, 16) and (2, 16).
 (x  2a) (x  6a) = 0
21. The point of intersection of the given curves is  x = 2a or x = 6a
(0, 1). Also, f (x) = 6x  24a
Now, y = 3x
dy
lic [f (x)]x=2a = 12a  24a =  12a < 0
[f (x)]x=6a = 36a  24a = 12a > 0
  3x log3
dx  Maxima at p = 2a and minima at q = 6a
 dy  3p = q2 ….(given)
   = log 3 = m1 (say)
ub
 dx (0,1)  3  2a = (6a)2
Also, y = 5 x  6a = 36a2
dy 1
  5x log5  a=
dx 6
P
 dy  25. The functions ex , sin x, cos x are continuous

    log5  m 2 (say)
 dx (0,1) and differentiable in their respective domains.
m1  m 2 log3  log5  f(x) is continuous and differentiable
et
 tan  = =
1  m1m 2 1  log3log5   5 
Also f   = 0 = f  
4  4 
22. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c Now,
rg
 f (x) = 2ax + b f (x) =  ex (sin x  cos x) + ex (cos x + sin x)

since  and  are roots of the equation = ex ( sin x + cos x + cos x + sin x)
ax2 + bx + c = 0 = 2ex cos x
 f() = f() = 0 Also, f (x) = 0  cos x = 0
Ta
 f(x) being a polynomial function in x, it is    5 

continuous and differentiable.  x=   , 
2 4 4 
 There exists k in (, ) such that f (k) = 0
b 26. f(b) = f(2) = 8 – 24a + 10 = 18 – 24a
 2ak + b = 0,  k=
2a f(a) = f(1) = 1 – 6a + 5 = 6 – 6a
But k  [, ] f (x) = 3x2 – 12ax + 5
 <k< By Lagrange's mean value theorem,
f (b)  f (a) 18  24a  6  6a
 <
b
< f (x) = =
ba 2 1
2a
 f (x) = 12 – 18a
23. f(x) = tan1 (sin x + cos x)  3x2 12ax + 5 = 12 – 18a
1 7
 f (x) =  (cos x  sin x) At x = ,
1  (sin x  cos x) 2 4
466

 49  7 1
3   – 12a   + 5 = 12 – 18a x= , 1
 16  4 2
147 35 35 From (i),
 3a = – 7  3a = a= 1 2 1 1 1 5
16 16 48 when x = ,y=    =
2 3 8 2 4 24
x 2 1 1
27. f(x) = and when x = 1, y = (1) + 1 = 
sin x 3 2 6
sin x  x cos x cos x(tan x  x) 1 5   1
 f (x) =   The required points are  ,  and  1,   .
sin 2 x sin 2 x  2 24   6
 f (x) > 0 for 0 < x  1
30. Let r be the radius and h be the height, then
 f(x) is an increasing function. 2
h
x from the figure, r2 +   = R2
ns
Now, g(x) = 2
tan x
tan x  x sec 2 x D C
 g(x) =
tan 2 x
sin x cos x  x
io
=
O
sin 2 x
R
sin 2 x  2 x 
= A B
r
at
2sin 2 x
 g (x) < 0 for 0 < x  1.
 g(x) is a decreasing function.  h2 = 4(R2 – r2)
Now, V = r2 h = 2r2 R 2  r 2
28. ay2 = x3 ….(i)
lic dV 2 (2r)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get  = 4r R 2  r 2 +2r .
dy dr 2 R 2  r2
2ay = 3x2 dV
dx For max. or min., =0
ub
2 dr
dy 3x
 = 2r 3
dx 2ay  4r R 2  r 2 =  2(R2– r2) = r2
R r2 2
2ay
 slope of the normal =  2 d 2V
3x 2  2R2 = 3r2  r = R  2 .= –ve
P
Since the normal to the given curve makes equal 3 dr

intercepts with the axis. 2
 V is max., when r = R.
2ay 3
  2 = 1
et
3x
3x 2
y=
2a
rg
3x 2
Substituting y = in (i) and solving, we get
2a
 4a 8a 
the point  ,  .
Ta
 9 27 
2 3 1 2
29. y= x  x ....(i)
3 2
dy
 = 2x2 + x
dx
Since the tangent makes equal angles with the axis,
dy
= 1
dx
 2x2 + x = 1
 2x2 + x = 1 (taking +ve sign)
 2x2 + x  1 = 0
 (2x  1) (x + 1) = 0
467
Textbook
Chapter No.
03 Indefinite Integration
Hints
Classical Thinking 3
 1  3 1
9.   x  x  dx =   x  3x    dx
3
7 x +5
7 x +5 e x x3 
1.  7e dx = 7 + c = e7x + 5 + c
7 x4 3x 2
+ + 3 log x  2 + c
=
1
ns
4 2 2x
2.  (a  a 2 x ) dx
x
1 3 (8 x 3  12 x 2  6 x  1)
ax a2x 1
10.  x2
(2x + 1) dx = 
x2
dx
=  . +c
log a log a 2
=   8 x  12  6  12  dx
io
1  x a2x   x x 
= a   +c 1
log a  2  = 4x2 + 12x + 6 log x  + c
x
at
2 x  3x  2 x 3x 
 dx =   x  x  dx 1 2
3.
5 x
5 5  ( x  3 x2 )2 ( x 2  x 3 )2
11.  x
dx = 
x
dx
  2 x  3 x 
=         dx
 5   5  
lic 1  1 2 4

=   x  2x 2 x 3  x 3  dx
x 
x x

2 3 7 4
     1 1
 2x6 x 3
=   +   +c
5 5 =  1  2 x 6  x 3  dx = x + + +c
ub
2   7 4
log   3
log   6 3
5 5 7 4
12 3
=x+ x6 + x3 + c
1 ( x  5)2 1 7 4
4.  ( x  5) dx = +c
P
2
2  1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
12.  sin 2 x cos 2 x dx =  sec xdx   cos ec xdx
2 2
1
( x  5) 1
= +c= +c
1 ( x  5) = tan x + cot x + c
et
dx 13.  1  cos x dx
5.  1 x
=  (1  x)1/ 2 dx
x
1  x  2  c
1
1
=  2cos 2 dx
rg
2
=
 1  x
(1)    1
 2 
= 2  cos  2  dx
= 2 1  x  c  x
Ta
= 2 2 sin   + c
2
x2  1 1
6.  x3
dx = x   x 3 dx
 x x
2
1
14.   cos  sin  dx
 2 2
= log x + +c
2x 2
=   cos 2  sin 2  2sin cos  dx
x x x x
1
3x  2 x
3
 2 2 2 2
7.  dx = 3 x dx  2 x
2 2
dx
x =  (1  sin x)dx = x + cos x + c
= x 4 x c
3
2 1
15. f (x) =  f ( x)dx
ax  b x  c
8.  dx =  (ax  bx  cx ) d x
   x 2  5 dx
2 3
x 3
1 2 1 3 1 4 x3
= ax + bx + cx + k = + 5x + c
2 3 4 3
468

Chapter 03: Indefinite Integration

0 1
 f (0) = 0c 24. Put (1 + log x) = t  dx = dt
3 x
 c = 1 (1  log x) 2 t3
x 3   x
dx =  t 2dt =
3
+c
 f (x) = + 5x  1
3 (1  log x)3
= +c
1  3
16. f(x) =  f   x  dx =    x  dx
x  dt
25. Put 1 + x2 = t  x dx =
x2 2
= log x + +c
2 1 1/ 2
2
 x 1  x 2 dx = t dt
12
 f (1)  log1   c
2 1 t 3/ 2 1
=  = (1 + x2)3/2 + c
ns
5 1 2 3/ 2 3
 =0+ +cc=2
2 2
1
x2 26. Put t = tan1 x  dt = dx
 f(x) = log x + +2 1 x 2
2 1
e tan x
io
tan 1 x
  1  x2 dx =  e dt = et + c = e  c
2 t
17. Put t = 1 + tan x  dt = sec x dx
sec2 x 1
  1  tan x dx =  t dt  log t  c 1
27. Put x=t dx = dt
at
= log |1 + tan x| + c 2 x
cos x
18. Put log sin x = t   x
dx = 2  cos t dt
 cot x dx = dt

cot x
 log sin x dx = 
dt
= log t + c
lic = 2 sin t + c
t = 2 sin x + c
= log(log sin x) + c e x
28. Put e x  t  dx = 2 dt
ub
2
19. Put (1 + sin x) = t  sin 2x dx = dt x

sin 2 x
 1  sin
1
dx =  dt = log t + c e x cos e  dx
x
 
2
x t
x
= log(1 + sin2 x) + c
= 2  cos t dt
P
e x  e x
20. Let I =  x  x dx
e e = 2 sin t + c = 2 sin e  + cx
Put ex + ex = t  (ex  ex) dx = dt

et
dt
dt 29. Put ax = t  ax dx =
  t = log t + c = log e + e + c
x
I= x
log a
1 1
21. 1
Put cos x = t  
1
dx = dt
  log a
(a x cosa x )dx = 
(log a) 2
cos t dt
rg
1 x 2 1
1 1 = sin t  c
  cos 1 x 1  x 2 dx =   t dt =  log t + c (log a) 2
1
Ta
1 = sin a x + c
=  log |cos x| + c (log a) 2
2
22. Put x + cos x = t 1
 [1 + 2 cos x (– sin x)] dx = dt 30. Put log x = t  dx = dt
x
 (1 – sin 2x) dx = dt tan  log x 
1  sin 2 x dt   dx =  tan  t  dt = log | sec (t) | + c
  x  cos2 x dx =  t = log | t | + c x
= log | sec (log x)| + c
= log | x + cos2 x | + c
31. Put log x = t
23. Put cos x = t   sin x dx = dt 1
t5  dx = dt
  sin x cos x dx =  t (–dt) =  x
4 4
+c
5 sec 2 (log x)
  x dx =  sec t dt = tan t + c
2
cos5 x
= +c
5 = tan (log x) + c
469


log(log x ) = x sin x  1.sin x dx  x sin x   sin x dx
32. Let I =  x log x
dx
= x sin x + cos x + c
1
Put log (log x) = t  dx = dt
d 
x log x 41.  xe dx = x  e dx    dx  x   e dx  dx
x x x
2 2
t [log(log x)]
 I =  tdt = +c = +c
2 2 = x.e x  1.e x dx
33. Let I =  sec x  log(sec x  tan x)dx = xe x  e x  c  e x ( x  1)  c

x
Put log (sec x + tan x) = t 42.  cos 2
x
dx =  x sec 2 x dx
 sec x dx = dt
t2 1 2
= x tan x  1.tan xdx
 I =  t dt =  c = [log (sec x + tan x)] + c
2 2 = x tan x + log|cos x| + c
ns
34. 
dx
= 
dx 43.  x sin 2 x dx
1  16 x 2
1  (4 x ) 2
d 
1
= x  sin 2 x dx    ( x )  sin 2 x dx  dx
io
= sin1(4x) + c  d x 
4
 cos 2 x   cos 2 x 
= x    1.   dx
(1  x ) 2
(1  x )  2 x 2
 2   2 
35. =
at
x (1  x 2 ) x (1  x 2 ) x cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
=   . c
1 1 2 2 2
= +2.
x 1  x2 sin 2 x x cos 2 x
=  c

(1  x ) 2
 x(1  x 2
)
dx =
1 2
 x dx +  (1  x ) dx 2
lic 4 2
44. x log x dx
2
= log x + 2 tan–1 x + c
x3 1 x3
dx dx = log x .   x  3 dx
ub
36.   = sin–1(x – 1) + c 3
2 x  x2 1  ( x  1) 2
1 3 1  x3 
= x . log x    + c
dx 3 3 3
37. x  2x  2
2
1 1
= x3 log x – x3 + c
P
dx 3 9
=  2
x  2x  1  2 1
 x  1 e  x  e x
  x  1 e
–x
=
dx 45. dx =
1  1 dx
et
( x  1)2  1
=  xex + ex  ex + c
x 1
1 
= tan  1
 + c = tan (x – 1) + c = xex + c
 1 
Let I =  ex sin x dx
rg
46.
dx dx 1 1  x  2 
38.  x 2  4 x  13 =  ( x  2)2  32 = 3 tan  3   c = sin x.ex   cos x .e xdx
1 1 dx = ex sin x  cos x.ex +  ( sin x).e xdx

Ta
39. Let I =  9 x 2  25 dx  9  5

2
x2    = ex sin x  ex cos x   e x sin x dx

3
 I = ex sin x – ex cos x – I
5
1 1
x  2I = ex (sin x – cos x) + c
= . .log 3 c
9 5 5 ex
2  x  I= (sin x – cos x) + c
3 3 2
3x  5
1
e (sin x + cos x) dx = ex sin x + c
x
= log c 47.
30 3x  5
…[  e x [f ( x)  f ( x)]dx = ex f(x) + c]
40. Integrating by parts, taking x as the first
 e (sec x  sec x tan x)dx = e sec x + c
function. x x
48.
d 
  x cos xdx  x  cos xdx    dx  x   cos xdx  dx …   e f  x   f   x   dx= e f  x   c
x x
470

dx 1 1  x3  x2
49. xx 2
    dx
 x 1 x 
= ( x  3  x  2)( x  3  x  2)
dx
= log x – log (1 – x) + c
x3  x2 x3  x2
dx  1 1 
=  ( x  3)  ( x  2) dx = 
x 3 x  2
dx
50.  =    dx
( x  1)( x  2)  x  1 x  2 1 1
= {( x  3) 2  ( x  2) 2 } dx
= log |x + 1|  log |x + 2| + c
x 1 3 3
= log +c ( x  3) 2 ( x  2) 2
x2 = + +c
3 3
x 1 A B 2 2
51. Let = +
( x  3)( x  2) x3 x2 2  3 3

=  x  3   x  22  +c
2
 
ns
 x  1 = A(x  2) + B(x  3) ….(i) 3
x 1 x 1 2
B = 1 5.  ( x  1) 2
dx =  ( x  1) 2
dx
io
A=2 1 2
= dx   dx
x 1  2 1  x 1 ( x  1) 2
  ( x  3)( x  2) dx =   x  3  x  2  dx 2
= log |x + 1|+ +c
at
= 2 log |x  3|  log |x  2| + c ( x  1)
= log |(x – 3)2|  log |x  2| + c
5( x 6  1) 5( x 2  1)( x 4  x 2  1)
x 1 2 6.  dx =  dx
52.  ( x  2)( x  1) dx =  x  1 dx +  x  1 dx x 1
2
( x 2  1)
lic = 5 ( x 4  x 2  1) dx
= log|x  1| + 2log|x 2| + p
( x  2)2 5
= log +p = x5  x3 + 5x + c
( x  1) 3
ub
dx dx 7. 2
x
3x+14x+2dx = 16  32x 3x 4x dx
53. x 4
 5 x 2  4  ( x 2  1)( x 2  4)

48  24 
x
1  1 1  = 48(24)x dx = +c
=   2  2  dx
P
log24
3  x 1 x  4
2 x3x +14 x +2
1 1  x = +c
= tan 1 x  tan 1    c log2 + log4 + log3
3 6 2
et
1
8. f (x) =
Critical Thinking 1 x
  1 
rg
( x3  3x 2  3x  1) ( x  1)3  f (f (f (x))) = f  f  
1.  ( x  1)5
dx   ( x  1)5 dx 1 x   
1  
 ( x  1)  ( x  1)  
2
= dx = dx 1
Ta
2
=f  
1  1  
1   
=  c  1 x  
x 1
1 x 
=f 
2.  (1  2 x  3x  4 x  ......)dx 
2 3
 x 
=  (1  x) dx 2
1 1
= = =x
1 x  1 x
= (1  x)1 + c 1   1 
 x  x
 x2 x3 
3.  1  x  2!  3!  ....... dx =  e x dx = ex + c  Required integral =
x2
+c
2
4. Rationalizing the denominator, we get
9. Since, a loga m = m
dx
 x3 x2  9
log3 (sec x )
dx
471


 32 log3 (sec x )  1  cos7 x
  =  + cosx  + c
2 2  7 
=  sec 2 x dx ….   3log3 (sec x ) 
  cos7 x cosx
  (sec x) 
2
= + +c
14 2
= tan x + c
dx dx
log e x a log e a x
17.  tan x + cot x =  sin x cos x
10.  (e e ) dx =  (e ) dx
a log x x log a
e +
cos x sin x
=  ( x a  a x )dx
1 cos 2 x
=  2sin x cos x dx =  c
x a 1 ax 2 4
=  +c
a  1 log a
18.  2sin x.cos x dx
11. Since, sec2 x . cosec2 x = sec2 x + cosec2 x
ns
cos 2 x
2 =  sin 2 x dx =  + c1
  sec x .cosec x dx =  sec x dx +  cosec x dx
2 2 2
2
= tan x – cot x + c (1  2sin 2 x )
=  + c1
2

 (sin x  cos 1 x ) dx =    dx
io
12. 1
1
2 =  + sin2 x + c1
2

….  sin 1 x  cos 1 x   1
 2 = sin2 x + c, wherec   c1
at
2
x
=  c = x(cos 1 x  sin 1 x) + c
2 dx 1  sin x  dx 
1  sin x
19.  1  sin x =  1  sin 2
x cos 2 x
dx

13.  x  tan
51 1
x + cot 1 x  dx =  x 51 .
2
dx
lic =  sec 2 x dx +  tan x . sec x dx = tan x + sec x + c
  x
….  tan 1 x  cot 1 x   2sin 2
 2 cos x  1
20.  cos x  1 dx =   2 2x dx
ub
 x 52 2cos
=  c
2 52 2
x
=  tan 2 dx =    sec 2  1 dx
x52 x
= (tan1 x + cot1 x) + c
52 2  2 
P
 x x
  =  1  sec2  dx  x  2 tan  c
 sin (cos x)dx =   2  cos (cos x)  dx
1 1
14.  2  2
 x 2 x  x 2 21.  1  sin 2 x dx
et
= x 
2 2 2
  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x dx
15.  (cos x  sin x)dx   cos x  sin x 
2
dx
rg
= sin x + cos x + c
 sin x cos x  =   cos x  sin x  dx = sin x + cos x + c
= 2  c
 2 2 
22.  1+ sin2 x dx
Ta
 
= 2 sin  x   + c
 4 =  sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2sinxcosx dx
 ….[ sin2 x + cos2 x = 1]
 =
4
=  (cosx + sinx) dx
2
16.  sin3 x cos 4x dx

1
=  (cosx + sinx) dx
=  2sin3 x cos 4x dx =  cosx dx +  sinx dx
2
1 = sin x – cos x + c
[ sin  3x  4x  + sin (3x – 4x) ] dx
2 
=
sin x  cos x sin x  cos x
[ 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)] 23.  1+ sin2 x
dx =  (sin x  cos x) 2
dx
1
=
2
  sin 7 x dx   sin x dx  =  dx  x  c
472


24. sin2 2x = (2 sin x . cos x)2  sin x 
 tan
1
= 4 sin2 x . cos2 x 31.   dx
 1  cos x 
sin 3 x  cos3 x x x
 4  sin 2 2 x dx 
 2sin 2 cos 2 
=  tan  1
 dx
 2cos 2 x 
sin 3 x  cos3 x
= 4 dx
4sin 2 x.cos 2 x  2 
sin x cos x x
=  2 dx +  2 dx =  tan 1  tan  dx
cos x sin x 2  
=  tan x . sec x dx +  cot x . cosec x dx x
= sec x – cosec x + c =  2 dx
dx dx 1 x2 x2
=  +c = +c
25.  cos2x + sin 2 x   cos2 x  sin 2 x  sin 2 x 2 2 4
ns
dx x x x x
=  2 =  sec2 x dx
cos x
32.  cos 16 8 4
cos
cos sin
16
dx
= tan x + c x x x x
=  cos sin cos cos dx
io
cos 2 x  cos 2 2(cos 2 x  cos 2 ) 16 16 8 4
26.  cos x  cos 
dx =  cos x  cos 
dx 1 x x
=  sin cos cos dx
x
= 2 (cos x  cos )dx 2 8 8 4
at
…[ sin 2 = 2 sin  cos ]
= 2(sin x + x cos ) + c
1 x x
27. Since, 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x lic =
4  sin cos dx
4 4
  2  2  2  2cos8 x dx 1 x
=  sin dx
8 2
=  2 + 2 + 2cos4 x dx  
2
=     cos  + c
x
=  2 + 2cos2 x dx 8  2
ub
=  2cosx dx = 2 sin x + c 1 x
= cos + c
4 2
28. sin4 x  cos4 x = (sin2 x cos2 x) (sin2 x + cos2 x)
=  (cos2 x  sin2 x) (1) sin 6 x + cos6 x
33.  sin 2 x cos2 x
dx
=  cos 2x
P
(sin 2 x + cos2 x)3  3sin 2 xcos2 x(sin 2 x + cos2 x)

  (sin x  cos x)dx =  cos 2 x dx
4 4
= dx
sin 2 xcos2 x
sin 2 x
=  +c  a 3 + b3   a  b 3 – 3ab  a  b  
et
2 … 
=  sin x cos x + c  andsin 6 x  (sin 2 x)3 
sin 8 x  cos8 x 1  3sin 2 x cos 2 x(1)

29.  1  2sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
=  sin 2 x cos2 x dx
rg
(sin 4 x  cos4 x)(sin 4 x  cos4 x)  1 

=  2  3  dx
= dx 2
 sin x cos x 
(sin 2 x  cos2 x)2  2sin 2 x cos2 x
 sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
Ta
=  (sin 4 x  cos 4 x)dx =  2 2

 3  dx
 sin x cos x 
=  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x)(sin 2 x  cos 2 x)dx
 1 1 
=   2  2  3  dx
=  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x)dx =   cos 2 x dx  cos x sin x 
sin 2 x =  sec2 x dx +  cosec2 x dx – 3  d x
=  c
2 = tan x – cot x – 3x + c
 1  cos 2 x   2sin 2 x  cot x tan x 1
30.  tan 1   dx   tan 
1
 dx
 2cos 2 x 
34.  sec 2
x 1
dx =  tan 2
x
dx
 1  cos 2 x   
=  cot 2 xdx
=  tan 1  tan x  dx
=  (cosec2 x  1) dx
x2
= x dx  + c
= – cot x – x + c
2
473


1  cos 2 x dx dx
35.  sin 2 x
dx =  (cosec2 x  cot 2 x )dx 41.  1  sin x =  x 
1  cos   x 
=  (2cosec 2 x  1)dx  2 
dx
… 1  cot 2   cosec 2 = 
 x
2cos 2   
= 2 cot x  x + c  4 2
1  cos 4 x cos 2 2 x
36. 2 dx = 2  2 dx 1  x 
2
1  cos 4 x sin 2 x = sec 2    dx
2 4
= 2  cot 2 2 x dx
 x 
tan   
= 2  (cosec 2 2 x  1) dx 1 2 4 + c
= .
2 1
 cot 2 x 
= 2   2x  c
ns
2
 2 
x 
=  cot 2x  2x + c = tan     c

2 4 
2 2
 1+ tanx   π  
37.   1  tanx  dx =   tan  4 + x   dx  a= and b = arbitrary constant
io
4
 π  
=   sec2  + x   1 dx 42. Put t = 3x  5  dt = 3dx
 4   
at
1
π 
= tan  + x   x + c
  tan(3x  5)sec(3x  5)dx = 3  tan t.sec t dt
4  sec t
= +c
3
38.   sec x  tan x  dx
2
lic sec (3 x  5)
=   sec x  tan x  2sec x tan x  dx
2 2 = c
3
=   2sec x 1  2sec x tan x  dx
2
43. Put 5x7 = t

ub
= 2 tan x + 2 sec x – x + c  35x6 dx = dt
= 2 (sec x + tan x) – x + c
dt
 x6 dx =
tan x 35
39.  (sec x  tan x) dx dt
P
 x sin(5 x 7 ) dx =  sin t 
6
tan x(sec x  tan x) 35
=  dx
(sec x  tan x)(sec x  tan x ) cos t  cos(5 x 7 )
=  =
tan x(sec x  tan x) 35 35

et
= dx
(sec 2 x  tan 2 x) 1
 k=
=  (sec x tan x  tan 2 x)dx 7
=  sec x tan x dx   (sec 2 x  1) dx
rg
44.  sec x tan x dx =  sec3 x sec x tan x dx

4
=  sec x tan x dx   sec x dx  1dx2
Put t = sec x  dt = sec x tan x dx

= sec x  tan x + x + c t4 1
 sec x tan x dx =  t dt 
Ta
 4 3
 c = sec 4 x + c
cos 4 x  1  cos 4 x  1 (sin x cos x )dx 4 4
40.  cot x  tan x dx =  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
2 45. Put x 3  t  3 x 2dx  dt
2cos 2 x(sin x cos x)
=  dx 1
x sec x3dx 
3
2
cos 2 x  sec t dt
=  cos 2 x (2 sin x cos x)dx
1
=  cos 2x sin 2x dx = 3 log(sec t  tan t)  c
1 1
=
2
 sin 4x dx 
= 3 log sec x  tan x  c
3 3

1
= cos 4x + c 46. Put f(x) = t  f (x) dx = dt
8
1 f ( x ) 1 1 1
 A=   [f ( x)] dx =  dt =  + c =  +c
8
2
t2 t f ( x)
474


47. Put x10 + 10x = t  (10x9 + 10x log e 10)dx = dt dx dx
 4cos 2 x  3cos 2 x  cos6 x 
55. = = sec6 xdx
10 x9 10 x log e 10 1
3
  10x  x10 dx =  t dt  log t  c 1

= log sec 6x + tan 6x  c
= log(x10 + 10x) + c 6
48. Put x2  4x + 3 = t
dx 1 dx
 (2x  4)dx = dt  (x  2)dx =
1
dt 56.  sin x  3 cos x
= 
2 sin x 3
2  cos x
x2 1 dt 1 2 2
 x 2
 4x + 3
dx =   log t  c
2 t 2 1 dx
1
= 
2 sin x cos  sin  cos x

= log( x 2  4 x  3)  c 3 3
2
= log  x2  4x  3 + c  =
1
2
dx
ns
 
sin  x  
1  3
49. Put t = tan1 x2  dt = . 2x dx
1 x 4 1  
2
= cosec  x   dx
2 x tan 1 x 2  3
io
t2
  1  x 4 dx =  t dt  2  c 1  x 
= log tan     c
1
=  tan 1 x 
2 2
c
2 2 6
at
2
sin 2 x sin(5 x  3 x)
50. Put t = x + log sec x 57.  sin3 x sin5 x dx =  sin3x.sin5 x dx
 dt = (1 + tan x)dx
sin 5 x cos3 x  cos5 x sin 3x

1  tan x 1
 x  log sec x dx =  t dt  log t  c
lic =  sin 3x sin 5 x
dx
= log(x + log sec x) + c =  cot 3 x dx   cot 5 x dx

1 1 1
Put 1 + log x = t  dx = dt log |sin 3x|  log |sin 5x| + c
ub
51. =
x 3 5
1  log x   c
2
1  log x t2
  x dx =  t dt 
2
c=
2 58. Let I  
1 x
dx  
1 x
dx
1 x 1  x2
Put a2 + b2 sin2 x = t
P
52.
dx x
 b2 sin 2x dx = dt   dx
sin 2 x 1 dt 1  x2 1  x2
  a 2  b2 sin 2 x dx = b2 t In 2nd integral, put 1  x2 = t  2x dx = dt
et
1 dx 1 dt

b2
log t  c  I =  1 x 2

2  12
t
1
= 2 log  a 2  b 2 sin 2 x   c
rg
b = sin1 x  t +c
1
cos( x  ) = sin x  1  x 2  c
53.  cos x dx
Ta
 1
 cos x cos   sin x sin   59. Put t = x + log x  dt = 1   dx
=   dx
x  
 cos x 
( x  1)( x  log x ) 2 3
t
  dx = t dt  c
2
=  (cos   sin  tan x)dx
x 3
= (cos ) x  sin log | sec x | + c 1
= ( x  log x)3 + c
1 dx 1 x 3
54.  1  cos x
dx  
 x

2
sec dx
2
2cos 2   60. Put log (log x) = t
2 1
 dx = dt
1  x x 1 x log x
= log sec  tan . +c
2 2 2  1/ 2 dx dt
x x
  x log x log(log x) =  t
= log |t| + c
= 2 log sec  tan +c
2 2 = log |log(log x)| + c
475


1 1 e x (1  x ) dt
61. Let I = 
x3
[log x x ]2 dx   3 [ x log x]2 dx
x
  sin( xe x
)
dx =  sin t   cos ec t dt
1
= log tan   + c
  (log x) 2 dx t
x 2
1
Put log x = t  dx = dt  xe x 
x = log tan   +c
3  2 
t (log x )3
 I =  t 2 dt = + c = +c  x
3 3 68. Put log  tan  = t
2  
dI
62. = 3cosy sin y 
1 1 x
. sec 2 dx = dt  cosec x dx = dt
dy x 2
tan 2
 I =  3cos y sin y  dy 2
ns
cosec x 1
Put cos y = t    x  dx =  t dt  log t  c
  sin y dy = dt  sin y dy =  dt log  tan 
3t 3cos y
 2
 I =   3t dt = +c= +c
= log log  tan  + c
x
io
log 3 log 3
 2
63. Put a x = t
69. Put tan1 (x3) = t
1
 ax log a dx = dt  ax dx =
at
dt 1 x2 dt
log a  .3x2dx = dt  dx =
1 x 
3 2 1 x 6 3
1 1 1
loga 
. at.
x
  a .a dx
a x
= a t dt = +c
log a loga x 2 tan 1 x 3
1 1 t2
 3

=
aa
x
lic
c
1  x6
dx = t dt = . +c
3 2
 tan x3 
2
 log a  1
2
= +c
6
x x
64. Put 2e + 5 = t  2e dx = dt
ub
sec 2 x
1 70. Put tan x=t dx = dt
  e cosec (2e  5) dx =  2  cosec t dt
x x
2 2
2 x
1
1
= cot t + c
  x
tan 4 x .sec2 x dx = 2  t 4 dt
2
P
2t 5 2
1   c = tan 5 x  c
= cot(2e  x  5) + c 5 5
2
71. Put ex = t  ex dx = dt
et
e x
65. Let I =
dx
 1 e x  1 e x dx
=   e x tan 2 (e x )dx =  tan 2 t dt =  (sec 2 t  1) dt
= tan t  t + c
Put 1 + ex = t  ex dx = dt = tan(ex)  ex + c
rg
dt
 I =  =  log|t| + c =  log|1 + ex| + c 1
1 2
t x2  1 x
72. Let I =  2 dx =  dx
x( x 1) 1
1 x
66. Let I =  dx x
Ta
e  e 2 x 
2x 2
1  1 
Put x  t  1  2  dx = dt
e4 x x  x 
=  dx
e  1
2
4x
dt  1
 I  log t  c  log  x    c
t  x
Put e4x + 1 = t  4 e4x dx = dt
1 1  x2  1 
 I =  t 2 dt = log  c
4  x 
1  1  1 1
=   +c= +c ( x 4  x ) 4 dx
4 t  4  e 4 x  1 73. Let I = 
x5
1 1
67. Put x ex = t  1 4  1 4
1  3  1  3 
 (ex + xex) dx = dt
 x   x5  dx =  x 
 ex (1 + x) dx = dt
=
x  x 4 dx
476

1 3 1
 1
Put 1 – =t dx = dt 1 t 2
=  +c
x3 x4 4  1 1
1
5
2
dt t 1
4
 I = t4 . = . +c 1 1
3 5 3 = t+c= 1  x4 + c
4 2 2
5
5
sin 2 x
= 4 t 4 + c = 4 1  3  + c
1 4 2sin x cos x
79. Let I =  dx =  dx
15 15 x   sin 2 x  2cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x
dx dx Put 1 + cos2 x = t  2 sin x cos x dx = dt

Let I =  7
x( x  1) 
74. =
 1   dt 
x8 1  7   I =     =  log t + c
 x   t 
ns
1 7 =  log|1 + cos2 x| + c
Put 1 + = t  8 dx = dt
x7 x
1 dt 1 cos 2 x
 I =
7  t

7
log |t| + c 80. Let I =  (cos x  sin x) 2
dx
io
1 x7  1 (cos x  sin x)(cos x  sin x)
=  log c = dx
7 x7 (cos x  sin x ) 2
at
1 x7 cos x  sin x
= log 7 c = dx
7 x 1 cos x  sin x
Put t = sin x + cos x
1 dx
 x( x n  1) dx =  n 1  1 
75.
x 1  n 
lic  dt = (cos x  sin x)dx
1
 x   I=  t dt = log t + c = log|sin x + cos x| + c
1  nx  n 1
n  (1  x  n )
= dx
81. Put 3sin2 x + 5cos2x = t
ub
1 1  (3  2 sin x cos x – 5  2 sin x cos x) dx = dt
= log 1 n + c
n x  4 sin x cos x dx = dt
1 xn  1 dt
= log +c  sin x cos x dx =
P
n xn 4
1 x n sin x cos x dt
= log n +c   3sin dx = 
n x 1
2
x  5cos x
2
(4)t
et
1 1 1
76. Let I =  2
1
dx = 
sec 2 xdx =–
4  t dt = – 4 log t + c
cos x(1 tan x) 2
(tan x 1) 2
1
Put tan x  1 = t  sec2 x dx = dt =– log |3sin2 x + 5cos2 x| + c
rg
4
1 1 1 1
 I= t 2
dt =  + c =
t tan x 1
+c=
1  tan x
+c
cos x  x sin x
cos x  x sin x x2
82. Let I =  2 dx = 
Ta
77. Put x = tan   dx = sec2  d dx

x  x cos x cos x
1
1 sec2 d x
 x 2
1 x 2
dx = 
tan 2  sec  cos x
Put 1 + =t
=  cosec cot d = cosec  + c x
( x sin x  cos x)
 tan 2   1  x 2 1  dx = dt
= c = +c x2
tan  x
dt
 I =  =  log | t |  c
x 3
1 4x 3
t
78.  1  x4
dx =
4  1  x4
dx
x  cos x
=  log c
1 dt x
4  t1/ 2
=
x
= log c
…[Put 1 + x4 = t  4x3 dx = dt] x  cos x
477


log x  1  x 2  dx   1  2 tan x (sec x  tan x)dx
83. Let I =  1  x2 =   sec x  tan x  dx
Put log (x + 1  x 2 ) = t 1  sin x
2x
=  cos x
dx
1
2 1  x 2 dx = dt dx 1  sin 2 x
  = dt
x  1  x2 1 x 2 =  cos x(1 sin x) dx
 
2
t
 log x + 1  x 2 
  = 
  cos x  dx =  log |1  sin x| + c
 I=  t dt =
2
+c= 
2
+c 1  sin x
 1  2 tan x  tan x+sec x 

1/ 2
84.  sec x dx  log(sec x + tan x) + c 89. dx
ns
=   sec2 x+ tan 2 x+ 2 tan x sec x  dx
1/ 2
 sec 2 x  tan 2 x 
= log  +c
 sec x  tan x 
=   sec x+ tan x  dx
 1 
= log  c = log(sec x + tan x) + log sec x + c
io
 sec x  tan x 
= log sec x(sec x + tan x) + c
=  log(sec x  tan x) + c
dx ex
1  tan x   90. e =  2x dx
at
85.  1  tan x dx =  tan  4  x  dx x
e x
e 1
dt

 log cos   x 
 = …[Put ex = t  exdx = dt]
t 12
=  4  c
1
lic = tan1 (t) + c
  = tan1 (ex) + c
= log cos   x  + c
4  1 1
  
= log sin     x   + c
91.  (1  x) dx =  dx
 x  
ub
2
x 1 x
 2  4  
  1
= log sin   x  + c Put x  t  dx = dt
4   2 x
P
1 2
86. 
1
dx = 
1
dx
  (1  x) x
dx = 1 t 2
dt
1  sin x x x
sin  cos = 2 tan–1 t + A
2 2
et
1 1 –1
=
 x 
dx   (1  x) x
dx = 2 tan x+A
2 sin   
2 4  f(x) = 2 tan–1 x
rg
1  x 
2
= cosec    dx sin 2 x
2 4 92. Let I =  sin
x  cos 4 x
4
dx
 x
= 2 log tan     c 2sin x cos x
 4
Ta
8 4 dx
sin x  cos 4 x
87. Put (xx)x = t  log(xx)x = log t 2 tan x sec 2 x
= dx
 x2 log x = log t 1  tan 4 x
1 Put tan2 x = t  2tan x sec2 xdx = dt
 (2x log x + x)dx = .dt
t dt
 (2log x + 1)x (xx)xdx = dt  I= 1 t 2
= tan1 t + c = tan1(tan2x) + c
 x x 
x x
 (2log x  1)dx =  dt = t + c = (xx)x + c
93. Put ax = t  ax log e adx = dt
88. 1 + 2 tan x (sec x + tan x) ax 1 dt
= 1 + 2 tan x . sec x + 2 tan2 x
  1  a2x
dx =
log e a  1  t2
= (1 + tan2 x) + 2 sec x . tan x + tan2 x
1 sin 1 (a x )
= sec2 x + 2 sec x . tan x + tan2 x = sin 1 (t)  c = c
= (sec x + tan x)2 log e a log e a
478

94. Put log x = t 

1  12x2 dx = dt
dx = dt
x 1 dt
dx dt
 I= 
1 4  3
2
 x = = sin t + c  t2
1  (log x ) 2
1 t 2
1
= sin1   + c
t
= sin1 (log x) + c
4 3
95. Put t = cos x  dt =  sin x dx
1  4 x3 

sin x
dx =  
dt = sin1  +c
 4  cos 2 x 22  t 2
4  3 
t  cos x  ax ax

=  sin1   + c =  sin1   +c
2  2 
101.  ax
dx =  a 2  x2
dx
sec x dx sec x
96.  cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
= dx   a x
ns
=  dx 
 a x a x  2 2 2 2
sec 2 xdx 2 x
= 1 1
= a  2 2 dx   2 2 d x
1  tan 2 x a x 2 a x
io
…[Multiplying Nr and Dr by sec x]
= a.sin 1    .2 a 2  x 2  c
x 1
Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
a 2
sec x dx dt
  =  = sin1 t + c
= a sin 1    a 2  x 2  c
x
at
cos2 x 1 t 2
a
= sin1 (tan x) + c
97. Put 2x = sin   2dx = cos  d  2x
102. Let I =  dx
 
2dx
=
cos  d
=
cos 
d
lic 1   2x 
2
1  4x2 1  sin 
2 cos 
dt
Put 2x = t  2x dx =
=  d c log 2
ub
= sin1(2x) + c 1 dt 1
log 2  1  t 2 log 2
 I= = sin 1 t + c
dx dx
98.  2  3x  x 2
=  2
=

sin1 2x + c
 17   3
 x  log 2
 4  2
P
1
dx  K=
=  2
log 2
 17   3
2
    x  
et
x x. x
 2   2 103.  1  x dx =  dx
x (1  x )
 3 
  x    x 1 1
= sin–1  
2  =  x  x 1
dx  
x  x 1
dx
rg
+c
 17  
  1 1
  2   =  dx   dx
x 1  x   
2
x
 2x  3 
 
= sin–1  17  + c
Ta
= 2 x  2tan1 x + c
99. Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt = 2( x  tan 1 x )  c
  cos x 4  sin 2 x dx =  4  t 2 dt 
log 1
1
1


e

 x2  1
t 4 1  t  104. Let I   dx =  x 2
= (2) 2  t 2 dt = 4  t 2 + sin   + c 1 2
dx
2 2  2 x2  2  1
x x  2
1 1   x
= sin x 4  sin 2 x + 2sin 1  sin x  + c
2 2   … elog a  a 
1
3x 2 3x 2 Put x  =t
100. Let I =  9  16 x6
dx  
(3)2  (4 x3 )2
dx x
  1  2  dx = dt
1
Put 4x3 = t  x 
479

dt 1  t  sin x dt 1 dt
 I =
t 2
2
= tan1  + c
  3  4cos 2
x
dx =  3  4t 2
=
4   3
2
2  2 t  
2

 1  2 
1 x x 
= 1
tan   +c =  1 .tan 1 t
c
2 2  3  3
  4.  
  2  2 
1  x2  1  1  2t 
= tan1  + c tan 1 
2  2x 
= c
2 3  3
1  2 cos x 
1 = tan 1  c
105. Put x2 = t  xdx = dt 2 3  3 
2
ns
x 1 dt dx
 x  x2  1
4
dx =
2  t2  t 1
109. Let I = a 2
sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x
1 dt Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 x, we get
2  t2  t  1  3
=
sec2 x
io
4 4 I= a 2
tan 2 x  b 2
dx
1 dt
2 
= 2 Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
 3
at
(t  1 / 2) 2    dt 1 dt
 2   I= a t 2 2
b 2
= 2
a  b2
t2 
1 1  t 1/ 2  a2
=  tan–1   +c
2 ( 3 / 2)  3/2 
1  2t  1 
lic 1 1

 t 

= tan–1   +c =  tan–1   +c
3  3  a2  b  b
  a 
1  2x2  1  a  
tan–1 
ub
=  +c
3  3 
tan–1  tan x  + c
1 a
=
ab b 
1 dx
106. Let I =  dx  
1  sin 2 x 2sin 2 x  cos 2 x dx
110. Let I =  4sin
P
2
sec x dx
2
x  5cos 2 x

2 tan 2 x  1
2
Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 x, we get
1 sec x dx
2  tan 2 x  1

et
sec2 x dx
I=  4tan 2
x 5
2
Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt 1 sec 2 x dx
4  tan 2 x  5
=
rg
1 dt 1 1 t
 I=   .
2 t2  1 2 1
tan 1
1
+c 4
2 2 2 Put tan x = t
 sec2 x dx = dt
Ta
1
 tan 1 ( 2 tan x )  c
2 1 dt 1 1  2t 
4
 I = 2
  tan 1  c
 5 4 5  5
1 sec2 x sec2 x t 2   
107.  1  cos 2
x
dx  
sec x  1
2
dx  
tan 2 x  2
dx
 2  2
Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt 1  2 tan x 

= tan 1  c
1 dt 1  t  2 5  5 
  1  cos 2
x
dx = t 2
2

2
tan 1 
 2
c
dx
=
1  1
tan 1 

tan x   c
111. Let I =  2sin 2
x  3cos 2 x  7
2  2 
Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2x, we get
108. Put cos x = t sec 2 x dx
 – sin x dx = dt
I=  2 tan 2
x  3  7sec 2 x
480

sec 2 xdx 1  sin x  cos x 

=  2 tan 2
x  3  7(1  tan 2 x )
= 
2 
1 
sin x  cos x 
 dx
sec 2 xdx 1
=  4  9 tan 2 x =  x+ log  sin x  cos x   c 
2
Put t = tan x
 dt = sec2 x dx 115. Put x = sin  dx = cos  d
dt 1 1  3t  1  x2 1  sin 2 
 I=  22  (3t)2 = 6 tan  2  + c   1  x2
dx =  1  sin 2 
.cos  d 
tan1 
1 3tan x  =  (1  sin 2 )d
=  +c
6  2 
1  cos 2 
=  d     d
dx  2 
112.  2  cos x
ns
1 sin 2 
dx
=+   +c
= 2 2 
2 x 2 x x x
2sin    2cos    cos 2    sin 2   3 sin  cos 
 
2  
2  2 2 =  +c
io
2 2
x
sec 2   3 sin  1  sin 2 
dx  2  dx =  +c
=   2 2
 x   x   x
at
sin 2    3cos 2   tan 2    3 3 1
2 2 2 = sin 1 x  x 1  x 2 + c
2 2
 x
Put tan    t
2 dx
 2sin x  cos x  3
 x
 sec2  2  dx = 2dt
lic 116. Let I =
x
Put t = tan  
dx dt 2 1  t  2
  2  cos x = 2  t 2  3  3 tan  3   c
ub
2dt 1  t2 2t
 dx = and cos x = , sin x =
  x 1 t 2
1  t2 1  t2
2  tan  2  
= tan 
1    c 2dt
3  3  1  t2
   I =
P
   2t   1  t 2 
2 2 
 2 
3
dx dx 1  t  1  t 
113.  5  4 cos x =   2 x dt
1  tan 2  = 2  4t  1  t
et
5  4
2
 3  3t 2
x
1  tan 2  dt dt
 2 = 2 = t
2t 2  4t  4 2
 2t  2
x
rg
sec 2 dt dt
= 2 dx
x
= t 2
 2t  1  1
=  (t 1) 2
 12
9  tan 2
2  t  1  x 
= tan–1  –1
 + c = tan  tan    1 + c
Ta
x 1 x
Put tan = t  sec2 dx = dt  1   2 
2 2 2
dx dt 117. Put x2 = t
  5  4cos x = 2  32  t 2 dt dt
 2x dx = dt  dx = 
2 1  t  2x 2 t
= tan    c
3 3 dx dt 1 1
 x x4  1
=  2t t2 1
=
2
sec t  c
2 1 x
 tan 1  tan   c
3 3 2 1 1 2
= sec x  c
2
sin x 1 2sin x
114.  sin x  cos x dx = 2  sin x  cos x dx x2  1
1  sin x  cos x + sin x + cos x 
118. Let I =  (x 2
 1) x 4  1
dx
=  dx
2 sin x  cos x Dividing Nr and Dr by x2, we get
481


 1 1
1  2 
 x 
122. Let I =  cosec x  cot 2 x
2
dx
=  dx
 1 2 1 sin x
 


x 
x
x
x2
=  1  cos 2 x
dx
 1  Put t = cos x  dt =  sin x dx

1  2 
= 
 1  1
 x 
2
dx  I= 
dt
1  t2

=  log t  1  t 2 + c 
x  x  2

1
x  x

=  log cos x + 1  cos 2 x + c 
 1 
Put x + =t  1  2  dx = dt
x  x  123.  x 2  8x  7 dx   ( x  4)2  (3)2 dx
1
ns
dt
sec1 
t  ( x  4) 2 9
 I= t t 2
2
=
 2
+c = x  8 x  7  log x  4  x 2  8 x  7 + c
2 2 2
 1  dx 1 dx
1  x  x   124.  2x = 
sec1   + c  x  1 2 x2  1 x  1
io
2
=
2  2  2 2
 
1 dx
= 
 x2  1  2 2
at
1 2  1 3
= sec1  + c  x  
  
2  x 2   4 4
 1 3
119. Put t = tan x  dt = sec2 x dx x 
sec 2 x 1
lic 1
= .
2
1
3
log 

4 4
1 3
+c
  tan x  4
2
dx  
t  22
2
dt 2.  
4


x   
4 4
= log t  t 2  4  c 1 2x 1
 log +c
ub
3 2( x  1)
= log tan x  tan 2 x  4  c
125. Put log x = t
1
120. Put x2 = t  dx = dt
P
x
 2x dx = dt
dx dt
 x dx =
dt   x[(log x)2  4log x  1] =  t 2  4t  1
2
et
dt
 
x
dx =
1

dt =  (t  2) 2
 ( 5) 2
x4  4 2 t 2  22
1 t2 5
1 = log +c
rg
= log |t + t 2  4 | + c 2 5 t2 5
2
1 1 log x  2  5
= log |x2 + x 4  4 | + c = log +c
2 2 5 log x  2  5
Ta
ex 1
121. Let I =  dx 126. Let I =  (x 2
 1) x 2  1
dx
e 2 x  4e x  13
Put ex = t  ex dx = dt 1 1
Put x =  dx =  2 dt
dt t t
 I =  t  4t  13
2 1
 2
t t
dt  I =  dt =   1 t  dt
1  1
 1 t 2
2
= 1  1
(t  2)2  32  2  2
t  t
= log t  2 + (t  2) 2  32 + c Put 1 t 2 = u  1 + t2 = u2  tdt = udu

u
= log e x  2 + e2 x  4e x  13 + c  I =  1 (u 2
1)  u
du

482


du du  dt =  sin x dx
=  2 u = 
 2   dt = sin x dx
2 2
u 
2
 I =  (1  t 2 ) t ( dt)
1 u 2
= log +c 5
7
2 2 u 2 t 3/ 2 t2
=  t dt +  t dt = 
3/ 2
2
+
7
+c
1 1 t  2
2
= log +c 2
2 2 1 t 2  2 2
 
2
 
7 3
= cos x  cos x + c
1
2 7 3
1    2
1  x dx
=
2 2
log 2
+c 130. Let I =  x3x
1
1    2 1
x
ns
Put x 6 = t
1 x 2 1  2 x  x = t6
= log +c  dx = 6t5dt
2 2 x 2 1  2 x
6t 5
 I=  t 3  t 2 dt
io
2x  1
127. Let I   dx
x 4  2 x3  x 2  1 6t 5 t3
=  2 dt = 6  dt
2x  1 t (t  1) t 1
=  dx
at
[ x ( x  1)]2  1 t3  1  1
dt = 6   t 2  t  1 
1 
= 6  dt
Put t = x (x + 1) t 1  t 1
 dt = (2x + 1) dx  t3 t2 
= 6    t  log |t  1| + c
 I=  2
dt
t 1
lic 3 2 
1 t 1
= 2 x – 3 3 x + 6 6 x – 6 log | 6
x +1|+c
 log c 5 3 2
2 t 1 x dx x .x
131. Let I =  =  dx
ub
1 x  x 1 2 1 x 3
1  x3
= log 2 c Put 1 + x3 = t2
2 x  x 1
 3x2 dx = 2t dt
1 x2  x  1
=  log 2 +c (t 2  1)  2 
x  x 1  I =   t dt
P
2 t 3
1
 2 t 
3
A= 
t  1 dt =
2
  t + c
2
2 =
3 3 3 
et
1 1 2 2
128.  sin x sin x.cos x
dx =  cos x
dx =
9
t(t  3) + c
sin x. sin 2 x.
sin x 2 3
= 1  x 3 (1 + x  3) + c
rg
1 9
=  cos x
dx
=
2 3
1  x 3 (x  2) + c
sin x.sin x. 9
sin x
2 4
1
Ta
1
=   cosec2x dx 132. Let I   sec 3 x cos ec 3 x dx =  2 4
dx
cot x cos x sin x
3 3
Put t = cot x 4
  dt = cosec2 x dx Dividing Nr and Dr by cos x, we get 3
1 dt 
1
sec2 x
  sin x sin x.cos x dx =  t  2 dt
  t I=  4
dx
tan x 3
1
= 2t  c 2 Put tan x = t
 sec2 x dx = dt
=  2 cot x  c 1
4
dt t3
129. Let I =  sin 3 x cos x dx  I =  4/3 = t 3
dt = +c
t 1
=  (1  cos2 x) cos x sin x dx 3
1
Put t = cos x =  3  tan x  3 + c
483

133. Let I =  sec6 x dx =  sec4 x.sec2 x dx = e2 x 

 2x  1 
+ c
 4 
=  (1  tan 2 x)2 sec2 x dx
2x  1
Put t = tan x  f(x) =
4
 dt = sec2 x dx
 I =  (1  t 2 )2 dt =  (1  2t 2  t 4 )dt e3 x e3 x
139. x
2
e3x dx = x2  –  2x . dx
3 3
2t 3 t5
=t+ + +c x 2e3 x 2  e3 x e3 x 
3 5 = –  x.  1. dx 
2 1 3 3  3 3 
= tan x + tan3 x + tan5 x + c
3 5 x 2e3 x 2  xe3 x e3 x 
= –    +c
134. Let I =  tan 4 x dx =  tan 2 x (sec2 x  1)dx 3 3  3 9 
ns
1 2 2 3x
=  (tan 2 x sec 2 x  tan 2 x ) dx = x2 e3x – xe3x + e +c
3 9 27
=  (tan 2 x.sec 2 x  sec 2 x  1) dx
x4 1 x4
=  (tan x  1) sec xdx   1dx
2 2 140.  x log x dx  log x.
3
  . dx
4 x 4
io
st
In 1 integral, x4 x3
= log x   dx
Put t = tan x 4 4
 dt = sec2xdx x4 x4
at
= log x  dx
t3 4 4
 I= –t+x+c
3 1
tan 3 x
= (4 x 4 log x  x 4 ) + c
 I= – tan x + x + c 16
3
lic log x
1
  log x. x
3
 A = , B = 1, f (x) = x + c 141. dx = dx
3 x3
x 2  1 x 2 
sin 3 2 x = log x       dx
ub
135. Let I =  5 dx 2  x 2 
cos 2 x
log x 1
sin 3 2 x
=  3 . 2 dx
1 =  2 +  x 3 dx
cos 2 x cos 2 x 2x 2
log x 1 x 2
=  tan 3 2 x . sec 2 2 x dx = 2 + . +c
P
2x 2 2
Put tan 2x = t  2 sec2 2x dx = dt log x 1
dt 1 t4 = 2  2 +c
 I =  t3  = . +c 2x 4x
et
2 2 4 1
1 =  2 (2log x  1)  c
= (tan 4 2 x) + c 4x
8
x n 1 1 x n 1
 log x dx =  log x .1 dx x – 
rg
136. 142. n
log x dx = log x. dx
n 1 x n 1
1 x n 1 x n 1
= log x. x   x  xdx = log x – +c
n 1 (n  1) 2
= x log x  x + c = x (log x  1) + c
Ta
x n 1  1 
 x =  log x   +c
= x (log x  log e) + c = x log   + c n  1 n 1
e
x dx = 
log x 143.  f  x   x f   x  dx
137.  log 10
log10
dx
=  f ( x)dx   xf ( x)dx
1
= (x log x  x) + c =  f ( x) dx + x . f (x)   f ( x) dx + c
log10
= x(log10x  log10e) + c = x f (x) + c
138.  xe dx = x.
2x e2 x e2 x
 1. dx 144. [f ( x) g (x)  f  (x) g (x)] dx
2 2
= f(x) g(x)   f  (x) g (x) dx  g (x) f  (x)
xe2 x e2 x
=  +c +  f  (x) g (x) dx
2 4 = f (x) g (x)  g (x) f (x) + c
484


145. I5 + 5I4 =  x5ex dx + 5  x4 . ex dx
= 2  tan 1 x .x   
1
. x dx 
= x5 ex – 5  x4 ex dx + 5  x4 . ex dx + c  1 x 2

= x5 ex + c
= 2  x tan 1 x   
1 2x
dx 
2  cos 2 x   cos 2 x  
2
2 1 x 
146. x sin 2 x dx = x      2x. 
2
 dx 1 2
 2   2   I = 2x tan x  log (1 + x ) + c
x 2 cos 2 x  I  2x tan1 x =  log (1 + x2) + c
=    x cos 2 x dx
2 x4 1 x4
x 2 cos 2 x x sin 2 x sin 2 x 152. x
3
tan1 x dx = tan1 x.  x dx
=    dx 4 4 2
1
2 2 2
x4 1 x4  1  1
x 2 cos 2 x x sin 2 x cos 2 x = tan1 x   x 2  1 dx
=    c 4 4
2 2 4
 1 
ns
x4 1
= tan–1 x –   x  1   dx
2
1  cos 2 x 
147.  x sin 2 x dx =  x   dx 4 4 x2  1
 2 
x4 1  x3 1 
1 = tan1x    x  tan x  + c
=   x dx   x .cos 2 x dx  4 4 3 
io
2
1 4 x3 
= 1  x  x sin 2 x   sin 2 x dx 
2
1
= ( x  1) tan x   x  + c
2 2 2 2  4 3 
at
x2 x 1
=  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  c  1
4 4 8 153.  x log  1   dx
 x
1 cos 2 x 
148.  x cos xdx
2
=  x   dx  1  x2 1 x
x1
 2 
lic = log 1 

.
x 2
+
2
dx
1
x dx   x cos 2 x dx 
2 
= x2  1 1 1
 = log 1   + x – log (x + 1) + c
2  x 2 2
1x 2
x sin 2 x sin 2 x 
ub
=    dx   x2  1  x2 1
2 2 2 2  =  log (x + 1) – log x + x + c
 2  2 2
x 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
=   +c
4 4 8 154.  log( x  x)dx =  log  x( x  1) dx
2
P
149. Let I =  tan x. 1 dx =  log x.1dx +  log  x+1 .1dx

1
1
= tan 1 x.x  1 x  x dx 1 1
2 = log x.x   x . x dx  log( x 1). x   x 1.x dx
et
1 2x
2  1  x2
= x tan 1 x  dx  x 11 
= x log x   dx  x log( x 1)     dx
1  x 1 
= x tan1 x  log |1 + x2| + c
rg
2  1 
= x log x  x + x log(x + 1)   1  dx
 x 1 
–1  x2  –11  x2 
150.  x tan xdx = (tan – x) 
2 
 2  1 x  2 
 dx = x log x  x + x log(x + 1)  x + log |x + 1| + c
Ta
= x[log x + log (x + 1)]  2x + log |x + 1| + c

1 1 x2  1  1
= x2 tan–1 x –  dx = x log (x2 + x)  2x + log |x + 1| + c
2 2 1  x2
 A =  2x + log |x + 1| + c
1 1  1 
= x2 tan–1 x –  1  2  dx 155. Put sin1x = t  x = sin t  dx = cos t dt
2 2  x  1
  sin x dx =  t cos t dt
1
1 1
= x2 tan–1 x – (x – tan–1x) + c
2 2 = t sin t  1.sin t dt
1 2 –1 1
= (x + 1) tan x – x + c = t sin t + cos t + c
2 2
= t sin t + 1  sin 2 t  c
 2x  = x sin 1 x  1  x 2  c
151. I =  tan 1  2 
dx
1  x 
156. Put x = t2
 I = 2  tan 1 xdx  dx = 2t dt
485

  sin x dx =  sin t (2t) dt = 3( sin + cos) + c

= 2  t sin t dt 
= 3 x sin 1 x  1  x 2 + c 
= 2  t   cos t    1  cos t  dt  162. Put sin1 x = t 
1
dx  dt
1  x2

= 2  t cos t   cos t dt  sin 1 x
= – 2t cos t + 2 sin t + c
  (1  x ) 2 3/ 2
dx   t sec 2 t dt
= – 2 x cos x + 2 sin x + c = t tan t  1.tan t dt

2
157. Put x = t  dx = 2tdt = t tan t + log(cos t) + c
 
t
  x .e dx = 2  t .e dt sin t
x 2
= t  log 1  sin 2 t  c
2 t
= 2(t .e – 2te + 2e ) + c t t 1  sin t 2
ns

= 2 x.e x  2 x e x  2 e x
+c =
x
sin1x +
1
log(1  x2) + c
1 x 2 2
= e x
 2x  4 x4 + c  163. Put tan1 x =   x = tan   dx = sec2 d
io
158. Put x2 = t x tan 1 x  tan  sec2 
 2x dx = dt
  (1  x2 )3/ 2  (1  tan 2 )3/ 2 d
dx 
1 2 t    sin  d   cos   sin   c

 x e 2
5 x2
dx = t e dt
at
tan  1
1 =  . +c
  t 2e t  2 te t dt  1  tan  1  tan 2 
2
2 
x 1
=
2 t
te
2
  te t  e t  + c
lic 
1 x 2
 tan 1 x
1  x2
c
1 2 2 2 x  tan 1 x
= x 4e x  x 2e x  e x  c  c
2 1  x2
ub
159. Let I =  sin (log x) dx 164.  sec  d   sec .sec 2 d 
3
Put log x = t  x = et  dx = et dt = sectan –   sec  tan .tan   d

 I =  sin t .et dt = sint.et –  cos t.e t dt = sectan –  sec  tan 2  d
P
= sint.et – cos t.et   sin t.et dt  = sectan –  sec   sec 2   1 d

t t
 I = sin t . e  cos t . e – I + c1 = sectan –   sec   sec   d
3
 2I = sint.et – cost.et + c1
et
1 = sectan –  sec  d   sec  d  3
I= x [sin(log x ) – cos(log x)] + c,

2  2  sec  d = sec tan +  sec d
3
c
where c = 1 = sec tan + log |sec + tan| + c
rg
2
1
  sec
3
 d = sec  tan  log | sec  tan |   c
160.  sin x log(sec x  tan x)dx 2
= log(sec x  tan x).( cos x)   sec x.( cos x)dx

Ta
e x ( x  1) 1 1  ex
165.  x 2
dx =  e x   2  dx  + c
x x  x
…  log(sec x  tan x)  sec x 
d
 dx  …  e x [f ( x)  f ( x)]dx  e xf ( x)  c
=  cos x log (sec x + tan x) + 1 dx
166.  e  x  5x  1 dx
x 5 4
= x  cos x log (sec x + tan x) + c

=  e  x  5 x  dx +  e dx
x 5 4 x
161. Put x = sin

= ex.x5 + ex + c
 dx = cos d
167.  e  tan x  log  cos x  dx
1 x
3
  sin (3x – 4x ) dx
1 =  e  tan x  log  sec x   dx
x
=  sin (sin3) cos d

= ex log(sec x) + c
=  3 cos d = 3 sin   sin  d …   e x f  x   f   x   dx= e xf  x   c
486

168. e (1  tan x + tan 2 x) dx =  e (tan x  sec 177. Let I =  log x (log x +2) dx
x x 2
x)dx
x
= e tan x + c Put log x = t  x = et  dx = et dt
…   e x f  x   f   x   dx= e xf  x   c  I =  t (t + 2)etdt =  e t  t 2  2t  dt
= et. t2 + c = x(log x)2 + c
169.  e (1  cot x  cot x)dx
x 2
178. Put log x = t  x = et  dx = et dt

=  e ( cot x  cosec x)dx
x 2
 1 1  1 1  t
x
= e ( cot x) + c = e cot x + c x
   log x  (log x) 2  dx     2  e dt
 t t 
et x
 e  2cos x  sin x  dx = e cos x + c
2x
170. 2x
 c  c
t log x
…   emx mf  x   f   x   dx= emxf  x   c
179. Put log x = t  x = et  dx = et dt
ns
log x t
171.  e sin x(sin x  2cos x)dx   (1  log x)  (1  t)
x
2
dx = 2
e t dt
=  e (sin x+ 2sin x cos x)dx
x 2
= ex sin2x + c  t  1  1
=  et  2 
dt
io
 (1  t) 
xe x x ( x  1  1)
172.  ( x  1)2 dx =  e ( x  1)2 dx  1 1 
=  et   2
dt
 1 1  t (1  t) 
1 
at
=  ex   2
dx et x
 x  1  x  1  = c  c
1 t 1  log x
ex
= c
x 1
lic
…   e x f  x   f   x   dx= e xf ( x)  c

180. Let I   log (log x) 

1 
 dx
(log x) 2 
Put log x = t  x = et  dx = et dt
 x +3 e x dx = 
 x  4  1 e x dx  1
173.  ( x + 4)  I   e t  log t  2  dt
ub
 x  4
2 2
 t 
 1   1  1 1 
1   e t  log t   dt   e t    2  dt
=  ex    dx  t  t t 
 x  4  x  4 
2
 
 1  1 
P
ex  e t log t  e t     c  x  log(log x )   c
= +c  t  log x
x4
1
( x 2  1) e x  x2  1  2  f (x) = log(log x) and g (x) =
174. e =   x  12 dx log x
x
dx
et
( x  1) 2
dx (1  x)dx x dx
=  ex 
x 1

2  181. x 2
 x3
=  x (1  x)
2
+  x (1  x)
2
2
dx
 x  1  x  1 
rg
1 dx
 dx + 
 x 1 x2 x(1  x)
= e  x
+ c
 x 1 1 dx dx
= +  + 
 2  sin 2 x  x x 1 x
Ta
175.   1  cos 2 x  e dx
x
1
= + log |x|  log|1  x| + c
x
 2  2sin x cos x  x
=   e dx x 1
 2cos 2 x  = log  +c
1 x x
=   sec x  tan x  e x dx
2
x2  x  1  5 
= ex tan x + c 182.  x 2  x  6 dx =  1  x 2  x  6  dx
 x x
 1  sin x  1  2sin cos    5
2 2 =  1 
176.  e 
 e  1  cos x  dx =  dx  dx
x x
2sin 2 x    x  3  x  2  
   
2
   dx dx
=  dx  
x2 x3

     
=  e x  cosec 2    cot    dx =  e x cot    c
1 x x x
2 2  2   2 = x + log|x – 2| – log|x + 3| + c
487


2x  3 2x + 3 1 1 1 1 4 1
183. x 2
 5x  6
dx =   x  3  x  2  dx =
2 1 x
dx  
6 1 x
dx  
3 1  2x
dx
 9 1 1 2
7  = – log |1 – x| – log |1 + x| + log |1–2x| + c
=    dx 2 6 3
 x  3 x  2
= 9 log (x  3)  7 log (x  2) + c 1 1
 A = constant
188. xx 3
dx =  x(1+ x)(1  x) dx
1 2 1 1 
2  x 1 x 1 x 
x x =     dx
184.  x4  1 dx =  ( x2  1)( x 2  1) dx
1
1  x x  =  2log x  log 1  x  log 1  x   c
=   2  2  dx 2
2  x 1 x 1
x2
1
 1

ns
1  2x 2x  = log x 2  log 1  x 2  c = log c
2 2 1  x2
4   x2  1 x2  1 
=    dx
1 1 189. Put ex = t  exdx = dt

= log x2  1  log x2  1  c ex dt
io
4 4   (1  e )(2  e ) dx   (1  t)(2  t)
x x
1 x2  1
= log 2 c
=  
4 x 1 1 1 
  dt
at
1 t 2  t 
x = log |1 + t|  log |2 + t| + c
185.  x 2
 a 2   x2  b2 
dx
lic = log |1 + ex|  log |2 + ex| + c
1  x xdx  1  ex
= log c
a 2  b2   x 2  a 2
=  dx   2  2  ex
x  b2 
1 dx ex
=  log( x 2  a 2 )  log( x 2  b 2 )   c
2(a 2  b 2 )  190. e =  2 x x dx
ub
x
x
 1  2e e  e 2
1  x2  a 2  Put ex = t  exdx = dt
= log  2 c
2a  b 
2 2
x b
2
 dx dt
 e x
 1  2e  x
=
t2 t 2
P
x2  3 2 
=  
dt 1 1 1 
186.  x 2
 2   x  3
2
dx =   2  2  d x dx
 x  2 x  2
= 
(t  2)(t  1)
  dt
3  t 1 t  2 
3  x  2  x  1 1
= log t  1  log t  2  c
= tan 1   tan 1  +c
et
3  3 2  2 3 3
1 1
 x  1  x  = log e x  1  log e x  2  c
= 3 tan 1    2 tan  +c 3 3
 3  2
rg
a ae x
dx 1 191. Let I =  b  cex dx =  be x  ce2 x dx
187.   x2  1 1  2 x  =  1  x 1  x 1  2 x  dx
Put ex = t  exdx = dt
Ta
1 A B C dt
Let =    I = a
1  x 1  x 1  2 x  1  x 1  x 1  2x bt  ct 2
dt
 –1 = A (1 + x) (1 – 2x) + B(1 – x) (1 – 2x) = a
t(ct  b)
+ C (1 – x) (1 + x) ….(i)
1 a  c 1
Putting x = –1 in (i), we get B = – =     dt
6 b  ct  b t 
1 a a
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get A = =  log ct  b  log t  c
2 b b
1 4 a t
Putting x = in (i), we get C = – = log c
2 3 b ct  b
dx a ex
  x 2
 1 1  2 x 
=
b
log
b  ce x
c
488


192. Put sin x = t 1 A Bx  C
196. Let  
 cos x dx = dt ( x  1)( x 2  1) x  1 x 2  1
cos x dt  1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x  1) ….(i)
  1  sin x  2  sin x  dx = 
 t  1 t  2  Putting x = 1 in (i), we get
1 1 1
A=
=  t  1 dt –  t  2 dt 2
= log|t+1|  log|t+2| + c
1
t 1 AC=1C=
= log +c 2
t2 Comparing the coefficient of x2, we get
sin x  1 1
= log +c A+B=0B=
sin x  2 2
ns
1  1 x 1 
x3  1 x3 1   ( x  1)( x2  1) dx =   2( x  1)  2( x2  1)  dx
193.  x3  x dx =  x( x2  1) dx   x( x2  1) dx
1 1 1 2x 1 1
x2 1 x  =  dx   2 dx   2 dx
io
2 x 1 4 x 1 2 x 1
= x 2
1
dx     2
 x x
 dx
1 1 1 1
= log  x  1  log  x 2  1  tan 1 x  c
 1  1 1 2x 2 4 2
=  1   dx   dx   2 dx
at
 x2  1  x 2 x 1
dx dx
1 1
= x  tan x  log x + log x 2  1  c
197. 1  x  x 2
x 3
=  1 x  1  x 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 x
1  x 2 1  x
dx  
= x  tan1 x  log x + log x 2  1 + c
lic =
2 2
dx +
2 1  x2
dx
1 1
2x  7 A B = tan–1 x + log 1 x – log 1  x2 + c
194. Let = + 2 2
 x  4 x4  x  4
2 2
ub
x4
198.  ( x  1)( x dx
 2x + 7 = A(x  4) + B = Ax + ( 4A+ B) 2
 1)
 A = 2 and  4A + B = 7 x4  1 1
 B = 7 + 4A = 7 + 8 = 15 =  ( x  1)( x 2
 1)
dx  
( x  1)( x 2  1)
dx
P
2x  7  2 15  ( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  1) dx
   x  4 dx =     dx =  ( x  1)( x2  1) dx   ( x  1)( x2  1)
2
 x  4  x  4 2 
 
15  1 x 1 
=  ( x  1)dx    
et
= 2log | x – 4 |  +c  dx
 x  4  2( x  1) 2( x 2  1) 
1 1 1 2x 1 1
=  x dx   dx 
2  x 1
dx   2 dx   2 dx
x2  1 A B C 4 x 1 2 x 1
195. Let = + +
rg
 x  2   x  3   x  2 3
2 2
x 2 x x2 1 1 1
=  x  log x  1  log x 2  1  tan 1 x  c
 x2 +1 = A(x–2) (x+3) + B(x + 3) + C(x – 2)2 2 2 4 2
…(i) 2x + 3
Ta
Putting x = 2 in (i), we get B = 1 199.   x  1  x 2

 1
dx
2
Putting x = – 3 in (i), we get C = 5 1
5  x  
5dx 2 2
= 
2  x  1  x 2  1
Putting x = 3 in (i), we get  dx
3
6A + 6B + C = 10  A = 5 5 xdx 1 dx
log  x  1  
2 1  x2 2  1  x2
5 = 
2
x 1
2
   x  2   x  3
2
dx
=
5 5 1
log  x  1  log 1  x 2   tan 1 x  A
2 4 2
3 1 1 2 1 5 5
5 x2   x  2 5 x3
1
= dx + dx + dx = log  x  1 2 1  x 2  4  tan 1 x  A

2
2
3 1 2 5
= log |x – 2| – + log |x + 3 | + c  a=–
5 x2 5 4
489


dx 1 x 1
200.  f ( x) = log [f (x)]2 + c   tan
1
dx =  cos 1 x .ldx 
1 x 2
Differentiating on both sides, we get
1 2f ( x )f '( x ) 1  1 1 
 = cos x.x   .x dx 
f ( x) 2 1 x
2 2
f ( x) 
1
 f  (x) =
2 =
1
2
x cos1 x  1  x 2  c 
x
 
f (x) = f ( x)dx = + 
2 205. Let I =  x sin x sec3 x dx
d
201. [f ( x)] = x cos x + sin x
=  x tan x .sec2 x dx
dx
ns
 f (x) =  ( x cos x  sin x ) dx = x sin x + c Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
Since, f (0) = 2  c = 2
 I =  tan 1 t.t dt
 f (x) = x sin x + 2
io
a 0 0 t2 1 t2
= tan1t.   . dt
202. | A | = 0 b 0 = a b c 2 1  t2 2
0 0 c
at
t 2 tan 1 t 1  t 2  1  1 
x =    dt
x 7x 77 2  1 t2 
Let I =  A dx = 7 7 7 dx 2
7x
Put 77 =t t 2 tan 1 t 1  1 
7x x
lic =
2
  1   dt
2  1  t2 
 77 (log7)3 77 7x dx = dt
x dt dt t 2 tan 1 t 1 1
 77 7x dx = = =  t  tan 1 t  c
t  log 7 
x 3
7 77
 log 7 
3 2 2 2
ub
1 t x tan 2 x 1 1
 log 7  
 I= dt = +c =  tan x  x  c
 log 7 
3 3
2 2 2
7x
77 x(sec 2 x  1) 1 1
P
= +c =  tan x  x + c
 log 7 
3 2 2 2
1
203. Put x2 = t  2x dx = dt = ( x sec 2 x  tan x)  c
2
et
  x cos x dx
3 2
1 1
  206.  log  x  x  dx =  log  x  x  1 dx
2
= t cos t dt = t sin t   sin t dt
2 2
rg
1 =  log x .1dx   log  x  1 .1dx

=  t sin t  cos t   c
2
1 1 1
=  x 2 sin x 2  cos x 2  + c = log x.x   x . x dx + log  x  1 . x   x  1 . xdx
Ta
204. Put x = cos    = cos1 x  x  1  1

= x log x   dx  x log  x  1     dx
1 x  1  cos    x 1 
 tan1  tan 1  
1 x  1  cos  
 1 
 2 
 = x log x  x + x log(x + 1)   1   dx
 2sin   x  1
1 2
= tan  
 2cos 2   = x log x  x + x log(x + 1)  x + log |x + 1| + c
 2 

 
= x[log x + log (x + 1)]  2x + log |x + 1| + c

= tan 1  tan  
 2 2 = x log (x2 + x)  2x + log |x + 1| + c
1
= cos–1 x  A =  2x + log |x + 1| + c
2
490

= 2  (cos x  cos )dx

Competitive Thinking = 2(sin x + x cos ) + c
1. Let f(x) = ex
10.  (1  cos x)cosec x dx
2
e2 x 1
 [f ( x)] dx =   e 
x 2
 2
dx   [f ( x)]2
2 2 =  cosec x dx   cot x cosec x dx
2
log a x =  cot x + cosec x + c

2. e  e x dx = e  e x dx =  a xe x dx
x log a
1  cos x
(ae) x
= +c
=  (ae) x dx  c sin x
log(ae) x
2sin 2
= 2 c
e5 log x  e 4 log x x5  x 4 x x
3. e3 log x
e 2 log x
dx =  3
x  x2
dx 2sin cos
2 2
ns
x 4 ( x  1) x3 x
= 2 dx =  x 2 d x   c = tan   + c
x ( x  1) 3 2
e6 log x  e5 log x x6  x5 x
io
4.  e4 log x  e3 log x dx =  x 4  x 3 dx 11.  1  sin
2
dx
x5 ( x  1)
=  3 dx  2x 2 x x x
x ( x  1) =   sin  cos  2sin cos  dx
at
 4 4 4 4
x3
=  x 2dx = c  x x  x x
3 =   sin  cos  dx  4  sin  cos   c
 4 4  4 4  
5.
x 1
 x dx = 
 x
 x

1 
x
 dx
lic 12.  2 1  sin x dx =
 x x
2   sin  cos  dx
 2 2
 1  
1
=   x 2  x 2  dx x 
  = 2 sin    dx
ub
3 1
2 4
 
x2 x2  x 
= + +c =  4 cos    + c
3 1 2 4
2 2 1 
 a= ,b=
P
3 1
2 2 4
= x 2 + 2x 2 + c
3
1
1 1
13.  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x)dx 2
sin(2 x  a)  b
6.  1  cos8 x dx =  2cos2 4 x dx
et
1 1
  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x)  sin(2 x  a)  b
1 2 2
2
= sec 2 4 x dx
 1 1 
   sin 2 x  cos 2 x   sin(2 x  a)  b 2
rg
tan 4 x  2 2 
= c
8 
 
  sin  2 x   = sin(2 x  a)  b 2
sin x 2
1  cos x 2
 4 
7.  1  cos x dx =  1  cos x dx
Ta
  5
 sin  2 x   = sin(2 x  a)  b 2
=  (1  cos x) dx  4 
5
= x  sin x + C  b is any constant and a =
4
dx (cos 2 x  sin 2 x )
8.  sin  dx  sin x  cos x  2  sin 2 x  dx

2 2
x cos x cos 2 x sin 2 x 14.
sin 2 2 x
 1 1 
=  2   dx  sin x  cos x  sin 2 x  2  dx
 sin x cos x 
2
= 
sin 2 2 x
=  cosec2 x dx   sec 2 x dx  sin x  cos x  2sin x cos x  2  dx
= 
=  cot x + tan x + c 4sin 2 x cos 2 x
cos 2 x  cos 2 2(cos 2 x  cos 2 ) 2sin 2 x cos x  2sin x  2sin x cos 2 x  2cos x
=  dx
9.  cos x  cos  dx =  cos x  cos  dx 4sin 2 x cos 2 x
491

 1 1 1 1
 cos8 x  cos 4 x  cos6 x  cos 2 x  dx
4
=     =
2
 2cos x 2sin x 2sin x cos x
= 
1 sin8 x sin 4 x sin 6 x sin 2 x 
1     +k
 2  dx 4 8 4 6 2 
2cos x sin x 
sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 6 x sin8 x
=    +k
1  cosec2 x 8 16 24 32
2    cos x dx
=  sec x d x  cosec x dx 
1 1 1 1
 A= ,B= ,C= ,D=
8 16 24 32
sec x 
2
 dx  1 1 1 1
sin x    = 40 and  = 40
B C A D
1  1  cot 2 x
=   sec x dx   cosec x dx   dx
17. Put log x = t 
1
dx = dt
2  cos x
x
ns
1  tan 2 x  cos(log x)

sin x
dx 

  x
dx =  cost dt
1  = sin t + c = sin(log x) + c
2 
= sec x dx   cosec x dx   sec x dx
io
2
18. Put x = t  2x dx = dt
  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x dx   sec x tan x dx  x 2 log 2 2 1
 xe e x dx =  e 2 dt
t t
 2
1 
at
 cosec x cot x dx   sec x tan x dx  1
2  
=
  2e  dt
t
 =
2
sec x  cosec x
 2e  + c
t
= +c
2 =
2 log  2e 
=
sin x  cos x
+c=
sin x  cos x
+c
lic 2x ex
2 2
2sin x cos x sin 2 x = +c
2  log 2  1
5x
sin
ub
2 dx 19. Let I =  (e x  e x )2 (e x  e x )dx
15.  x
sin Put ex + ex = t  (ex  ex) dx = dt
2
t3 1 x x 3
5x x  I =  t 2 .dt   c = (e + e ) + c
2sin cos 3 3
2 2 dx
P
= 
x x e x  x  1
2sin . cos 20.  cos  x e  dx =  e  x  1 sec  xe  dx
x 2 x
2 2 2 x
sin 3 x  sin 2 x
=  Put xex = t  (x + 1)ex dx = dt
et
dx
sin x
e x  x  1
  cos  xe  dx =  sec t dt = tan t + c
2
3sin x  4sin x  2sin x cos x
3

2 x
= dx
sin x
= tan(xex) + c
rg
  3  4sin x  2cos x  dx
2
=
1 x e x (1  x)
  1  cos 2 x  
21. Let I = 
x  e x
dx =  xe x  1 dx
=  3  4 
  2
  2cos

x  dx
 Put xex + 1 = t  ex(1 + x)dx = dt
Ta
dt
=  1  2cos 2 x  2cos x  dx  I =
t
= log |t| + c = log |1 + xex| + c
= x + sin 2x + 2sin x + c
22. Put x + tan1x = t
16.  cos x cos 2x cos 5x dx 
 1 
1
 dx  dt


2  x2
dx  dt
1  1  x2  1  x2
2
= 2cos x cos5 x.cos 2 x dx
 ( x 2  2)a ( x  tan 1 x ) 
1
   x 2
 1
 dx   a t dt

=   cos  5 x  x   cos  5 x  x   cos2x dx 
2
at
1 = c
=   cos6 x  cos 4 x  cos2x dx log a
2 1
1 a x  tan x
=   2cos6 x cos 2 x  2cos 2 x cos 4 x  dx = c
4 log a
492


1 1 1 e x
23. Let I = 4 dx =  dx 29. Let I =  a  b e x dx =  a e x  b dx
xx 
x 4 x 
1 Put aex + b = t  aex dx = dt
Put 4 + x =t  dx = dt
2 x 1 dt 1
2dt
 I=  
a t
=  log |t| + c
a
 I=  t
= 2 log t + c
1
=  log|aex + b| + c
= 2 log  
x 4 + c a
1 a  be x
=  log c
1 1 a ex
24. Let I =  dx =  dx
xx x x 1 x 

 
2
  1 ex
= log c
a a  be x
ns
1
Put x =t dx = dt
2 x
30. Put xe + ex = t
2dt
 I=  = 2tan–1t + c = 2tan–1 x + c  (exe1 + ex) dx = dt
1  t2
io
 e(xe1+ex1)dx = dt
x sin x
25. Let I =  x cos x  sin x  1 dx  (xe1 + ex1)dx =
dt
e
Put x cos x  sin x  1 = t
at
x e 1  e x 1 1 dt 1
e  t
 x sin x dx = dt   dx = = log t + c
dt xe  e x e
 I =  =  log|t| + c 1
t = log xe  e x + c
= log|x cos x  sin x  1| + c
lic e
x
dx sec 2 x 31. Let I =  22 .2 x dx
26. Let I =  sin x cos x  3cos 2
x
=  tan x  3 dx

Put 22 = t  22 log 2  2 x log 2  dx = dt
x x

ub
Put tan x + 3 = t
 sec2 x dx = dt x
dt dt t 22
 I =  = log |t| + c = log |tan x + 3| + c  I=   log 2  2

 log 2 
2
+c=
 log 2 
2
+c
t
P
x 1
27. Put 1 + log tan =t A=
 log 2 
2
2
 
 1  32. Let I =  sin13 x cos3 x dx
et
2 x 1
  sec   dx= dt
 tan  x 
  
2 2
 =  sin13 x 1  sin 2 x  cos x dx
 2 
 cosec x dx = dt Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt
rg
cosec x dt  I =  t13 1  t 2  dt
   x
dx =  cos2 t
cos 2 1  log tan  t14 t16 1 1
 2 =  + c = sin14 x  sin16 x  c
Ta
14 16 14 16
=  sec 2 t dt 1 1 1
 A+B=  =
= tan t + c 14 16 112
 x
= tan  1  log tan   c 33. Let I =   2  log x  ex  dx
x
2
 
Put (ex)x = t
28. Put x = t2  dx = 2t dt
 xlog ex = log t
log x log t
  3x
dx =  2 (2tdt)
3t
 x(1 + log x) = log t
 1  1
= 
2 log t
dt   x.  1  log x  .1 dx = dt
3 t  x  t
   (ex)x(2 + log x)dx = dt

2
2 (log t) 2 log x
=  c = c  I =  dt = t + c = (ex)x + c
3 2 3
493


cos x  I =  t 6dt
34.  1  sin x
dx = 2 1  sin x  c
t7
= c
 f ( x)  7
…   dx  2 f ( x)  c 
 f ( x)  sec7 x
= c
2
7
= 2  sin  cos   c
x x
2 2  39. Let I =  ( x  1)( x  2)7 ( x  3)dx
 x  x  Put x + 2 = t  dx = dt
= 2 sin    cos     c
 2   2    I =  (t  1)t 7 (t  1)dt =  (t 2  1)t 7dt
=  (t 9  t 7 )dt
tan x tan x
35.  sin x cos x dx =  tan x sin x cos x dx
ns
t10 t 8
=  c
10 8
sin x sec x
= dx ( x  2)10 ( x  2)8
tan x sin x cos x =  c
10 8
io
sec 2 x
= dx 2  2 
40. I4 – I2 =   sec x  sec 2 x  dx
4
tan x
3 3 
Put t = tan x  dt = sec2 x dx
=  sec 2 x  sec 2 x   dx
2
at
tan x 1 1/2  3
  sin x cos x dx =  t dt = 2t + c = 2 tan x  c
 3sec 2 x  2 
=  sec2 x   dx
3
36. Let I = 
x3 sin  tan 1  x 4  
dx
lic 1
 
sec 2 x  3tan 2 x  1dx

3
1  x8 =
Put x4 = t  4x3 dx = dt Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
1 sin(tan 1 t)
ub
2 1
 I= 
4 1  t2
dt  I4 – I2 =   3t 2  1  dt
3 3
1 1 3
Put tan1 t = z  dt = dz = (t + t) + c
1  t2 3
P
1 1 1
 I =  sin zdz = (cos z) + c = [t(t2 + 1)] + c
4 4 3
1 1 1
=  cos(tan1t) + c = cos[tan1(x4)] + c = [tan x (tan2x + 1)] + c
3
et
4 4
1
= sec2x tan x + c
37. Let I =  cosec 4 x dx   cosec2 x.cosec2 x dx 3
  cosec 2 x (1  cot 2 x )dx 41. I4 =  tan4 x dx, I6 =  tan6 x dx

rg
I4 + I6 =   tan 4 x  tan 6 x  dx
  cosec 2 x dx   cot 2 x.cosec2 x dx
=  tan 4 x 1  tan 2 x  dx
In 2nd integral, put cot x = t  cosec2 x dx = dt
Ta
 I =  cosec2 x dx   t 2dt =  tan 4 x  sec2 x dx

1
t3 cot 3 x = tan5 x + c
= cot x  + c   cot x  c 5
3 3
Comparing with a tan5 x + bx5 + c, we get
sec8 x 1
 a= ,b=0
38. Let I =  cosec x dx 5
sin x dx sin 2 x  cos 2 x
=  cos 8
x
dx 42.  sin x cos 2
x
=  sin x cos 2 x
dx
=  tan x  sec x dx 7
sin x 1
=  cos 2
x
dx +  sin x dx
=  sec x sec x tan x dx
6
=  sec x tan x dx +  cosec x dx
Put sec x = t  sec x tan x dx = dt = sec x + log |cosec x – cot x| + c
494

sin x sin  x  α + α   
43.  sin  x  α  dx = 
sin  x  α 
dx sin   t 
cos t  sin t
I = 2 
4 

sin t
dt =  sin t
dt
 sin  x  α  cosα cos  x  α  sin α 
=     dx =  cot t dt   dt = log |sin t| + t + c1
 sin  x  α  sin  x  α  
  
= x   log sin  x    c1
=   cosα  cot  x  α  sin α  dx 4 4  
= cos .x + sin .log |sin(x – )| + c   
= x  log sin  x    c, where c = c1 
 p = cos  and q =  sin   4 4
1
 pq = – sin  cos  = – sin 2 1 1
2 48. Let I = 1 e x
dx =  1
dx
1
e x
ns
sin 2 x
44. Let I =  sin 5x sin 3x dx e x
= 1 e x
dx
sin  5 x  3x 
=  sin 5x sin 3x dx Put e–x = t  – e–x dx = dt
io
1
sin 5 x cos3 x  cos5 x sin 3 x
 I =  dt
1 t
=  sin 5 x sin 3 x
dx
= – log (1 + t) + c
= – log (1 + e–x) + c
at
=   cot 3x  cot 5 x  dx
 1  ex 
1 1 = – log  x  +c
= log |sin 3x| – log | sin 5x | + c  e 
3 5
 ex 
cos α
lic
cos  α  x   x 
= log  x 
1 e 
+c
45.  sin x cos  α  x  dx =  sin x cos  α  x  dx
dx
cos  α  x  cos x  sin  α  x  sin x
49. Let I =  e  e x  2
x
ub
=  sin x cos  α  x 
dx
e x dx
=  e 2 x  2e x  1
=  cot x  tan  a  x  dx
Put e = t  ex dx = dt
x
= log |sin x| – log |cos ( – x)| + c1
P
dt dt
cos  α  x 
 I=  t 2  2t +1
=   t  1 2
= – log + c1
sin x 1 1
= +c= x +c
et
cosα cos x + sin αsin x t +1 e 1

= – log + c1
sin x 50. Let I
= – log |cos  (cot x + tan )| + c1 =
sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
rg
 sin x  cos3 x sin 2 x  sin 3 x cos 2 x  cos5 x 

2
= – log |cot x + tan | – log |cos | + c1 5
= – log |cot x + tan | + c, where c= c1 – log |cos | sin 2 x cos 2 x

=  dx
 sin x  cos 2 x  sin 3 x  cos3 x  
2
2
dx 1 dx
Ta
46.  sin x  cos x = 2   

sin x cos  cos x sin sin 2 x cos 2 x
4 4 =  dx
 sin x  cos3 x 
3 2
1  
=
2  cos ec  x   dx
 4
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos6 x,
we get
1  x tan 2 x . sec 2 x
= log tan    + c I=  dx
2 8 2
1  tan x  3 2
sin x Put 1 + tan3 x = t  3 tan2 x sec2x dx = dt

47. Let I = 2 dx 1 dt 1
 
sin  x  
 4
 I=
3 t 2
=–
3t
+c
1
 = +c
Put x  = t  dx = dt 31  tan 3 x 
4
495


dt Comparing with a sin–1 (bx) + c, we get
51. Put x2 = t  xdx =
2 1 4
a= and b =
x 1 dt 4 3
  1 x 4
dx =
2  1  t2 1  4
 4a + 3b = 4   + 3   = 5
1  4 3
= tan1 t +c
2
dx
1
= tan1 (x2) + c
58. Let I =  16  9 x 2
2
1
x2 =  dx
 1 4   3x 
2
52. Let I = dx 2
x  3 2
1 3x
Put x3 = t  3x2 dx = dt = sin–1 +C
3 4
ns
1 dt Comparing with A sin–1(Bx) + C, we get
 I=
3  1  t2 1 3
A= ,B=
1 3 4
= tan–1 t + c
1 3 13
io
3  A+B= + =
1 3 4 12
= tan–1 x3 + c
3 dx
59. Let I = 
at
53. 4
Put x = t  4x dx = dt 3 x  x2
10
x 3d x 1 dt 1 dx
= tan1 t + c
1 x 4 1  t2
 8
= = 
4 x x8  1
1
= tan1 (x4) + c
lic x 3 dx
4 = x 4
x8  1
dx dx
54.  16 x =  (4 x) Put x4 = t  4x3 dx = dt
2
9 2
 32
ub
1 dt
1  4x 
 I =
4 t t2  1
= tan 1    c
12  3  1
= sec–1 t + c
4
x  1 x 2
1 1
P
55.  x 1 x 2
dx =  1 x
dx +  dx
2 x
1
= sec–1 (x4) + c
4
= sin1 x + log x + c
sin 2 x
 sin
et
1 60. Let I = dx
x  cos 4 x
4
56. Let I =  9  16 x 2
dx
2sin x cos x
 4 dx
1 sin x  cos 4 x
=  dx
rg
32  (4 x) 2 2 tan x sec 2 x
= dx
1  tan 4 x
1  4x 
= sin 1    c Put tan2 x = t  2 tan x sec2 x dx = dt
4  3 
dt
Ta
Comparing with  sin1 (x) + c, we get  I= 1 t 2

= tan1 t + c = tan1(tan2x) + c
1 4 Comparing with tan–1[f (x)] + c, we get
= ,=
4 3 f(x) = tan2x
1 1 3  2
 3
2
 + =  =1  f   = tan = =3
 4 4 3
  3
1 1 1
57. Let I =  9  16 x 2
dx 61.  8  2x  x 2
dx =  8  1   x 2  2 x  1
dx
1 1
=  dx =  dx
 3   4x
2 2
32   x  1
2
1  4x   x 1 
= sin–1   + c = sin1  c
4  3   3 
496


1 1 dx dx
62.  3  6x  9x 2
dx =  3  9x  6x 
2
dx 66. Let I =  7  5cos x =   2 x
 1  tan  2  
7  5  
1
=  4   9 x 2  6 x  1
dx  1  tan 2  x  
  
 2
1  x 1 x
=  dx sec 2   dx sec 2   . dx
2   3x  1 2 2 2
2 2
=  = 
 x x
1 1  3x  1  12  2 tan 2   6  tan 2  
= sin   +c 2 2
3  2 
x 1 x
dx
Put tan = t  sec 2 dx = dt
dx 2 2 2
63. I = = 
(1  x)( x  2) 2  3x  x 2
ns
dt 1  t 
 I=   tan 1  c
dx
 6
2
6  6
=  9  9
t2 
2    x 2  3 x  
4  4  x
 tan 2 
io
1 1
dx = tan  +c
=  2 2 6  6 
1  3  
  x 
2
   2
at
 3 dx dx
1 x 2
67.  1  3sin 2
x
=
sin 2  cos 2 x  3sin 2 x
= sin  1  +C
  dx
=

 2 
I = sin1 (2x  3) + C
lic 4sin x  cos 2 x
2
sec2 x dx
x5 =  4 tan x 1

2
64. Let I = dx
x7
ub
x5 1 sec 2 x dx
4  tan 2 x  1
=
=  ( x  7) ( x  5)
dx
4
x 5
=  dx Put t = tan x  dt = sec2 xdx
P
x 2  12 x  35
dx 1 dt 1
 1 3sin 4
1 2 x  10  =  .2 tan 1 (2t)  c

2 2
= dx x 1 4
2 x 2  12 x  35 t2   
2
et
1 2 x  12  2
2  x 2  12 x  35
= dx 1
= tan 1  2t   c
2
1 2 x  12 2 dx
=  2 dx   1
= tan 1  2 tan x   c
rg
2 x  12 x  35 2 x  12 x  36  1
2
2
1 dx
=  2 x 2  12 x  35  
2 ( x  6) 2  1 1
68. Let I =  dx
3  2cos 2 x
Ta
= x2  12 x  35  log ( x  6)  x 2  12 x  35  c
Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 x, we get
Comparing with A x 2  12 x  35 sec 2 x dx
I=  3sec 2
x2
 log ( x  6)  x 2  12 x  35  c , we get
sec 2 x dx
A=1 =  3(1  tan 2
x)  2
 x  2x  5 dx
2
65. Let I = sec 2 x
= dx
3  3tan 2 x  2
  x  1  2 dx
2
= 2
sec 2 x
=
x 1
x  2x  5
2 =  5  3tan 2
x
dx
2
Put tan x = t
+ 2 log x  1  x 2  2 x  5 + c
 sec2 x dx = dt
497


1 1 1 1 1
 I=  5 + 3t 2
dt  I=
2  t2
dt =  . + c
2 t
1 1
= dt = +c
 5 + 
2
3t 
2
2 2e x  1  
1 æ 3 t ÷ö
= tan -1 ççç ÷÷ + c 1 e x
3 5 çè 5 ÷ø
73.  1  e2 x
dx = 
e 2 x  1
dx
1 æ 3 tan x ö÷ Put ex = t  exdx = dt

 I= tan -1 ççç ÷÷ + c
15 çè 5 ø÷ 1 1
  dx =   dt
1 e 2x
t 12
4e x  25 5(2e  5)  3  2e
x x

69.  dx =  dx =  log  t  t 2  1   c
ns
2e x  5 2e x  5  
2e x
= 5 dx  3  x dx =  log e  e x 2 x
 1  c
2e  5  
= 5x  3log |2ex  5| + c 1 1  e2 x 
=  log 
io
 A = 5 and B =  3 x
 c
 e ex 
dx
70.  sin  x  a  sin  x  b  =  log 1  1  e2 x  + log ex + c
 
at
sin  x  b   x  a  = x  log 1  1  e   c 2x
1  
= 
sin  a  b  sin  x  a  sin  x  b 
dx
1 dx
=
1
sin  a  b 
lic 74. Let I = 
x 2 ( x 4  1)
3
4
dx  
 1 4
3
x 1  4 
5
sin  x  b  cos  x  a   cos  x  b  sin  x  a   x 

 sin  x  a  sin  x  b 
dx
1 4
Put 1   t  5 dx  dt
ub
1 x4 x
 cot  x  a  dx  cot  x  b  dx 
sin  a  b    
=  1 dt 1 1 1
 I =  
4 4 3
=   4t 4  c  t 4  c
4
1 t
= log sin  x  a   log sin  x  b    c
sin  a  b  
P
1 1
 1 4  x4  1  4
1 sin  x  a  =  1  4   c    4   c
= log c  x   x 
sin  a  b  sin  x  b 
et
2 x12  5 x 9
75.  dx
Let I =  e 1 dx x  x3  1
3
71. x 5
Put ex  1 = t2  2 5
rg
 ex dx = 2t dt x15  3  6 
=  x x 
dx
2t 3
 dx = dt  1 1
t 12 x 1  2  5 
15
 x x 
Ta
2t 2t 2 1 1  2 5 
 I = t dt =  2 dt Put 1   5  t   3  6  dx  dt
t 1 2
t 1 x 2
x x x 
2(t 2  1)  2
=  dt 2 x12  5 x 9 dt
t2 1   dx =  
x  x  1
3
5 3 t3
dt
= 2  dt  2  2
t 1 1
1
= C
= 2t  2 tan t + c 2t 2
= 2  e x 1  tan 1 e x 1  c  =

1
1 1
2
C
2 1  2  5 
1 e2 x  x x 
72. Let I =  dx =  dx
e  e x  e  1 x10
x 2 2
2x
= C
2  x5  x3  1
2
2x 2x
Put e + 1 = t  2 e dx = dt
498


x 1 1 1 1 3 
76. Put =t dx = dt =  2 
C
x2  x  2
2
3  8t 16t 
1 2t  3 2(3  4cos x )  3
  5 1/ 4
dx = C= C

x  1  x  2   16 t 2 16(3  4cos x ) 2
3

3  8cos x
1  I = C
 dx 16(3  4cos x ) 2
 x  1  x  2   x  2
3/ 4 3/ 4 2
1
dx
1 3/ 4 1 t 4
79. Let I =  cos x
3
 t dt    c 1  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
3 1
4 dx
4  x 1 
1/ 4 =  cos x 2cos x  2sin x cos x
2
= c
ns
 
3 x  2
dx
( x  2)dx
=  cos 2
x 2  2 tan x
77. Let I = 
( x  2) ( x  3) 
2 7 1/3
sec 2 x dx
= 
io
dx 2  2 tan x
=  ( x  2) 1/3
( x  3) 7 /3 Put 2 + 2 tan x = t  2 sec2 x dx = dt
dx 1 dt
at
=   x3
7 /3
 I=
2  t
( x  2) 1/3 .( x  2)7 /3  
 x2 1
= (2) t + c
dx 2

 I=
 x3
( x  2) 2 
7 /3
lic = t +c= 2  2 tan x + c

 x2
x3 5  sin   cos   d
Put
x2
=t  dx = dt 80. Let I =  sin 2
ub
( x  2) 2
dx 1 sin   cos 
 = dt = d
( x  2) 2
5 1  1  2sin  cos  
1 dt 1 t 4/3  sin   cos   d
5  t 7/3 5  4 
 I=   c
P
=
  1   sin 2   cos 2   2sin  cos  
 3 
4 sin   cos 
3  x  2 3 = d
et
=   c 1   sin   cos  
20  x  3 
Put (sin – cos) = t
sin 2 x  (cos + sin) d = dt
78. I=  dx
rg
(3  4cos x )3
dt
I= 
2sin x cos x
dx
 I=  1 t 2
= sin–1(t) + c = sin–1(sin – cos) + c
(3  4cos x )3
t 3
Ta
dx
Put 3 + 4 cos x = t  cos x =
4
81. Let I =  3
(a 2  x 2 ) 2
dt
 sin x dx = Put x = a tan   dx = a sec2  d
( 4)
 dt   t  3  a sec2  a sec2 
2   . 
 I=  3
d   3
d
 I =   4  3 4  (a 2  a 2 tan 2 ) 2
a 3 (sec2 ) 2
(t)
1 d 1 1
a 2  sec 
1 t  3 =  2  cos  d  2 sin   c
8  t3
= dt a a
1 tan 
1  dt dt  = 2 +c
8   t2
=   3 3  a 1  tan 2 
t 
x
1  1 3  = c
=   C
1
8  t 2t 2  a 2 ( x2  a 2 ) 2
499

82. Let I =  x  1 x  1dx Put tan   = t

x
2
2
Put x  1 = t  x + 1 = t2
2dt 1 t2
 x = t2  1  dx = 2t dt  dx = and cos x =
1  t2 1  t2
 I=   t
2 2

 1  1 (t)(2tdt)
 I1 = 2
1

2dt
1  t2 1  t2
=   t  2t  2 2t  dt 2
4 2 2
1  t2
= 2   t dt  2 t dt  2 t dt 
6 4 2
2.2dt
=  2  4
dt
 
t 3
 
2
t  3
2
 t 7 2t 5 2t 3 
= 2   c
7 5 3  4  t 
= tan 1    c1
 ( x  1) 7/ 2
2( x  1) 5/ 2
2( x  1) 3/ 2
 3  3
ns
= 2   c 4  tan( x / 2) 
7 5 3 tan 1 
  =   c1
3  3 
x3dx sin x
83. Let I =  and I2 =  dx = log(2 + cosx) + c2
( x 2  1)3 2  cos x
io
Put x2 + 1 = t  2x dx = dt  I = I1  I2
1 (t  1)dt 1 2 3 4  tan( x / 2) 
   t  t  dt
2  t3
 I = = tan 1   + log(2 + cosx) + c
at
2 3  3 
1  t 1 t 2 
=   K x 2 dx
2  1 2  lic 86. Let I =  1 x
=
1 1 1 
 2 K
Put 1  x = t2  dx = 2tdt

2  2( x  1) x  1
1  t 
2 2
2 2
tdt
 2  1  t 2  dt
2
 I = 2 
1 1  2 x 2  2  t
=  K
2  2( x 2  1) 2  = 2 1  t 4  2t 2  dt
ub
1  (1  2 x 2 )   t 5 2t 3 
=  K =  2 t   
2  2( x 2  1)2  5 3 

1  2 x 2  1  15  3t 4  10t 2 
= K
P
 = 2t  
4  ( x 2  1) 2  15
 
x2  1 2 2
= 1  x [15 + 3(1 – x) – 10(1 – x)]
84. Let I =  x 4  3 x 2  1 dx 15
et
2 2
1 2
1 1 = 1  x (3x + 4x + 8)
1 15
=  x x2
1
dx =   1
2
dx 2
x2  2  3  P=
rg
x  x   1 15
 x
1 87. Put x = tan   dx = sec2  d
Put x  = t   1  2  dx = dt
1
x  x  tan 2  sec2 d
 f(x) =  sec
Ta
dt
2
(1  sec )
 I =  1 t 2
tan 2 d sin 2 d
1
= tan t + c
=  1  sec  =  cos (1  cos )
= tan1  x   + c
1 1  cos 2 d
 x
=  cos (1  cos )
2  sin x (1  cos )d
85. Let I =  2  cos x dx
=  cos 
=  sec  d   d
2 sin x = log(sec  + tan)   + c

=
2  cos x
dx  
2  cos x
dx
 
f(x) = log x  1  x 2  tan1 x + c 
= I1  I2
2
 
f(0) = log 0  1  0  tan1 (0) + c
I1 =  dx
2  cos x  0 = log1  0 + c  c = 0
500

 
f(x) = log x  1  x 2  tan1 x  90.  f ( x)  g( x)dx =  x  sin x dx
f(1) = log 1  1  1   tan
 2 1
(1) = x cos x +  cos x dx
= x cos x + sin x + c

= log 1  2   4 91.  x sin x dx   x cos x   cos x dx
 e3 x ex  =  x cos x + sin x + constant
88. J  I =   4 x 2 x  dx  A = sin x + constant
 e  e 4x
2x
 1 e  e  1 
e 2x
1 e x 92.  cos
1
x dx = cos
1
xx + 
1
 x dx
= e 4x
 e 1
2x
dx 1  x2
1 2 x
Put ex = t  exdx = dt = x cos1 x   dx
ns
2 1  x2
1
1 2

t2 1
J  I =  4 2 dt   t dt = x cos1 x  1  x 2  c
2
t  t 1  1
 t   1   cos3 x  2   cos3 x 
 t 93. x
3
sin 3x dx = x3   –  3 x .  dx
io
 3   3 
1
Put t + = y   cos3 x  2  sin 3 x   sin 3x 
t = x3   + x     2x  dx
 3   3   3 
 1
at
 1  2  dt  dy x 3 cos3x
 t  =
3
dy 1 y 1
 JI= y  log C x 2 sin 3x 2    cos3x    cos3x  
3   3    3  
2
12 2 y 1 +  x   1.
1
lic 3
 dx
1 t  1 x 3 cos3x x 2 sin 3x 2 x cos3x 2sin 3x

= log t C =      c
2 1 3 3 9 27
t  1
ub
t
1 t2  t 1
94.  sin  log x  dx   cos  log x  dx
= log 2 C x cos  log x 
2 t  t 1 = x sin(log x)  dx +  cos  log x  dx  c
x
1 e 2 x  e x 1 = x sin(log x) + c
P
= log 2 x C
2 e  ex  1
x x
x  sin x x + 2sin
cos
2 2 dx
95.  1  cos x dx = 
2
sec x
89. Let I =  dx x
et
9 2cos 2
 sec x  tan x  2 2
Put sec x + tan x = t ….(i) 1 2 x x
  x sec dx   tan dx
 sec x(sec x + tanx)dx = dt 2 2 2
rg
1 x x
1 tan 2 1 tan 2
 sec x dx = dt x x
t     dx   tan dx
2 1 2 1 2
1
Also, sec x  tan x = ….(ii) 2 2
Ta
t x
Adding (i) and (ii), we get  x tan  c
2
1  1
sec x = t    x
dx = log  tan  . sin x
2 t x
96.  cos x log  tan 2  2 
 1
t
1  t  1 1 1 1  1
x 1
 I =  9  dt =   9  13  dt –
x 
.sec2 . .sin x
2 2
2 t 2 t2 t 2  tan
t2   2
1  t2 1 
= sin xlog  tan  –  sin x 
1 1 x 1 
= 7
 11
+K= 11 
  +K  dx
2 
7 11   2  sin x 
7t 2
11t 2
t
= sin xlog  tan  – x + c
x
1 1 1 2
= 11 11 + 7 (sec x + tan x)   K  2
 sec x  tan x  2  
 f(x) = c – x
501

97. Let I =  esin x  x cos x  sec x tan x  dx  I =  e t .2t dt

=  xesin x cos x dx –  esin x sec x tan x dx = 2(t.et – 1.e t dt)
I1 =  xesin x cos x dx = 2(tet – et ) + c
= x  esin x cos x dx –  esin x dx + c1

=2  x 1 e x
+c
= x esinx –  esin x dx + c1 102. Let I =  cos(log x)dx

I2 =  e sin x
sec x tan x dx Put log x = t  x = et  dx = et dt
= esin x  sec x tan x dx   sec x cos x esin x dx + c2  I =  et cos t dt
= sec x esinx –  esin x dx + c2 = et cos t   et ( sin t) dt  cl
ns
I = I1  I2 = et cos t   et sin t dt  cl
= xesinx –  esin x dx – sec x esinx +  esin x dx + c = et cos t  et sin t   e t cos t dt  c2
sin x
=e (x – sec x) + c
= et cos t + et sin t  I + c2
io
 x cos3 x  sin x   2I = et (cos t + sin t) + c2
98. Let I =  esin x  
 cos 2 x  et
 I = (cos t + sin t) + c
2
=  esin x  x cos x  sec x tan x  dx
at
x
= esin x (x – sec x) + c =  cos(log x)  sin (log x)  c
2
99. Let I =  sin 11x  . sin9 x dx 103. Put sin–1 x = t
=  sin 10 x  x   sin 9 x dx
lic 
1
dx = dt
9 9 1  x2
=  sin10 x cos x sin x dx +  cos10 x sin x sin x dx
x sin 1 x
  dx =  t sin t dt = –tcost + sin t + c
ub
9
= sin 10x  cos x sin x dx 1  x2
– 10cos10 x  cos x sin
9
x dx = – sin–1 x cos(sin–1x) + sin(sin–1x) + c
+  cos10 x sin10 x dx = x – sin1x. 1  x 2 + c
P
sin10 x  sin10 x 10 10 104. Let I   cos(log e x)dx

=
10
–
10  cos10 x sin x dx
10 Put log e x = t  x = et  dx = etdt
+  cos10 x sin x dx
et
 I =  cos t.e t dt
sin10 x  sin x 10
= +c
10 = cos t.et     sin t  .et dt
= cos t.et  sin t.et   cos t.et dt 

rg
 e f ( x)  e f  x  dx
2x 2x
100. Let I =
=  e f ( x)dx +  e f  ( x)dx
2x 2x
 I = cos t.et  sin t.et  I  c1
= f (x)  e dx –    e dx  f (x) dx
2x 2x  2I = cos t.e t  sin t.e t  c1
Ta
x
+ g (x) + c  I  [cos (loge x)  sin (loge x)]  c,
2
e2 x f ( x) e2 x
= –  f (x) dx + g (x) + c c1
2 2 where c =
2
e2 x f ( x) g x
= – + g (x) + c
  log x  dx =   log x  .1 dx
2 2
2 2 105.
e2 x f ( x) g x
= + +c 1
  log x  . x   2log x . . x dx
2
2 2
x
1
= [e2x f (x) + g (x)] + c  1 
 x  log x   2  log x. x   . x dx 
2
2
 x 
101. Let I =  e x
dx  x  log x   2  x log x  x   c
2
Put x = t2 dx = 2tdt = x(log x)2 – 2x(log x – 1) + c

502


2
106.  32 x (log x) dx e5 x e5 x
3
109.  x e dx = x .
3 5x 3
  3 x 2 . dx
5 5
= 32  x (log x)2dx
3
x 3e 5 x 3 2 e 5 x 3 e5 x
=  x.   2 x.
 2 x
4
1 x  4
5 5 5 5 5
 32  log x  .   2log x . . dx 
 4 x 4  e 5 x 3 2 5 x 6 e5 x 6 e 5 x
= x3  x e  x.  . c
 x4 1  5 25 25 5 25 25
 32 (log x)2 .   x3 log x dx 
e5 x 3 3
 4 2   x e
3 5x
dx 
54
 5 x  75x 2  30 x  6   c
  log x 2 x 4 1  log x. x 4 1 x4 
 32     . dx    f(x) = 53x3 – 75x 2 + 30x – 6
 4 2 4 x 4  
110.  log  a  x 2  dx
2
  log x 2 x 4 1  x 4 log x 1 x 4  
 32     .   c
ns
1
 4 2 4 4 4   = log  a 2  x 2 .x   .2 x.xdx
a 2  x2
 1 x4  x2
 8 (log x) 2 x 4   x 4 log x    + c
2 4  = x log  a 2  x 2   2 2 2 dx
 a x
io
 log x 1   a2 
 8 x 4  log x   = x log  a 2  x 2   2 1 
2
 c  dx
 2 8  a 2  x2 
= x4[8(log x)2 – 4 log x + 1] + c
= x log  a 2  x 2   2 x  2a 2 . tan 1    c
1 x
at
a a
107. Let I =  x4 e2 x dx
= x log  a 2  x 2   2 x  2a tan 1    c
x
x 4e 2 x e2 x
= –  4 x3  dx a
2 2
lic
x 4e 2 x 111. Put logx = t
= – 2  x3 e2 x dx
2  x = et
x 4 e2 x  x3 e2 x e2 x   dx = etdt
ub
= – 2  dx   3x 2  dx 
2  2 2    (logx)5 dx =  t5et dt
x 4 e2 x
= et(t5 – 5t4 + 20t3 – 60t2 + 120t – 120)
= – x3 e2x + 3 x
2
e 2 x dx + constant
2
= x[(logx)5 – 5(logx)4 + 20(logx)3 – 60(logx)2
P
x 4 e2 x  x 2 e2 x e2 x 
= – x3 e2x + 3    2x  dx  + 120logx – 120] + constant
2  2 2   A = 1, B = –5, C = 20, D = –60, E = 120
x 4 e2 x 3 x 2 e 2 x 3 xe 2 x e2 x and F = –120
= – x3 e2x + – + 3 dx
et
2 2 2 2  A + B + C + D + E + F = –44
x 4 e2 x 3x 2 e2 x 3 xe 2 x
= – x3e2x + – 112. Put x = sec  dx = sec tan d
2 2 2
1 1  1 
rg
  cos   dx   cos 
1
+
3e 2 x
+c  . sec  tan  d
4
x  sec  
e2 x =  cos 1 (cos).sec tan d
= [2x4 – 4x3 + 6x2 – 6x + 3] + c
Ta
4 =   .(sec tan) d
3x 3x
e e = sec – 1 secd
108. x e
2 3x
dx = x2  –  2x  dx
3 3
= sec – log |tan + sec| + c
x 2 e3 x 2  e3 x e3 x 
–  x.  1. dx 
=
3 3  3 3  = sec – log | sec 2
 1  sec  |  c
=
x 2 e3 x
– 
2  xe3 x e3 x 
  +c
= xsec–1x – log x 2
 1  x + c
3 3  3 9 
1 2
= x2 e3x – xe3x +
2 3x 1  x log x   1
e +c 113. e dx =  e x  log x +  dx
x
3 9 27  
 x   x
=
e3 x
(9x2 – 6x + 2) + c = ex log x + c
27
....   e x [f ( x)  f ( x)]dx  e x f ( x)  c
 f (x) = 9x2 – 6x + 2  
503

114. e sin x(sin x  2cos x)dx   x  x 

x
e x 1  2sin   cos   
e x (1  sin x)   
2  2 
=  e x (sin 2 x+ 2sin x cos x)dx
120.  1  cos x dx =   x
dx
2cos 2  
2
= ex sin2x + c
1 x x
  e x  sec 2  tan  dx
2 2 2
 2  sin 2 x  x  2 1  sin x cos x  
e  dx =  e 
x
115.   dx x
 1  cos 2 x   2cos 2 x   e x tan c
2
=  ex (sec2 x + tan x) dx …   e x f  x   f   x   dx = e xf  x   c
x
= e tan x + c
e x ( x 2 tan 1 x  tan 1 x  1)
…   e x f  x   f   x   dx  e x f  x   c  121.  dx
ns
x2  1
e x [( x 2  1) tan 1 x  1]
2 =  dx
 x  2 x x2  1
116.   x  4  e dx  1 
=  e x  tan 1 x   dx
io
 1  x2 
 x2  4 x  4 
=  ex  2 
dx = e x tan 1 x  c
  x  4  
at
2
 log x  1 
 x  x  4 4  122. Let I =   2
dx
=  ex    dx 1   log x  
  x  4   x  4  
2 2
Put log x = t
=  ex 
 x

4 
lic  x = et  dx = et dt
2
dx  t 1 
2
 x  4  x  4    I =  2 
et dt
1 t 
= e x  x  
ub
+ c 1  t 2  2t  t
 x4 =  e dt
 1  t 2  
2
 
…   e f  x   f   x   dx  e f  x   c 
x x

=  et 
1

 2t   dt
P
2 1  t 2 1  t 2 2 
x x 2 x x   
117.  e  x  4  dx = e  x  4  + c  1 
= et  2 
+c
1 t 
et
xe x
 f(x) =
x4 …   e x f  x   f   x   dx  e xf  x   c 
x
 x  3 e x dx =  x  4  1 ex dx = +c
rg
1   log x 
2
118. 
 x  4
2   x  4 2
123. Let I =  e tan x (sec2 x  sec3 x  sin x)dx
 1 1 
=  ex    dx
Ta
 x  4  x  4 2  =  etan x (1  tan x)sec2 x dx

 
Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
ex
= +c  I =  e t (1  t)dt = et.t + c = tan xetanx + c
x4
 sin x  1 
124. Let I =  esin x   dx
x ex x x  1  1   sec x 
119.  ( x  1)2 dx =  e ( x  1)2  dx
=  esin x  sin x  1 cos x dx
 1 1  Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt
=  ex   2
dx
 x  1  x  1   I =  e t 1  t  dx
ex = tet + c ...   e x f  x   f   x   dx  e x f  x  

= c …   e f  x   f   x   dx= e f ( x)  c 
x x
x 1 = sin x.esin x + c
504


dx 1 1 x 1  x 
125. Put tan1 x = t  = dt =  tan 1    tan 1     c
1  x2 5 2 2 3  3 
 1  x  x2  x 1  x
 dx =  e  tan t  sec t  dt
1 x 1
 e
tan t 2
 = tan 1    tan 1    c
 1 x 
2
10  2  15 3
= et tan t + c
Comparing with A tan1   + B tan1   + c,
x x
1
= xe tan x + c 2 3
we get
dx
126. Put cot–1 x = t  = dt A=
1
,B=
1
1  x2
10 15
cot 1 x  x  x  1 
2
1 1 1
  e  1  x2  dx AB=  =
10 15 6
=   e t  cot 2 t  cot t  1 dt
ns
2 x2  1 A B
131. Let  2  2
=   e  cosec t  cot t  dt
t 2
 x  2
4  
x 2
 1 x  4 x 1
=  et  cot t  cosec2 t  dt  2x2 + 1 = A(x2  1) + B(x2  4)

Comparing the coefficient of x2 and constant
io
= et cot t + c term on both sides, we get
1
= x ecot x + c A + B = 2 and A  4B = 1
Solving these two equations, we get
at
1 1  e2 x
127. e
2x
  2  dx = c A = 3 and B = 1
 x 2x  2x
2x2  1
  f ( x)  e f ( x) 
mx   (x 2
 4)( x 2  1)
dx
…  emx f ( x)  dx   c
  m 
lic m 
=   2
3

1 
dx
1 x 4 x 2  1 
 (1  x  x
1
128. )e x  x dx
3 x2 1 x 1
= log  log c
 1  1  1 
ub
   x e x  x  1  2   e x  x  dx 2 2 x2 2 x 1
  x   3 1
x2 4 x 1 2
1 = log  log c
= xe x  x  c …   [ x f ( x)  f ( x)]dx  x f ( x)  c x2 x 1
 1 3

P
 1 1    x  1 2  x  2 4 
= log  c
129.   x  3  x2  3x  dx  x  1   x  2  
 
 1 1  1 3
=  
et
  dx a = and b =
 x  3 x  x  3   2 4
 1 1 1  5 11
=     dx 2 x2  3 
 x  3 3 x 3  x  3   ( x 2  1)( x2  4) dx =  x 2  1  x 2 3 4 dx
3 dx 
rg
132.
 2 1
=    dx 5 1 x  1 11 1 x2
 3  x  3  3 x  =  log   log c
3 2 1 x 1 3 2 2 x2
Ta
2 1 5 11
= log (x – 3) + log x + c x 1 6 x  2 12
3 3 = log  log c
2 2 x 1 x2
= log (x – 3) + log x + c
3 3  5 11

  x  1  6  x  2 12 
2 = log     c
= log  x  x  3  + c  x  1   x  2  
3  
11 5
1  a= and b =
130. Let I =  (x 2
 4)( x 2  9)
dx 12 6
1 1 1  5x2  3
 I=  
5  x 2  4 x 2  9 
dx 133. Let I =  x x
2 2
 2
dx
 1 1  1 1   5 3
…


      = x 2
2
dx +  x x 2 2
 2
dx
     
505

5 x 2 3  1 1  1
=
2 2
log
x 2
  2   dx
2  x  2 x2 
137. Let I =  x x 4
 1
dx
5 x 2 x3
=
2 2
log
x 2
=  x 4  x 4  1
dx
3 1 x  2 1 Put x4 = t  4x3 dx = dt
+  log   c
2  2 2 x  2 x  1 dt
 I=
4  t 1  t 
13 x 2 3
= log + x+c
4 2 x 2 2 1 1 1 
=     dt
4  t 1 t 
dx ( x 2  1)dx x 2 dx
134. x 6
x 4
 4 2
x ( x  1)
 4 2
x ( x  1) =
1
[log | t | – log | 1 + t| ] + c
ns
1 dx
4
=  4 dx   2 2
x x ( x  1) 1 t
= log +c
1 dx dx 4 1 t
3x3  x 2  x 2  1
=   
io
1 x4
1 1 = log +c
= 3   tan 1 x  c 4 1  x4
3x x
at
dx dx dx 1
135. e 2x
 3e x
=  e (e
x x
 3)
138. x 3
 3x 2  2 x
=  x x 2
 3x  2 
dx
1  dx dx  1
=   x   x 
 x  x  2  x  1 dx
3 e e  3
lic =
1 dx 1 dx
= 
3 e 3 3 e
x
  x
=  2x
1
dx  
1
dx  
1
dx
2 x  2 x 1
1 e x 1
ub
=  x
dx   e  x dx 1 1
3 1  3e 3 = log |x| + log |x + 2| – log |x + 1| + c
1 1 2 2
x
= log (1  3e ) + x + c 1 1
9 3e = log |x (x + 2)| – log (x + 1)2 + c
2 2
1  ex  3  1
P
= log  x   x  c  x2  2x 
9  e  3e 1
= log   +c
  x  1
2
1 1 1 2 
= x
 log(e x  3)  loge x  c
3e 9 9
et
1 1 x 2x  1
= x  log(e  3)   c
x 139. Let I =  dx
3e 9 9  x  1 x  2  x  3
x 1 1 1 1 1 1
 dx   dx  
rg
136.  x 2
 1  x  1
dx = 
6 x 1 3 x2 2 x3
dx
1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1
= log|x – 1|  log| x + 2| + log|x – 3| + K
= 
2 x 1
dx   2 dx
2 x 1
6 3 2
Ta
1 1 1 x 1 1 1 1 1
=  dx   2 dx   2 dx  A= ,B= ,C=
2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 6 3 2
1 1 2x 1
= log x  1   2 dx  tan 1 x  D1 dx
2 4 x 1 2 140. Let I =  sin x  sin 2 x
1 1 1 1
= log x  1  log x  1  tan x  D
2
dx
2 4 2 =  sin x 1  2cos x 
Comparing with
A log |x2 + 1| + B tan–1x + C log |x – 1| + D, we sin x dx
get
=  sin x 1  2cos x 
2
1 1 1
A= ,B= ,C=  sin x dx
4 2 2 =   cos 2
x  1 1  2cos x 
1 1 1 3
 A+B+C= + + =
4 2 2 4 Put cos x = t  – sin x dx = dt
506


dt 5
 I=  t 2
 1 1  2t 
f(1) = 2(1) +
3 1
3
+c
1 1 1 dt 4 dt 14 5
 =2+ +cc=1
6  t 1 2 t + 1 6
= dt +  –
1 3 3
t +  5
 2
 f(x) = 2x + 3 + 1
log t  1 log t  1 2 1 3x
= + – log t  + c1 5
6 2 3 2 f(–1) = 2(–1) + +1
3  1
3
log cos x  1 log cos x  1 2 1
= + – log cos x  + c1
6 2 3 2 5 8
=–2– +1 =
1 1 3 3
= log 1  cos x + log 1  cos x
6 2 1  cos x 1  cos x  2cos x
 cos x  cos dx = 
ns
146. dx
2 2
– log 1  2cos x + c, where c = c1 + log
1 2
x cos x 1  cos x 
3 3 2
1 2
f ( x)
=  cos x dx +  1  cos x dx
141.  log cos x dx = log(log cos x) + c
io
x
=  sec x dx +  cosec2 dx
Differentiating on both sides, we get 2
f ( x) 1 1 x
=   (  sin x ) = log |sec x + tan x| – 2cot + c
at
log cos x log cos x cos x 2
f ( x) tan x x
 =  f(x) = tan x  f (x) = cot
log cos x log cos x 2
x
 f(x) = 2 log sin
142.
f ( x)
 log  sin x  dx = log (log sin x) + c
lic 2
1
Differentiating on both sides, we get 147.  f(x) sin x cos x dx = log f(x) + c
2  b2  a 2 
f ( x) 1 1
ub
   cos x
log  sin x  log  sin x  sin x Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
f ( x) cot x 1  f  x  
 =  f(x) = cot x f(x) sin x cos x = .  
log  sin x  log  sin x  2 b  a2 
2
 f  x  
P
1
1  [f(x)]2 sin 2x = f  (x)
143.  f (x) cos x dx = [f (x)]2 + c
2
 b  a2 
2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1  dy 

 y2 sin 2x = …[Putting f(x) = y]
et
 
f (x) cos x = f (x) . f(x) b  a  dx 
2 2
 f(x) = cos x dy
 = (b2 – a2) sin 2x dx
  f(x) dx =  cos x dx y2
rg
 f (x) = sin x + c dy
 y = (b2 – a2)  sin 2 x dx sin 2x dx

f   = 1 + c
2

2
1   b 2  a 2  cos 2 x
 =
Ta
1 y 2
144.  f ( x)  cos x dx = [f (x)]2 + c
2 2
y= = f(x)
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get  b 2
 a 2
 cos 2 x
1
f (x)  cos x =  2 f (x) . f (x)
2 148. I1 =  sin 1 x dx
 cos x = f (x) Put sin1 x =   x = sin   dx = cos  d
 cos 0 = f (0)
 I1    cos d   sin   1 . sin d
 f (0) = 1
 sin   cos 
5
145. f   x  = 2 – 4  x sin 1 x  1  x 2
x
 5 5 Now, I2   sin 1 1  x 2 dx   cos 1 x dx
 f(x) =   2  4  dx = 2x + 3 + c
 x  3x Put cos1 x =   x = cos   dx = sin  d
507

 I2 =    sin  d =  cos  + 1 .   cos   d I6 – I4 =

2sin 5 x
5
=  cos   sin  = xcos1x  1  x 2
2sin 3x
1  1
I4 – I2 =
 I1 + I2 = x (sin x + cos x) = x 3
2
sin 2 x
149. x = f ″(t) cos t + f (t) sin t
I2 =  sin x dx
dx =  2cos x dx
 = f (t) sin t + f ‴ (t) cos t + f ″(t) sin t
dt
= 2 sin x + c
+ f (t) cos t 2sin 5 x 2sin 3x
= f ‴(t) cos t + f (t) cos t I6 =  + I2
5 3
= cos t [f ‴(t) + f (t)] 2sin 5 x 2sin 3x
ns
=  + 2sin x + c
y = f ″(t) sin t + f (t) cos t 5 3
dy 2sin 5 x 2
 = f ‴(t) sin t  f ″(t) cos t + f ″(t) cos t = 3
 (3sin x – 4 sin x) + 2sin x + c
dt 5 3
io
 f (t) sin t 2sin 5 x 8
= – sin3 x + 4sin x + c
=  sin t [f ‴(t) + f (t)] 5 3
2 2
 dx   dy 
      sin t  cos t   f  (t)  f  (t) 
2

at
2 2
cos 2 x
 dt   dt  152. Let I =  sin x
dx
= [f ‴(t) + f (t)]2 1  tan 2 x
1
1  tan 2 x dx
Let I =  
 dx 2  dy  2 
     dt
2
lic =  sin x
 dt   dt   1  tan 2 x
1
=  sec x  sin x dx
 f  (t)  f (t) 
2 2
= dt
ub
1  tan 2 x
=  dx
=  f (t)  f (t) dt tan x
= f ″(t) + f (t) + c 1  tan 2 x

=  tan x 1  tan x  tan x sec x dx
2
2 2
P
1  tan 2 θ
150. cos 2 = Put 1  tan2 x = t2
1  tan 2 θ
 2tan x sec2 x dx = 2t dt
1 x  t 2 dt
1  
et
  1 1  x    1  x  dx  I = 
y =  cos  2  tan
  
1  x  
dx =  1 x 1  t 2  2  t 2 
  1
1 x 1 1
=  dt  2 dt
1 t 2
2  t2
rg
x2
 y =  xdx  + c, which is an equation of a
2 1 1 t 1 2t
= log  2 log c
family of parabolas 2 1 t 2 2 2t
Ta
sin nx 1 2  1  tan 2 x
151. In =  dx = log
sin x 2 2  1  tan 2 x
sin  n  2  x 1 1  1  tan 2 x
In – 2 =  sin x
dx  log
2
c
1  1  tan 2 x
 sin nx  sin  n  2  x 
In – In – 2 =    dx  2 x  3  2 x  3
sin x dx = 
  153.  x  x  1 x  2  x  3  1 dx
x  3 x  1
2 2
2cos  n  1 x sin x
=  sin x
dx
1
= +c
x 2  3x  1
=  2cos  n  1 x dx
 p = 1, q = 3, r = 1
2sin  n  1 x 3p  q
=  =0
 n  1 r
508

Evaluation Test
5  x10  tan 2 t tan 2 t 

1. Let I =  dx = 2a  t .  1 . dt 
x16  2 2 
5  x10 1 = a  t tan 2 t    sec 2 t  1  dt 
=  x10
. 11 dx
x
x
5 1 = a  t tan 2 t  tan t  t   c , where t = tan1
= x 10
 1 . 11 dx
x
a
5 x x x x 
Put 1 t = a  tan 1   tan 1 c
ns
x10
 a a a a 
11
 5(10)x dx = dt

1 1
dx =  dt
4. Let I =  cosec x 1 dx
x11 50
1
io

 1 
1
I =  t    dt
2
=  sin x
 1dx
 50 
1  sin x
1 t 3/ 2 =  dx
at
=  . c sin x
50 3 / 2
1  5 
3/ 2
1  sin x 1  sin x
=   1  10 
75  x 
 c lic =  sin x

1  sin x
dx
cos x
2. Multiplying Nr and Dr by sin 3x, we get =  sin 2 x  sin x
dx
cos5 x + cos 4 x
 1  2cos3x dx Put sin x = t
ub
sin 3 x cos5 x + sin 3x cos 4 x  cos x dx = dt
=  sin 3 x  2sin 3 x cos3 x
dx
1
 I=  dt
sin 3 x  cos5 x  cos 4 x  t t
2
=  dx
sin 3 x  sin 6 x 1
P
 3x 3x   9x x
=  1 1
dt
 2sin cos   2cos cos  t2  t  
4 4
= 
2 2  2 2 
9x 3x 1
et
 2cos sin = dt
2 2 2 2
 1 1
3x x t     
=   2cos cos dx  2 2
2 2
rg
1
=    cos 2 x  cos x  dx = log t   t 2  t  c , where t = sin x
2
1 
=   sin 2 x  sin x  + c 1
2  = log sin x   sin 2 x  sin x  c
Ta
2
x
3. Let I =  sin 1 dx 5. Let I =  tan x dx
ax
Put x = a tan2t Put tan x = t2
 dx = 2a tan t sec2t dt  sec2x dx = 2tdt
2t
a tan 2 t 2  dx = dt
 I =  sin 1  2a tan t sec t dt 1  t4
a  a tan t 2
2t t2
=  sin 1  sin t   2a tan t sec2 t dt  I =  t2 . dt = 2  1  t 4 dt
1  t4
= 2a  t tan t sec dt 2
t2  1  t2  1 t2  1 t2  1
 d  
=  t4  1
dt = t 4
1
dt + t4
1
dt
= 2a  t  tan t sec2 dt    (t)  tan t sec2 t dt  dt 
  dt   = I1 + I2 (say) …(i)
509


t2  1 13
Let I =  x 2 1 x5/ 2 
1/ 2
I1 =  t 4  1 dt 7. dx
3
=  x5  1 x5/ 2   x 2 dx
1/ 2
1
1 2
=  t dt
1 Put 1 x 5/ 2  t
t  2
2
t 5 32
 x dx = dt
1  1 2
=  1
2  1  2  dt
 t 
3
2
t    2  x 2 dx = dt
 t 5
1
2
1 1  I =   t 1  t 2  dt
2
=  2 dy , where t  = y 5
y 2 t
2  52 3 1

ns
 1
1 1  y  1 1
t  t 
= 
5 
 t  2t 2  t 2  dt

= tan   tan  
2  2 2  2  2  2 72 4 52 2 32  5
=  t  t  t   c , where t  1 x
2
 
5 7 5 3 
io
1  t2  1 
= tan 1    7 5
5 2
3
2  2t  2 2 
5 2
4 
5 2
2  
=  1  x   1  x   1  x    c
2 2 2
1 5 7  5  3  
1 2  
at
t2  1 t
I2 =  4 dt   dt
t 1 1 tan x
t2  2 8. Let I =  dx
t 1  tan x  tan 2 x
 1
=  1
1
2 1  2  dt
 t 
lic =  sec 2
tan x
x  tan x
dx
t    2
 t sin x
1 1 cos x sin x cos x
=  2 dm , where t + =m = dx =  dx
ub
m 2 t 1 sin x 1  sin x cos x

1 cos 2 x cos x
t  2
1 m 2 1 t 1
= log  log sin 2 x sin 2 x
m 2 2 2 1 =  2
2 2 t  2 dx =  2  sin 2 x dx
P
t 1
1  sin 2 x
2
1 t 2  2t  1
= log 2  sin 2 x  2  2 
2 2 t 2  2t  1 = dx =  1   dx
2  sin 2 x 2  sin 2 x
et
 
 From (i),
= x  I1 (say) ….(i)
1  t2  1  1 t 2  2t  1 2
I= tan 1    log c I1 =  dx
2  2t  2 2 t 2  2t  1 2  sin 2 x
rg
1  tan x  1  1
= tan 1  Put tan x = t  sec2x dx = dt  dx = dt
2  2 tan x  1  t2
 
2 tan x 2t
Ta
1 tan x  2 tan x  1 sin 2x = 

 log c 1  tan x 1  t 2
2
2 2 tan x  2 tan x  1
2 1
 I1 =   dt
2t 1  t2
2
6.  log( x  1)dx =  log( x  1).1dx 1  t2
x 1
= log(x + 1).x   x 1 dx = dt
t2  t  1
x+1 1 1
= x log(x + 1)   x 1
dx =  1 3
dt
t t
2

 1  4 4
= x log(x + 1)   1  dx 1
x 1 
 =  2
dt
1   3
2
= x log(x + 1)  x + log(x + 1) + c 
 t     
= (x + 1) log(x + 1)  x + c  2   2 
510

 1  1
t  11. Let I =  dx
2 2 c cos 6 x  sin 6 x
= tan 1  1
3  3  Since, a3 + b3 = (a + b)3  3ab(a + b)
 
 2   cos6x + sin6x = 1  3 sin2x cos2x
2  2 tan x  1 
tan 1  …[ a + b = cos2x + sin2x = 1]
=   c1
3  3  1
 From (i),  I = dx
1  3sin 2 x cos 2 x
2  2 tan x  1  1
I=x tan 1  c = dx
3  3  3 2
1  sin 2 x
 A 3 4
4
 A=3 =  dx
4  3sin 2 2 x
ns
 x  1 1 4cosec 2 2 x
9. Let I =  log   2 dx
 x  1  x 1 =  4cosec 2
2x  3
dx
 x  1 4cosec 2 2 x
Put log   t =  4 1  cot dx
io
 x  1
2
2x   3
 1 1  1
    dx  dt =    4cosec2 2 x  dx
 x  1 x  1 4cot 2 2 x 1
at
1 1 Put 2 cot 2x = t
 dx  dt
x2  1 2   4 cosec2 2x dx = dt
1
1 1  I =  dt
 I = t 
2
dt  t 2  c
4
lic t2  1
2 =  tan1(t) + c
1  x  1 
= log    c =  tan1 (2 cot 2x) + c
4  x  1 
 2cos 2 x  2sin 2 x 
ub
1 =  tan 1   c
 A=  2sin x cos x 
4
=  tan1(cot x  tan x) + c
10. Let I = 
1
dx = tan1(tan x  cot x) + c
x  2x  2
2
P
2
12. Let I =  esin  log (sin )  cosec2  cos  d
1
=  2
dx Put sin  = t

x  1  1
2
  cos  d = dt
et
Put x + 1 = tan   1
 I =  e t log t  dt
 dx = sec2  d  t 2 
sec 2   1 1 1
 I= x2  2x + 2 =  e t log t   
rg
d dt
t 2 
 tan   1  t t
2 2
x+1  1  d 1 1 1 
sec 2
= e t  log t    c …   log t     2 
= d  t   dt  t t t 
sec 4  
Ta
=  cos 2  d  1 
1 = esin  log  sin     c
 sin  
1
1  cos 2  d
2
= = esin  log  sin    cosec   c
sin 2 
=   
1
c  cos   sin    1  tan  
2 2  13. log    log  
 cos   sin    1  tan  
1
=   sin  cos    c 
= log tan    

2
4 
1 x 1 1 
=  tan 1  x  1  2  c 1  
2  x  2x  2 x 2  2 x  2  Since,  sec 2  d log tan    
2 4 
1  1 x 1  d  
=  tan  x  1  2 c  log tan      2sec 2 …(i)
2 x  2x  2  d 4 
511


Integrating the given expression by parts, we get t2 t2
  1
I  log tan      sin 2 
sin 2
 2sec 2 d
 I1 = 1  t 2
 2t dt  2 
1 t
dt
4  2 2
1  t 2 1
…[From (i)] = 2 dt
1 t
1  
= sin 2 log tan       tan 2 d  1 
2 4  =  2   1 t   dt
 1 t 
1   1
= sin 2 log tan      log  sec2   c  1 
2 4  2 =  2   1 t  dt
1  t 
 x  4  1 t2 
14. Let  = t = 2 log 1 t   t    c1
 3x  4 
 1 2
ns

 x  4    x  4   t 1
 3x  4    x  4  t 1


=  2 log 1 x  x  x   c1

 1 
2 
6x t  1 4  t 1  From (i),
  x=   
8 t  2 3  t 1 
io
4t + 4
 
 
I = x log 1 x   2 log 1 x  x  x   c
1
2 
  1
2 
 x + 2 = +2
3t  3
=  x  1 log 1 x  x  x  c   1
at
 4t  4+6t  6 2t  10 2
= 
3t  3 3t  3
x3 1
 3x  4  16. P(x) = x dx, Q(x) =  3 2 dx
Given, f 
3
 x2 x x
=x+2
 3x  4 
lic x3  1
2t  10 2  t  5 
 P(x) + Q(x) = x 3
 x2
dx
 f(t) =   
3t  3 3  t  1  x3  x 2  x 2  1
=  x3  x 2
dx
ub
2 t 1 4 2 4  2 8
=   1     x2  1 
3 t 1  3 t  1  3 3 t  1 =  1   dx
 x2  x2 
2 8
 f(x) =  =x+I ….(i)
3 3  x  1
P
x 1
2
 2 8 
I=  x  x  1 dx
2
  f  x  dx =   3  3 x  1  dx
  x2  1 A B C
Put   
et
=
2 8
x  log|x  1| + c x  x  1 x  1 x x 2
2
3 3
 x2 + 1 = Ax 2  Bx( x 1)  C( x  1) …(ii)
15. Let I =  log 1  x dx   Putting x = 0 in (ii), C = 1
rg
Putting x = 1 in (ii), A = 2
=  log 1   x  dx (1)dx Putting x = 1 in (ii), B = 1
 2 1 1 
  d
  1dx  dx I = 
Ta
= log 1  x 1dx    log 1 x    2  dx

 dx  x 1 x x 
1

= log 1  x  x    1 

1 
 x dx
1 x  2 x 
= 2 log|x  1|  log|x| +
x
 From (i),
= x log 1 x    1 x
2 1  x
dx
P(x) + Q(x) = x + 2 log|x  1|  log|x| +
1
+c
x

= x log 1  x   1
2
I1 ….(i)  (P + Q) (2) = P(2) + Q(2)
1
= 2 + 2 log 1  log 2 + +c
x 2
Now, I1 =  1 x
dx
5 5  5
   log 2 + c ….   P  Q  2   
Put x = t , 2 2 2  2
 dx = 2t dt  c = log 2
512


1
 P(x) + Q(x) = x + 2 log|x  1|  log |x| + =
1
log
1 1
 
1

1 1
 c
x
5 x 1 5  x  1
2
5  x  1 5
+ log 2
1 x2  4
 P(3) + Q(3) = 3 + 2 log 2  log 3 + + log 2 = 
1
log
1 1
  c
3 x 1 5 5  x  1
2
5
10 8
= + log
3 3 1 x cos x
19. Let I =  dx
17. Let I = 
2a sin x  bsin 2 x
(b  a cos x)3
dx 
x 1   xe sin x 
2

esin x 1 x cos x 
(a  bcos x) = dx
= 2
(b  a cos x)3
 sin x dx

x esin x 1   xesin x 
2

ns
Put b + a cos x = t Put xe = t sin x
  a sin x dx = dt  [xesin x cos x + esin x(1)] dx = dt

1  esin x (1 + x cos x) dx = dt
 sin x dx =  dt
a 1 1
 I=  t 1  t  dt   t 1  t 1  t  dt
io
t  b 2
a  b 
 I = 2  a    1  dt
  1 A B C
t3  a Put   
t 1  t 1  t  t 1  t 1  t
at
2 a 2  bt  b 2
a
=  dt
at 3  1 = A(1  t) (1 + t) + Bt(1 + t) + Ct(1  t) …(i)
2 Putting t = 0 in (i), we get
=  2   a 2  b 2  t 3  bt 2  dt A=1
a
2  a 2  b2 b
lic Putting t = 1 in (i), we get
= 2   c 1
a  2t 2
t  B=
2
1 a 2  b 2 2b
=   2 c Putting t = 1 in (i), we get
ub
a2 t2 a t 1
C=
1 2
18. Let I =  ( x  1) x2  4
dx
 1 1 
1 2 
 2  dt
P
1 1  I =  
Put x  1 = ,  dx =  dt  t 1 t 1 t 
t t2
 
1  1
 I=    2  dt 1 1
= log|t|  log|1  t|  log|1 + t| + c
et
1 1 
2
 t  2 2
  1  4
t t  1 t2 1 x 2e2 sin x
= log  c  log c
1 1 2 1 t 2
2 1 x 2e2 sin x
=    dt
rg
1 2 t
2
  1 4 25 27
t t 20 Let I =  sec 13 x cosec 13 x dx
1
=  dt 
25

27
=  cos
Ta
1  2t  5t 2 13
x sin 13
x dx
1 1 25 27 52
5
=  dt Now    =4
2 1 13 13 13
t  
2
5 5 Multiplying and dividing by cos4x, we get

25 27
1 1  
I =  cos 4 x cos
5
=  dt 13
x sin 13
x sec4 x dx
2 1 4
t2  t   27
x 1 tan 2 x  sec2 x dx

5 25 25 =  tan 13
1 1
5
=  2 2
dt Put tan x = t,  sec2x dx = dt
 1 2 27
t     1 t  dt

 5 5  I = t 13 2
1 1 2t 1   13
27
 
1
= 
5
log t   t 2    c
5 5 5
= 
 t  t 13
 dt

513


13 14 13 12 1  1
=  t 13  t 13  c  I =   2  dt
14 12  1 1  t 
 1   1 
13 14
13 12
 t2  t2
=   tan x  13   tan x 13  c

14 12
tdt
= 
21. Let I = x
1
dx  t 2  1 t 2  1
x2  x  1
Put t2  1 = m2
Put x + x  x 1 = t
2
 2t dt = 2m dm,
 x  x 1 = t  x
2
 t dt = m dm
 x2  x + 1 = t2  2tx + x2
t 12 mdm
 x=  I = 
2t  1 m 2
 2 m2
ns
dx  2t  1  2t   t 1  2
2
1
  =  dm
 2t  1  2
2 2
dt m 2
2t 2  2t  2

io
dx = dt 1  m 
 2t  1
2
=  tan 1  c
2  2
1 2t 2  2t  2
 I =  dt
 t2  1 
 2t  1
2
at
t 1
=  tan 1  c
2  2 
t2  t  1 
= 2 dt
t  2t  1
2
 1 
 1
Put
t2  t  1
t  2t  1
2
A
 
t
B

C
2t  1  2t 12
lic = 
1
2
tan 1 

x 2
2 
c
 
 t2  t + 1 = A(2t  1)2 + Bt(2t  1) + Ct …(i)  
Putting t = 0 in (i), we get  1 x 2 
ub
1
A=1 =  tan 1  c
2  2x 
1  
Putting t = in (i), we get
2
1   1 x 2 
3 =    cot 1    c
C=  2x 
P
2 2  
2 
Putting t = 1 in (i), we get
1=A+B+C 1   2x 
=    tan 1    c
2 2  1 x 2 
et
3 3   
B=1–1– B=
2 2
1  2x  
1 3 3 1  = tan 1   c
 I = 2      2  1 x 2  2 2
t 2  2t  1 2  2t  1 
2
 
rg

3 3 1
= 2 log t  log(2t  1)   +c x2  1
2 2 2t  1 23. Let I =  dx
x3 2 x 4  2 x 2  1
Ta
3 1 3 
= 2 log t  log(2t  1)    + c, Dividing Nr and Dr by x5, we get
2 2  2t  1 
1 1
where t = x + x 2  x  1  3  5
I = x x 
dx
and 2t  1 = 2x  1 + 2 x 2  x  1 2 1
3 1 2 2  4
 P = 2, Q =  ,R= x x
2 2
2 1  4 4
1 Put 2    t   3  5  dx  dt
x2 x4 x x 
22. Let I =  (1  x ) 2
1  x2
dx
1 dt 1
4 t 2
1  I=  tc
Put x = ,
t
1 1 2 1
 dx =  2 dt = 2 2  4  c
t 2 x x
514

24.
log x
 ( x  1) 2
dx =  log x  ( x  1)
2
dx 27. Let I =   tan x  cot x dx 
 sin x cos x 
( x  1) 1 1 ( x  1) 1 =     dx
= log x    dx  cos x sin x 
1 x 1
sin x  cos x
log x  1  =  dx
= +   dx sin x cos x
x 1  x( x 1)  2  sin x  cos x 
log x  1 
=  2sin x cos x
dx
( x  1)   x ( x  1) 
=    dx
sin x  cos x
= 2 dx
log x 1 1  11 2sin x cos x
( x  1)   x ( x  1) 
=      dx
sin x  cos x
2
ns
= dx
log x 1 1 2sin x cos x 
=  + log |x|  log |x + 1| + c
( x  1) sin x  cos x
= 2 dx
1  sin x  2sin x cos x+ cos 2 x 
2
25. In =  sin x dx n
io
1
=  sin n 1 x  sin x dx = 2  sin x  cos x  dx
1  sin x  cos x 
2
d 
at
=  sin n 1 x  sin x dx   
 dx
 sin n 1 x   sin x dx  dx

Put sin x  cos x = t
 (cos x + sin x)dx = dt
= sin n 1 x   cos x     n 1 sin n  2 x cos x   cos x  dx 1
 I = 2 dt
=  sin n 1
x cos x   n 1  sin n 2 2
lic
x cos x dx
1 t 2
= 2 sin 1  t   c
=  sin n 1 x cos x   n 1  sin n  2 x 1 sin 2 x  dx 1
= 2 sin (sin x  cos x) + c
=  sin n 1 x cos x   n 1   sin n  2 x  sin n x  dx
ub
=  sin n 1 x cos x   n 1  sin n  2 x dx   n 1  sin n x dx
 In =  sinn1 x cos x + (n  1) In2  (n  1) In
 In + (n  1)In  (n  1)In 2 =  sinn 1 x cos x
P
 nIn  (n  1) In 2 =  sinn1x cos x
x 1
26. Let I =  ( x  1) dx
et
x3  x 2  x
x2  1
= dx
( x  1) 2 x3  x 2  x
rg
x2  1
=  (x 2
 2 x 1) x3  x 2  x
dx
1
Ta
2
1
=  x dx
 1  1
 x   2  x  1
 x  x
1
Put x + +1= t2
x
 1 
 1 2  dx = 2t dt
 x 
2t 1 1
 I =  t 2
1 t 2
dt  2 
t 2 1
dt = 2 tan t + c
 1 
= 2 tan1  x  1   c
x  
515
Textbook
Chapter No.
04 Definite Integration
Hints
Classical Thinking 1 1
11. Put t = –  dt = 2 dx
e
x x
1 1
 x dx = [log x]
e
1. = loge e – log 1 = 1
ns
1 When x = 1, t = 1 and when x = 2, t =
1 2
2 1 1/ 2
3 1 
2.  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) dx
 x
1
2
e x dx = 
1
e t dt = [et ]1/1 2
io
1
1
3 e 1
= (x3  6x2 +11x  6) dx = e 2  e1 =
e
1
at
 x 4 6 x 3 11x 2 
3
1
=    6x = 0 12. Put log x = t  dx = dt
x
4 3 2 1 lic When x = 1, t = 0 and when x = 2, t = log 2
1 2 log 2
1
 (1  x )  1 10 cos(log x)
3. 0 (1  x) dx =  10  = 10
9  1 x dx = 
0
cos t dt
0
= sin t 0
log2
1 1
= sin (log 2)
log x 2
4.  e dx =  e dx
2log x
ub
3
0 0
1   
1
 x3  1
1 13.  1 x 2
dx = [tan 1x] 13 = – =
3 4 12
=  x dx =   =
2 1
0  3 0 3
1
P
π 14. Put tan–1 x = t  dx = dt

 /3
 sin 3 x  3 1  x2
5.  cos 3x dx =
0
 3  =0
 0 When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t =

4
et
/ 2 π
 π π π
6.  / 4 cosec 2
x dx =   cot x  π = –  cot
2  cot  = 1 1
tan 1 x
/4
 t2  4 2
4  2 4  0 1  x 2 dx = 0
t dt =   =
 2 0 32
rg
2
7.  (sinx + cosx) dx = [cos x + sin x]02π = 0 1
dx
1
dx
0 15. x
0
2
 2x  2
=  ( x  1)
0
2
1
 /8 π
Ta
1 1 1 1 1
8.  sec
2
2xdx = [tan2 x ] = (1) =
8
0
=  tan 1  x  1  0
2 0
4 4 4
  
/4 π
= 0   =
1  4 4
9.  cosec 2xdx =
/6
2
[log tan x ] 4
π
6
2
=
1  π π 1
log tan 4  log tan 6  = 2 log 3
16.  log xdx = [xlog x – x]12
2   1
= 2log 2 – 2 + 1
1 4
10. Put 1 + log x = t  dx = dt = log 4 – 1 = log4 – log e = log  
x e  
When x = 1, t = 1 and when x = e, t = 2
2 2 2
e
1  log x
2
 t2  3 x1 1  1 x  e2
 1 x dx = 1 t dt    =
 2 1 2
17. 1  x x 2 
e    dx = e
x 
 1
=
2
–e
516

Chapter 04: Definite Integration

3 3 3 
dx dx  1 1
18. 2 x 2  x = 2 x ( x  1) = 2  x  1  x  dx 22. Let I =  x sin x dx ....(i)
0
3 3 
1 1
 dx –  dx  I =  (  x)sin (   x) dx
2 ( x  1) 2 x 0
= [log( x  1)]  [logx] 3 3

 a a

....   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
2 2
= (log2 – log1) – (log3 – log2) = 2log2 – log3  0 0 

= log  
4 
3    I =  (  x)sin x dx ....(ii)
0
19. Put x = a  t  dx =  dt Adding (i) and (ii), we get

When x = 0, t = a and when x = a, t = 0 
2I =  sin x dx    cos x 0 = 2

ns
a 0
  f( x) dx =   f(a  t)dt 0
0 a I=
a
 b a

=  f(a  t)dt ….   f( x ) dx    f( x )dx  3
x
23. Let I =  dx …..(i)
io
0  a b 
2 5 x + x
a
 b b

=  f(a  x)dx ….   f( x )dx   f( t )dt  3
5 x
0  a a   I= dx ......(ii)
x + 5 x
at
2

 b b

2
sin x ….   f( x)dx =  f(a + b  x)dx 
20. Let  dx ….(i)  
0 sin x + cos x
a a

2

sin   x 

lic Adding (i) and (ii), we get
3
 2  2I =  dx = [ x]32 = 3 – 2 = 1
=  dx
      2
0 sin
  x  + cos   x 
2  2  1
ub
I=
 a a
 2
….   f( x )dx   f(a  x )dx 
 0 0  24. Let f(x) = x17 cos4 x
f(– x) = (– x)17 {cos (– x)}4 = – f(x)

2 
cos x
P
=  cos x + sin x dx
0
….(ii)  f(x) is an odd function.
1
Adding (i) and (ii), we get  x

17
cos4 xdx = 0
 1
et
2
2I   dx =  x 0
2
25. Since sin11 x is an odd function.
0 1
  sin x dx = 0
11
π π
 2I = I =
rg
1
2 4
/2
cos x 26. Since 3 sin x + sin3 x is an odd function.
21. Let I =  dx .....(i) / 2
sin x + cos x    3sin x + sin x  dx = 0
3
Ta
0
/2
π 
/ 2 cos   x 
 2 
 I=  π  π 
dx
Critical Thinking
0
sin   x  + cos   x 
 2   2  2
2
 ax 4 bx 2 
1. 2 (ax + bx + c)dx =  4 + 2 + cx  = 4c
3
 a a

....   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx  2
 0 0 
Hence, the value depends on c.
2
sin x
 I=  cos x + sin x
dx …..(ii) 1
dx
0 2.  1 x  x
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 0
/ 2 1
π  ( 1 x  x)
2I =  dx = I=  dx
0
2 4 0 ( 1  x  x )( 1  x  x )
517


1 1 1 2
( 1 x  x)  x x
= dx   1  x dx   x dx = 4   cos  sin 
0 1 x  x 0 0  4 4 0
2 3 1
 2 3 1
 = 4(0 + 1 + 1  0)
=  1  x      x   2 2
=8
3 0  3 0
 1  x  1  

3 2
 x 
 tan
1
4 2 2 2 4 2 9.  2   tan    dx
=   0 =  x  1   x  
3 3 3 3 1
3
  x  1  x 
  tan
1
π/4 π/4
 =  2   cot  2   dx
   1 
3. I+J=  (sin x + cos x)dx =  dx =  x 1  x
2 2
1
4
0 0 3
  
 =  dx ….  tan 1 x  cot 1 x  
 I= –J 1 2  2
4
 3
ns
=  x  = 2
/ 4 /4 2 1
4.  tan xdx =  (sec x  1) dx
2 2
1 1
0 0
10. Put = t  – 2 dx = dt
π π x x
io
= [tan x ] – [ x ] 4
0
4
0 1 2 
When x = , t =  and when x = , t =
   2
=1–
4 1
2/ π sin  
at
π/2
 x  dx = – sint dt = [cos t]π / 2
π
dx
π
1  sin x   x2 π π
5.  1+ sin x = 
0 cos x
2
dx 1/ π
0
= 0  (1) = 1
π
=  (sec x  sec x tan x ) dx
2
lic 
4
tan x
0 11. Let I =  dx
sin x cos x
= [tan x  sec x]0π = tan  – sec  + 1 0

=0+1+1=2
ub
4
tan x
= dx
3 / 4 0 sin x cos x tan x
dx
6. 
 / 4 1 + cos x

4
sec 2 x
3 / 4
1  cos x
3 / 4
1  cos x
=  dx
P
tan x
= 
 / 4  cos x
1 2
dx =  sin 2 x
dx 0
/ 4 Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt

3 / 4

=  (cosec 2 x  cot x cosec x ) dx When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1
et
/ 4
4
1
3π dt 1
=  cot x + cosec x  π4 = 2  I=  =  2 t   2
0 t 0
4
rg
π/2
12. Put tan x = t  sec2 xdx = dt
(sinx + cosx) 2 
7. I =  1 + sin2 x
dx When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1
0 4
π/2 / 4 1
(sinx + cosx) 2 1 71 1
Ta
2
=  dx  0 xsec xdx = 0 t dt = 7 [t ]0 = 7
6 6
tan
0 (sinx + cosx) 2
π/2 
(sinx + cosx) dx =  cosx + sinx 0
π/2
=  4
13. I8 + I6 =  (tan   tan 6 ) d
8
0
0
=2 
4
2
x
2
 x x
2 =  tan 6  sec 2  d
8.  1  sin
2
dx =   sin  cos  dx
 4 4 
0
0 0
Put tan  = t  sec2  d = dt
2
 x x 
=   sin 4  cos 4  dx
0
When  = 0, t = 0 and when  =
4
,t=1
1
  1
 t7 
....  x  (0,2),  sin  cos   0 
x x 1
 I8 + I6 =  t 6 dt =   =
  4 4  0  7 0 7
518


π/2
1 When x = 1, t = 1 and when x = e2, t = 3
14. Let I =  cosθ
sin 2 
d 3
dt  1  1  2
3
 I= 1 t 2 =  t 1 = –  3  1 = 3
π/4
Put sin = t  cos d = dt

 1 
When  = ,t= and when  = , t = 1 /4
4 2
1
2 21. Let I =  sec x log (secx + tanx) dx
 1 
1 0
1
 I=  t 2
dt =  
 t 1/ 2
Put log(sec x + tan x) = t  sec x dx = dt
1/ 2
log( 2 +1) log( 2 +1)
= 2 –1  t2  [log( 2  1)]2
π
 I= 
0
t dt =  
 2 0
=
2
/6 6
sinx 2
15. Let I =  cos3 x
dx =  tan x sec x dx
 / 4

1  tan x 
4

ns
0 0
Put tan x = t  sec2 xdx = dt

22. 
0 1  tan x
dx =  tan  4  x  dx
0
 1
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=     
 4
6 3 = log sec   x  
  4   0
io
1 1
3
 t2  3 1
 I=  t dt =   =
2
 0 6 =–
1
log2
0 2
at
/ 4 / 4
16. Let I =  sec
7
.sin3 d =  tan θ sec  d
3 4
23. Since sin is positive in interval (0, ).
0 0   
Put tan = t  sec2  d = dt

lic   | sin θ |d =  sin
3 3
d =  sin (1 – cos2)d
0 0 0

When  = 0, t = 0 and when  = ,t=1  
4 =  sinθ dθ +  (sinθ) cos2 d
1
1
 t4 t6  5 0 0
 I =  t 3 (1 + t2) dt =  +  = π
 4 6 0 12  cos 3θ  4
ub
0
= [cosθ]0π +   =
 3 0 3
dt
17. Put x3 = t  x2 dx =
3  /8  /8
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = a, t = a3 24. Let I =  cos 3 4θ dθ =  cos
2
4.cos4d
P
a a3 0 0
3 1 1 a3
 0 x sin x dx = 3 0 sin t dt = – 3 [cos t]0
2
 /8
=  (1  sin 4θ) cos4d
2
1 1 0
= – (cos a3 – 1) = (1 – cos a3)
et
3 3 dt
Put sin4 = t  cos4d =
1 4
18. Put x t dx  2 dt 
x When  = 0, t = 0 and when  = ,t=1
8
rg
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 2, t = 2 1

2 1 1
1  t3  1
 3   I=  (1  t ) dt = t   =
2 x 2 t 2
3 2
 
0 x
dx= 2  3t dt  2 
0  log3
 =
0 log3
(3 2  1) 4 0
4  3 0 6
Ta
π/2
/ 2 / 2
1+ cos x
19. Let I =  sin x sin 2x dx = 2  sin 2 x cos x dx 25. Let I =  5 dx
0 0 π /3
(1  cos x) 2
Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt π/2
1+ cos x 1  cos x

When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = , t = 1
=  5 
1  cos x
dx
2 π /3
(1  cos x) 2
1
2 2 π/2
sin x
 I = 2  t 2dt = [t 3 ]10 =
0
3 3 = 
π /3 (1  cos x)3
dx
e2
dx Put 1 – cos x = t
20. Let I =  x(1  log x)
1
2  sin x dx = dt
1
dt  t 2 
1
1 3
Put (1 + log x) = t 
x
dx = dt  I= 1/ 2 t 3   2  = 2
1/ 2
519


26. Put sin2 x = t  2 sin x cos x dx = dt 2  1  2 x  1  
1
 =  tan  
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1 3  3 0
2
2  1  1  1  1 
1 1 1  =   tan  
π/2
sin x cos x 1  tan  
 0 1+ sin 4 x dx = 
2 0 1+ t 2
dt = [tan 1t]10 =
2 8
3  3  3 
2       2  2
π/4 π/4
=       . 
4sin2θ dθ 2sinθcosθ dθ 3  6  6  3 3 3 3
27. Let I = 
0 sin 4θ + cos 4θ
= 4 4
0 sin θ + cos 4θ
1 1
dx ex
= 4
π/4
2tanθsec 2θ dθ 32. Let I = 0 e x + e x = 0 1 + e2 x dx
tan 4θ +1
Put ex = t  exdx = dt
0
2 2
Put tan  = t  2 tan sec  d  = dt e
dt
 I=  1+ t = [tan 1t]1e = tan1 e  tan1 1
ns
1
 
 I = 4  2dt = 4 [tan 1 t]10 = 4   0  =  1
2
0 t +1 4 
 e 1 
= tan–1  
1 3
 e +1 
28. k  x f (3 x )dx   t f (t)dt ….(i)
io
0 0   x  y 
….  tan 1 x  tan 1 y = tan 1  
dt   1+ xy  
Put 3x = t  dx =
3
at
1 1 1
1 3 3 x 4 +1 x4  1 dx

t dt k
k  xf (3 x )dx = k   f (t)  =  tf (t)dt 33. x 2
+1
dx = x 2
1
dx + 2 x 2
1
0 0 3 3 90 0 0 0
1 1
From (i), dx
=  ( x 2  1) dx + 2 x
k
3 3
lic 0 0
2
1
9 0
t f (t)dt   t f (t)dt 1
0 x 
3
1
=  x  +  2tan –1 x  0
k  3 0
 =1k=9
9 2 
ub
=– +
2 3 2
2/3
dx 13 dx 3  4
29.  =  =
0 4 + 9x 2
9 0  2 2 2 6
  +x
P
3 1/ 2
1/ 2
dx dx
 
2 34.  xx 2
=  2 2
3
1/ 4 1/ 4 1  1
1 1  1 x    x 
=   tan 2  2
2
et
9 2
  1
3 3 0   1  2
1 π   1  x  2  
=  = = sin  
6 4 24   1 
rg
  2   1
4
k
dx 
30.  2  8x
0
2
=
16 = [sin (2 x  1)] 1 1/ 2
1/ 4 =
π
6
Ta
k
1 1 
 
2 0 1  (2 x )
2 2
dx=
16 35.
5
x2
3 x 2  4 dx =
5

 1 x
4 
 dx
3
2
4
k
1  tan 1 (2 x )   5
     4 x2 
2 2 16 = x + log
0
 2(2) x  2  3
1 
  tan 1 2k  =  15 
4 16 = 2 + loge  
7
 1
  tan 2k  k =
1
4 2 1
1
1 1
36. Let I =  [ax  b(1  x)] 2
dx
dx dx 0
31. x 2
 x  1 0 
 2 1
1
1  3
2
0
 x    
=   a  b  x  b  2
dx
 2   2  0  
520


Put (a  b) x + b = t  (a  b) dx = dt / 2
dx
When x = 0, t = b and when x = 1, t = a 41. Let I =  a cos x + b sin
0
2 2 2 2
x
a
1 1 Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 x,
 I =
ab b t 2 dt we get
a / 2
1  1 sec 2 x
=
a  b  t 
 b
I = a
0
2
+ b 2 tan 2 x
dx
1 a  b Put b tan x = t  b sec2 x dx = dt

=
 a  b   ab 

When x = 0, t = 0 and when x =
π
,t=
1 2
 I = dt
ab  
1 1 t 
 I =  2 b 2 =  tan 1   
37. Put a2 + x2 = t  2xdx = dt a t b a  a 0
ns
0
When x = 0, t = a2 and when x = a, t = 2a2 1
a 2a 2 = (tan–1  – tan–1 0)
xdx 1 1 ab
  a x2 2
=
2  t
dt
1 π  π
0 a2
=   0 =
io
2a 2
1 1 ab  2  2ab
=  t  2 =  2a 2  2   a 2  2 = a( 2  1)
Put ex  1 = t2  ex dx = 2t dt
a
42.
38. Put 1  e  x  t   e x dx  dt When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = log 5, t = 2
at
log 5 2
1 ex ex  1 2t 2
When x = 0, t = 2 and when x = 1, t = 1 +
e
  0 ex + 3
dx = 0 t 2  4 dt
1 1
1 1 2
 4 

1
e  2x
0 1  e x dx =
e

 t  1   dt  =
t 
lic
e
1 
  1 dt
t 
= 2  1 
0 
 dt
t  4
2
2 2
2
1  1 t
=  log t  t 2 = 2 t  4 . tan 1 
1
e
 2 2 0
ub
= log 1    1    log 2  2
1 1  
 e  e = 2 2  2 .  = 4  
4 
e  1 1
= log    1 43. Put x = 2 cos  dx = – 2 sin d
 2e  e
P
2 0
2+ x 1 + cosθ
39.
x
Put tan  t
 
0 2x
dx = – 2 
/ 2 1  cosθ
sin  d
2
θ
2dt 1  t2 cos  
et
0
 dx = and cos x  =–4   2  sin  cos  d
1 t 2
1  t2  θ 2 2
 / 2 sin
  
 2
1 2
 
1  t  
2 1
dx 2dt
 0 2  cos x = 0 3  t 2 =  3 tan  3  0
rg
0 =2  (1 + cosθ) d
–1  1 
/2
2
= tan  
3  3 π 
=  2 [θ + sinθ]0π = 2  +1 =  + 2
Ta
2 2 
x
40. Put tan =t b
2 xa 
44. Since  dx   b  a 
2dt 1 t2 bx 2
 dx = and cos x = a
1  t2 1  t2 4
x3  

dx

2dt   dx =  4  3 =
4x 2 2
 0 5  4cos x = 0 9  t 2 3
b
 
 b  a
2
2 t 
=  tan 1    45. Since ( x  a)(b  x) dx =
8
3  3 0 a
7

2
     7  3
2
= tan 1   0 ( x  3)(7  x) dx= =
3 3
8
2   
= . = =  16  2
3 2 3 8
521


46. Put x2 + 1 = t  2x dx = dt π sec 2
x
2 5
=  x
dx
x3 1 (t  1) 0 (1  a) 2 + (1 + a 2 ) tan 2
  2
3 dx =
2  3
dt 2
0
( x +1) 2 1
t 2
2 
dt
1 
5 1

3 =
(1+ a)2   (1  a)  2
=  t 2
 t  dt
2 0
  +t
2
2 1   (1 + a) 
5
1  1   x 1 x 
= 2 t + 2  ….  Put t  tan  dt  sec 2 dx 
2  t 1  2 2 2 
1  2  2 (1+ a)  1  1 + a  

=
2 2 5 + 5  2  2 =   tan  1  a .t  
  (1+ a) (1  a)
2
 0

ns
1 62 5
= 5+ 2 = 2 π
5 5 = (tan–1  – tan–1 0) =
(1+ a) 2
1 a2
47. Put x = a tan   dx = a sec2  d
 
io
a 2
x4 4
a 4 tan 4  . a sec 2  cos x
 0 (a 2 + x 2 )4 dx = 0 a 8 sec8  d 49.  1  cos x  sin x dx
0
 
at
4
1 2
cos 2 ( x /2)  sin 2 ( x /2)
= 3  sin 4  cos 2  d
a 0
=  2cos ( x/2)  2sin( x/2)cos( x/2) dx
0
2


4
1
  sin   sin   d
=
a3 0
4 6
lic 1 2 1  tan 2 ( x /2)
= 
2 0 1  tan( x /2)
dx

1 4  1  cos 2 2 1  cos 2 3  
=
a3 0 

4

8
 d

1 2  x 
=  1  tan    dx
ub
 20  2 

4 
1 1 x 2
 1  cos 2 1  cos 2 =  x  2log cos   
2
= 3 d
8a 2
0  2  0

P
1 4  1  1
=  1  cos 2  cos 2  cos3 2  d =  log =  log 2
2
8a 3 0
4 2 4 2

et
π/4
 
4
1 1
=
8a 3  4  2  cos 2  2cos 4  cos 6 d
0
50. Let I =
0
tan x + cot x dx
 1  cos 2A  π/4
sin x + cos x
 cos 2 A 
  =  dx
rg
….  2 sin x cos x
 0
and cos 2 A  cos 3A  3cos A  π/4
sin x + cos x
 4  = 2  dx
 0 1  (sin x  cos x) 2
Ta
1  sin 2 sin 4 sin 6  4

= 2    Put sin x – cos x = t  (cos x + sin x) dx = dt
32a 3  2 2 6  0
0
1   1 dt
=   
 I= 2  1  t2
16a 3  4 3  1
π = 2 [sin 1t]01
dx
48. 0 1  2a cos x + a 2   π  
= 2 0    =
π
dx   2   2
= 
0 (1 + a 2 )  cos 2
x x  x x
 + sin 2   2a  cos 2  sin 2  1 1
 2 2  2 2 51. x
2
exdx = [ x 2 .e x ]10 –  2 xe x dx
π 0 0
dx
=  x x = e – 2 [ xe  e ] x x 1
0 (1  a) 2 cos 2 + (1+ a) 2 sin 2 0
2 2 = e – 2 [e – e – (0 – 1)] = e – 2
522


 2 
2 4 2
e
x
52. Let I = = 2  t sin t dt

sin x dx   sin
0
x dx
0
4
= 2   t cos t  sin t 0 = 2
/ 2

2
/ 2
 I =  e x sin x  e x cos x   / 4  e
x
sin x dx
 58. Put x = tan  dx = sec2  d
4

2 When x = 0,  = 0 and when x = 1,  
 2I = e  x   sin x  cos x     4 4

1     1

1   1
1  2 x 
4
1  2 tan  
 I=  e 2   1  0   e 4      0 sin  1  x 2  dx = 0 sin  1  tan 2   sec  d
2
2    2 2  
1 2 
 I= 
ns
e 4
2 = 2   sec 2  d
0

2 
53. Let I =  e x sin x dx 4
= 2   tan 0  2  tan  d
4
io
0
 0
2

=  2  log cos x 0
2 4
= sin x . e x  0   cos x . e x dx
2
at
0
 
2 =  2log 2

2
I = e sin x  0  cos x . e  0   sin x . e x dx
x x 2 2
0
  2I = e  sin x  cos x   0

x 2
lic 59. Let I =
1/ 2

sin 1 x
3
dx
0
(1  x 2 ) 2
  2I = e 2
1
1
e 2
1 Put sin–1 x = t  dx = dt
I=
ub
2 1  x2
1 
1
b When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=
54. Let I =  log x dx 2 4
a x π/4
 1
 I=  t.sec tdt = – log2
2
P
b
1
 I =  log x log x a   log xdx 4 2
b
0
a x
 2I = [(log x)2 ]ab 1

60. Put t = sin–1 x  dt = dx
et
1 1  x2
 I = [(log b) 2  (log a) 2 ]
xsin 1 x
1/ 2 π/6
2
1
  1  x2
dx =  t sin t dt
= [(log b + log a)(log b – log a)] 0 0
rg
2 π
1 b = [ t cos t + sin t]06

= log(ab)log  
2 a π 3 1 1 3π
=  . + = 
Ta
1 1
6 2 2 2 12
1
 tan xdx =  tan x  .x 0  
1
1 1
55.  xd x
0 1 x 
2   x x
 x + 2sin 2 . cos 2 
0
2 2
x + sin x
61. 0 1+ cos x dx = 0 
1
 dx
=  x tan -1 x  log 1  x 2 
1
x
 2 0  2cos 2 
 2 
 1
=  log 2 
1 2
=   x sec2  2 tan  dx
4 2 x x
1 1
2 0 2 2
56.  cos
1
x dx   x cos 1 x  1  x 2  = 1  
 0 2 2 2
=  2 x tan    tan dx   tan dx

0 1 x x x
57. Put x = t2  dx = 2t dt 2 2 0 0 2 0 2
2
2    
=  x tan 
x
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t= = tan =
4 2  2  0 2 4 2
523


 π
6  I = 2 e tsin  t + π  dt
62.  (2 + 3x ) cos3x dx  4
2
0
0 π
 et  π 1 


=2  sin  t +  tan 1  
 1 +1  4 1  0
6
=  2  3 x 2  .
sin 3 x  6 sin 3 x

  3 0
 6x . 3
dx
0  eax  b 
  e sin bx dx  sin  bx – tan 1   c 
ax



2
a +b 2
 a 
2  2  2 x cos 3 x  6 2 6
=  
3 36  3   3  cos 3 x dx 2 t π
0 0 = e sint 
2 0
2 2 2
 0  sin 3 x 0
6
=  2
3 36 9 = [0] = 0
2
2 2 2 1
= +  = (2 + 16)
ns
3 36 9 36 e
ex e
1 
66. 1 x (1 + xlog x) dx = e   log x  dx
x
e
 1 1  x 
63. 2  log x  (log x)2  dx 1
e
= e x . log x 1 = ee
io
e e
1 1
= dx   dx
2  x
2
2 log x log π/2
67. e (log sinx + cot x) dx
x
 
e
 x  e
x 1
e
π/4
    dx  
at
= 2
dx
 log x  2 2  x  log x   2  log x 
2 π
= [e x log sin x] π2
e
 x  2
4
=   e 
 
 1 π
 log x  2 log 2
  = e,  =  2
lic = e log sin – e 4 log sin
2
2 4
= e 4 log2
2
1 1
1
 x e x ( x  1) e x ( x +1  2)
64. 0 x log 1 + 2  dx 68. 0 ( x +1)3 dx = 0 ( x +1)3 dx
ub
  1
 1 2 
  x  x2 
1 1
 1 1 x2  =  ex   3
dx
=  log 1   .      1  x  1  x  
2
. .  dx 0
  2  2  0 0 1  x 2 2 
1
 2   ex  e
=  = 1
P
2
 1  x   0 4
1
1 3 1 x2
= log 
2 2 2 0 x  2 dx
1 1 x3
1 3 1 
1
2x  69. (x) = = – 4
= log    x 
et
 dx x( x 4  1) x x 1
2 2 2 0 x  2
2 2
1 x3 
   (x) dx =   x  x  dx
1
3 1  x2 
1
1 x
= log     0 x  2 dx 1 1
4
1
2 2 2  2 0
rg
2
1 
=  log x 1   log( x 4  1) 
2
1 3 1
1
 2 
= log  
2 2 4 0 1  x  2  dx 4 1
1 32
= log
Ta
1 3 1
  x  2log  x  2   0
1
= log  4 17
2 2 4
1 3 1
= log  + 1  2 log 3 + 2 log 2 70. Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt
2 2 4 
3 3 2 When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=1
= + log 2
4 2 3 π/2
cos x
1
dt

3
a= ,b=
3   (1+ sin x)(2 + sin x) dx =  (1  t)(2  t)
0 0
4 2
1
=  
1 1 
  dt
2π x
x π
65. Let I = 0 .sin  2 + 4  dx
e 2
0 
1+ t 2 + t 
x
= [log(1+ t)  log(2 + t)]10
Put = t
2 2 1 4
= log   – log   = log  
 dx = 2dt 3  2 3    
524


71. Put 1 + tanx = t  sec2 xdx = dt  1 1 
  10
0
10 
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = , t = 2 =    dt
4  1  5  4t 5  4t 
/ 4  
sec 2 x
  (1 + tan x )(2 + tan x )
dx
=
1 1 1 
log  5  4t   log  5  4t  
0
10  4
0
2 2 2
4  1
dt dt dt
= 1 t(1 + t) = 1 t – 1+ t
1 =
1
 log 9  log 1
40
= [log t  log(1+ t)]12 1
= log 3
4 20
= loge 2 – loge3 + loge2 = loge  
3 tan x
t
cot x
dt
74.  dt + 
ns
/ 4 1+ t 2 t(1+ t 2 )
sec x 1 1
72. Let I =  1 + 2sin 2
x
dx e
tan x
e
cos x
0
1 2t 1 t 
/ 4
cos x
=
2  1+ t 2
dt     2 
 t 1+ t 
dt
=  cos 2 x(1+ 2sin 2 x)
dx 1 1
io
e e
0
cos x
1
log 1  t 2    1 
 log t  log 1  t 2  
/ 4 tan x
cos x =
= 
0 (1  sin x)(1+ 2sin 2 x)
2 dx 2  1e
 2 1 e
at
1   1 
Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt = log  sec x   log  1  e2    log  cot x 
2
1/ 2
2   
1
 I=  dt 1 1   1 
(1  t 2 )(1  2t 2 )  log    log  cosec x   log 1  e2  
2
1
0
1/ 2
 1 2 
lic e 2   
=
3  
 1  t 2

1 
 dt
2t 2  =  log    log e  1
1
0
e  
1
1 1 1 t  2  2
 
ub
4 2 4
=  log   tan 1 2t 
3  2.1  1  t  2 0
75.  f ( x) dx =  (4 x + 3) dx +  (3x + 5) dx
1 1 2
1 1  2 1  4
=  log 
1
  2 tan 1
2  3x 2 
=  2 x 2  3x 1 +   5 x  = 37
3  2  2 1    2 2
P
1 1  3 3
 2 log( 2  1)  2. 4 
2
=
76.  (3ax 
 2bx  c)dx  (3ax 2  2bx  c) dx
2
3  
0 1
1   
et
= log( 2  1)  2 2 
1 3
3    
0
(3ax 2  2bx  c)dx  (3ax 2  2bx  c) dx

1

4 3
sin x + cos x
rg
73. Let I  
0 9 +16 sin 2 x
dx

 (3ax 2  2bx  c) dx
1
 1
 (3ax
4
sin x + cos x  2
 2bx  c) dx = 0
=  9 +16 1   sin x  cos x  dx
Ta
2
 0
0
  1
Put sin x  cos x = t  3ax3 2bx 2 
    cx   0  a  b  c  0
 (cos x + sin x)dx = dt  3 2 0

When x = 0, t = 1 and when x =
2 0 2
,t=0
4 77.  | x |dx =    x  dx +  x dx
1 1 0
0
dt
 I= 1 9 +16 1  t 2  = –
x 2 0
 x2 
2
 +  
0
 2  1  2  0
1
=  25  16t
1
2
dt 
= – 0   + 2
1
2 
0
1 1 5
=   5  4t   5  4t  dt
1
=2+
2
=
2
525


3 2 3 1 0 1
78.  | 2  x | dx =  (2  x)dx +  (2  x)dx 85.   x   x dx =   x   x  dx    x   x dx

0 0 2
1 1 0
2 3
 x   2
x  2 0 1
= 2 x 

 – 2 x  
2 0  2 2 =   x  1 dx    x  0 dx
1 0
 9 
= (4 – 2) – 6   (4  2)    x  1   x2 
21 0
 2  =    
 9 5  2  1  2  0
= 2 –    =
 2 2 1 1
=  =1
4 2 4
2 2
79.  | x + 2 | dx =   ( x + 2) dx +
4 4
 ( x  2) dx
2
3
2
5
6 
ns
= 
  x2 
2
 2 x  +   2 x  = 20
 x2 
4 86.  [2sin x]dx =  [2sin x]dx +  [2sin x]dx
  5
 2  4 2  2 2 2 6
7 3
1 6 2
io
  [2sin x]dx
1 3 1
+ [2sin x]dx +
80.  |3x 2  1|dx =
 1  3x  dx   3x  1 dx
2 2
 7
0 0 1 6
3
at
5 7 3
6  6 2
3 1 3 1
=  x  x  0   x  x 
  0dx +    1 dx +    2 dx
3
1 3 = 1 . dx +
 5 7
1 1 1 1 4 
=     2 6 6
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
lic  5    7
=         2    =   
  3 7  
81. Since sin x is positive in the interval (0, ) and  6 2  6   2 6  2
negative in the interval (, 2). 5
[| x  3 |]dx
2π π 2π
87.
ub
  | sin x |dx
0
=  sin x dx +
0
 sin x) dx
π
1
3 5
=  cos x 0 +  cos x π
π 2π
= 1 + 1+ 1 + 1 = 4
= 1

   x  3  dx +   x  3  dx
3
P
2 3
 2
 
2π
=    x  3  dx +    x  3  dx
82.  (sin x + | sin x |)dx =  2sin x dx   0 . dx
0 0  1 2
= 2   cos x 0  0
 4 5
et
=  2  cos   cos 0  
+ [ x  3]dx  [ x  3]dx
3
4
=  2   1  1  4 2 3 4 5
 
 1 . dx  0 . dx  0 . dx  1 . dx  
rg
π π
1 + cos 2 x 1 2 3 4
83. 
0 2
dx =  | cos x |dx
0
=  x 1   x 4 =  2  1   5  4   2
2 5
π/2 π
Ta
 cos x dx   cos x dx
π/2
= cos x  sin x
0 π/2
88. Let I =  1+ sin x cos x dx ....(i)
0
= [sin x]0π / 2 – [sin x]ππ / 2
   
 π   π π/2 cos   x   sin   x 
= sin  sin 0 – sin π  sin  = 1 + 1 = 2 2  2  dx
 2   2
 I=     
0 1  sin   x  cos   x 
2 1 2 2  2 
84. x
2
[x]dx =  x 2  x  dx   x 2  x  dx  a a

0 0 1 ....   f ( x )dx   f (a  x )dx 
1 2  0 0 
=  x 2  0  dx   x 2 1 dx π/2
sin x  cos x
0
2
1  I=  1 + cos x sin x dx
0
....(ii)
x  73
= 0   Adding (i) and (ii), we get
3
 1 3
2I = 0  I = 0
526


  3
π/2
2
 sin x  2 sin 2 x dx
89.  log tan x dx =  log   dx 93. Let I =  3 3
….(i)
0 0  cos x  0
cos x + sin x
2 2
  3
 
2 2
sin 2   x 
=  log sin x dx   log cos x dx
π/2
2 
0 0
=  3
  
3

dx
2 
 
0
cos   x   sin   x 
2
2 2 2  2 
=  log sin x dx   log sin x dx  a a

0 0
…   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 a a
  0 0 
…   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx  3
 0 0  π/2
cos 2 x dx
=  ....(ii)
ns
=0 3 3
0
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
2a
f( x ) Adding (i) and (ii), we get
90. Let I =  f( x) + f(2a  x) dx .....(i) π/2
 
 dx = [ x] I=
0 π/ 2
2I = =
io
0
2a
f(2a  x ) 0
2 4
 I=  f(2a  x) + f( x) dx
0
.....(ii)
Alternate Method:
Adding (i) and (ii), we get π/2

at
sin n x
2a  n n
sin x + cos x
dx =
4
 dx = 2a
0
2I =
0

I=a
lic 94. Let I  
2
dx
π/2 0 1+ tan 3 x
1000sin x
91. Let I =  1000sin x +1000cos x
dx ....(i) 
0 2
cos 3 x
 sin
ub
= dx ....(i)
π/2
π 
sin   x 
2  0
3
x  cos3 x
1000
 I=  π  π 
dx 
sin   x  cos   x 
0 2  2 
1000 +1000 2
sin 3 x
 I  3
dx
3
....(ii)
  0 cos x + sin x
a a
P
....   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 0 0   a a

π/2 cos x
....   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
1000  
 I=  1000 dx ....(ii) 0 0
et
cos x
+1000sin x
0 Adding (i) and (ii), we get
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 
2
π/2

π π 2I  dx   x 0
2
2I=  1dx = [ x] 0π/ 2 = I=
rg
0
2 4 0
 
  2I = I
2
e x2 2 4

Ta
92. Let I  2
dx ….(i)
 
0 x2   x 
e e 2 

2
95. Let I  ecos x cos5 3x dx
  
2
2   x 0
e 2 
 I
 dx ….(ii) 
e
2
cos2    x 
0
 
  x x2 = cos5 3    x  dx
e 2 
e
0
 a a
  
….   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
a a
….   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 0 0   0 0 
2x
  I    ecos cos5 3 x dx =  I
2
π 

0
2I  dx   x 0
2
= I
0
2 4  2I  0  I  0
527


π/2 
 4 + 3 sin x 
96. Let I = 
0
log   dx
 4 + 3 cos x  99.
4
Let I =  log(1+ tanθ)d
0
π/2
 4 + 3 cos x 
=  log   dx
 4 + 3 sin x 

4
  
=  log 1  tan      d
0
 a a
  4 
….   f( x)dx =  f  a  x  dx  0
 0 0   a a

π/2
….   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 4 + 3 sin x   
 I=–  log  4 + 3 cos x  dx = – I
0 
0 0
 2I = 0  I = 0
4
 1  tan  
=  log 1   d
 0  1  tan  
2
dθ
ns
97. Let I   ….(i) 
4

4
1 + tanθ
0
=  log 2d   log 1  tan   d

0 0
2
dθ
 
0 1+ tan 
  4
log 2  4 
io
  
2 
 2I =  log 2d  I  0  log 2
0 2 8
 a a

….   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
at
1
 0   2x 1 
 tan
1
0
100.  2 
dx

0 1 x  x 
2
dθ
 I  ….(ii) 1
 x  ( x  1) 
1+ cot =  tan 1   dx
0

lic 0
1
 1  x ( x  1) 

2
1 1  =  (tan 1 x + tan 1 ( x  1)) dx
2I      d 0
0 1  tan  1  cot  
ub
1 1

=  tan 1 x dx +  tan 1 ( x  1) dx
2
 1 tan  
=   1  tan   tan   1  d
0 0
0 1 1
 =  tan 1 x dx +  tan 1 (1  x  1) dx
P
2 0 0
 d    
2
= 0
 a a

0
….   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
   
  
0 0
et
2 4 1 1
π =  tan 1 x dx –  tan 1 xdx = 0

98. Let I =  x sin3xdx …..(i) 0 0
0
rg
π/2
π x sin x cos x
=  (π  x) sin3 x dx …..(ii) 101. Let I =  cos
0
4
x  sin 4 x
dx .....(i)
0
 a a
  
....   f ( x )dx   f (a  x )dx    x  cos x sin x
Ta
π/2
2 
 0 0   I=  sin 4 x  cos 4 x
dx .....(ii)
π
π
π
 a a

2I =   sin 3 x dx = ....   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
4 0
(3 sin x  sin 3 x) dx
0  0 0 
π
π cos 3x  Adding (i) and (ii), we get
=  3cos x +
4 3  0  π/2
cos x sin x
π 1 1
2I =
2  cos 4
x  sin 4 x
dx
= 3  + 3   0
4 3 3 π/2
 tan x sec 2 x
=
4π I=
4 
0 1  tan 4 x
dx
3
dt
 I =
2π Put tan x = t  tan x sec2 x dx =
2
3 2
528


 1.5 1.5
π dt
 I=
8 0 1  t 2 105. Let I  
0.5
xf ( x)dx 
  2  x  f ( 2  x)dx
0.5
 π2  b b

= [tan 1 t]0 =
8 16 ….   f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx 
π
 a a 
x tan x
102. Let I   dx ….(i) 1.5
0 sec x + tan x 
  2  x  f ( x)dx
π
   x  tan x dx 0.5
 I=  sec x + tan x
0
….(ii) …  f  x   f  2  x   given  
1.5
 a a

....   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 0 0 
 
I  2 f ( x)dx  I
0.5
ns
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 1.5 1.5
2I   
π
tan x
dx
 
2I =  2 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
0.5

0.5
0 sec x + tan x
π
 sin x 3
io
 I=  1 + sin x dx 4

2 0 106. Let I   1 + sin  d

….(i)
  dx 
 
 1dx  
4
= 
at
2 0 0 1  sin x 
3
4

On solving, we get =  1 + sin      d
  
I    2      1 4
2 2


lic  b b
….   f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx 

3
dx  a a 
103. Let I   3
 1 + cot x 4

 I=  1 + sin  d ….(ii)
ub
6


3
sin x 4
= 
 sin x  cos x
dx ….(i)
6 3
4

P
 I
3
cos x
dx ….(ii)
2I   1 + sin      d

 cos x  sin x 4
6
On solving, we get
et
 b 
 
b
….   f  x  dx   f  a  b  x  dx  2I = 2 2 1
 a a 

Adding (i) and (ii), we get  I  
2  1   tan
8
rg

3
2I   dx 2a a 2a

6
107.  f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx +
0 0
 f ( x) dx
a
Ta
1    2a
 I   
2  3 6  12 Let I1 =  f ( x) dx
a
b
104. Let I =  xf( x ) dx Put x = 2a  t  dx =  dt
0
a
b
 I1 =   f (2a  t) dt
=  (a + b  x)f(a + b  x) dx a
a a a
b b =  f (2a  t) dt =  f (2a  x ) dx
 I =  (a  b)f ( x)dx   xf ( x) dx 0 0
2a a a
a a
…  f (a  b  x)  f ( x) ...(given) 
  f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx +
0 0
 f (2a  x) dx
0
b
ab b a
 2I = (a  b)  f ( x) dx  I =
a
2  f ( x) dx
a
= 2  f ( x ) dx, if f(2a  x) = f(x)
0
529


 /2 
x
108. Let I =  sin 2 x dx = 2
0

0
sin 2 x dx 112. Let I   a cos x  b sin
0
2 2 2 2
x
dx ….(i)
 2a a
 
x
….   f( x)dx  2 f( x)dx, if f (2a  x)  f ( x) 
 0 0 
 I
 a cos x  b sin
0
2 2 2 2
x
dx ….(ii)
1   a a

 I=2  ….   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
2 2
 0 0 
 Adding (i) and (ii), we get
=
2 
dx

2I  
0
2 2 2 2
x
π 2
ns
 | cos x |dx = 2  | cos x | dx

109.  dx
0 0  I =
2  a cos x  b sin
0
2 2 2 2
x
 2a a

  f  x  dx  2  f  x  dx, 

....  0  
2
dx
io
0
 if f  2a  x   f  x   =2. 2 2 2 2
  2 0
x
= 2 sin x 0  2
2
 2a a

 
 f  x  d x  2  f  x  dx , 
at
….  0 0 
2π   if f  2a  x   f  x  
 
110.  cos x dx = 2  cos x dx
99 99
0 0 
 2a a
lic 
....   f ( x)dx  2  f ( x)dx, if f (2a  x)  f ( x) 
= 
2

sec2 x
dx
a  b 2 tan 2 x
2
 0 0  0

Put b tan x  t  bsec2 xdx  dt
Let I1 =  cos99 x dx
ub
0  
 dt  1  1 t 
 I1 =   cos99 x dx
  I =
b  0
a t 22

b a 
tan
a  0
0
P
 a a
    
2
....   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx  =   0 

ab  2  2ab
 0 0 
et
 I1 =  I1  2I1 = 0  I1 = 0 1 0 1
2π 113.  f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx

  cos x dx = 2(0) = 0
99 1 1 0
st
0 In 1 integral, put x = t  dx = dt
rg
0 0
 
2

2
  f ( x)dx =   f ( t)dt
1
  2logsin x dx   logsin x dx 
1
111. logsin 2 x dx  1
Ta
0 0 0 =  f ( t)dt
 0
2 1

= 2 log sin x  log sin    x   dx
0
=  f ( x)dx
0
1 1 1
 2a a
  =  f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
 0  0

….  f  x  dx  f  x   f  2a  x   dx 

1 0 0
= 0, if f(x) = f(x)

2 a

= 4 log sin x dx
0
114. Since  f( x)dx = 0, if f   x  = f(x)
a
1
   1
= 4    log 2  =  2 log e 2  2 log e     f( x)dx  0
 2  2 1
530


2I = 2   
0 1
  f( x )dx +  f( x )dx = 0  log 2 
1 0  2 
0  2 
  f( x )dx =  5 
….   log sin x dx   log 2 
1 2
 0 
0  
  f(t)dt   5  2
I    log   log
1 1
1 
2 2 2 2
π
2 2
115. Let I =  log sin x dx 117. Let I =  (px
2
 qx + s)dx
0 2
2 2
π
ns
=  (px  s)dx  q  xdx
2
4
=   log sin x  log cos x  dx 2 2
0 2
4
= 2  (px 2  s)dx  0  (4p  3s)
 2a a
 3
….   f  x  dx    f  x   f  2a  x   dx  0
io
 0 0  Thus, to find the numerical value of I, it is
π necessary to know the values of p and s.
4
=  log sin x cos x dx 118. Let f(x) = x | x |
at
0  f(–x) =  x |  x | =  x | x | = –f(x)
π
4
 f(x) is an odd function.
 sin 2 x 
=  log   dx
1
  x | x |dx = 0
0
π
 2 
π
lic 1
4 4
119. Since |sin x| is an even function.
=  log sin 2 x dx   log 2dx  
0 0 2 2
ub
I = 2 | sin x |dx = 2 sin x dx = 2  cos x 0
/ 2
In 1st integral, 2 x  t  2dx  dt 
0 0
π
= 2( 0 + 1) = 2
1 2

 I  
2 0
log sin tdt  log 2
4 1
120. Since is an odd function.
P
π
x + x3
a
1 2  dx
=  log sin xdx  log 2
2 0 4
  x+x
a
3
=0
et
 b b
 121. Let f(x) = sin x f(cos x)
….   f  x  dx   f  t  dt 
 b a   f(– x) = – sin x f(cos x) = f (x)
rg
1 
 I = I  log 2 a
2 4   f ( x) dx = 0
a

 I log 2
Ta
2 sin x 2
122. Let f(x) = e cos x
1  cos x2
π
sin x 2
116. Let I   x log sin x dx ...(i)  f(x) =  e  cos x = f(x)
0 1  cos 2 x
π  f(x) is an odd function.
 I =     x  log sin x dx ...(ii) / 2
0  
 / 2
f ( x)dx = 0
 a a

….   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 0 0  123. Let f(x) = 1 + x + x 2 – 1  x + x 2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get  f(– x) = 1  x + x 2 – 1 + x + x 2 = – f(x)

π 2 1
2I    log sin x dx = 2  log sin x dx   f ( x) dx = 0

1
0 0
531

124. Let f(x) = e x  e x  3 3

e  e
x x
  f(x) is an odd function.
 log  
1
 f(x) = e  e  e 
 x3
e x3 x x 
1
1  x 2  x dx = 0
=   e  e   e  e  = f(x)
x3  x3 x x
 
2 2
 f(x) is an odd function. 129.  sin x dx  2 sin 2 x dx


2
 e e  e
1
 dx  0
 0
x3  x3
 e x x 
2
1
….[ sin2 x is an even function]
 1+ x 
125. Let f(x) = log   
1 x  2
(n  1)(n  3)....1 
Since sin n x dx =   ,
ns
1
1 x   1+ x  n(n  2)....2 2
 f(–x) = log   = log   = –f(x) 0
1– x  1 x 
if n is even

1
 1+ x  2
io
  log  1  x  dx = 0  2 1   
  sin x dx  2   =
2
1

 2 2 2

2
1 x 
126. Let f(x) = cos x log 
at

1 x   
4 4
 sin  cosec x dx
1 4
1 x  130. Let I = x dx = 4
 f(x) = cos x log    

1 x 
= cos x log   =  f(x)

1 x 
lic 4

4
4
1 x  =  cosec x (1  cot

2 2
x)dx
 f(x) is an odd function. 
4
ub
1
1 x  Put cot x = t  cosec2 x dx = dt

2
  cos x log  1  x  dx  0
1 1

2  I =   (1  t 2 )dt
1
127. Let f() = log (sec   tan )
P
1
 f() = log (sec  + tan ) = 2  (1  t 2 )dt
 1  0
= log  
 sec   tan  
et
…[ (1 + t2) is an even function]

= log (sec  tan ) = f()
1
 f() is an odd function.  t3 

= 2  t  
 3 0
rg
4
  log(sec   tan )d = 0  1 8


= 2 1   = 
4
 3 3
 
Ta
128. Let f(x) = log 1  x 2  x 131. Since x tan1 x is an even function.
 
1 1
 f   x   log 1  x2  x –1
  x tan x dx = 2  x tan
1
xdx
 
1 0
1  x2  x

= log 1  x 2  x .   x
 x2 
1 1
1 x2
 1 x 2 =  2tan 1 x   – 2
 2 0 0 1+ x
2
. dx
2
 1  x2  x2  1
x 2 +1  1
 log 
 1  x2  x 
 = [ x 2 tan 1 x]10 –  1+ x 2
dx
  0
 log1  log  1  x2  x  = [ x tan x] – [ x]10 + [tan 1x]10

2 1 1
0
  log  1  x2  x   f  x   =
π
4
–1+
π
4
π
= –1
2
532


1 1 1 / 2
1  x3 1 x3 sinx
132. 
1
9  x2
dx 

1
9x 2
dx+
1
9  x2 
dx 135. Let I =  1+ cos x dx
0
2
1 Put cosx = t  – sin x dx = dt

1
= 2 
0
9  x2
dx+ 0
 I=
0
dt dt
1

1 1  t 2 = 0 1  t 2 = [tan t]0 = 4
1 1
 1 
 9  x 2 isan even function and  π/2
….   136. Let I =  cosθ sin  d
3
 x3 
 9  x 2 isan odd function. 
0
Put t = cos  dt = – sin  d

1
 1 3 x  1 1 0 1 1 1 5
= 2
 2  3
log
3  x
 = (log 2  log1) = log 2
0 3 3
 I=– t
1
2
(1  t 2 ) dt =  (t
0
2
 t 2 ) dt
ns
7 1
1 2 3
2  8
sin x  x 2 =  t  t  =

2 2
133. Let I  dx
3 7 0 21
1
3 | x |
1 1 1 / 2
sin x x2 dx cos  d
 
io
=
3 | x |
dx 
3 | x |
dx 137. x
0 1  x2
=  sin   cos 
0
1 1
sin x x 2 ….[Put x = sin  dx = cos d]

Since is an odd function and is 
at
3 x 3 x =
4
an even function.
1 1
x2 x2 138. Since 1  x 2  x,for all x  (1,2)
 I02
 dx  2
 dx
0
3| x| 0
3| x|
lic 
1 1
 , for all x  (1,2)
 1 x x 2
2 x(1  sin x)
134. Let I = 
2 2
dx dx dx
1  cos 2 x   1  x2

1 x
ub

1
 
2x 2 x sin x  I1  I 2
=


1  cos x
2
dx 

1  cos 2 x
dx


2x 2
sin x cos x
Since is an odd function 139. Let I =  cos dx
P
1  cos 2 x 0
2
x  3cos x  2
2 x sin x Put cos x = t   sin x dx = dt
and is an even function.
1  cos 2 x 
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = ,t=0
et

2 x sin x 2
 I=0+2  1  cos
0
2
x
dx
 I = 
0
t
dt
 1 t 2  3t  2
x sin x

rg
I=4 dx …..(i) 1
t  b a

1  cos 2 x = dt ....   f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx 
0
0 (t  2)(t  1)  a b 
   x  sin x dx

I=4   2 1 
1
…..(ii)
=  
Ta
1  cos 2 x  dt

0 t  2 t  1
 a a

=  2log (t  2)  log (t 1)0
1
….   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 
0 0
= 2 log 3  log 2  2 log 2
9

x sin x

sin x = 2 log 3  3 log 2 = log 9  log 8 = log  
2I = 4
0
1 
 cos 2 x
dx  I = 2
0
1  cos 2 x
dx 8  
140. Put x + 1 = t2  dx = 2t dt
Put cos x = t  – sin x dx = dt
1
When x = 3, t = 2 and when x = 8, t = 3
 dt

8 3
 I = 2 2  3x 2  3(t 2  1)
1
1  t2  3 x 1  x dx  2 2 t 2  1 dt
1     3
2 
 I = – 2  tan 1 t 1 = – 2     2 = 2  3  dt
 4 4
2 t 1
2

533

 1  t  1 
3
 1
=  log
= 2 2 . log    3t  2 2
 2  1  t  1  2

 1 1  = log 2
= 2  log  log  3  2
 2 3 
1 1 1
1 x 
     tan =  tan 1 1 dx   tan 1 x dx
1
3 3 4.   dx
= 2  log  3log e   2  log  log e3  1 x 
 2   2  0 0 0
=  tan 1 x 0  p
1 1
 3 
= 2 log  3 
 2e  
= p
4
1 1
141. af(x) + bf   = – 5 ….(i)  
 x x 2
sin x  cos x 2
sin x  cos x
ns
1
5. 0 1  sin 2 x dx =  (sin x  cos x) 2
dx
Replacing x by in (i), we get 0
x 
1 2

af    bf (x) = x –5 ....(ii) =  dx =
 x
io
0
2
1
Eliminating f   from (i) and (ii), we get /4
dx
 x 6.  1  cos 2x
at
 / 4
a
(a2 – b2)f(x) = – bx – 5a + 5b / 4
dx 1
/ 4
2
x = 
 / 4 2cos 2
x

2 
 / 4
sec 2 x dx
 (a 2  b2 )  f (x)dx 1 1
1
2
lic =  tan x  / 4 = [1  (1)]
2
/ 4
2
= a log | x |  x 2  5(a  b) x 
b
=1
 2 1 
b 2
cos 2 x
ub
= alog2 – 2b – 10(a – b) – alog1 + + 5(a – b)
2
7.  cos x  sin x dx
0
7 
= a log2 – 5a + b
2 2
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
2
1  7 
=  cos x  sin x
dx
P
  f ( x)dx =  a log 2  5a  2 b 
0
1
(a 2  b 2 )   
2
=  (cos x  sin x)dx
0
et
= sin x  cos x 0 = 0
/ 2
1 1 2
 ax  1 
1
1
2 3  2 3a
3a    ax  1 dx
(a  1) 2 0
2
8. =
1.  x dx   x 2    dx
rg
0  3 0 3 0  a 1 
3 1
3a  ax  1 
=  0
k
2.   2 x  3 dx = 12 3a(a  1) 2
Ta
1
k 1 a  13  1
  x 2  3x 1 = 12 =
 a  1  
2
 (k2 – 3k) – (1 – 3) = 12
 k2 – 3k – 10 = 0 = (a  1) + (a  1)2
 (k – 5) (k + 2) = 0 
2
 k = –2, 5 9. Let I =   x  cos x   dx
0
 
 
2 2
1
0 log sec x dx = 0 log cos x dx
2 2
3. =  x dx    cos x  dx
0 0

/ 2
2
 x2  2
=   log cos x dx =   –0=
0  2 0 8
534

= sin x + cos x 0  cos x + sin x  / 4

 / 4 5 / 4
4
10.  sin( x  [ x])d( x  [ x])
0
+ [sin x  cos x]2/ 4
  1 1   1 1  1 1 
4 =   1         
=  sin( x  0)d( x  0)  2 2   2 2  2 2 
0  1 1 
    1
4  2 2 
=  sin x dx
0
=   
2 1   2  2    2 1 
 1 = 4 2 2
=   cos x 0   cos  cos0  1 
/ 4
4 2 5
2 6
log3 7
15. sec(x)dx
ns
x
1
1 t dt  log t 1  log x  log1 = log x
x
11. L(x) =
6
  2
1
L(xy) = log(xy) = log x + log y = L(x) + L(y)   log| sec  x  tan  x |7 / 6
5/ 6
=
log 3 
io
b
12. Given,  f ( x )  3 x dx  a 2  b 2 =
  5
log sec  tan
5 7 7 
 log sec  tan 
a log 3  6 6 6 6 
b b
  f ( x )dx  3  x dx  a 2  b 2    2 1   2 1 
at
=  log     log   
a a log3   3 3   3 3 
b
3  
  f ( x)dx  (b 2  a 2 )  a 2  b 2  1  
2 = log 3  log    (log3)  
log3   3   log3
a
b
  f ( x ) dx =
1 2 2
(b  a )
lic 5
2 16. 2cot2 – +4=0
a
sin θ
 b
1  cos 2 θ 5
 f(x) = x …   x dx  (b 2  a 2 )  2 2  4 =0
ub
 a 2  sin θ sin θ
   4sin2  – 5sin  + 2(1– sin2 ) = 0
 f    2sin2  – 5sin  + 2 = 0
6 6
 (2sin  – 1) (sin  – 2) = 0
P
1 1
 sin  = …   1  sin   1
13. I=  x(1  x) dx
n
2
0
π 5π
1  1 = and 2 =
et
 –I =   x(1  x) dx 6 6
n
0 5π 5π
 1  cos 6θ 
6 6
 cos 3θ dθ  
1 2
=  d
=  (1  x )(1  x) dx
n
π π 2 
rg
0 6 6
1 1 5π
=  (1  x) dx –  (1  x) n dx 1  sin 6θ  6
n +1
= θ 
0 0 2 6  π
Ta
1 1 6
 (1  x )   (1  x ) n +1 
n +2
=   –   π
 (n + 2)  0  (n +1)  0
=
3
1 1 1
 I = – 3
 x2  1 
n + 2 n +1 17. 1  4 x  dx
1 1
 I= – 3
2x
n +1 n + 2 = 2 dx
1
1  x2
 5
= 2 log 1  x 2 
4 4 3
14.  (cos x  sin x)dx   (sin x  cos x)dx 1

0 
4
= 2 (log 10 – log 2)
2
= log 
 10 
4 
  (cos x  sin x )dx  2
2 = log 25
535


1 a
1 ex
18. Let I = 0 x + x dx 22. 
log 2 ex  1
dx  2
1
1 Put ex – 1 = t  ex dx = dt
=  dx
0 x  x1  ea  1
dt
  t
2
1 1
Put t = x + 1  dt = dx ea  1
2 x   2 t   2
2
dt  e a 1 – 1 = 1
 I = 2
1
t  e a 1 = 2
= 2  log t 1
2
 ea – 1 = 4
ns
 ea = 5
= 2 (log 2 – log 1) = 2 log 2 = log 22 = log 4
 a = log 5
d esin x
f  x 

19.
dx x
2
(n  1)(n  3)....1 
23.  cos x dx =  , if n is even.
n
io
e sin x n(n  2)....2 2
 f (x) = 
0
dx
x 
2
(6  1)(6  3)(6  5)  5
  cos
3
3esin x
4 6
x dx =  =
at
Let I =  dx 0
6(6  2)(6  4) 2 32
1 x
1  x 
3 1 1 2
4
3x 2 esin x 1 x
= 1 x3 dx 24.  dx = 0 1  x 1  x  dx
3 2
lic 0
1 x
Put x = t  3x dx = dt 1
1 x
64
e sin t
=  1  x2
dx
 I = 
0
dt
t 1 1
ub
1 1 1 2x
=  f  t  1
64
= 0 1  x 2  dx +
2 0 1  x2
dx
1
π
= sin 1 x  0   1  x 2  =
1
= f (64) – f (1) +1
 0 2
 k = 64
P
1
1 x
3
sin 2 x 25.  dx
20. Let I = 
1 x
dx 0 1+ x
1 1
1 x 1 x 1 x
et
Put 2x = t  2dx = dt  dx =
dt = 
0
.
1 x 1 x
dx = 
0 1 x
2
dx
2
1 1
dx x
 –
6
sin t dt = dx
 I =  1 x 1  x2
rg
2
2
t 2 0 0
2 = [sin 1x]10 + [ 1  x 2 ]10

6
sin t π
 dt =  F(t) 2
6
= = –1
Ta
2 t 2
= F(6)  F(2) 1
1 x
1
1 x 1 x
2
26. 
1 1 x
dx = 
1
.
1 x 1 x
dx
1
21. Let I =  f g( x) f [g( x)]g( x)dx 1
1 x
1 =  1  x2
dx
Put f [g(x)] = z  f [g(x)]g(x)dx = dz 1
1 1
When x = 1, z = f[g(1)] dx x
and when x = 2, z = f[g(2)]
= 
1 1 x 2

1 1  x2
dx
f [g (2)] 1
1 = sin 1 x  1   1  x 2 
1
 dz   log z f [g(1)]
f [g(2)]
 I =   1
f [g(1)] z
= sin1 1  sin1 (1) + 0
= log f[g(2)]  log f[g(1)] π
=0 …[ g(1) = g(2) (given)] = 2. =
2
536


 1
  tan 1 3k  0 
2
2
x 2  x  
27. 
0
2  x 2 dx = 
2
2  x 2  sin 1 
2 
 2 0
24 6

= sin–1 1  = tan–1 3k
4

= 
2  tan = 3k
4
 5    3k = 1
10
28. 10 x  x 2 dx
1
0  k=
10 10 3
=  5 dx –  52   x  5  dx
2
1 1
0 0 x2  1 
x5
10
32. 0 1  x 2 dx = 0 1  1  x 2  dx
52 1 ( x  5) 
= 5  x 0 –  52   x  5  
10 2
ns
sin 
 2 2 5 0 1
=  x  tan 1 x  0
 52 π 52  π   
= 50 –  .      =1
 2 2 2  2  4
io
25 π
= 50 – 3
3 x +1 3
3
2x
3
dx
2 33. 0 x 2 + 9 dx = 2 0 x 2 + 9 dx + x 2
+9
1 0
= (100 – 25)
at
3
2 3 x 
=  log( x 2 + 9) + tan 1   
1
0
dx
0
dx 2 3  3 0
29. x 2
 2x  2
= x 2
 2x  1  1 3 1 π
1 1
0
dx
lic =
2
(log18 – log9) +  
3 4
=   x  1
1
2
1
3
= log 2 +
π
= log(2 2 ) +
π
2 12 12
=  tan  x  1  1
1 0
ub
1
x 4 (1  x ) 4
=
 34. 0 1 x 2 dx
4
1
 4 
dx
1
e
1 x =   x 6  4 x5  5 x 4  4 x 2  4   dx
Let I =  x  x   1 x 2 
P
30. dx 0 
 0 e   1
e e x 2
0 1
 x7 2 x6 4 
x
Put e = t  e dx = dt x =    x5  x3  4 x  4 tan 1 x 
7 3 3 0
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = 1, t = e
et
1 2 4 
e
dt =  +1 +44  
 I = 1 1  t 2 7 3 3 4
22
= 
rg
e
=  tan 1 t 1 7

= tan–1 e – π
4 2
1
35. Let I =  dx
Ta
k k 0
a  sin x  b 2  cos 2 x
2 2
dx 1 dx
31. 0 2 18 x 2  18 0 2 1 π
x  2
1
9 = 
0 cos 2 x  a 2 tan 2 x  b 2 
dx
k
 1 dx
 
24 18  1
2 π
0
x2   
2
sec 2 x
3 = 
0 b  a 2 tan 2 x
2
dx
k
  Put a tan x = t  a sec2 x dx = dt
1 1  1 x  
= .  tan  1 dt
18  1  
 
 1 
 
 I=
a 
0 b  t2
2
3   3  0

1 1  1  t   π
k
=  tan 1 3 x  0 =  tan  b   = 2ab
6 ab   0
537


1/ 2
dx 39. Put x = cos   dx =  sin  d
36. Let I =  1  x  2
1 x 2 1
 1+ x 
  sin  2tan
1
 dx
0
 1  x 
Put x = sin   dx = cos  d 0
/6
cos  d
0
 1  cos  
 I=  1  sin  cos  =   sin  2tan 1  . sin  d
0
2
  1  cos  
2
/6
sec  2
0
=  sec 2
  tan 2 
d   
=   sin  2 tan 1  cot   . sin  d
0
   2 
/6
sec  2 2
=  1  2 tan d 0
    
 =   sin  2 tan 1  tan 
2
0     . sin  d
/6     2 2 
sec2 

ns
= d 2
 
2
1 2 tan  0
   
=   sin  2     . sin  d
0
1
/6
2 sec2     2 2 
=  d 2
 
2
2 1 2 tan 
io
0 0
=   sin (  ) . sin  d
1  tan  2 tan   
/ 6 
1
=
2   0
2
0
at
1 2 =   sin  . sin  d
= tan–1 
2 3 2
0
1  cos 2 
=   
1 1
dx dx  d
37. 0 x 2 + 2 x cos  +1 =
lic
0 ( x + cos)2 +1  cos 2 
2
2 
1 0
dx 1  sin 2  
=  = 
( x + cos  ) 2 + sin 2 2   2   = 4
0  
ub
2
1
 1  x + cos   
=  tan 1    
 sin   sin    0 4  4
40.  x sec
2
x dx   x tan x    tan x dx 4
1  1    0
= tan  cot   tan 1  cot    0 0
sin  
P
 2     
=   0   log sec x  04
1  1       1     4 
=  tan  tan      tan  tan      
sin     2 2     2    
=  log sec  log sec0
et
 4 4
= (sin )–1
2 
=  log 2  log1
x 4
du 
rg
38. 
log 2 (e u
 1)1/ 2

6

=  log 2
4
x
eu 
  du = 1
Let I =  x tan1 x dx
Ta
log 2 e (eu
 1)1/ 2 u
6 41.
Put eu  1 = t2 eu du = 2t dt
0
 1 1
When u = log 2, t = 1 1 x2
= tan1 x  x dx  0 1  x 2 2 dx

and when u = x, t = e x  1 0
1
ex  1  x2  1
1
1  x2  1
2  =  tan 1 x    dx
 
1 1 t 2
dt 
6
2 0 2 0 1  x2
 1  1 1
 ex  1 =    0    x  tan 1 x  0
 2  tan 1 t 1  4 2  2
6
 1   
 tan 1 
e 1  =
x
4 12

  = 
8 2 (1  0)   4  0  
  
  1   1
 e x  1  tan  e x  1  3  ex = 4 =   = 
3 8 2 8 4 2
538


3 t
= e t  ye  y  e y  0
 cot x dx
1
42.
3
3
= e t  te  t  e t  0  1
3 1 
=  x.cot 1 x  3   x  2 
dx = et  (1 + t)
3 1 x 
3 
–1 1 2x –1
= (3)cot 3 – (–3) cot (–3) +  dx 45.
2
I10 =  x10 sin x dx
2 3 1  x 2
0
1
= 3cot 3 + 3 ( – cot 3) + log 1  x 2  
–1 3 –1 
2 3 / 2
2
=   x cos x  0  10 x9   cos x  dx
10
1
= 3cot–13 + 3 – 3cot–13 + log10  log10 0
2
  10
 
= 3 =     cos  0 
ns
  2  2 
3 / 4
x  

43. Let I =  1  sin x
dx
 9 / 2
2

/ 4 10  x sin x    9 x (sin x)dx 
  8
0
3 / 4
x sec x  0 
io
 
= 
/ 4
sec x + tan x
dx

2
sec x / 2
= 10  x sin x  0  90  x8 sin x dx
9
Let I1 =  dx
at
sec x + tan x 0
9
1  
Put  t  I10 = 10   sin  90I8
sec x + tan x 2 2
 sec x tan x + sec x  dx

 sec x + tan x 
2
2
= dt
lic 
 I10 + 90I8 = 10  
2
9
 sec x  sec x  tan x  1

 I1 = –  dx 46. I(m, n) =  t m (1 t) n dt
 sec x + tan x 
2
ub
0
=   dt 1
 I(m + 1, n  1) =  t m  1 (1 t) n 1 dt
= –t+c 0
1  I(m + 1, n  1)
=  c
P
sec x  tan x 1
 t m  1 1  t  n  1
m 1 m
n 0
 x 
3 / 4 3 / 4
1 =   + t (1 t) n dt
 I=  
 sec x  tan x   / 4
–  sec x  tan x
dx  n  0
et
/ 4
m 1
 b b
b
 du    I(m + 1, n  1) = 0 + I(m, n)
...   uv  dx   u  vdx      vdx  dx  n
 a a  dx  
a
n
 I(m, n) = I(m + 1, n  1)
  3      m 1
rg
 4   4  
3 / 4
cos x
=      dx 1 1
   1  sin x
 1  x   1  x 
 2 1   2 1  / 4 50 100 50 101
47. Let I1 = dx and I2 = dx
    0 0
Ta
 3 / 4
=  log 1  sin x   / 4 1
 1  x 
50 101
1 2 Now, I2 = . 1dx
0
 1 1
= + log 1 – log 1  1 1
1 2 = 1  x50  . x   5050 1  x50  . x 49 . xdx
101 100
2 2
 0
 0
= 1
1 2
=  5050  1  x50  1  x   1dx
100 50
=  2 1  0
1 1
=  5050 1  x50  dx + 5050 1  x50  dx
101 100
t
44. F(t) =  f (t  y )g( y )dy 0 0
0
 I2 =  5050 I2 + 5050 I1
t t
5050I1
= e t y
y dy = e  e t y
y dy  = 5051
0 0 I2
539


10 10
1  1 1  2 5 1
48. 5 ( x  1)( x  2) dx =   x  2  x  1  dx = tan1 2  log 2 + log 3
5 3 12 12
=  log( x  2)  log( x  1)5
10
 x
52. Put sin1   = t  x = 2 sin t  dx = 2 cos tdt
= log 8  log 9 – (log 3 – log 4) 2  
8 3 8 4 x
= log  log = log    sin 1  

9 4 9 3 1
2
6
t
 32 
 0 x dx =  (2sin t) (2cos t dt)
= log   0
 27   
6 6
t x
3
dx 1
3
x 
=  tan t dt =  tan x dx
49. 1 x(1  x 2 ) = 1  x  1  x 2  dx 0 0
 b b

ns
3 3 …   f ( x)dx   f (t)dt 
1 1 2x
=  dx   dx  a a 
1 x 2 1 1+ x 2
e2
1 dx
=  log x 1  log 1  x 2  
3 3
53. I1 =  log x
io
2 1
e
1 Put log x = t
= log 3  log 1  (log 10 – log 2)
2  dx = x dt = et dt
at
1 When x = e, t = 1 and when x = e2, t = 2
= log 3  log5
2 2
et
1 2
= log 3  log5
1  I1 = t
1
dt
2 2
1
= (log 9  log 5) = log  
1 9
lic =
2
ex
1 x dx
 b b

...   f ( x )dx   f (t)dt 
2 2 5  a a 
 I1 = I2
3
x +1
3
 1 2 2 
50. 2 x 2 ( x  1) dx = 2   x 2  x  x  1  dx
ub
tan 1 x
2014
3
54. I=  x
dx …(i)
=    2  log x 2  2 log  x  1  2
1 3 3
1/ 2014
1 1
x 2 Put x =  dx = 2 dt
1 1 3 t t
P
=   2log  2log 2 1  1 
3 2 2 1/ 2014 tan  
16 1  I=   t   1  dt
= log  1  2
9 6 2014 t 
et
t
2
log( x 2  2) 1/ 2014
 cot 1 t
2014
cot 1 t
51. 0 ( x  2)2 dx =  t
dt =  t
dt
2014 1/ 2014
rg
 log  x 2  2  
2
cot 1 x
2 2014
2x
= 
 x2 
  2
( x  2)  x  2 
dx  I=  x
dx …(ii)
0 0 1/ 2014
1 1 Adding (i) and (ii), we get

Ta
=  log 6  log 2 2014

tan 1 x + cot 1 x
4 2
2 
2I =  x
dx
 2 2x 2 1/ 2014
+     dx
 3  x  2  3  x  2  3  x  2  
2014
2 2  dx 
 x = 2 log x1/ 2014
2014
0 =
2 1/ 2014
1 1 1
=  log 3  log 2 + log 2  π
4 4 2 …  tan 1 x + cot 1 x = 
 2
2  2
1 2  x 
   log  x + 2   log  x 2 + 2   tan  1     1 
 3 3 3  2   0 = log 2014  log
2  2014 
1 1
= log 2  log 3 
4 4 =  2 log 2014
2
 2 1 2 
+   log 2  log 3  tan 1 2  
3 3 3  I= log 2014
  2
540


4 1 1 2
55.   3  f  x   dx  7 =   1  x  dx   1  x  dx   1  x  dx
2 2 2
2 2 1 1
4 4 1 1 2
  3dx   f  x  dx  7 =  x 
 x3   x3   x3 
  x    x  
2 2
 3  2  3  1  3 1
4
 3  x 2 – 7 =  f  x  dx
4
4 4 4
2
=   =4
3 3 3
4
  f  x  dx = 3 (4 – 2) – 7
1  1 1
2
60. Since x  dx =   x   , if x <
= –1 2  2 2
4 2 4
1 1
 f  x  dx =  f  x  dx +  f  x  dx =x , if x 
ns
1 1 2 2 2
 b c b
 1
         f  x  dx  1
 x x  2 dx
 f x dx f x dx + 
… a a c 
 if a  c  b  0
io
1
2 2 1
 4 =  f  x  dx – 1  1  1
1  
  x  x   dx  x  x   dx
2   2 
at
0 1
2 2
  f  x  dx = 5
1
1
2 1
1 2  2 1 
56. Since | x  1|    x  1 , if x  1  0 i.e., x  1

  x  x  dx   x  x  dx 
= x  1,
lic
if x  1  0 i.e., x  1
0
 2  1
 2 
2
2 2 12 1
 x2 x3   x3 x2 
  f ( x)dx 
 x  1 dx =      
4 3 0 3 4 1 2
ub
0 0
1 2
1 1  1 1 1 1  1
=  (1  x)dx    x  1 dx
0 1
=       
 16 24   3 4 16 24  8
1 2
 x  2
 x2 
P
= x      x
2
 2 0  2 1 61. 4  e  α x dx = 5
1
 1 1 
=  1     2  2     1  1 0 2
2  2    4  eαx dx + 4  e αx dx = 5
et
1 0
5 2 5
57.  x  2 dx = –   x  2  dx +   x  2  dx 4α αx 0 4α  αx 2
 e   e  = 5
5 5 2 α   1 α  0
rg
2 5
= 
  x2
 2x +   2x
  x2   4 1  e  α    e2α  1 = 5
 2  5 2  2
 4  e α  + 4  e α  – 3 = 0
2
= 29
Ta
x
1
58. f(x) =  | t | dt  e– =
1
2
0 x   = loge 2
=    t  dt   t dt
1 0 π/2
 t   t2 
=     = 
2
1 x2
0 x
1
= (1  x 2 )
62.  | sin x  cos x | dx
0
 2  1  2  0 2 2 2
π/4 π/2
2 =   (sin x  cos x) dx +  (sin x  cos x) dx

59.  |1  x | dx
2 0 π/4
=    cos x  sin x 0    cos x  sin x  / 4

2 / 4 / 2
1 1 2
=  |1  x |dx   |1  x 2 |dx   |1  x 2 |dx
2
= 2 ( 2  1)
2 1 1
541


 2
x x
 67.   x  dx
2
63. 1  4sin 2  4sin dx
0
2 2 0
 1 2 3 2
x =   x 2  dx +
   x  dx +   x  dx +   x  dx
2 2 2
= 2sin  1 dx
0
2 0 1 2 3
 1 2 3 2
3  =  0 dx +  1 dx + 2 + 3 dx
x x
=  2sin  1 dx 
2  2sin  1 dx
2
0 1 2 3
= 0 +  x 1 + 2  x  + 3  x
0  2 3 2
3 2 3
     

3  = 2 1 + 2 3 2 + 3 2 3
 x  x 

= 1  2sin  dx   2sin  1 dx
 2 2    =5– 2 3
ns
0 
3
9

[

 x3  x  68. x  2]dx
=  x  4cos     4cos  x 
 2 0  2  0
3
io
1 4 9
=
  3   
 4   1   4  0 
3   
       
= [ x  2]dx  [ x  2]dx  [ x  2]dx
0

1

4
3  2    2   3  
1 4 9
at
= 4 3 4

3

 2dx  3dx  4dx
0
 1

4
 2  3  4  1  4  9  4   2  9  20  31
1
64. Since | log x | = log x, if <x<1
e
lic a
= log x, if 1 < x < e 69.  [ x]f ( x)dx

1
1 e
( log x) log x
 I=  dx   2 dx 2 3 a
= 1.f ( x)dx   2.f ( x)dx +….+  [a]f ( x)dx
2
x 1 x
ub
1/ e
1 e 1 2 [a ]
 log x 1   log x 1 
=         = [f(2)  f(1)] + 2[f(3)  f(2)]
 x x 1/ e  x x 1
+….+ [a][f(a)  f([a])]
  1 
 log e 1    log e 1 = [a] f(a)  {f(1) + f(2) + ….+ f([a])}
P
 
= 0  1          0  1 
 1 1   e e 
 
2
  e e   70.  (| x  2 |  [ x])dx
0
et
2 
= 1  (e + e)    1 2 2
e  =  | x  2 |dx   [ x]dx
0 0
2  1
=2 = 2 1   2 1 2
rg
e  e =   ( x  2)dx   [ x]dx   [ x]dx

0 0 1
3
  x  dx
2 1 2
65. Let I = =  (2  x)dx   0  dx  1  dx
Ta
0
0 0 1
1 2 3
2
=  0dx   1dx   2dx  x 
2
=  2 x     x 1
2
0 1 2
 2 0
=  x 1  2  x 2
2 3
= (4  2) + (2  1) = 3
= (2  1) + 2(3  2) 2
=3
2 1.5
71.  [ x] dx
2
1.5 1
66.  [ x ] dx =  [ x ] dx +  [ x ] dx +  [ x ] dx
2 2 2 2 1 0 1 2
0 0
1 2
1
1.5
2 

2
[ x] dx 

1
[ x] dx 

0
[ x] dx 
 [ x] dx
1
=  0dx +  1 dx +  2 dx 1 0 1 2
0
= 2–1+3–2 2=2– 2
1 2 
  2 dx    1 dx   0 dx   1 dx
2 1 0 1
542


1 0 2 
   sin n x 
2
2 dx  dx  dx
75. Since  dx  ,
2 1 1
0
sin x  cos x
n n
4
 2  x  2   x 1   x 1
1 0 2

2
sin1000 x 
= 2(–1+ 2) + (0 + 1) + (2 – 1)  sin 1000
x  cos1000 x
dx =
4
=2+1+1=4 0
x+  π
 cos t dt tan 7 x
2
72. g( x + )  4
0
76. Let I = 
0
cot x  tan 7 x
7
dx …(i)
x x
π 
  cos t dt
π
= cos t dt  4 4
2 tan 7   x 
2 
0 x =  7 π  7 π 
dx
ns
x  0 cot   x   tan   x 
2  2 
=  cos 4 t dt  1 cos 4 t dt
  a a

…   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
0 0
 g  x    g  x   g    0 0 
io
π
11
(11  x) 2 2
cot 7 x
73. Let I = x
0
2
 (11  x ) 2
dx …(i)  I=  tan x  cot 7 x
7
dx …(ii)
0
at
11
x2 Adding (i) and (ii), we get
=  (11  x)
0
2
x 2
dx …(ii) π
2
 a a
…   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
 2I =  dx
 0
lic 0 
0
 2I =  x 02  I =
π
π
11
2I =  dx 
ub
0
2
 n
sec x 
77. Let I =   n  dx …(i)
 2I =  x 0 sec x  n cos ecx 
11
0
11 
I= 2
 cosec x 
n
2  I =   n  dx …(ii)
cosec x  sec x 
P
n
0
π
2
sin x  a a

74. Let I =  dx …(i) …   f ( x)dx   (a  x)dx 
0 sin x  cos x  0 0 
et
π π  Adding (i) and (ii), we get

2
sin   x  
2 
 
2
= dx 
π
π  π  2 I =  dx =  x 02  I=
2 4
rg
0
sin   x   cos   x  0
 2   2 

 a a

…   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx  2
dx
 
78. Let I = 1 …(i)
Ta
0 0
0 tan x
π

2
cos x
 
2
I= dx …(ii) dx
0 cos x  sin x = 1
0 cot x
…(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get  a a

π …   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
2
sin x  cos x  

0 0
2I = dx
0 sin x  cos x Adding (i) and (ii), we get
π 
 2I =  x  2 2
 1 1 
0 2I =     dx
π 0 1 tan x 1  cot x 
= 
2 2
 
I=
π  2I =  dx = I=
2 4
4 0
543


 
2 2
dx
79. Let I =  1   tan x 
0
2018
…(i) 82. Let I =  log(cot x)dx
0
…(i)


2
=  log(tan x)dx
2
dx …(ii)
 I=  1   cot x 
0
2018
…(ii)
0
 a a

 a a
 …   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
…  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx   0 0 
 0 0  Adding (i) and (ii), we get
2

2   2I =  log(cot x tan x)dx
1 1
2I =     dx 0
ns
0 1   tan x  1   cot x  
2018 2018 
 2
  2I =  log1dx
2
1 1 0
=  1   tan x  2018
 2018
dx  2I = 0  I = 0
io
0  1 
1    
 tan x  2 2

83.  log(cosec x)dx =  log(sec x)dx
at
2 0 0
=  dx  a a

0 …   f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
 0 0 

I= 
4
lic 2
=  log 
 1 
 dx
 0  cos x 
2 sin x 2 
80. Let I =  sin x cos x dx …(i) 2
2 2 =  [log1  log(cos x)]dx
ub
0
 0

2
2 cos x
 I =  sin x dx …(ii) 2
0
2  2 cos x =   log(cos x)dx
0
P
 a a
 
…  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx  = log 2
 0 0  2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get π/2
et

84. Let I =  sin 2 x log tan x dx
0
2
2 sin x
2 cos x
 
2I = 2 dx =  x  = 2 π/2
π  π 
sin x
 2 cos x 2 0
0 =  sin 2  2  x  log tan  2  x  dx
rg
0

 I=  a a

4 …   f( x ) dx =  f(a  x)dx 
 0 0 

Ta
π/2
2
2008sin x
81. Let I =  2008 dx …(i) =  sin 2 x log cot x dx
0
 2008cos x
sin x
0
π/2
 sin 2 x log tan x dx


2 cos x
=–
2008
 I =  dx …(ii) 0
0
2008 cos x
 2008sin x  I = –I  2I = 0  I = 0
 a a
 
 
....  f(x)dx  f(a – x)dx  f  x
3
 0  85. Let I = 
0 f x f
  3x 
dx
  
0

 3 
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 
 3
f  x
2
2I =  dx =  x 0
/ 2 
 I=
  I= 
0 f x f
 
dx …(i)
2 4     x 
0 3 
544

 


f   x3
2
cos3 x
 I=   3  dx …(ii) 88. Let I =  sin x + cos x
dx …(i)
0 f
 
  x   f  x
0
3  
2
sin 3 x
 a a

…  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
I=  cos x + sin x
0
dx …(ii)
 0 0 
 a a

Adding (i) and (ii), we get …  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 0 0 

3
 Adding (i) and (ii), we get
2I =  dx =  x 0 =
 /3

3
0 2
sin 3 x + cos 3 x

2I =  sin x + cos x
dx
I=
ns
0
6 
2
=   sin x  sin x cos x + cos 2 x  dx
2
a
dx
86. I =  …(i) 0
1  f ( x)
io
0 
2
a  =  1  sin x cos x  dx
a a
dx
=  1  f (a  x) …   f ( x)   f (a  x) dx  0
0 0 0 
at
 
a 2 2
dx
=  …  f ( x)f (a  x)  1 = 1dx –  sin x cos x dx
1
0 1 0 0
f ( x) / 2
 sin 2 x   1
 I = 
a
f ( x)
dx
lic
…(ii)
=  x 0  
/ 2
 = 
 2 0 2 2
1  f ( x)
0  1  1
 2I =  I=
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 2 4
ub
a
2I =  dx =  x 0
a π
2
sin 3 x cos x
0
89. Let I = 0 sin 4 x  cos 4 x dx
a
 I =
2 π  π 
P
π
sin 3   x  cos   x 
2
=   2   2  dx

x  π   π 
 1  sin x dx   x   cos   x 
0 sin 4 4
87. Let I  …(i)
2  2 
et
0
π

x
2
cos3 x sin x
 I

0
1  sin x
dx …(ii) = 0 cos4 x  sin 4 x dx
rg
π
 a a
 2
sin 3 x cos x  cos3 x sin x
…  f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx 
 0 0 
 2I = 0 cos4 x  sin 4 x dx
Adding (i) and (ii), we get π

Ta
2
sin x cos x
 cos x 1  tan x  dx

 =
2I = 
4 4
dx 0
0
1  sin x
π

1  sin x
2
tan x sec 2 x
=   dx = 0 1  tan 4 x  dx
0
1  sin x  1  sin x 
  Put tan2 x = t
1  sin x
=   dx = 
 sec x  sec x tan x  dx dt
2
cos 2 x  tan x sec2 x dx =

0 0 2
=  tan x  sec x 0
 π
When x = 0, t = 0 and when x = ,t=∞
2
 2I =   0    1   0  1  = 2 1 dt

2 0 1  t 2
 2I =
I=
545



1 
 I=
4
 tan 1 t 
0 92. Let I = [cot x]dx  0
…(i)
=   0 
1 π

4 2 
=
π 
 I = [cot    x ]dx
0
8
 a a

x tan x
π
...    f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
90. Let I =  dx …(i)  0 
0 sec x + cos x 0
π 
(  x ) tan x
 I= 0 sec x + cos x dx …(ii) I = [ cot x]dx 
0
…(ii)
 a a
 Adding (i) and (ii), we get
...  f ( x)dx   f (a  x )dx 
ns
 0 0  


2I = cot x   cot x dx
tan x 0
2I =   dx
io
0 sec x  cos x

 sin x

 2I =  1dx ….[ [x] + [x] = 1, if x  Z]
I=  dx 0
2 0 1  cos 2 x
 2I = 
at
Put cos x = t  sin x dx = dt
1 
 dt  1 I=
2 1 1  t 2
 I =  =   tan 1 t 1 2
2
    
=      
lic
2 5/ 2
e tan
1 sin x
 
 2  2  4 93. I =
/ 2
 e tan
1 sin x
 
 e tan
1 cos x
 
dx
1
log 1  x 
91. Let I =  dx 1 sin x
 
ub
0
1  x2 e tan
0
Put x = tan   dx = sec2  d

 e
/ 2
tan 1  sin x 
 e tan
1 cos x
 
dx
/ 4
log 1  tan  

1 sin x
 I = . sec2  d 5/ 2
e tan  
0
1  tan 2  +  1 sin x 1 cos x
dx
P
   
e tan  e tan
log 1  tan  
/ 4 0
=  sec 2 
. sec2  d
5/ 2
e tan
1 sin x
 
 
0
I= 1 sin x 1 cos x
dx
/ 4    
e tan  e tan
et
  log 1  tan   d
0
I = …(i)
0 1 sin x
/ 2  
e tan
 e dx ...(i)
/ 4
  
 log 1  tan  4     d tan 1  sin x  1 cos x
= 0  e tan  
rg
0
 5 
/ 4
 1  tan   tan 1 sin   x

5/ 2
= log 1   d e  2 
0  1  tan   = 0
 5
tan  1 sin 

 x
 5
tan  1 cos 

 x
dx
e  2 
e  2 
Ta
/ 4
 2 
= 
0
log   d
 1  tan    
tan 1 sin   x 
/ 2 2 
e
/ 4 / 4
  dx
  log 2d  log (1 + tan ) d
 
I= – 0

tan 1 sin   x 

tan 1 cos   x 
0 0
e 2 
e 2 
/ 4
 a a

I=  log 2d  I …[From (i)] ...    f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
0
 0 0 
/ 4
 2I =  log 2d 5/ 2
e tan
1 cos x
 
0  I=  e tan
1 cos x
 
 e tan
1 sin x
 
dx
 0
= log 2
4 / 2 1 cos x
 
e tan
I=

log 2
 e tan 1  cos x 
 e tan
1 sin x
 
dx ...(ii)
8 0
546


Adding (i) and (ii), we get 3
4
  cosec x dx
1 sin x 1 cos x
5/ 2
e tan  
 e tan   I = 2
2I = 
0 e tan
1 sin x
 
 e tan
1 cos x
 
dx 
4
=  cot x  / 4 = 2
3 / 4
1 sin x 1 cos x
/ 2    
e tan  e tan
 e
0
tan 1  sin x 
 e tan
1 cos x
 
dx
4
log x 2
5 
97. Let I =  log x 2
 log(36  12 x  x 2 )
dx …(i)
 2I =  = 2 2
2 2 4
log(6  x ) 2
I=  I=  log(6  x)
2
2
 log x 2
dx
8
10  x  b b 
94. Let I =  dx …(i)

…(ii)  f ( x)dx  f (a  b  x)dx 


ns
x  10  x
2
 
8  a a 
x
 I= 
2 10  x  x
dx …(ii) Adding (i) and (ii), we get
4
2I = 1dx =  x 2 = 4 – 2 = 2
4
io
 b b

…   f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx  2
 
a a
 I=1
at
π π
8
6
2 I =  dx   x 2  8  2  6  I =
8 2 2
=3 dx dx
2 2 98. Let I =  π esin x  1
= 
π esin x 1  e  sin x 
 
2 2
95. Let I =
2017

x
dx ...(i)
lic π
2
e  sin x
x  4033  x
2016  I= 
π 1 + e sin x
dx …(i)
2017
4033  x 

2
= dx ...(ii)
ub
2016 4033  x  x 
2
1
 b b

...   f ( x) dx   f  a  b  x  dx 
Also, I =   esin x  1
dx

 a a  2

P
2
1
2017
dx =  x 2016 = 1
=  esin (  x )  1
dx

2017
2I = 

2
2016
 
et
b b
1 …   f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x) dx 
 I =
2  a a 

3
2
1
rg
4
dx
96. Let I =  1  cos x …(i)  I =   e  sin x  1
dx …(ii)
 
4 2
3 Adding (i) and (ii), we get

Ta
4
dx
 I= 
π
2
 1  cos(   x )
4
2I =  π
dx

 b b
 2
…   f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx  π
π
 a a   2I =  x  2 π  I =
3 2 2
4
dx
 I=  …(ii) log 3
 1  cos x x sin x 2
4
99. Let I = 
log 2
sin x  sin(log 6  x 2 )
2
dx
3 Put x2 = t  2x dx = dt
4
2 log 3
2I =  1  cos dx 1 sin t

4
2
x  I=
2  sin t  sin(log 6  t) dt
log 2
...(i)
547


log 3 f (a )
1 sin(log 6  t)
 I=
2 
log 2
sin(log 6  t)  sin t
dt …(ii) I1 =  1  x  g  (1  x) x  dx
f (a )
 b b  …[ f(a) + f(a) = 1]



a

…  f ( x)dx  f (a  b  x)dx 

a

 f (a ) f (a )

log 3
 I1 =  g  (1  x) x  dx  
f (a ) f (a )
xg  (1  x ) x  dx
1 1 1 3
2I = 
2 log 2
dt =
2
(log 3  log 2) = log  
2  2  I1 = I2  I1  2I1  I2 
I2
=2
I1
1 3
 log  
4 2   2
103. Let f(x) = ecos x cos3 (2n  1) x
ns

2 x
100. Let I =  x f ( x)dx  f(  x) = ecos  
cos3 (2n  1)    x  
e
= ecos x cos3 (2n  1)   2n  1 x 

2

=  (e +   x)f (e +   x)dx
io
=  ecos x cos3 (2n  1) x   f  x 
2
e
 b b

…   f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx  2a
 a a  Since  f  x  dx  0, if f  2a  x    f  x 
at
 0
=  (e    x)f ( x)dx 
e
e cos2 x
 cos3 (2n  1) x dx  0
…[ f(x) = f( + e  x) (given)]

lic 0
 I =  (e  )f ( x)dx  I 100π
e 104. Let I =  |cos x | dx

 0
2
ub
 2I = (e + )  f ( x)dx  2I = (e + ). π
e
e 2
I=1 = 200  |cos x | dx

0
 a
 2a a

 x f (sin x) dx
P
101. I1  ...   f ( x)dx  2  f ( x )dx, if f (2a  x)  f ( x) 

a  0 0 
 a
 π

    x  f (sin    x )dx Since cos x is positive in the interval  0, 
et
a
2  
 b b
 π
…   f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx  2
 a a   I = 200  cos x dx
rg
 a 0

    x  f (sin x)dx
a
= 200 sin x 02
π
 a
= 200
Ta
 I1    f (sin x)dx  I
a
1
100  100 
2
 2I1   I 2  I 2  I1
105. I = 
0
(1  cos 2 x) dx = 0
2 sin 2 x dx

100 
102. f(x) =
e x
= 2 0
sin x dx
1  ex

ea ea
 f(a) + f(a) = + = 100 2  sin x dx
1  ea 1  e  a 0
ea 1  
 f(a) + f(a) = + =1 2a a
1 e a
1  ea …   f ( x)dx  2  f ( x)dx, if f (2a  x)  f ( x) 
b b  0 0 
Using  f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx , we have
a a
= 100 2   cos x 0 = 200 2

548


π 
x dx
106. Let I =  ...(i) 2
4cos x  9sin 2 x

2
0  f (sin x) dx
 I= 
π
 π  x  dx 0

0 4cos  π  x   9sin  π  x 
2 2
2
  
 a a

...   f  x  dx   f  a  x  dx  2 
 I =  f  sin   x   dx
0
  
 0 0 
 a a

 I=
π

 π  x  dx ...(ii)  0  
...  f(x)dx  f(a – x)dx 

0 4cos 2 x  9sin 2 x 0

2I =
π

π dx 
=  f (cos x) dx
ns
0
0 4cos x  9sin 2 x
2
π 
π dx
 I=
2 
0 4cos x  9sin 2 x
2
2
108. I1 =  f (sin 2 x)sin x dx
io
0
π

π 2
dx
=2  
2
0
4cos 2 x  9sin 2 x
4
  
=  f (sin 2 x)sin x  f sin 2   x   sin   x   dx
  
 2  2    
at
0
 2a a

 
 f  x  dx  2 f  x  dx,   2a 
a
...  0  ...   f ( x)dx =   f ( x)  f (2a  x)  dx 


0
  0 0 
 if f  2a  x   f  x  
lic 
4
=  f (sin 2 x)sin x  f sin(   2 x) cos x  dx
π
0
2
sec 2 x
=  4  9 tan 2 x
dx 
4
ub
0
 I1 =   f (sin 2 x)sin x  f (sin 2 x)cos x  dx …(i)

0
 2
sec 2 x
=
9 4 dx 
4
0  tan x 2
I2 =  f (cos 2 x)cos x dx
9
P
0
2
Put tan x = t  sec x dx = dt 

 dt 4
    
 I = 4 =  f cos 2   x   .cos   x  dx
9  t2
4  4   
et
0 0
9
 a a

π 3  1 3t  π π  π
 2 ...  f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx 
=  tan =   0 =

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1 1 tan A  tan B tan A  tan B

cos10o  sin10o 1 tan10 cos 2 15o

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

18. sec   A  = sec  2   A 

= sin 15 + cos (90 + 15)

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

1 = 4 sin  sin  sin 

= 2 (4 cos3   3 cos ) = 2 cos 3 cos 5 x + cos 3x 2cos 4 x cos x

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

= (cos 40  cos 60) sin 70

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

77. Since, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

 – cos B cos C + sin B sin C = cos B cos C  

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

 tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1

sin   cos   tan (A + B) = 1

cot A cot B cot A cot B

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

1 1  sin(7  90  30 ) tan(3  360  30 )sec(360  60 )

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

(1  tan A)(1  tan B)

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

 (b2  1)2 (a2 + 4) =

= {(sin  + cos )2  1}2{(tan   cot )2 + 4}

=4 41. sin4  + cos4  = (sin2  + cos2 )2

= 4  2sin cos  cos cos Since, 0  sin2 2  1

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

46. k = sin sin sin

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

= 2 (1  b  a + a2 b2) + 2a2 b2  4a2 b2  1

2sin 4A cos 4A sin 4A

56. tan2  = 2 tan2  + 1 60. sec 2x  tan 2x =

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

Since, sec  = 2 2 2

 9 tan   = 1 2sin   cos  

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

4 sin 80o + sin 40o

 A = 0 or 2 cos A = 3  4 (1  cos2 A) = (cos 10 x + cos 8 x) + 3 (cos 4 x + cos 2 x)

2 4 4 = 2 cos x [cos (3(3x)) + 3 cos 3x]

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

(cos6 x + cos 4 x ) + 5(cos 4 x + cos 2 x ) +10(cos 2 x +1) =  2 cos   cos  

 sin 54o  sin 18o  3 3

2 cos 2 cos  + cos 2 = cos  cos (A + B) sin (C + D)

94. cos x + cos y + cos  = 0  – cot A cot B = tan C cot D

99. Given that, cos A = m cos B

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

(2 sin 66o sin 6o )(2 sin 78o sin 42o )

109. cos + cos + cos + cos

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

…[ cos (A + B) = – cos C] 3 1

= 1 – 2 cos z {cos(x – y) – cos(x + y)} …[ cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

2 2 2 2  sin  = and cos  = …  

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)

 2   2  = cos 60 cos 30

Chapter 03: Trigonometry - II

= sin (4 + 45)

MHT-CET Triumph Maths (Hints)