PreCalculus Module2

i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus
MODULE 1: Series and Mathematical Induction
Module Overview:
This module contains topics such as series and mathematical induction and the Binomial
Theorem wherein you are going to solve patterns that will help you develop your critical thinking
skills. This module also contains examples with solutions that serve as your guide in solving
different problems more on expanding binomials and sigma notation.
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to demonstrate understanding of
the key concepts of series and mathematical induction and the Binomial Theorem.
Module Outline:
1.1 Introduction to Conic Sections, and Circle

1.2 Parabola
1.3 Ellipse
1.4 Hyperbola
Target Learning Competencies:
LC 2.1.a. Illustrate a series.

LC 2.1.b. Differentiate a series from a sequence.
LC 2.2.a. Use a sigma notation to represent a series.
LC 2.3.a. Illustrate the Principle of Mathematical Induction.
LC 2.3.b. Apply mathematical induction in proving identities.
LC 2.3.c. Illustrate Pascal’s Triangle in the expansion of ( x + y )n for small positive

integral values of n .
LC 2.4.a. Prove the Binomial Theorem.
LC 2.4.b. Determine any term of ( x + y )n, where is a positive integer, without expanding.
LC 2.4.c. Solve problems using mathematical induction and the Binomial Theorem
Performance Standard:
The learners shall be able to Keenly observe and investigate patterns, and formulate
appropriate mathematical statements and prove them using mathematical induction and/or
Binomial Theorem.
Page 1 of 31
BUDGET OF WORK
WEE LEARNING
MOST ESSENTIAL LESSON TITLE LESSON
K TOPICS NUMBER ASSESSMENT
1 Conic Sections Systems of Nonlinear 1 Assessment
Equations 1.1
2 Series and Sequences and 2 Assessment
Mathematical Induction Series, and Sigma 1.2
Notation
3 Series and Principle of 3 Assessment
Mathematical Induction Mathematical 1.3
Induction
4 Series and The Binomial 4 Assessment
Mathematical Induction Theorem 1.4
Page 2 of 31
LESSON 1: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the leaners will have been able to:
a. illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle,

hyperbola, and degenerate cases;
b. determine the standard form of equation of a circle; and
c. graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system.
Identifying the Conic Section by Inspection
Some terms may vanish, depending on the kind of conic section.
1. Circle: both x 2 and y 2 appear, and their coefficients are the same.
2 2
A x + A y +Cx+ Dy+ E=0
Example: 18 x 2+18 y 2−24 x+ 48 y−5=0
Degenerate cases: a point, and the empty set
2. Parabola: exactly one of x 2or y 2 appears.
A x 2+Cx + Dy+ E=0 ¿, opens upward or downward)
2
B y +Cx + Dy+ E=0 ¿, opens to the right or left)
Examples: 3 x 2−12 x +2 y +26=0 (opens downward)
2
−2 y + 3 x +12 y−15=0 (Opens to the right)
3. Ellipse: both x 2and y 2 appear, and their coefficients A and B have the same sign
and are unequal.
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2 2
Examples: 2 x +5 y +8 x−10 y−7=0 (horizontal major axis)
2 2
4 x + y −16 x −6 y+ 21=0 (Vertical major axis)
If A = B, we will classify the conic as a circle, instead of an ellipse.
Degenerate cases: a point, and the empty set
4. Hyperbola: both x 2 and y 2 appear, and their coefficients A and B have different
signs
Examples: 5 x 2−3 y 2−20 x−18 y −22=0 (horizontal transverse axis)
−4 x 2+ y 2 +24 x + 4 y−36=0 (Vertical transverse axis)
Degenerate case: two intersecting lines
Solving Systems of Equations Using Substitution
Three Methods:
1. Substitution
2. Elimination
3. Graphical
We begin our extension with a system involving one linear equation and one quadratic
equation. In this case, it is always possible to use substitution by solving the linear equation for
one of the variables.
Example 1. Solve the following system, and sketch the graphs in one Cartesian plane.
{2 x−y −1=x
y+ 4=0
2
Solution: We solve for y in terms of x in the first equation, and substitute this expression to the second
equation.
2 x− y +4=0 ⟹ y=2 x +4
Substitute y=2 x +4 to the second equation
y−1=x 2
( 2 x+ 4 )−1=x 2
Page 4 of 31
2
x −2 x−3=0
(x +1)¿
Solve for x :
x +1=0
x=−1
x−3=0
x=3
Substitute the value of x in any of the equation
x=−1
y=2 x +4
y=2 (−1 ) −2
y=2
x=3
y=2 x +4
y=2 ( 3 ) + 4
y=10
Graph:
Page 5 of 31
Solving Systems of Equations Using Elimination
Elimination method is also useful in systems of nonlinear equations. Sometimes, some

systems need both techniques (substitution and elimination) to solve them.
Example 1. Solve the following system:
{ y 2−4 x−6 y=11

3−4 x= y 2−6 y
Solution: Eliminate the variable x by adding the equations
3−4 x= y 2−6 y ⟹ y 2 +4 x−6 y=3
2
y −4 x−6 y=11
2
y +4 x −6 y=3
2
2 y 12 y 14
− =
2 2 2
y 2−6 y =7
y 2−6 y −7=0⇒ ( y−7 )( y +1 )=0
y−7=0
y=7
y +1=0
y=−1
Substitute the value of y in any of the equation
y=7
3−4 x=¿
−4 x=49−42−3
Page 6 of 31
−4 x 4
=
−4 −4
x=−1
y=−1
3−4 x= (−1 )2−6(−1)
−4 x=1+6−3
−4 x 4
=
−4 −4
x=−1
Graph:
Activity Sheet 2.1
Direction: Identify the following equations whether a circle, parabola, ellipse or hyperbola.
1. 5 x 2−3 y 2+10 x−12 y=22
2. 2 y 2−5 x−12 y =17

Page 7 of 31
3. 3 x2 +3 y 2 +42 x−12 y=−154
4. 3 x 2+6 x +4 y=18
5. 7 x 2+ 3 y 2 +14 x +12 y=−14
6. −4 x 2+3 y 2 +24 x−12 y=36
7. 5 x 2+7 y 2 −40 x−28 y=−73
8. 5 y 2+ 2 x−30 y =−49
9. 3 x 2−3 y 2+12 x−12 y=5
10. 3 x 2+3 y 2 +12 x+12 y=4
11. 2 x2 +24 x −5 y =57
12. x 2+ y 2=30
13. −x 2+ 10 x + y−21=0
14.−2 y 2 + x−20 y−49=0
15. x 2+ 2 x + y−1=0
16. x 2+ y 2+ 6 x −2 y +9=0
17. x 2− y 2−2 x−8=0
18. 3 x 2+30 x + y +79=0
19. −9 x 2+ y 2−72 x −153=0
20.− y 2 + x+ 8 y−17=0
Assessment 2.1
Direction: Solve the system, and graph the curves in one Cartesian plane showing the point(s)
of intersection.
Page 8 of 31
{
x2 + y 2=25
2 2
1. x y
+
18 32
2.
{ ( x−1 )2+ ( y−3 )2=10
2 2
x + ( y−1 ) =5
3.
{ ( x−3 )2 + ( y−5 )2=10
2
x 2+ ( y +1 ) =25
LESSON 2: Series and Sequence, and Sigma Notation
Specific Objectives:
a. illustrate a series;
b. differentiate a series from a sequence; and
c. use the sigma notation to represent a series.
Sequences and Series
Definition:
 A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers or the set
{1 , 2 ,3 , … , n }.
Example:
a. 1,2,3,4,5
b. 1,2,4,8,16
 A series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence.
Example:
a. 1+2+3+ 4+5
b. 1+2+4 +8+16
Page 9 of 31
Sigma Notation
 Writing and Evaluating Sums in Sigma Notation

Let f (i) be an expression involving an integeri . The expression
f ( m) + f ( m+1 ) + f ( m+ 2 )+ …+f (n)
can be compactly written in sigma notation, and we write it as
∑ f (i),
i=m
which is read as “the summation of f (i) from i = m to n .” Here, and n are integers with
m ≤n , f (i) is a term (or summand) of the summation, and the letter i is the index, m the lower
bound, and n the upper bound.
Example: Expand each summation, and simplify if possible.
4
1. ∑ ( 2i+3 )
i=2
Solution: we apply the definition of sigma notation
∑ (2 i +3 )= [2 ( 2 ) +3 ]+ {2 ( 3 ) +3 ]+ [2 ( 4 ) +3 ] =27
i=2
5
2. ∑ 2
i
i=0
Solution:
∑ 2i =20 +21+ 22+23 +2 4 +25=1+2+ 4+8+16 +32=63

i=0
n
3. ∑ ai
n
Solution:
n
. ∑ ai =a1 +a 2+ a3 +a 4+ …+a n
i=1
 Properties of Sigma Notation
n
n ( n+1 ) Page 10 of 31
1. ∑ i=
i=1 2
n n n
5. ∑ [ f ( i ) + g (i ) ] =∑ f ( i ) + ∑ g(i)
i=m i=m i=m
|
30
Example 1: ∑ (4 i−5)
i=1
30 30 30
∑ ( 4 i−5 )=∑ 4 i−∑ 5 Property #3

i=1 i=1 i=1
30 30
¿ 4 ∑ i−∑ 5
i=1 i=1 Property #2
( 30 )( 31 ) Property #1 &
¿4 −5 ( 30 )
2
Property #4
¿ 1710
Answer
Solution:
n n n Property #3 & #2
∑ (1+2 j ) =∑ 1+2 ∑ j
j=1 j=1 j=1
[ ]
n ( n+1 ) Property #1 & #4
¿ n(1)+2
2
Simplify
2 ( n2 +n )
¿ n+
2
2
¿ n+n + n
2
¿ n +2 n
|
n
Example 2: ∑ (1+2 j)
j=1
Activity Sheet 2.2
Directions: Write SEQ if the given item is a sequence, and write SER if it is a series. Use the
answer sheet provided at the last part of this module.
Page 11 of 31
1. 1 ,2 , 4 , 8 , … 6. 1+0.1+0.001+0.0001
2. 2 , 8 ,10 , 18,… 7. 4 +9+14 +…+64
3. 1+1−1+1−1 8.10+2+0.4 +0.08+…
1 2 3 4 9.√ 2 , √3 , √ 4 , √ 5 , …
4. , , , ,…
2 3 4 5
10. 0.1 , 0.01 ,0.001 , 0.0001 ,0.00001 , …
2 3 4
5. 1+2+2 +2 +2 +¿
Assessment 2.2
A. Expand each summation, and simplify if possible.
5
1. ∑ (2−3 i)
i=1
n
2. ∑ x
j
j =1
B. Use the properties of sigma notation to evaluate the following summations.
50
1. ∑ ( 2−3 i )
i=1
30
2. ∑ ( 1+2 j )
j =1
LESSON 3: Principle of Mathematical Induction
Page 12 of 31
a. illustrate the Principle of Mathematical Induction, and
b. apply mathematical induction in proving identities.
 Proving Summation Identities
The Principle of Mathematical Induction
Let P ¿) be a property or statement about an integer n . Suppose that the following conditions
can be proven:
(1¿ P(n 0) is true (that is, the statement is true whenn=n0).

(2) If P( k) is true for some integerk ≥ n0 , then P(k+ 1) is true (that is, if the statement is true
forn=k , then it is also true forn=k +1 ¿ .
Then the statement P(n)is true for all integers n ≥ n0 .
Example: Using mathematical induction, prove that
n ( n+1 )
1+2+3+…+ n=
2
Solution: We need to establish the two conditions stated in the Principle of Mathematical
Induction.
Part 1. Prove that the identity is true for n=1.
The left-hand side of the equation consists of one term equal to 1. The right-hand side
becomes
1 ( 1+1 ) 2
= =1
2 2
Hence, the formula is true forn=1.
Part 2. Assume that the formula is true for n=k ≥1 :
k ( k +1 )
1+2+3+…+ k=
2
We want to show that the formula is true for n = k + 1; that is,
( k +1 ) [ ( k +1 )+ 1 ]
1+2+3+…+ k + ( k +1 )=
2
Page 13 of 31
Using the formula for n = k and adding k + 1 to both sides of the equation, we get
k ( k +1 )
1+2+3+…+ k + ( k +1 )= + ( k +1 )
2
k ( k +1 ) +2 ( k +1 )
¿
2
( k +1 ) ( k +2 )
¿
2
( k +1 ) [ ( k +1 ) +1 ]
¿
2
We have proven the two conditions required by the Principle of Mathematical Induction.
Therefore, the formula is true for all positive integersn .
 Proving Divisibility Statements
Example: Use mathematical induction to prove that, for every positive integer n , 7n−1 is
divisible by 6.
Solution: Similar to what we did in the previous session, we establish the two conditions stated
in the Principle of Mathematical Induction.
Part 1
1
7 −1=6=6.1
1
7 −1 is divisible by 6 .
Part 2
Assume: 7 k −1 is divisible by 6.
To show: 7 k −1 is divisible by 6.
k k k k k k
7 −1=7 . 7 −1=6 . 7 +7 −1=6 . 7 +(7 −1)
By definition of divisibility6. 7k is divisible by 6. Also, by the hypothesis (assumption), 7 k −1is
divisible by 6. Hence, their sum (which is equal to7 k−1 −1) is also divisible by 6.
Therefore, by the Principle of Math Induction, 7n −1 is divisible by 6 for all positive integersn .
Activity Sheet 2.3

Page 14 of 31
Directions: Use mathematical induction to prove each divisibility statement for all nonnegative
integers n.
n 2
3n +n
1. ∑ ( 3 i−1 )=
i=1 2
1 1 1 1 n
2. + + +…+ =
1.2 2.3 3.4 n ( n+1 ) n+1
Assessment 2.3
Direction: Use the mathematical induction to prove divisibility statement for all nonnegative
integers n .
1. 7n −4 n is divisible by 3.
2. 10n +3 ( 4n +2 ) +5 is divisible by 9.
LESSON 4: The Binomial Theorem
Page 15 of 31
a. illustrate Pascal’s Triangle in the expansion of ( x + y )n for small positive integral

values ofn ;
b. prove the Binomial Theorem;
c. determine any term of( x + y )n, where is a positive integer, without expanding; and
d. solve problems using mathematical induction and the Binomial Theorem.
 Pascal's Triangle and the Concept of Combination
Consider the following powers ofa+ b:
( a+ b )0=1
( a+ b )1=a+b
( a+ b )2=a2+ 2 ab+b2
( a+ b )3=a3 +3 a2 b+3 a b2 + a3
( a+ b )4 =a 4 +4 a3 b+6 a2 b2 + 4 a b3 + b4
( a+ b )5=a5 +5 a4 b+ 10 a3 b2+ 10 a2 b3 +5 a b4 + b5
Note: Any number, variable and expression that has the power of zero (0) is always equal to
one (1).
We list down the coefficients of each expansion in a triangular array as follows:
n=1: 1 1
n=2: 1 2 1
n=3 1 3 3 1
n=4 1 4 6 4 1
n=5 1 5 10 10 5 1
n=6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
n=7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
n=8 1 8 28 36 55 36 28 8 1
Page 16 of 31
Example 1: Use Pascal's Triangle to expand( 2 x−3 y )5.

Solution: We use the coefficients in the fifth row of the Pascal's Triangle. (n=5 ¿
( 2 x−3 y )5=( 2 x )5 (−3 y )0 ¿+¿]+ [ 10 ( 2 x )3 (−3 y )2 ] + [ 10 ( 2 x )2 (−3 y )3 ]+ ¿
¿ [ ( 32 x ) ( 1 ) ]+ [ 5 ( 16 x ) (−3 y ) ]+ [ 10 ( 8 x ) ( 9 y ) ]+10 ¿ ]
5 4 3 2
¿ [ 32 x 5 ] + [ 5 (−48 x 4 y ) ] + [ 10 ( 72 x 3 y 2 ) ] + [ 10 (−108 x 2 y 3 ) ] +¿
¿ 32 x5 −240 x 4 y +720 x 3 y 2−1080 x 2 y 3 +810 x y 4−243 y 5
Example 2: Use Pascal's Triangle to expand( x−2 y )4 .

Solution:n=4 , we use the fourth row.
( x−2 y )4 =[ ( x ) ¿ ¿ 4 (−2 y )0 ]+ [ 4 ( x )3 (−2 y )1 ] + [ 6 ( x )2 (−2 y )2 ] + [ 4 ( x )1 (−2 y )3 ]+[ ( x )0 (−2 y )4 ]¿
¿ [ ( x ) ( 1 ) ] + [ 4 ( x ) (−2 y ) ] + [ 6 ( x )( 4 y ) ]+ [ 4 ( x ) (−8 y ) ] + [ (1 ) ( 16 y ) ]
4 3 2 2 3 4
¿ [x ¿¿ 4 ]+ [ 4 (−2 x 3 y ) ]+ [ 6 ( 4 x 2 y 2 ) ] + [ 4 (−8 x y 3 ) ]+ [ 16 y 4 ] ¿
¿ x 4−8 x 3 y +24 x 2 y 2−32 x y3 +16 y 4
 Combination
Recall that C ( n , k ) or (nk)the number of ways of choosing k objects from a set of n objects. It
is also useful to know some properties of C (n , k ):
1. C (n , 0)=C (n , n)=1
2. C (n , 1)=C (n , n−1)=n
3. C (n , k )=C (n , n−k) .
Formula for Combination:
()
C ( n , k )= n =
n!
k k ! ( n−k ) !
Example 1: Compute (53)

Solution: Using the given formula:
Page 17 of 31
(53)= ( 5−35 !) ! 3 !
5!
¿
2! 3 !
5.4 .3.2 .1
¿
( 2.1 )( 3.2 .1 )
120
¿
( 2 )( 6 )
120
¿
12
(53)=10
Example 2: Compute (85)
Solution: Using the formula.
(85)= ( 8−58!) ! 5 !
8!
¿
3! 5 !
¿ 56
 The Binomial Theorem
For any positive integern ,

n
( a+ b ) =∑ n an−i bi
n
i=0 i
()
Proof. We use mathematical induction.
Part 1.
∑ (1i )a 1−i bi =(10 ) a1 b0 +(11) a 0 b 1=a+ b

i−0
Page 18 of 31
Hence, the formula is true forn=1.
Part 2. Assume that
k
( a+ b ) =∑ k a k−i bi .
k
i =0 i
()
We want to show that
k+1
( a+ b )
k +1
i=0 i ( )
=∑ k +1 a k+1−i bi .
( a+ b )k +1=( a+b ) ( a+b )k
k
¿ ( a+ b ) ∑ k a b
i=0 i ()
k−i i
k k
()
¿ a ∑ k ak−i bi +b ∑ k ak−i bi
i=0 i i=0 i
()
k k
()
¿ ∑ k ak−i+! b i+ ∑ k a k−i bi +1
i=0 i i=0 i
()
k
()
¿ k a b +∑ k a
0
k+1 0
i=1 i
()
0
k 1
1
k−1 2
2 ()
k−2 3
()
b + k a b + k a b + k a b + …+ k a b + k a b
k +1−i i
k−1
1 1
k
0 k+1
() ( ) ()
k k
¿a k+1
+∑
i=1
()
k ak+1−i bi +
i
∑
i=1 i−1
( )
k a k+1−i bi +bk +1
[( ) ( )]
k
( )
¿ k +1 a b + ∑ k + k a
0
k+1 0
i=1 i i−1
b + k +1 a b
k+1−i i
k +1
0 k+ 1
( )
k+1
i=0 i ( )
¿ ∑ k +1 ak+1−i bi
Page 19 of 31
The last expression above follows from Pascal’s Identity.
Therefore, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction,
n
n
i=0 i
()
( a+ b ) =∑ n an−i bi
for any positive integer n .
Example 1: Use the Binomial Theorem to expand( x + y )6.
Solution:
6
( x + y ) =∑ 6 x6 −i y i
6
i=0 i
()
0 () 1 2 ()
3
3 3
4
2 4
()
¿ 6 x y + 6 x y + 6 x y + 6 x y + 6 x y + 6 xy + 6 y
6 0 5 1 4 2
5
5
6
6
() () () ()
6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
¿ ( 1 ) x + ( 6 ) x y+ ( 15 ) x y + ( 20 ) x y + ( 15 ) x y + ( 6 ) x y + ( 1 ) y
6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
¿ x +6 x y +15 x y +20 x y +15 x y +6 x y + y
Example 2: Find the middle term in the expansion of ( 2 x+3 y )6
Solution: Since there are seven terms in the expansion, the middle term is the fourth term (
k =3 ¿ which is
(63 ) ( 2 x ) ( 3 y ) =( 20 ) (8 x )( 27 y )
3 3 3 3
3 3
¿ 4320 x y
Page 20 of 31
Activity 2.4
Direction: Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand each expression.
1. ( x−2 y )4
3
2. ( 2 a−b2 )
3. ( a+ b )9
Assessment 2.4
Direction: Use the Binomial Theorem to expand each expression.
1. ( x−2 )5
2. ( x + y )7
Performance Check:
Direction: Use the Binomial Theorem to prove the given notation.
()
1. ∑ n 2k =3n
k=0 k
Page 21 of 31
REFERENCES
Garces, I.J., Ph.D., et al., 2016, Precalculus, Commission on Higher Education, 2016
Page 22 of 31
ANSWER SHEET
Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________
Activity Sheet 2.1
Direction: Identify the following equations whether a circle, parabola, ellipse or hyperbola.
_______________1. 5 x 2−3 y 2+10 x−12 y=22
_______________2. 2 y 2−5 x−12 y =17
_______________3. 3 x2 +3 y 2 +42 x−12 y=−154
_______________4. 3 x 2+6 x +4 y=18
_______________5. 7 x 2+ 3 y 2 +14 x +12 y=−14
_______________6. −4 x 2+3 y 2 +24 x−12 y=36
_______________7. 5 x 2+7 y 2 −40 x−28 y=−73
_______________8. 5 y 2+ 2 x−30 y =−49
_______________9. 3 x 2−3 y 2+12 x−12 y=5
_______________10. 3 x 2+3 y 2 +12 x+12 y=4
_______________11. 2 x2 +24 x −5 y =57
_______________12. x 2+ y 2=30
_______________13. −x 2+ 10 x + y−21=0
_______________14.−2 y 2 + x−20 y−49=0
_______________15. x 2+ 2 x + y−1=0
_______________16. x 2+ y 2+ 6 x −2 y +9=0
_______________17. x 2− y 2−2 x−8=0

Page 23 of 31
_______________18. 3 x 2+30 x + y +79=0
_______________19. −9 x 2+ y 2−72 x −153=0
_______________20.− y 2 + x+ 8 y−17=0
Assessment 2.1
Direction: Solve the system, and graph the curves in one Cartesian plane showing the point(s)
of intersection.
{
2 2
x + y =25
2 2
1. x y
+
18 32
2.
{
( x−1 )2+ ( y−3 )2=10
2 2
x + ( y−1 ) =5
3.
{
( x−3 )2 + ( y−5 )2=10
2 2
x + ( y +1 ) =25
Page 24 of 31
ANSWER SHEET

Activity Sheet 2.2
Direction: Write SEQ if the given item is a sequence, and write SER if it is a series.
__________1. 1 ,2 , 4 , 8 , …
__________2. 2 , 8 ,10 , 18,…
__________3. 1+1−1+1−1
1 2 3 4
__________4. , , , ,…
2 3 4 5
__________5. 1+2+22 +23 +24 +¿
__________6. 1+0.1+0.001+0.0001
__________7. 4 +9+14 +…+64
__________8.10+2+0.4 +0.08+…
__________9.√ 2 , √ 3 , √ 4 , √ 5 , …
__________10. 0.1 , 0.01 ,0.001 , 0.0001 ,0.00001 , …
Page 25 of 31
ANSWER SHEET

Assessment 2.2
A. Expand each summation, and simplify if possible.
5
1. ∑ (2−3 i)
i=1
n
3. ∑xj
j=1
B. Use the properties of sigma notation to evaluate the following summations.
50
1. ∑ ( 2−3 i )
i=1
Page 26 of 31
30
3. ∑ (1+2 j )
j=1
ANSWER SHEET

Activity Sheet 2.3
Direction: Use mathematical induction to prove each divisibility statement for all nonnegative
integers n.
n
3 n2+ n
1. ∑ ( 3 i−1 )=
i=1 2
1 1 1 1 n
2. + + +…+ =
1.2 2.3 3.4 n ( n+1 ) n+1
Page 27 of 31
ANSWER SHEET

Assessment 2.3
Direction: Use the mathematical induction to prove divisibility statement for all nonnegative
integers n .
1. 7n −4 n is divisible by 3.
2. 10n +3 ( 4n +2 ) +5 is divisible by 9.
Page 28 of 31
ANSWER SHEET

Activity 2.4
Direction: Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand each expression.
1. ( x−2 y )4
3
2. ( 2 a−b2 )
Page 29 of 31
3. ( a+ b )9
ANSWER SHEET

Assessment 2.4
Directions: Use the Binomial Theorem to expand each expression.
1. ( x−2 )5
2. ( x + y )7
Page 30 of 31
ANSWER SHEET

Performance Check:
Direction: Use the Binomial Theorem to prove the given notation.
Excellent Proficient Needs Improvement

Criteria
5 3 1
Has written and encircled the Has written the correct answer Has written the wrong
Answer
correct answer without erasures. with erasures in it. answer
Has a neat, complete and correct
Solution Has a lessen solution No solution at all.
solution.
All Concepts of solving functions Few concepts of solving No concepts of solving
Application
were applied functions were applied functions.
()
1. ∑ n 2 =3
k=0 k
k n
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PreCalculus Module2

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PreCalculus Module2

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

MODULE 1: Series and Mathematical Induction

1.1 Introduction to Conic Sections, and Circle

Target Learning Competencies:

LC 2.1.a. Illustrate a series.

LC 2.3.b. Apply mathematical induction in proving identities.

LC 2.3.c. Illustrate Pascal’s Triangle in the expansion of ( x + y )n for small positive

LC 2.4.a. Prove the Binomial Theorem.

LESSON 1: Systems of Nonlinear Equations

a. illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle,

Identifying the Conic Section by Inspection

Some terms may vanish, depending on the kind of conic section.

Example: 18 x 2+18 y 2−24 x+ 48 y−5=0

Degenerate cases: a point, and the empty set

2. Parabola: exactly one of x 2or y 2 appears.

A x 2+Cx + Dy+ E=0 ¿, opens upward or downward)

Examples: 3 x 2−12 x +2 y +26=0 (opens downward)

If A = B, we will classify the conic as a circle, instead of an ellipse.

Degenerate cases: a point, and the empty set

Examples: 5 x 2−3 y 2−20 x−18 y −22=0 (horizontal transverse axis)

−4 x 2+ y 2 +24 x + 4 y−36=0 (Vertical transverse axis)

Degenerate case: two intersecting lines

Solving Systems of Equations Using Substitution

Substitute y=2 x +4 to the second equation

Solving Systems of Equations Using Elimination

Elimination method is also useful in systems of nonlinear equations. Sometimes, some

Example 1. Solve the following system:

{ y 2−4 x−6 y=11

Solution: Eliminate the variable x by adding the equations

3−4 x= y 2−6 y ⟹ y 2 +4 x−6 y=3

y 2−6 y −7=0⇒ ( y−7 )( y +1 )=0

Substitute the value of y in any of the equation

3−4 x= (−1 )2−6(−1)

Activity Sheet 2.1

1. 5 x 2−3 y 2+10 x−12 y=22

2. 2 y 2−5 x−12 y =17

3. 3 x2 +3 y 2 +42 x−12 y=−154

5. 7 x 2+ 3 y 2 +14 x +12 y=−14

6. −4 x 2+3 y 2 +24 x−12 y=36

7. 5 x 2+7 y 2 −40 x−28 y=−73

9. 3 x 2−3 y 2+12 x−12 y=5

10. 3 x 2+3 y 2 +12 x+12 y=4

11. 2 x2 +24 x −5 y =57

14.−2 y 2 + x−20 y−49=0

17. x 2− y 2−2 x−8=0

18. 3 x 2+30 x + y +79=0

19. −9 x 2+ y 2−72 x −153=0

LESSON 2: Series and Sequence, and Sigma Notation

b. differentiate a series from a sequence; and

c. use the sigma notation to represent a series.

Sequences and Series

 Writing and Evaluating Sums in Sigma Notation

can be compactly written in sigma notation, and we write it as

Example: Expand each summation, and simplify if possible.

Solution: we apply the definition of sigma notation

∑ 2i =20 +21+ 22+23 +2 4 +25=1+2+ 4+8+16 +32=63

 Properties of Sigma Notation

∑ ( 4 i−5 )=∑ 4 i−∑ 5 Property #3

Activity Sheet 2.2

2. 2 , 8 ,10 , 18,… 7. 4 +9+14 +…+64

3. 1+1−1+1−1 8.10+2+0.4 +0.08+…

A. Expand each summation, and simplify if possible.

B. Use the properties of sigma notation to evaluate the following summations.

Name: _________________ Strand and Section:

Name: _________________ Strand and Section:

Name: _________________ Strand and Section:

Name: _________________ Strand and Section:

Name: _________________ Strand and Section:

Name: _________________ Strand and Section:

Name: _________________ Strand and Section:

Name: _________________ Strand and Section: