ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 1

Lesson Title: Drawing a Curve by Point-plotting

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Graph/ draw a given algebraic equation by point-plotting.

Let’s Get Started:

Relation Between Curve and Equation

An equation involving the variables x and y is usually satisfied by an infinite number

of pairs of values of x and y, and each pair of values corresponds to a point. These points
follow a pattern according to the given equation and form a definite geometric figure called
the CURVE.

Let’s Read:

A curve or locus of a given algebraic equation may be drawn by point-plotting. This is

accomplished by assigning values to x and solving for y, or vice versa. Each pair of values
of x and y represents a point. By connecting a sufficient number of points with a smooth
curve, we obtain an approximation of the required curve. The number of points necessary
to be plotted is not the same for different curves, but the more there are, the more accurate
the curve will be. The values x and y may be tabulated to facilitate the plotting of points.

Example 1.1 Plot the curve represented by the equation y = 2x – 5.

Solution:

Assign values to x and solve for y then tabulate.

Ex. Let x = 1 Let x = 2

y = 2x – 5 = 2(1) – 5 = -3 y = 2x – 5 = 2(2) – 5 = -1

Let x = 0 Let x = -1
y = 2x – 5 = 2(0) – 5 = -5 y = 2x – 5 = 2(-1) – 5 = -7

Let x = -2
y = 2x – 5 = 2(-2) – 5 = -9

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -9 -7 -5 -3 -1

We are now ready to graph. If however, we get no shape at all, we can add more
values of x with different intervals until the graph makes sense.

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Figure 2.0 Graph of y = 2x – 5

Example 1.2 Plot the curve represented by the equation x2 = 4y + 4.

Solution:

Assign values to y and solve for x since it is more convenient for this type of equation,
then tabulate.

Ex. Let y = -2 Let y = 1

2
x = 4y + 4 x2 = 4(1) + 4
2
x = 4(-2) + 4 x2 = 8
x2 = -8 + 4 x = √8
2
x = -4 (algebra lesson on roots) x = ±2√2 (algebra lesson on roots)
x = 2i (i means it does not exist). (± means they occur on both sides)

and so on…

y -2 -1 0 1 2
x imaginary 0 ±2 ±2√2 = ±2.83 ±2√3 = ±3.46

Graph:

Figure 2.1 Graph of x2 = 4y + 4

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Example 1.3 Plot the curve represented by the equation y = x3 – 8.

Solution:

Assign values to x and solve y since it is more convenient for this type of equation, then
tabulate.

Ex. Let x = -4 Let x = 1

y = x3 – 8 y = (1)3 – 8
y = (-4)3 – 8 y=1–8
y = -64 – 8 y = -7
y = -72

and so on…

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -72 -35 -16 -9 -8 -7 0 19 56

Graph:

Figure 2.2 Graph of y = x3 – 8

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 2.1 Draw the curves of the following equations by point-plotting.

1. x2 = y + 3
2. 3x – y = 2
3. x = y3 – 9y
4. y2 = 3x
5. y = x3 – x

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Learning Plan
Lesson No: 2

Lesson Title: Properties of Algebraic Curves

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Identify the properties of different algebraic equations.

Let’s Get Started:

The method of drawing curves by point-plotting is a long and tedious process, and in
the more complicated curves, it is usually difficult to plot enough points to give a fairly good
approximation of some portions of the curve. The general appearance of a curve may be
developed simply by examining and interpreting certain of its properties.

Let’s Read:

Some of these properties are the following:

I. INTERCEPTS

The points where the curve crosses the coordinate axes are called the intersections with
the axes.

a. x-intercept are the values of the abscissas of the points where the curve crosses the
x-axis. Its value/s are found by setting y=0 and solving for the roots (topic in
algebra).
b. y-intercept are the values of the abscissas of the points where the curve crosses the
y-axis. Its values are found by setting x=0 and finding for the roots (topic in algebra).

Figure 2.3 Intercepts

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Example 2.1 Find the intercepts of the curve represented by the equation
y = x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10.

Solution:

x-intercept: Set y = 0 and solve for the roots by synthetic division and factoring.

0 = x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10

By synthetic division,

1 −6 +3 +10
2 ∴ 2 is a root and (x-2) is a factor
+2 −8 −10
1 −4. −5 0

(x – 2) (x2 – 4x – 5) = 0 Factoring method

(x – 2) (x – 5)(x + 1) = 0

x – 2, x = 2 ∴ The x-intercepts are 2, 5 and -1

x – 5, x = 5 The curve crosses the x-axis at (2,0), (5,0) and (-1,0)
x + 1, x = – 1

y-intercept: Set x = 0 and solve for the roots

y = x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10
y = 03 – 6(0)2 + 3(0) + 10
y = 10

∴The curve crosses the y-axis at (0,10).

Example 2.2 Find the intercepts of the curve represented by the equation 4y = x3 – x.

Solution:

x-intercept: Set y = 0 and solve for the roots

4y = x3 – x
4(0) = x3 – x ∴ The x-intercepts are 0 and ±1
0 = x(x2 – 1) The curve crosses the x-axis at (0,0), (1,0) and (-1,0)
x = 0, ±1

y-intercept: Set x = 0 and solve for the roots

4y = x3 – x
4y = 03 – 0
4y = 0
y=0

∴The curve crosses the y-axis at (0,0).

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II. SYMMETRY

A graph is said to be symmetric with respect

to the x-axis if, for every point (x, y) on the graph ,
the point (x, -y) is also on the graph.

Figure 2.4

A graph is said to be symmetric with respect

to the y-axis if, for every point (x, y) on the graph ,
the point (-x, y) is also on the graph.

Figure 2.5

A graph is said to be symmetric with respect

to the origin if, for every point (x, y) on the graph
, the point (-x, -y) is also on the graph.

Figure 2.6

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Example 2.3 Test for symmetry the curve represented by the equation y =x3 –6x2+ 3x+10.

Solution:

x-axis: Replace y for -y

y = x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10
–y = x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10
The equation has changed, ∴ There is no symmetry with respect to the x-axis.

y-axis: Replace x for -x

y = x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10
y = (-x)3 – 6(-x)2 + 3(-x) + 10
y = –x3 – 6x2 – 3x + 10
The equation has changed, ∴ There is no symmetry with respect to the y-axis.

origin: Replace x for -x and y for -y

y = x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10
-y = (-x)3 – 6(-x)2 + 3(-x) + 10
z-y = –x3 – 6x2 – 3x + 10
The equation has changed, ∴ There is no symmetry with respect to the y-axis.

Example 2.4 Test for symmetry the curve represented by the equation y2 = x2 – 4.

Solution:

x-axis: Replace y for -y

y2 = x2 – 4
(–y)2 = x2 – 4
y2 = x2 – 4
The equation hasn’t changed. ∴ The curve is symmetric with respect to the x-
axis.

y-axis: Replace x for -x

y2 = x2 – 4
y2 = (-x)2 – 4
y2 = x2 – 4
The equation hasn’t changed. ∴ The curve is symmetric with respect to the y-
axis.

origin: Replace x for -x and y for -y

y2 = x2 – 4
(–y)2 = (–x)2 – 4
y2 = x2 – 4
The equation hasn’t changed. ∴ The curve is symmetric with respect to the
origin.

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From the preceding examples, it may be noted that the even power of a negative value
is positive. The tests for symmetry may thus be simplified as follows:

If all of the y-terms have even exponents, (i.e., y2, y4, y6, etc.), the curve is symmetric
with respect to the x-axis.

If all of the x-terms have even exponents, (i.e., x2, x4, x6, etc.), the curve is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis.

If all of the terms have even exponents or if all terms have odd exponents, the curve is
symmetric with respect to the origin.

III. ASYMPTOTES

A straight line is said to be an asymptote of a curve if the curve approaches such a line
more and more closely but never really touches it except as a limiting position at infinity.
Not all curves have asymptotes but when asymptotes exist, they help considerably in
drawing the curve. There are oblique and curvilinear asymptotes, but in this module, we
will consider only horizontal and vertical asymptotes. A method for finding the asymptotes
will be discussed later in the next lesson.

Figure 2.7 Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes

Steps to Find the Vertical Asymptote

1. Convert the equation to its factored form.
2. Let y = ± ∞ .
3. Solve for the constant of x.

Steps to Find the Horizontal Asymptote

1. Use the general form of the equation.
2. Divide each term of the numerator and the denominator by the x-term of the highest
degree. In algebra, highest degree means the highest exponent number of an equation.
3. Let x = ± ∞ .
4. Solve for the constant of y.
5. If the horizontal asymptote is not equal to 0. Find the intercepts, if there is any, on the
horizontal asymptote by letting y be equal to the horizontal asymptote in the general
form and solve for the value/s of x.

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0 𝑎 𝑎
Note: 𝑎 = 0 ; = ∞ ; = 0 (algebraic properties)
0 ∞

Example 2.5 Solve for the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the equation
x2y + 2xy – x – 3y +3 = 0.

Solution:

Solve for the general and factored forms: (topic in Algebra)

x2y + 2xy – x – 3y +3 = 0
y(x2 + 2x – 3) – x + 3 = 0 combine all terms with y
y(x2 + 2x – 3) = x – 3 transpose to the right side all terms without y
x–3
𝑦 = x2 + 2x – 3 transfer all x terms to the right and y to the left
(general form)
x–3
𝑦 = (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1) factor out factorable algebraic expressions
(factored form)

Vertical Asymptote:

Step 1. Convert the equation to its factored form.

x–3
𝑦 = (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)

Step 2. Let y = ± ∞ in the factored form.

x–3
∞ = (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
x–3 𝑎
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = ∞ since ∞ = 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

Step 3. Solve for the constant of x by finding the roots.

𝑥 + 3 = 0, 𝑥 = −3
𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

∴ The vertical asymptotes are x = –3 and x = 1.

Horizontal Asymptote:

Step 1. Use the general form of the equation.

x– 3
𝑦= 2
x + 2x – 3

Step 2. Divide each term of the numerator and the denominator by the x-term of the
highest degree.
x 3
– 2
x2 x
𝑦 = x2 2x 3
+ 2– 2
x2 x x

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1 3
–
x x2
𝑦= 2 3 simplified form
1 + – 2
x x

Step 3. Let x = ± ∞ .
1 3 1 3
– – 𝑎
x x2 ∞ ∞2
𝑦= 2 3 = 2 3 since ∞ = 0
1 + – 2 1 + – 2
x x ∞ ∞
0–0
𝑦=1 +0–0

Step 4. Solve for the constant of y.

0–0 0 0
𝑦 = 1 +0–0 = 1 since 𝑎 = 0
y=0

∴ The horizontal asymptote is y = 0.

IV. SCOPE OR EXTENT

There are only two possibilities for a given curve on the xy plane – either it passes
above and/or below the x-axis. The scope of the graph of an algebraic curve involves its
domains and range. The domain is the set of permissible values for x and the range is the
set of permissible values of y.

To determine whether the curve lies above and/or below the x-axis, solve for the
equation of y or y2 and note the changes of the sign of the right hand member of the equation.
A negative sign means the curve is found below the x-axis and a positive sign means the
curve is found above the x-axis. This will be explained in detail in the next lesson.

The regions on which the curve lies and is bounded by the x and y intercepts and the
vertical and horizontal asymptotes represented by broken or light lines.

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 2.2 Find the intercepts, symmetry and asymptotes of the following equations.

1. y = 4x3 +10x2 – 6x
5x – 10
2. 𝑦 = 2x2 + 9x+ 10

4x2 + 4x – 3
3. y 2 = x2 – 9

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Learning Plan
Lesson No: 3

Lesson Title: Curve Tracing

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Identify the four types of algebraic curves given an equation.
 Trace the curve of a given algebraic equation.

Let’s Get Started:

The graph of an equation is a curve that contains points, and only points, whose
coordinates satisfy the equation. We now use the properties previously discussed to help us
sketch four special types of equations.

Let’s Read:

STEPS IN TRACING A CURVE

1. Express the equation in the general form identical with one of the four general types of
algebraic curves.

Types of Algebraic Curves

I. y = a polynomial in x Ex. y = 2x + 5
a polynomial in x 𝑥
II. y = a polynomial in x Ex. y = 𝑥 2 −9

III. 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 Ex. 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 5

a polynomial in x 9
IV. 𝑦2 = Ex. 𝑦 2 =
a polynomial in x 𝑥 2 +1

2. Test for symmetry.

Rule
a) If all y-terms have even exponents (y2, y4, y6), the curve is symmetric with respect
to x-axis.
b) If all x-terms have even exponents (x2, x4, x6), the curve is symmetric with respect
to y-axis.
c) If all terms have even exponents or if all terms have odd exponents, the curve is
symmetric with respect to the origin.

3. Determine the x and y intercepts.

4. Determine the horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

Note: Type I and III curves do not have asymptotes. Only curves whose equations have
x terms in the denominator have vertical and horizontal asymptotes.

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5. Determine the scope of the curve. Divide the plane into regions by drawing a light
vertical line through the intersections on the x-axis and a light dashed line on their
vertical asymptote. The y-axis is not to be considered as one of these lines unless there
is an intersection of the curve at the origin.

Let’s give an example for each type of curve.

Example 3.1 Type I Curve

Trace the curve whose equation is y = x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 24.

Solution:

Step 1. The equation is already in its general form of Type I.

Step 2. Test for Symmetry

a) There is no symmetry with respect to the x-axis because y has an odd exponent.
b) There is no symmetry with respect to the y-axis because some x terms (x3 and 10x)
have odd exponents.
c) There is no symmetry with respect to the origin because the exponents of the terms
are neither all odd nor all even.

Step 3. Determine the x and y intercepts

x-intercept: Set y = 0 and solve for the roots by synthetic division and factoring.

0 = x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 24.

By synthetic division,

1 +3 −10 −24
3 ∴ 3 is a root and (x-3) is a factor
+3 +18 +24
1 +6 +8 0

(x – 3) (x2 + 6x + 8) = 0 Factoring method

(x – 3) (x + 4)(x + 2) = 0

x – 3, x = 3 ∴ The x-intercepts are 3, -4 and -2

x + 4, x = −4 The curve crosses the x-axis at (3,0), (-4,0) and (-2,0)
x + 2, x = – 2

y-intercept: Set x = 0 and solve for the roots

y = x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 24
y = 03 + 3(0)2 – 10(0) – 24
y = – 24

∴The curve crosses the y-axis at (0,-24).

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Step 4. Determine the horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

Type I curve do not have asymptotes.

Step 5. Divide the plane into regions.

The curves are divided using their x-intercept and vertical asymptote. For this example,
we have three x-intercepts (3,0), (-4,0) and (-2,0) with no vertical asymptote. Therefore, the
curve are can will be divided into four (4) regions.

Figure 2.8 Divided Regions of y = x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 24

To determine whether the curve lies above and/or below the x-axis, solve for the
equation of y or y2 and note the changes of the sign of the right hand member of the equation.
A negative sign means the curve is found below the x-axis and a positive sign means the
curve is found above the x-axis.

Using the factored form y = (x – 3) (x + 4)(x + 2)

Region I. when x < -4, say x = -10

y = (-10 – 3) (-10 + 4)(-10 + 2)
y = (-13)(-6)(-8) Note: we use only the sign
y = (–)(–)(–) = (–)
∴The curve lies below the x-axis. Shade the upper portion of the region.

Region II. when -4 < x < -2, say x = -3

y = (-3 – 3) (-3 + 4)(-3 + 2)
y = (-6)(+1)(-1)
y = (–)(+)(–) = (+)
∴The curve lies above the x-axis. Shade the lower portion of the region.

Region III. when -2 < x < 3, say x = 2

y = (2 – 3) (2 + 4)(2 + 2)
y = (-1)(6)(4)
y = (–)(+)(+) = (–)
∴The curve lies below the x-axis. Shade the upper portion of the region.
Region IV. when x > 3, say x = 4
y = (4 – 3) (4 + 4)(4 + 2)

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y = (1)(8)(6) Note: we use only the sign

y = (+)(+)(+) = (+)
∴The curve lies above the x-axis. Shade the lower portion of the region.

Figure 2.9 Regions with shaded portions of y = x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 24

Now, we can fully trace the curve using the properties.

Figure 2.10 Curve Sketch of y = x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 24

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Example 3.2 Type II Curve

Trace the curve whose equation is x2y – x2 + xy + 4x – 2y – 4 = 0.

Solution:

Step 1. General form of Type II:

x2y – x2 + xy + 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
y (x2 + x – 2) – x2 + 4x – 4 = 0
y (x2 + x – 2) = x2 – 4x + 4
x2 – 4x + 4
y= (general form)
x2 + x – 2
(x−2)2
y = (x+2)(x−1) (factored form)

Step 2. Test for Symmetry

a) There is no symmetry with respect to the x-axis because y has an odd exponent.
b) There is no symmetry with respect to the y-axis because some x terms have odd
exponents.
c) There is no symmetry with respect to the origin because the exponents of the terms
are neither all odd nor all even.

Step 3. Determine the x and y intercepts

x-intercept: Set y = 0 and solve for the roots by synthetic division and factoring.

(x−2)2
y = (x+2)(x−1)
(x−2)2
0 = (x+2)(x−1)
0 = (x − 2)2

x – 2, x = 2 ∴ The x-intercept is 2.
The curve crosses the x-axis at (2,0) twice

y-intercept: Set x = 0 and solve for the roots

(x−2)2 (0−2)2 4
y = (x+2)(x−1) = (0+2)(0−1) = −2 = −2

∴The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, −𝟐).

Step 4. Determine the horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

Vertical Asymptote:

Step 4a.1 Convert the equation to its factored form.

(x−2)2
y = (x+2)(x−1)

Step 4a.2 Let y = ± ∞ in the factored form.

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(x−2)2
∞ = (x+2)(x−1)
(x−2)2 𝑎
(x + 2)(x − 1) = since ∞ = 0
∞
(x + 2)(x − 1) = 0

Step 4a.3 Solve for the constant of x by finding the roots.

𝑥 + 2 = 0, 𝑥 = −2
𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

∴ The vertical asymptotes are x = –2 and x = 1.

Horizontal Asymptote:

Step 4b.1 Use the general form of the equation.

x 2 – 4x + 4
𝑦= 2
x + x– 2

Step 4b.2 Divide each term of the numerator and the denominator by the x-term of the
highest degree.
x2 4x 4
– 2+ 2
x2 x x
𝑦= x2 x 2
+ 2– 2
x2 x x

4 4
1− + 2
x x
𝑦= 1 2 simplified form
1 + – 2
x x

Step 4b.3 Let x = ± ∞ .

4 4
1− + 𝑎
∞ ∞2
𝑦= 1 2 since ∞ = 0
1+ – 2
∞ ∞
1− 0+ 0
𝑦=1 +0–0

Step 4b.4 Solve for the constant of y.

y=1

∴ The horizontal asymptote is y = 1.

Step 4b.5 Find the intercepts on the horizontal asymptote. We let y = 1 in the general
form and solve for the value/s of x.

x 2 – 4x + 4
1=
x2 + x – 2
x + x – 2 = x 2 – 4x + 4
2

5x = 6
6
𝑥=5

𝟔
∴ The curve crosses the horizontal asymptote at (𝟓 , 1).

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Step 5. Divide the plane into regions.

We have an x-intercept (2,0) in thin continuous line and vertical asymptotes x = -2 and
x=1 in thin dashed line. Therefore, the curve will be divided into four (4) regions.

Figure 2.11 Divided Regions of x2y – x2 + xy + 4x – 2y – 4 = 0

Determine whether the curve lies above and/or below the x-axis,

(x−2)2
Using the factored form y =
(x+2)(x−1)

Region I. when x < -2, say x = -3

(x−2)2 (−3−2)2 (−5)2 (−)2
y = (x+2)(x−1) = (−3+2)(−3−1) = y = (−1)(−4) = y = = (+)
(−)(−)
∴The curve lies above the x-axis. Shade the lower portion of the region.

Region II. when -2 < x < 1, say x = -1

(x−2)2 (−1−2)2 (−3)2 (−)2
y = (x+2)(x−1) = (−1+2)(−1−1) = y = (+1)(−2) = y = (+)(−)
= (−)
∴The curve lies below the x-axis. Shade the upper portion of the region.

Region III. when 1 < x < 2, say x = 1.5

(x−2)2 (1.5−2)2 (−0.5)2 (−)2
y = (x+2)(x−1) = (1.5+2)(1.5−1) = y = (+3.5)(+0.5) = y = (+)(+)
= (+)
∴The curve lies above the x-axis. Shade the lower portion of the region.

Region IV. when x > 2, say x = 3

(x−2)2 (3−2)2 (1)2 (+)2
y = (x+2)(x−1) = (3+2)(3−1) = y = (+5)(+2) = y = (+)(+)
= (+)
∴The curve lies above the x-axis. Shade the lower portion of the region.

Now, we can fully trace the curve using the properties and additional values
for x and y. Note: we use values for x near its boundaries.

x -3.5 -3 -2.5 -1 0.9 1.1 2.5 3

y 4.48 6.25 11.6 -4.5 -4.2 2.61 0.04 0.1

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Figure 2.12 Curve Sketch of x2y – x2 + xy + 4x – 2y – 4 = 0

Example 3.3 Type III Curve

Trace the curve whose equation is y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3).

Solution:

Step 1. General form of Type III:

y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3) (factored form)
y2 = (x2 + 4x)(x2 – x – 6) expand
y2 = x4 – x3 – 6x2 + 4x3 – 4x2 – 24x expand and simplify
y2 = x4 + 3x3 – 10x2 – 24x (general form)

Step 2. Test for Symmetry

a) There is symmetry with respect to the x-axis because y has an even exponent.
b) There is no symmetry with respect to the y-axis because some x terms have odd
exponents.
c) There is no symmetry with respect to the origin because the exponents of the terms
are neither all odd nor all even.

Step 3. Determine the x and y intercepts

x-intercept: Set y = 0 and solve for the roots.

y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3)
0 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3)

x ,x=0 ∴ The x-intercepts are 0, -4, -2 and 3.

x + 4, x = -4 The curve crosses the x-axis at (0,0), (-4,0), (-2,0)
x + 2, x = -2 and (3,0).
x – 3, x = 3

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y-intercept: Set x = 0 and solve for the roots

y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3) = 0 (0 + 4)(0 + 2)(0 – 3) = 0

Step 4. Determine the horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

Type III curve has no vertical and horizontal asymptote.

Step 5. Divide the plane into regions.

We have an x-intercepts (0,0), (-4,0), (-2,0) and (3,0) in thin continuous line with no
vertical asymptote. Therefore, the curve will be divided into five (5) regions.

Figure 2.13 Divided Regions of y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3)

Determine whether the curve lies above and/or below the x-axis,

Using the factored form y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3)

Region I. when x < -4, say x = -5

y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3) = -5 (-5 + 4)(-5 + 2)(-5 – 3) = (-5)(-1)(-3)(-8)
y2 = (−)(−)(−)(−) = (+) = (−)
y is real (+) and (−) since it’s in the power of 2. (review radicals in algebra)
∴ The curve lies above and below the x-axis.

Region II. when -4 < x < -2, say x = -3

y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3) = -3 (-3 + 4)(-3 + 2)(-3 – 3) = (-3)(1)(-1)(-6)
y2 = (−)(+)(−)(−) = (-) y is imaginary (review radicals in algebra)
∴The curve does not exist in this region. Shade all portions of the region.

Region III. when -2 < x < 0, say x = -1

y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3) = -1 (-1 + 4)(-1 + 2)(-1 – 3) = (-1)(3)(1)(-4)
y2 = (−)(+)(+)(−) = (+)
y is real (+) and (−) since it’s in the power of 2. (review radicals in algebra)
∴ The curve lies above and below the x-axis.

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Region IV. when 0 < x < 3, say x = 2

y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3) = 2 (2 + 4)(2 + 2)(2 – 3) = (2)(6)(4)(-1)
y2 = (+)(+)(+)(−) = (-) y is imaginary (review radicals in algebra)
∴The curve does not exist in this region. Shade all portions of the region.

Region V. when x > 3, say x = 4

y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3) = 4 (4 + 4)(4 + 2)(4 – 3) = (4)(8)(6)(1)
y2 = (+)(+)(+)(+) = (+)
y is real (+) and (−) since it’s in the power of 2. (review radicals in algebra)
∴ The curve lies above and below the x-axis.

Now, we can fully trace the curve using the properties and additional values
for x and y. Note: we use values for x near its boundaries.

x -5 -1 5
y 120 12 630

Figure 2.14 Curve Sketch of y2 = x (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 3)

Example 3.4 Type IV Curve

Trace the curve whose equation is x2y2 – 2xy2 – x2 – 3y2 + 4x + 12 = 0.

Solution:

Step 1. General form of Type IV:

x2y2 – 2xy2 – x2 – 3y2 + 4x + 12 = 0
y2 (x2 – 2x – 3) – x2 + 4x + 12 = 0
y2 (x2 – 2x – 3) = x2 – 4x – 12
x2 – 4x – 12
y2 = (general form)
x2 – 2x – 3
(x−6)(x+2)
y2 = (x−3)(x+1) (factored form)

Step 2. Test for Symmetry

a) There is symmetry with respect to the x-axis because y has an even exponent.

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b) There is no symmetry with respect to the y-axis because some x terms have odd
exponents.
c) There is no symmetry with respect to the origin because the exponents of the terms
are neither all odd nor all even.

Step 3. Determine the x and y intercepts

x-intercept: Set y = 0 and solve for the roots.

(x−6)(x+2)
y2 = (x−3)(x+1)
(x−6)(x+2)
0=
(x−3)(x+1)
0 = (x − 6)(x + 2)

x – 6, x = 6 ∴ The x-intercept is 6 and -2.

x + 2, x = -2 The curve crosses the x-axis at (6,0) and (-2,0).

y-intercept: Set x = 0 and solve for the roots

(x−6)(x+2) (0−6)(0+2) −12

y2 = (x−3)(x+1) = (0−3)(0+1) = = 4
−3
y = √4 = ±2

∴The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 𝟐) and (0,-2).

Step 4. Determine the horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

Vertical Asymptote:

Step 4a.1 Convert the equation to its factored form.

(x−6)(x+2)
y2 = (x−3)(x+1)

Step 4a.2 Let y = ± ∞ in the factored form.

(x−6)(x+2)
∞=
(x−3)(x+1)
(x−6)(x+2) 𝑎
(x − 3)(x + 1) = since ∞ = 0
∞
(x − 3)(x + 1) = 0

Step 4a.3 Solve for the constant of x by finding the roots.

𝑥 − 3 = 0, 𝑥= 3
𝑥 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 = −1

∴ The vertical asymptotes are x = 3 and x = -1.

Horizontal Asymptote:

Step 4b.1 Use the general form of the equation.

x2 – 4x – 12
y2 = x2 – 2x – 3

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Step 4b.2 Divide each term of the numerator and the denominator by the x-term of the
highest degree.
x2 4x 12
– −
x2 x2 x2
y2 = x2 2x 3
− –
x2 x2 x2

4 12
1− − 2
2 x
y = x
2 3 simplified form
1− – 2
x x

Step 4b.3 Let x = ± ∞ .

4 12
1− − 2 𝑎
2 ∞
y = 32
∞
since ∞ = 0
1− – 2
∞ ∞
1− 0− 0
y2 =
1−0–0

Step 4b.4 Solve for the constant of y.

y = √1 = ±1

∴ The horizontal asymptote is y = 1 and y = -1.

Step 4b.5 Find the intercepts on the horizontal asymptote. We let y 2 = 1 in the general
form and solve for the value/s of x.

x2 – 4x – 12
y2 = x2 – 2x – 3
x2 – 4x – 12
1 = x2 – 2x – 3
x 2 – 2x – 3 = x 2 – 4x – 12
2x = -9
−9
𝑥= 2
−𝟗 −𝟗
∴ The curve crosses the horizontal asymptotes at ( 𝟐 , 1) and ( 𝟐 , -1).
Step 5. Divide the plane into regions.

We have an x-intercept (6,0) and (-2,0) in thin continuous line and vertical asymptotes
x = 3 and x = -1 in thin dashed line. Therefore, the curve will be divided into five (5) regions.

Figure 2.15 Divided Regions of x2y2 – 2xy2 – x2 – 3y2 + 4x + 12 = 0

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Determine whether the curve lies above and/or below the x-axis,

(x−6)(x+2)
Using the factored form y2 = (x−3)(x+1)

Region I. when x < -2, say x = -3

(−3−6)(−3+2) (−9)(−1) (−)(−)
y2 = (−3−3)(−3+1) = (−6)(−2)) = (−)(−) = (+) y is real (+) and (−)
∴ The curve lies above and below the x-axis.

Region II. when -2 < x < -1, say x = -1.5

(−1.5−6)(−1.5+2) (−7.5)(+0.5) (−)(+)
y2 = (−1.5−3)(−1.5+1) = (−4.5)(−0.5)) = (−)(−) = (−). y is imaginary
∴The curve does not exist in this region. Shade all portions of the region.

Region III. when -1 < x < 3, say x = 2

(2−6)(2+2) (−4)(+4) (−)(+)
y2 = (2−3)(2+1) = (−1)(+3)) = (−)(+) = (+) y is real (+) and (−)
∴ The curve lies above and below the x-axis.

Region IV. when 3 < x < 6, say x = 4

(4−6)(4+2) (−2)(+6) (−)(+)
y2 = (4−3)(4+1) = (+1)(+5)) = (+)(+) = (−). y is imaginary
∴The curve does not exist in this region. Shade all portions of the region.

Region V. when x > 6, say x = 7

(7−6)(7+2) (+1)(+9) (+)(+)
y2 = (7−3)(7+1) = (+4)(+8)) = (+)(+) = (+). y is real (+) and (−)
∴ The curve lies above and below the x-axis.

Figure 2.16 Curve Sketch of x2y2 – 2xy2 – x2 – 3y2 + 4x + 12 = 0

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 2.3 Trace the curves below having the following equations.

1. y = x4 – 4x2 5. y 2 = (x2 – 4) (x – √2) 2 (x+1)3

(3x+1)(x−2)
2. y = (x2 – 4) (x – √2) 2 (x+1)3 6. y 2 =
(x+1)(x−3)
x
3. y = x2 – 4
(3x+1)(x−2)
4. y = (x+1)(x−3)

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Learning Plan
Lesson No: 4

Lesson Title: Equation of the Locus

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Derive the algebraic equation of curves given their properties.

Let’s Get Started:

In the preceding lessons, the equation was given and we were asked to draw the curve
or locus of the equation. This is not always the case, however. In fact, in most problems,
only certain geometric properties of the curve are given or there is usually a definition of
some kind from which we derive the equation of the curve.

Let’s Read:

A curve or locus may be defined as the path of a point which moves according to a
given law. We denote the coordinates of the moving point as P (x, y) and from the given
law or statement, we obtain algebraic expressions for the different quantities involved by
making use of the formulas in module 1. The required equation would then be found by
simplifying the algebraic expressions. It usually helps a great deal when the general
appearance of the curve is drawn.

Example 4.1 A point moves so that its distance from the point (2, -3) is equal to its distance
from the x-axis. Find the equation of its locus.

Solution: There is an infinite number of points which will satisfy the given condition. The
path of such points is shown in figure 2.17.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑁𝑃 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐴𝑃
𝑦 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑦 = √(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − −3)2

Squaring both sides and simplifying,

𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎
(equation of the locus)

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Figure 2.17
Example 4.2 Find the equation of a circle having the points (5, 2) and (-1, -3) as the ends of a
diameter.

Solution: Sometimes, several methods or formulas can be used to satisfy the given
properties. Let us take one representative point on the circle and denote it P (x, y).

Figure 2.18

1st Method: Using the Midpoint Formula

The coordinates of the center C are:

1 1
𝑥𝐶 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) = (5 − 1) = 2
2 2
1 1 1
𝑦𝐶 = (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) = (2 − 3) = −
2 2 2

Any point in the circle would be equal distance from the center, therefore

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐶𝑃 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐶𝑃1
√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
𝑪𝑷 𝑪𝑷𝟏

1 1
√(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − − )2 = √(5 − 2)2 + (2 − − )2
2 2

1 5
√(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + )2 = √(3)2 + ( )2
2 2

Squaring both sides and simplifying,

1 25
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 4 = 9 + 4
1 25
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 − 9 + 4 − =0
4
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎 (equation of the locus)

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2nd Method: Using the Right Triangle Formed by the three points

The angle at P1 being inscribed in a semi-circle, is a right triangle and thus P1PP2 is a
right triangle. By the Pythagorean Theorem, we have the basic equation for the hypotenuse
of the triangle,

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑃1 𝑃2 )2 = (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑃𝑃1 )2 + (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑃𝑃2 )2
(√(5 − −1)2 + (2 − −3)2 )2 = (√(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 )2 + (√(𝑥 − −1)2 + (𝑦 − −3)2 )2
(√(5 + 1)2 + (2 + 3)2 )2 = (√(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 )2 + (√(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 )2
(√(6)2 + (5)2 )2 = (√(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 )2 + (√(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 )2
2
(√36 + 25)2 = (√𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 )2 + (√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9)

Squaring both sides and simplifying,

36 + 25 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6𝑦 + 25 + 4 + 1 + 9 − 36 − 25 = 0
1
(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 22 = 0)2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎. (equation of the locus)

3rd Method: Using the Slope Formula

Knowing that P1P is perpendicular to P2P,

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − 2
𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝑷 = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − 5
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − −3
𝒎 𝑷𝟐 𝑷 = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − −1

Therefore, the slopes of the lines P1P and P2P are negative reciprocals.

1
𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝑷 = −
𝒎 𝑷𝟐 𝑷
𝑦 − 2 1
= −
𝑥 − 5 𝑦 − −3
𝑥 − −1
𝑦 − 2 𝑥+1
= −
𝑥 − 5 𝑦+3
(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 3) = −(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑦 − 6 = −(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 5)
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 5 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑦 − 6 = 0
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎 (equation of the locus)

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Example 4.3 Find the equation of the locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its
distances from (2, 0) and (-2, 0) is 8.

Solution:

Figure 2.19

Let P (x, y) be the moving point. From the basic condition of the problem, we have
the basic equation,
𝐴𝑃 + 𝐵𝑃 = 8
√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 =8
𝑨𝑷 𝑩𝑷
√(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 + √(𝑥 − −2)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 8

Transpose one radical to the right.

√(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦)2 = 8 − √(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦)2

Squaring both sides and simplifying,

√(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦)2 = 8 − √(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦)2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 64 − 16√(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦)2 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2
16√(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦)2 = 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 64
16√(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦)2 = 8𝑥 + 64

Dividing by 8,
2√(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦)2 = 𝑥 + 8

Squaring again both sides and simplifying,

2
4(𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 ) = 𝑥2 + 16𝑥 + 64
2
4𝑥2 + 16𝑥 + 16 + 4𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 16𝑥 + 64
𝟐
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟎 (equation of the locus)

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Example 4.4 Find the equation of the locus of a point which moves so that it is always
equidistant from (4, -1) and (-3, 5).

Solution:

Figure 2.20

Let P (x, y) be the moving point. From the basic condition of the problem, we have
the basic equation,
𝐴𝑃 = 𝐵𝑃
√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
𝑨𝑷 𝑩𝑷
√(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − −1)2 = √(𝑥 − −3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2

Squaring both sides and simplifying,

√(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = √(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25
−8𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10𝑦 + 17 − 34 = 0
−14𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 17 = 0
𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎 (equation of the locus)

Let’s Do This:

Exercise 2.4 For the following problems, draw the general appearance of the curve.
1. A point moves so that it is always equidistant from (-5, 5) and (-2, 2). Find the
equation of its locus.
2. Find the equation of a line through (4, 0) and with a slope 2.
3. Find the equation of the locus of a point so that the square of its distance from (3,
-3) is always numerically equal to the slope of the line joining it to the same
point.
4. The sum of the distances of a moving point from (3, 0) and (-3, 0) is 8. Find its
equation.
5. Find the equation of the locus of the third vertex of a triangle if two of its vertices
are (1, -2) and (5, 0) and whose area is 3.
6. The line joining (-1, 0) and (3, 3) is the base of a triangle whose altitude is 2. Find
the locus of the third vertex.

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7. A point moves so that the angle from the line joining it and the origin to the line
(3, -2) and (5, 7) is 45º. Find the equation of the locus.
8. Find the equation of the locus of the center of a moving circle tangent to the y-
axis and to a circle with a radius 2 with center at (8, 2).

Let’s Check:

Exercise 2.1 No answer provided.

Exercise 2.2
1. x-intercepts: -3,0,1/2; y-intercept: 0; no symmetry and no asymptotes
2. x-intercepts: 2; y-intercept: -1; no symmetry; vertical asymptotes: x = -5/2,
x = -2; horizontal asymptote: y = 0.
3. x-intercepts: -3/2, 1/2; y-intercept: ±√3/3; symmetric with respect to x-axis;
vertical asymptotes: x = -3, x = 3; horizontal asymptote: y = -2, y = 2.

Exercise 2.3
1. Four regions, four intercepts (x and y) and with one symmetry
2. Five regions, five intercepts (x and y) and with no symmetry
3. Four regions, two intercepts (x and y), three asymptotes (hor. & vert.) and with
one symmetry
4. Five regions, three intercepts (x and y), three asymptotes (hor. & vert.) and with
no symmetry
5. Five regions, four intercepts (x) and with one symmetry
6. Five regions, four intercepts (x and y), four asymptotes (hor. & vert.) and with
one symmetry

Exercise 2.4
1. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7 = 0
2. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8
3. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 36𝑥 − 19𝑦 − 57 = 0
4. 7𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 112
5. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 8
6. 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 13 = 0; 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 7 = 0
7. 7𝑥 − 11𝑦 = 0
8. 𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 64 = 0

Let’s Remember:

An equation involving the variables x and y is usually satisfied by an infinite number

of pairs of values of x and y, and each pair of values corresponds to a point. These points
follow a pattern according to the given equation and form a definite geometric figure called
the CURVE.

A curve or locus of a given algebraic equation may be drawn by point-plotting. This is

accomplished by assigning values to x and solving for y, or vice versa. Each pair of values
of x and y represents a point. By connecting a sufficient number of points with a smooth
curve, we obtain an approximation of the required curve.

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The properties of algebraic curves are the intercepts, symmetry, asymptote and scope
or extent.

The steps in tracing a curve are:

1. Express the equation in the general form identical with one of the four general types
of algebraic curves.
2. Test for symmetry.
3. Determine the x and y intercepts.
4. Determine the horizontal and vertical asymptotes.
5. Determine the scope of the curve. Divide the plane into regions by drawing a light
vertical line through the intersections on the x-axis and a light dashed line on their
vertical asymptote. The y-axis is not to be considered as one of these lines unless
there is an intersection of the curve at the origin.

Suggested Readings/ Videos:

Sketching Curve using symmetry and intercepts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_XEgT4NY7E

Test for Symmetry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0tNDfhrOkI

Asymptotes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVjS4qXEVU0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DHh01FYoIM

Synthetic Division
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRkgMDVIETE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxHWoUOq2iQ

Roots of Radicals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAEaJbdThaQ

Factoring
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUMhpKGwpCY

Module Post Test:

Post-test will be conducted online on the 3rd Friday of September from 2 – 4pm.

References/Sources:
Quirino D.D.A & Mijares J.M. (1993). Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry. Quezon City:
Royal Publishing House, Inc.

Dela Cruz, P.S., Maderal, L.D. & Valdez, T.C.C. (2013). Analytic Geometry Revised Edition.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

B4: Analytic Geometry Page 65 of 156