Chapter

Review of Linear Equations and Linear Inequalifies

Key Terms
Linear Equations
Linear Inequalities
Constructs Variables
Intercepts
Half-plane
Test point
Feasible Region
Elimination Method
Equivalent Inequalities

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Learning Objectives

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1, Solve linear equations in one or two variables;
2.Graph the solution set of linear equations;
Compute the solution set of linear inequalities in one or twa
4. Graph the solution set of linear inequalities; and
two variables

5. Solve systems of linear.equations and linear

inequalities.

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INTRODUCTION

Linear programming problems, especially by graphical method, involve linear

equations and linear inequalities. Thus, we devote the first chapter of this book on
the review of these topics.

Inequalities, like equations, are functions expressed in mathematical form. A

distinction between the two is that, whereas, equations use the equal sign,
inequalities use any of the inequality symbols which are "<" that is, less than; ">"
that is, more than; "s" that is, less than or equal to; and "" that is, more than or
equal to.

Similar to that of equations, inequalities are also used in solving business

problems. These include such problems reqüiring minimization or maximization.

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 Chapter1
Review of Linear Equafions and Linear Inequaliies

1.1 Linear Equations in One Variable

A linear equation in one variable can be written in the form, ax +b = 0 when
a and b are real numbers with a * 0. To solve an equation of this form is to find the
e
value of variable x that makes the statement true.

Example 1. Solve 6x + 4 = 46

Solution: 6x + 4 = 46
6x = 46 - 4
6x = 42
X = 7

If we substitute the computed value of x in the given equation, we have 46 =

46. Hence, x = 7 is the solution of the equation.

Example 2. Solve 7x + 4 = 4(x + 7)

Solution: 7x +4 4(x + 7)
7x+ 4 = 4x + 28
7x 4x 28 4

x =8

Example 3. Solve x +

3
3x +3- x = X
3x x-x = -3
X = -3

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 REvIEW OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Name: Student No.: . Score:

Subject: Section: Room: Date:

Exercise 1.1

Solve the following equations:

1.. 7x + 8 1

2. 9-2x = 15

3. 2x+ 15 = x + 8

4. 5x 9 4(x -3

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s. = 13

6. 3(x + 2) 5(x -6)

7.1. 23 +1

8.

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9. - K- 3

10.

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1.2 Linear Equatlons in Two Varlables

A linear equation in two variables is in the form ax + by = c, where a,
b,
e constants and a andb#0. The solution of linear equation in two variables15
and
the set of points on a line that satisfies the given equation. This can be done by as
signing values tor x and solving for the corresponding values of y or by finding the

intercept.
Example 1. Solve 5x + 3y 15

Solution: We solve the equation by intercept method.

Let x = 0 in 5x + 3y = 15
0+3y =15
y 5

y = 0 5x+0 15
5x 15
X = 3

Therefore, x-intercept is at (5, 0) and y-intercept is at (0, 5).

Then, plotting the x and y intercepts on a Cartesian plane, we have

(0, 5

5x +3y = 15

3,oN X

The points along the line comprise the solution set of the equation.

Example 2. Solve 2x -4 2y +8
Solution: 2x 4 =
2y + 8
2y = 8 + 4
2x
2x 2y = 12
6
Or

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Let x= 0 y-6
y 0 x = 6

Therefore, the equation on the line passes through the intercepts (6, 0) and
(0, -6).

6, 0)
X

2x 4 2y +8

(0, 6)

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 REVIEW OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Name: Student No. Score

Subject:. Section: Room Date

Exercise 1.2

Graph the solution set of the following equations:

1. X+ y = 12

2. 6x+ 5y = 40

3. 2x 3y =10

4. y 2x3

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5. 5x+2y =20

6.-x+y =5

7. 2x 5y 10

8. 3x +2y 6

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9. x-2y 10 = 0

10. 3x+ y 15 = 0

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1.3 System of Linear Equations

A system of linear equations is two or more linear equations with the same
variables. The solution of a system of linear equations is the point of intersection of
the lines representing the equations. This can be determined algebraically or
graphicaly. The algebraic solution may be done by elimination or substitution.

Example. Solve 2x + y = 4 equation 1

x-2y = 7 equation 2

Solution:
a) Elimination Method
4x +2y==8
x2y 7
that by
=

The first equation is multiplied by 2, so

adding the two equations, the y term in both

5x = 15
equations will be eliminated.
x = 3

Solve y by substituting x = 3 in one of the given equations.

2x+y = 4
2(3) + y 4
6+ y = 4
4 6
y -2
The solution of equations 2x + y = 4 and x 2 y 6, solved

simultaneously, is the point (3, -2).

b) Substitution Method
Solve x in terms of y in one of the equations.

2x + y 4
2x 4- y

X=

Then, substitute the value of x to equation 2 and solve for y.

x-2y 7

-2y7|2)
4y 14
4 y-
4
-5y =
14
-5y = 10

y -2

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Finaly, solve for x by substituting y = -2 in x =x = 2

x 4-2)
2
x
2
X = 3

c)GraphicalMethod
Find the x and y intercepts of the two equations.
2x + y =4 x-intercept (2, 0)
y-intercept (0, 4)
X-2y 7 x-intercept (7, 0)
y-intercept (0, -3)
Then, graph the lines in a single rectangular coordinate plane.

(0, 4) 4

(2, 0)

4 5
--1 (7,0)
2 ,-2)
0, 3

The intersection of the lines at (3, -2) is the solution of equations 2x * y

4 and x -2y 7.

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 REVIEW OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Name: . Student No. Score:

Subject: Section: RoomL Date:

Exercise 1.3

A. Solve the following set of linear equations using algebra:

1. x+y =4 and x -y 2

2 5x + 4y = 9 and 9y 2x = 7

3. 5x- 8 and 4x - y =7

50 and 3 + 3y = 14
4. 7x+5y =

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5. 3x 2 y 8 and 5x - 3y = 12

B. Solve the following set of linear equations by graphical method

1. 4x+3y = -12 and x - y = 6

2. 4x 2 y = 8 and x + 2y = 10

3. 2x +3y = 5 and-3x + 2y = 12

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4. x = 1 and x + y + 2 0

5. 2x 4y -1 and 6x + 2y = 10

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1.4 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

An inequality is a statement formed by placing an inequality symbol between
numeral and variable expression. An inequality containing a variable is called an
open sentence inequality. The solution set of such inequality is the set of all values
of the variables that make the inequality a true statement.

Just as with equations, we perform operation on inequalities that produce a

simplified equivalent inequality. We can perform essentially the same operation on
inequalities that we perform in equations. If we multiply and divide a negative
integer to both sides of the inequality, however, we have to reverse the order of the
inequality symbol.
Example 1: Solve and graph 7x - 8 < 4x +7
Solution: 7x 8 < 4x + 7
7x- 4x < 7+ 8
3x <7 + 8
3x < 15
X <5

Graph:

4 5

The solution includes all the points on the number line less than 5, but not
including 5. The hollow point shows that 5 is not part of the solution.

Example 2: Solve and graph.

-12
Solution:
-12
y 3 4 2 2y

s hvld be
Graph: y-7 t h i s n i l l hsd

e rue

-1 i2 3 4 567
The solution includes all the points more than 7 including 7 since the inequality
symbol is less than or equal to (S).

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 REVIEW OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Name: Student No.: Score:

Subject: Section: Room: Date: .

Exercise 1.4

Solve each of the following inequalities and graph the solution set.

1. 3 x < 4(x - 3)

2. 3x 2 5(3 x)

3. 3x+ 22 2x 5

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4. 3x

5. 5(x 2) 2 3(x +3)

6. 3(y + 1) -

4(y 2) S 5- 8y

7. 24y -3) y2-3

-

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8. t+8 -5> 1

9. 3(s 2 ) - 2s $ 3

10. -2(2x 4) +5(x +3)> 11

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1.5 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

An inequality that can be written as Ax+ By < C, Ax + By > C, Ax + By sC
and Ax+ By 2 C, where A, B, and C are real numbers and A and B are not both zer0,
are called linear inequalities in two variables.

The solution set of a linear inequality in two variables is the subset of the
consisting all points (x, y) whose coordinates satisfy the
plane
inequality.
To find the solution set of linear
a
inequality:
1) Replace the
inequality symbol by an equal sign.
2) Graph the corresponding line. If the symbol of the inequality is < or >, use
a dashed line indicate that the line is not part of the solution set.
to

3) Choose any point that does not lie on the line, if possible (0, 0), and
substitute its coordinate to the given inequality. If the point satisfies the
inequality, all the points on the same half-plane is the solution set of the
inequality. Otherwise, the solution is the half-plane not containing the test
point.

Example 1: Solve 3x +2y 6.

Solution: 3x2y s6
3x + 2y = 6

Graph the equation by finding the intercepts:

X-intercept, (2, 0)
y-intercept, (0, 3)
Graph:

(0, B) 3x +2y = 6

(2, 0)
0 x

Using the origin as a testing point,

3x+ 2y 6
3(0)+ 2(0) 6
0S 6 True

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We get a true statement, therefore, the solution set is the half-plane containino
the origin. ing
Y

3x +2y = 6

(2, 0)
x

Example 2: Solvex + y > 4.

Solution:
xy
x+2y =
= 4

Intercepts: (8, 0) and (0, 4)

Graph:
0 , 4)
y = 4

(8, 0)

Substituting (0, 0) to the inequality,

X+y > 4

(0)+0 > 4
0> 4 False
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 REVIEW OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

We get a false statement, so the solution set is the half-plane not containing
(0, 0)

Example 3: Solve 2x + y20.

Solution:
Since the line 2x + y =0 passes through (0, 0), we can get another point by
assigning real values for x.
1
Therefore, the line will pass through (0, 0) and (1, -2).

(0, 0)
X

(,-2)

2x + y 0

We cannot use (0, 0) as our test point since the line passes through it. Obviously,
0 ) is not on the line, so we can use it as our test point.

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2x + y 2 0
21)+ 0 2 0
220 True
half-plane containing
the point (1, 0).
The solution set is the

2x +y2 0

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