4.

1 Angles and Angle Measures

Recall:

Angles in standard position (on a coordinate plane):

Degree Measures:

One rotation is 360o. Angles measured in the counter clockwise direction are positive. Angles
measured in the clockwise direction are negative.

Co-terminal Angles:

Angles with the same terminal arm are co-terminal: they differ by a factor of 360o.

ie. an angle, θ1 is co-terminal with θ2 if they differ by a factor of 360o.

Example 1: Find a co-terminal angle, θ: 0 < θ < 360o

a.) 1850o b.) - 2000o

Radian Measure:

An arc of a circle with the same length as the radius of that circle corresponds to an angle of 1
radian. A full circle corresponds to an angle of 2π radians.

1 rotation is 360o OR 2π radians:

half a rotation is 180o or π radians:

Conversion from Degrees to Radians:

180°

Conversion from Radian to Degrees:

180°

Note: You can cancel out units to remember which equation to use.
Example 2:

i. Convert from radians to degrees:

a.)

b.)

c.) 2.5

ii. Convert from degrees to radians:

a.) 270o

b.) 120o

c.) 348o

Note: the answer is understood to be in radians if no symbol is placed after the numerical value.

Try:

Convert from radians to degrees or degrees to radians:

a.) 60o b.) 30o

c.) d.) 35
In Standard Position

Coterminal Angles in Radians

Two angles are coterminal if they differ by 360o OR ______ in radians.

θ1 is co-terminal with θ2 if:

θ1 = θ2 + 360o ∙ n, OR

θ1 = θ2 + _____ ∙ n, where ∈

Example 3: Determine all co-terminal angles to θ in the given ranges, and state the quadrant
where the terminal arm lies

a.) θ − , 0 ≤ θ < 4π

b.) θ = , −4 ≤ θ < −2π

 #
c.) θ = − , −2π ≤ θ < 2π

Try: Find the co-terminal angles and the quadrants:

$
a.) θ = − , 0 ≤ θ < 2π

b.) θ = , −4 ≤ θ < 0

c.) θ =
Arc Length

= %, % is in radians

Example 4:
a.) Determine the arc length of a circle with radius 10cm and central angle of

b.) Determine the arc length of a circle with diameter 12m and central angle of 40o

Try:

What is the degree measure of an angle % opposite an arc of 25 m in a circle of diameter 20?
4.2 The Unit Circle

Review:

Special Triangles

Unit Circle

Equation of a Circle of radius, r, centered around the origin

Example 1: Find the coordinates for all points on the unit circle that satisfy the following conditions.
Draw a diagram each time.

a.) the x coordinate is 5

i. Possible quadrants?

ii. Equation of unit circle

iii. Put in known information

iv. Solve for the variable

b.) the x coordinate is -0.3

c.) the x coordinate is

The Relationship between θ and a point (x, y)

Notation: = , [This is only found in this textbook and you are unlikely to encounter this
notation elsewhere.] This is a relationship between arc length of a central angle in the unit circle to
the co-ordinates, (x, y) on the terminal arm and arc of unit circle.

Some of the points on the unit circle correspond to exact values of the special angles, , , ,
learned last year.

Example 2: Find

a)

i. Draw it

ii. Find the reference angle

iii. Drop perpendicular to x axis

iv. Label sides (careful of the sign)

v. State point
b.)

c.)

Example 3 : Find a measure for the central angle in the interval 0 ≤ < 2 such that is the
given point.

√
a.) ,

Draw the unit circle

Plot point

Draw the triangle

Find angle
 √ √
b.) ,−

√
c.) ,−
4.3 Trigonometric Ratios

Coordinates in Terms of Primary Trigonometric Ratios

For any unit circle, given P(θ) = (x, y)

For any unit circle with radius r:

Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios

By definition:

Example 1: Determine the Trigonometric Ratios for Angles in the Unit Circle

√
The point (− , ) lies on the terminal arm of an angle θ in standard position and the unit
circle.

Determine the values of the six trigonometric ratios for θ; express in lowest terms and
rationalize.
Recall: CAST and Reference Angles

Example 2: Determine the exact value of each

a.) cos

b.) sin(− )

c.) cot 180°

d.) csc 315°

To determine the reference angle, we use the inverse trigonometric function (sin-1, cos-1, tan-1).
Use the domain clues to determine which unit the answer should be in.

Example 3: Determine the measure of all angles that satisfy the following.

a.) cos = 0.2837, 0 ≤ < 2!

b.) sin = − 0.9135, 0° ≤ < 360°

Example 4: Without a calculator, determine the exact value of all angles that satisfy the
following.

a.) tan = , −2! ≤ < 2!

√
 $√
b.) csc =− ,0 ≤ < 2!

Try: Find the angle in the domain of 0 ≤ < 2!.

a.) sec = − 7.8147

b.) No calculator: sin = −0.5

Try: The point A(12, -5) lies on the terminal arm of an angle θ in standard position. Find the
exact value of each trigonometric ratio for θ (sin, cos, tan, sec, csc, cot)
4.4 Introduction to Trigonometric Equations

To solve trigonometric equations, isolate the trigonometric ratio and solve using the techniques
from chapter 4.3.

Example 1:

Solve in the specified domain (No Calculator)

a.) 8 sin 3 1 6 sin , 0 2

b.) √3 sec 2 0, 0° 360°

Try:

Solve:

cot 3 2,0 2
Reminder: When you see a squared trigonometric term, consider using factoring or quadratic
equation:

Example 2:

a.) tan − 4 tan = 0,0 ≤ <2

b.) sin − 3 sin + 2 = 0, 0° ≤ < 360°

Try:

cos − cos − 2 = 0, 0 ≤ <2

Use a general solution when there is no given range, or if you are asked to use the general
solution. The final solution needs to be as simple as possible; you may want to write a few
answers to see if a pattern exists.

Example 3: Solve in radians

2 cos − cos − 1 = 0