Suppose Math, session 2024

(Preparation for Lecturer Test)

Quick Reviews

Chapter # 09 Fundamentals of Trigonometry

These notes are the summary of the whole chapter which can be helpful
to prepare the objective as well as subjective part of paper.

1. The word Trigonometry has been derived from three Greek words: Trei (three), Goni
(angles) and Metron (measurement). Literally it means measurement of a triangle.

2. Two rays with a common starting point form an angle. One of the rays is called the initial
side and the other as terminal side.

3. An angle is said to be positive/negative if the rotation is anti-clockwise/clockwise.

4. Angles are usually denoted by Greek letters, α (alpha), β (beta), γ (gamma), θ (theta) etc.

5. Two commonly used systems of measurements of angles are the Sexagesimal system (also
known as English system) and the Circular system.

6. The system of measurement in which the angle is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds
is called sexagesimal or English system.

7. The system of measurement in which the angle is measured in radians is called circular
system.

8. 1 rotation (anti-clock wise) = 360◦ . In particular 1

2 rotation = 180◦ and 1
4 rotation = 90◦ .

9. 1 degree = 60 minutes. 1 minute = 60 seconds.

10. The central angle of an arc of a circle whose length is equal to the radius of circle is called a
radian.

11. The relation between the length of an arc l of a circle and the circular measure of its central
angle θ is l = rθ, where r is the radius of the circle. [Remember that θ is measured in radian.]
180 ◦
12. 2π radian = 360◦ . In particular 1 radian = π ≈ 57.296◦ and 1◦ = π
180 radian ≈ 0.0175
radian.

13. The angles with the same initial and terminal sides are called coterminal angles. In general
θ + 2kπ, where k ∈ Z is an angle coterminal with θ.

14. An angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex lies at the origin of a rectangular
coordinate system and its initial side along the positive x-axis.

15. A quadrantal angle is an angle in standard position whose terminal side falls on x-axis or
y-axis. i.e., 90◦ , 180◦ , 270◦ and 360◦ are quadrantal angles.
perpendicular base sinθ
16. We define six trigonometric functions as sinθ = hypotenuse , cosθ hypotenuse , tanθ = cosθ ,
1 1 1
cosecθ = sinθ , secθ = cosθ and cotθ = tanθ .

Notes by: Akhtar Abbas (M.Phil QAU), Lecturer at University of Jhang. 0332-6297570
Mathematics Mathematics — Mathematics Page 2 of 2

17. For any real number θ, we have

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1
cosec2 θ − cot2 θ = 1

16. In First quadrant (0◦ - 90◦ ), all trigonometric functions are positive. In Second quadrant
(90◦ - 180◦ ), only sinθ and cosecθ are positive. In Third quadrant (180◦ - 270◦ ), only tan θ
and cotθ are positive while in Fourth quadrant (270◦ - 360◦ ), only cosθ and secθ are positive.

Values of Trigonometric functions in First quadrant

Angle θ 0◦ =0
q rad 30◦ = π
q6 rad 45◦ = π
q4 rad 60◦ = π
q3 rad 90◦ = π
q2 rad
0 1 2 3 4
4 4 4 √4 4
1 √1 3
sinθ 0 1
√2 2 2
3 √1 1
cosθ 1 2 0
2 √2
tanθ 0 √1 1 3 undefined
3 √
cosecθ undefined 2 2 √2 1
√ 3
secθ 1 √2 2 2 undefined
√3
cotθ undefined 3 1 √1 0
3

Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself. Leo Tolstoy

Best Of Luck

Notes by: Akhtar Abbas (M.Phil QAU), Lecturer at University of Jhang. 0332-6297570