Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

Lecture 1

Quick Recap Today’s Session

➢A
Angle

Let a revolving line starting from OX revolves about its end point
O on a plane in the direction of arrow and occupy the position OP.
It is said to trace out an angle XOP. Here OX is called the initial
position and OP, the terminal position. The fixed-point O is called
the vertex.
Measurement of Angles

Important Points: If the rotation is in anticlockwise sense, the

angle measured is positive and if the rotation is in clockwise
sense, the angle measured is negative.
Measurement of Angles

There are three systems for measurement of an angle:

1. Sexagesimal System or English System
2. Centesimal or French System
3. Radian or Circular Measure
Radian or Circular Measure

A radian is a constant angle subtended at the centre of a circle

by an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle and is
denoted by 1c.
∠AOB=1 radian
Radian or Circular Measure

This angle does not depend upon the radius of the circle from
which it is derived.
π radians=180o=200 grades
Note: Length of Arc = r × θ, where θ is always in radians.
Relation Between Different Systems of Measurement of Angles

10 9
1o = grades; 1g = degrees;
9 10
𝜋
1o = radians = 0.0172 radians;
180
180
1 radian = degrees = 57°17’45’’
𝜋
𝜋 200
1g = radians; 1 radian = grades
200 𝜋
Thus, if the measure of an angle in degrees, grades and radians
be D, G and θ respectively, then
Tricks for Problem Solving

• The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is 30°.

• The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30° in one hour
1 ∘
or in one minute
2
• The minute hand rotates through an angle of 6° in one
minute.
Express 1.2 radians in degree measure.

Solution:
Find the degree measure corresponding to each of the following
radian measures:
7𝜋 𝑐
(i)
12

Solution:
Find the degree measure corresponding to each of the following
radian measures:
3 𝑐
(ii)
4

Solution:
Find the degree measure corresponding to each of the following
radian measures:
(iii) (–2)c

Solution:
Find the radian measure corresponding to each of the following
degree measures:
(i) 15° (ii) 240° (iii) –37°30’

Solution:
If the arcs of the same length in two circles subtend angles of 60°
and 75° at their respective centers, find the ratio of their radii.

Solution:
Question:

The angles of a triangle are in AP and the ratio of the number of degrees
in the least to the number of radians in the greatest is 60:π. Find the
angles in degrees and radians.
Solution:

Let the angles of the triangle be 𝑎 − 𝑑 ∘ , 𝑎 ∘ and 𝑎 + 𝑑 ∘.

Then, 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 180 ⇒ 3𝑎 = 180 ⇒ 𝑎 = 60.
Thus, the angles are 60 − 𝑑 ∘ , 60∘ and 60 + 𝑑 ∘.
Number of degrees in the least angle = 60 − 𝑑 .
𝜋
Number of radians in the greatest angle = 60 + 𝑑 × .
180
 (60−𝑑) 60 𝜋
Ratio = 𝜋 = ⇒ (60 − 𝑑) × 𝜋 = 60 × (60 + 𝑑) ×
(60+𝑑)×180 𝜋 180

⇒ 3 60 − 𝑑 = 60 + 𝑑
⇒ 4𝑑 = 120 ⇒ 𝑑 = 30
These angles in radians are
Question:

A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves along a circular

path, always keeping the rope tight, and describes 88 meters when it
traces 72° at the centre, find the length of the rope.
Solution:

Let us denote the post by P and let PA be the length of the rope
in the tightest position. Suppose that the horse moves along the
arc AB so that ∠APB=72° and arc AB=88 m.
Let the length of the rope PA be r meters.
𝜋 𝑐 2𝜋 𝑐
Then, 𝜃 = 72° = 72 × = and 𝑙 = 88 m.
180 5
𝑙 88 5 7
∴ 𝑟= = m = 88 × × m = 70 m
𝜃 (2𝜋/5) 2 22
Hence, the length of the rope is 70 m.
Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

1. sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 or cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃

or sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃
2. 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 or sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1
3. 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃 or 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1
Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

• In the first quadrant, all are +ve.

• In the second quadrant, sin and cosec are +ve
• In the third quadrant, tangent and cotangent are +ve
• In the fourth quadrant, cosine and secant are +ve.
Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

Simple rule to remember:

add - sugar - to – coffee
or
after - school - to – college
Domain and Range of Trigonometric Ratios

Functions Domain Range

sin 𝑥, cos 𝑥 (−∞, ∞) [−1,1]

tan 𝑥 (−∞, ∞)

cot 𝑥 (−∞, ∞) − {𝑛𝜋 ∣ 𝑛 ∈ I} −∞, ∞

sec 𝑥 −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞

cosec 𝑥 (−∞, ∞) − {𝑛𝜋 ∣ 𝑛 ∈ I} −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞)

Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles

Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

T-Ratios
sin 𝑥 0 1

cos 𝑥 1 0

tan 𝑥 0 1 3 Undefined
Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles

Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

T-Ratios
cosec 𝑥 Undefined 2 2 1

sec 𝑥 1 2 2 Undefined

cot 𝑥 Undefined 3 1 0
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is

either zero or a multiple of 90°.
i.e., the angles –θ, 90° ± θ, 180° ± θ, 270° ± θ and 360° ± θ are
called allied angles.
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles
Basic Trigonometric Identities

(a) sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 ; −1 ≤ sin 𝜃 ≤ 1; −1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1∀𝜃 ∈ R

(b) sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1 ; |sec 𝜃| ≥ 1∀𝜃 ∈ R
(c) cosec 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1; |cosec 𝜃| ≥ 1∀𝜃 ∈ R
Important Trigonometric Ratios:
(a) sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0; cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 ; tan 𝑛𝜋 = 0 where 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
2𝑛+1 𝜋 (2𝑛+1)𝜋
(b) sin = (−1)𝑛 & cos = 0 where 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
2 2
 9 3𝜋
Calculate sin 𝛼 if cos 𝛼 = − and 𝛼 ∈ 𝜋, .
11 2

Solution:
 5 3𝜋
Calculate tan 𝛼 if cos 𝛼 = − and 𝛼 ∈ 𝜋, .
5 2

Solution:
 5𝜋 7𝜋
Given that 5 cos2 𝛼 − 2 sin 𝛼 − 2 = 0 <𝛼< , then find the
4 4
𝛼
value of cot .
2

Solution:
Prove that
4
3 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 4 sin6 𝑥 + cos6 𝑥 + 6 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 2
= 13

Solution:
 cos4 𝐴 sin4 𝐴
If + = 1, Prove that sin4 𝐴 + sin4 𝐵 = 2 sin2 𝐴 sin2 𝐵
cos2 𝐵 sin2 𝐵

Solution:
Simplify the expression

where 𝑏 > 𝑎 > 0

Solution:
 1
If tan 𝜃 = 1 where 𝜃 ∈ 0,2𝜋 , find the possible values of θ
2+ 1
2+
2+⋱∞

Solution:
Simplify

Solution:
Question:

If the expression
3𝜋 3𝜋
cos 𝑥 − + sin + 𝑥 + sin 32𝜋 + 𝑥 − 18 cos 19𝜋 − 𝑥 +
2 2
cos 56𝜋 + 𝑥 − 9 sin 𝑥 + 17𝜋
is expressed in the form of 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 find the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏.
Solution:

− sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 18 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 9 sin 𝑥

18 cos 𝑥 + 9 sin 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥
∴ 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = 18 ∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 27 Ans.
𝜋
Alternatively: put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = to get a and b directly
2
Question:

sin4 𝛼 cos4 𝛼 1 sin8 𝛼 cos8 𝛼 1

If + = , prove that 3 + 3 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 3
Solution:

sin4 𝛼 cos4 𝛼 1
Given + =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
or 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin4 𝛼 + 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 1 − sin2 𝛼 2
= 𝑎𝑏
or 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin4 𝛼 + 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 1 + sin4 𝛼 − 2 sin2 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑏
2
or 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin4 𝛼 − 2𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
2
or 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin4 𝛼 − 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin2 𝛼 . 𝑎 + 𝑎 2 = 0
or 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin2 𝛼 − 𝑎 2 =0
or 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin2 𝛼 − 𝑎 = 0
 𝑎 𝑏
⇒ sin2 𝛼 = ∴ cos 2 𝛼 =
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
sin8 𝛼 cos8 𝛼 𝑎4 𝑏4
Now, 3 + 3 = +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 4 ⋅𝑎3 𝑎+𝑏 4𝑏 3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 1
= 4
+ 4
= 4
= 3
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
Question:
𝜋 𝜋
If − < 𝑥 < and 𝑦 = log10 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 . Then the expression
2 2
10𝑦 −10−𝑦
𝐸= simplifies to one of the six trigonometric functions.
2
find the trigonometric function.
Solution:

1+sin 𝑥
𝑦 = log10 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 , 𝑦 = log10
cos 𝑥
1+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
10𝑦 −10−𝑦 − 1+sin2 𝑥+2 sin 𝑥−cos2 𝑥
cos 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥
𝐸= = =
2 2 2 cos 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥

2 sin2 𝑥+2 sin 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥

= = = tan 𝑥
2 cos 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥
Important Points

• sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0
𝑛
• cos 𝑛𝜋 = −1
𝑛
• sin 𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃 = −1 sin 𝜃
• cos 𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃 = −1 𝑛 cos 𝜃
• For odd integer 𝑛,
sin 𝑛𝜋 𝑛−1 cos 𝑛𝜋
= −1 2 , =0
2 2
Important Points

𝑛𝜋
To find ratios for 𝑛𝜋 − 𝜃 and , replace 𝜃 by −𝜃 in all of the above
2
Addition and Subtraction Formulae

1. sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

2. cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
3. tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

4. sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

5. cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Addition and Subtraction Formulae

tan 𝐴−tan 𝐵
6. tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
1+tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵−1
7. cot 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵+1
8. cot 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
cot 𝐵−cot 𝐴

9. sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵

10. cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵
Addition and Subtraction Formulae

11. sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶

+ cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
(Σ(one sine and two cos) – three sines)
or = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶
12. cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶
− sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐶 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
(three cos – Σ (one cos and two sine))
or = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 − tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴
Addition and Subtraction Formulae

13. tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶

14. tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

15. 1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 − tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴

Addition and Subtraction Formulae

𝜋 1+tan 𝐴
16. tan +𝐴 =
4 1−tan 𝐴

𝜋 1−tan 𝐴
17. tan −𝐴 =
4 1+tan 𝐴

18. sin 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = cos 𝐴1 cos 𝐴2 … cos 𝐴𝑛 (𝑆1 − 𝑆3 + 𝑆5 − ⋯ )

19. cos 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = cos 𝐴1 cos 𝐴2 … cos 𝐴𝑛 (1 − 𝑆2 + 𝑆4 − 𝑆6 + ⋯ )
𝑆1 −𝑆3 +𝑆5−⋯
20. tan 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 =
1−𝑆2+𝑆4−𝑆6 +⋯

where 𝑆1 = σ tan 𝐴1 ; 𝑆2 = σ tan 𝐴1 tan 𝐴2 ; 𝑆3 = σ tan 𝐴1 tan 𝐴2 tan 𝐴3

and so on.
Addition and Subtraction Formulae

21. sin 𝛼 + sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin(𝛼 + 2𝛽) + ⋯ + sin 𝛼 + 𝑛 − 1 𝛽

𝛽
sin 𝛼+ 𝑛−1 2 𝑛𝛽
= 𝛽 sin
sin2 2
𝑛+1 𝑛𝛼
sin ×sin
2 2
If 𝛽 = 𝛼, then sin 𝛼 + sin 2𝛼 + ⋯ , +sin 𝑛𝛼 = 𝛼
sin2

22. cos 𝛼 + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 + 2𝛽) + ⋯ . , +cos(𝛼 + (𝑛 − 1)𝛽)

𝛽
cos 𝛼+ 𝑛−1 2 𝑛𝛽
= 𝛽 sin
sin 2
2

If , then
Transformation Formulae
Product into Sum or Difference
1. 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 , 𝐴 > 𝐵
2. 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 , 𝐴 > 𝐵
3. 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
4. 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
Transformation Formulae
Sum and Difference into Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
1. sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
2. sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos sin
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
3. cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos cos
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
4. cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2 sin sin
2 2
sin 𝐶+𝐷 sin 𝐶−𝐷
5. tan 𝐶 + tan 𝐷 = 6. tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐷 =
cos 𝐶 cos 𝐷 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐷
sin 𝐶+𝐷 sin 𝐷−𝐶
7. cot 𝐶 + cot 𝐷 = 8. cot 𝐶 − cot 𝐷 =
sin 𝐶 sin 𝐷 sin 𝐶 sin 𝐷
Suppose 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers such that tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 = 42 and
cot 𝑥 + cot 𝑦 = 49. Find the value of tan(𝑥 + 𝑦).

Solution:
 2𝜋 4𝜋
If 𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 sin 𝜃 + = 𝑧 sin 𝜃 + then:
3 3

A 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0 B 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 = 0

C 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 D None of these

 𝐴 5 𝐵 20
In any triangle if tan = and tan = then find the value of tan 𝐶.
2 6 2 37

Solution:
Find 𝜃 satisfying the equation, tan 15° ⋅ tan 25° ⋅ tan 35° = tan 𝜃,
where 𝜃 ∈ (0, 15°).

Solution:
If tan 𝐴 & tan 𝐵 are the roots of the quadratic equation,
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then evaluate
𝑎 sin2 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝑏 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⋅ cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝑐 cos2 𝐴 + 𝐵

Solution:
Question:

cos3 2𝑥+3 cos 2𝑥

The value of the expression, wherever defined is
cos6 𝑥−sin6 𝑥
independent of 𝑥. Without allotting a particular value of 𝑥, find
the value of this constant.
Solution:

cos3 2𝑥+3cos 2𝑥 cos3 2𝑥+3cos 2𝑥

=
cos6 𝑥−sin6 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 3− sin2 𝑥 3

cos3 2𝑥+3cos 2𝑥 cos2 2𝑥+3

= = 3
cos3 2𝑥+3sin2 𝑥cos2 𝑥(cos 2𝑥) cos2 2𝑥+4sin2 2𝑥

4 cos2 2𝑥+3 4 cos2 2𝑥+3

= = = 4 Ans.
4cos2 2𝑥+3−3cos2 2𝑥 cos2 2𝑥+3
Question:

Show that
cos 2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2 cos A cos 180° + 𝐵 ⋅ cos 360° + 𝐴 + 𝐵
is independent of A. Hence find its value when 𝐵 = 810°.
Solution:

cos 2 𝐴 + cos 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) − [2cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 ⋅ cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]

cos 2 𝐴 + cos 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) − [{cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)}cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
cos 2 𝐴 + cos 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵
= sin2 𝐵 which is independent of 𝐴 now
sin2 810° = sin2 720° + 90° = sin2 90 ° = 1 Ans.
Question:

Simplify cos 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑦 − 𝑧 + cos 𝑦 ⋅ sin 𝑧 − 𝑥 + cos 𝑧 ⋅ sin 𝑥 − 𝑦

where 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑅.
Solution:

(1/2)[sin(𝑦 − 𝑧 + 𝑥) + sin(𝑦 − 𝑧 − 𝑥) + sin(𝑧 − 𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(𝑧 − 𝑥

− 𝑦) + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧) + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧)] = 0
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles

(An Angle of the form 𝑛𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼)

2 tan 𝜃
1. sin 2𝜃 = 2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 =
1+tan2 𝜃

2. cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1

1−tan2 𝜃
=1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 =
1+tan2 𝜃

2 tan 𝜃
3. tan 2𝜃 =
1−tan2 𝜃

cot2 𝜃−1
4. cot 2𝜃 =
2 cot 𝜃
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles

1
5. 1 + cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 , cos 2 𝜃 = 1 + cos 2𝜃
2
1
6. 1 − cos 2𝜃 = 2 sin2 𝜃 , sin2 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2𝜃)
2
1
7. sin 3𝜃 = 3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃 , sin3 𝜃 = 3 sin 𝜃 − sin 3𝜃
4

= 4 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 60° + 𝜃

1
8. cos 3𝜃 = 4 cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 ⋅ cos 3 𝜃 = (cos 3𝜃 + 3cos 𝜃)
4

= 4 cos 60° − 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 60° + 𝜃

= 4 cos 120° − 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 120° + 𝜃
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles

3 tan 𝜃−tan3 𝜃
9. tan 3𝜃 = = tan 60° − 𝜃 tan 𝜃 tan 60° + 𝜃
1−3 tan2 𝜃

cot3 𝜃−3 cot 𝜃

10. cot 3𝜃 =
3 cot2 𝜃−1

sin 2𝑛 𝐴
11. cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 … cos 2𝑛−1𝐴 =
2𝑛 sin 𝐴
Trigonometric Ratios of Submultiple Angles

𝜃
(An Angle of the form , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼)
𝑛

𝜃 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃/2
1. sin 𝜃 = 2 sin cos =
2 2 1+tan2 𝜃/2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2. cos 𝜃 = cos 2 − sin2 = 2 cos 2 − 1
2 2 2

𝜃 1−tan2 𝜃/2
=1 − 2 sin2 =
2 1+tan2 𝜃/2

2 tan 𝜃/2
3. tan 𝜃 =
1−tan2 𝜃/2

cot2 𝜃/2−1
4. cot 𝜃 =
2 cot 𝜃/2
Trigonometric Ratios of Submultiple Angles

𝜃 1+cos 𝜃 𝜃 1−cos 𝜃
5. cos 2 = 6. sin2 =
2 2 2 2

𝜃 1−cos 𝜃 𝜃 1+cos 𝜃
7. tan2 = 8. cot 2 =
2 1+cos 𝜃 2 1−cos 𝜃

1−cos 𝜃 𝜃 1+cos 𝜃 𝜃
9. = tan 10. = cot
sin 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 2
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜋 𝜋
11. ± = 2 sin ±𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 ∓
2 2 4 4
Trick(s) For Problem Solving

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
(i) sin + cos = 1 + sin 𝐴 or sin + cos = ± 1 + sin 𝐴
2 2 2 2

+, If 2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜋/4 ≤ 𝐴/2 ≤ 2𝑛𝜋 + 3𝜋/4

i.e., ቊ
−, other wise
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
(ii) sin − cos = 1 − sin 𝐴 or sin − cos = ± 1 − sin 𝐴
2 2 2 2

+, If 2𝑛𝜋 − 𝜋/4 ≤ 𝐴/2 ≤ 2𝑛𝜋 + 5𝜋/4

i.e., ቊ
−, other wise
Trick(s) For Problem Solving

tan 𝐴 ± tan2 𝐴+1−1

(iii) =
2 tan 𝐴

1−cos 𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
=± =
1+cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴

where 𝐴 ≠ (2𝑛 + 1)𝜋

cot 𝐴 1+cos 𝐴 1+cos 𝐴

(iv) =± =
2 1−cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴

where 𝐴 ≠ 2𝑛𝜋
Trick(s) For Problem Solving

The ambiguities of signs are removed by locating the quadrant in which

A/2 lies or you can follow the adjoining figure.
Important Trigonometric Ratios

𝜋 3−1 5𝜋
(i) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75 ° or cos ;
12 2 2 12

𝜋 3+1 5𝜋
cos 15° or cos = = sin 75° or sin
12 2 2 12

3−1 3+1
tan 15° = = 2 − 3 = cot 75° ; tan 75° = = 2 + 3 = cot 15°
3+1 3−1

𝜋 2− 2 𝜋 2+ 2 𝜋 3𝜋
(ii) sin = ; cos = ; tan = 2 − 1; tan = 2+1
8 2 8 2 8 8

𝜋 5−1 𝜋 5+1
(iii) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
10 4 5 4
If cot 𝜃 = 1/2, then find the values of sin 2𝜃 and cos 2𝜃.

Solution:
 tan 8𝜃
Prove that = (1 + sec 2𝜃)(1 + sec 4𝜃)(1 + sec 8𝜃)
tan 𝜃

Solution:
 cos 𝑥−cos 3𝑥
If 𝑥 = 7.5∘ then find the value of .
sin 3𝑥−sin 𝑥

Solution:
Prove the identity,
3𝜋
cos + 4𝛼 + sin 3𝜋 − 8𝛼 − sin 4𝜋 − 12𝛼 = 4 cos 2𝛼 cos 4𝛼 sin 6𝛼
2

Solution:
 tan 𝛼 cot 𝛽
If cos 𝛼 = (2 cos 𝛽 − 1)/(2 − cos 𝛽 ) then find the value of
2 2
(0 < 𝛼 < 𝜋 and 0 < 𝛽 < 𝜋)

Solution:
 tan 𝜃 1 cot 𝜃
If = , find the value of .
tan 𝜃−tan 3𝜃 3 cot 𝜃−cot 3𝜃

Solution:
Question:

In a kite 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷. If ∠𝐴 = 108° and ∠𝐶 = 36° then

the ratio of the area of △ 𝐴𝐵𝐷 to the area of △ 𝐶𝐵𝐷 can be written in the
𝑎−𝑏 tan2 36°
form where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are relatively prime positive integers.
𝑐
Determine the ordered triple (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐).
Solution:
 𝜋 𝑦 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥 3+sin2 𝑥
If tan + = tan3 + then prove that sin 𝑦 = .
4 2 4 2 1+3 sin2 𝑥

Solution:
Question:

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
Prove that sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4 = cos 4 + cos 4 +
8 8 8 8 8 8
5𝜋 4 7𝜋
cos 4 + cos . Also find their exact numerical value.
8 8
Solution:

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
LHS = sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4
8 8 8 8
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 sin4 + sin4 = 2 sin4 + cos 4 = 2 1 − 2sin2 cos 2
8 8 8 8 8 8
1 𝜋 1 3 3
= 2 1 − sin2 =2 1− =2× =
2 4 4 4 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
RHS = cos 4 + cos 4 + cos 4 + cos 4
8 8 8 8
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 3
2 cos 4 + cos 4 = 2 sin4 + cos 4 = 2 1 − 2sin2 cos 2 = 2 1− =
8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2
Question:

𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋 1 7
Show that cos cos cos cos cos cos cos = .
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 2
Solution:

2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
We have, sin = 2sin cos ; sin = 2sin cos ;
15 15 15 15 15 15
8𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 16𝜋 8𝜋 8𝜋
sin = 2sin cos ; sin = 2sin cos
15 15 15 15 15 15
Multiplying the equalities and noting that
16𝜋 𝜋
sin = − sin
15 15
8𝜋 7𝜋
cos = −cos
15 15
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 7𝜋 1
∴ cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos =
15 15 15 15 24
 5𝜋 1
Further, cos =
15 2
6𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
and sin = 2 sin cos ,
15 15 15
12𝜋 6𝜋 6𝜋
sin = 2sin cos
15 15 15
3𝜋 6𝜋 1
Hence, cos ⋅ cos =
15 15 22
The rest is obvious.
Question:

Prove the identity

Solution:

sin 𝑛+1 𝑥 1 1 1 𝑃𝑛
Put = 2 cos 𝑥 − − ⋅⋅⋅ − =
sin 𝑛𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑄𝑛
𝑃1
We have = 2 cos 𝑥
𝑄1
sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
Therefore, we may put 𝑃1 = , 𝑄1 =
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑃2 1 4 cos2 𝑥−1
Further = 2cos 𝑥 − =
𝑄2 2 cos 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
sin 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥
Consequently, we may take 𝑃2 = , 𝑄2 =
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
sin 𝑛+1 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
Let us prove that then 𝑃𝑛 = , 𝑄𝑛 = for any 𝑛.
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Assuming that these formulas are valid for subscripts not exceeding 𝑛,
let us prove that they also take place at 𝑛 + 1. We have
sin 𝑛+1 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 1
𝑃𝑛+1 = 2 cos 𝑥 − = sin(𝑛 + 2)𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
sin 𝑛+1 𝑥
In the same way we find that 𝑄𝑛+1 = , and
sin 𝑥
𝑃𝑛 sin 𝑛+1 𝑥
therefore = for any whole positive 𝑛.
𝑄𝑛 sin 𝑥
Conditional Identities

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶−tan 𝐴tan 𝐵tan 𝐶

tan(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) =
1−tan 𝐴tan 𝐵−tan 𝐵tan 𝐶−tan 𝐶tan 𝐴
If 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝜋 then
(a) tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
(b) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
(c) sin 2𝐴 + sin 2𝐵 + sin 2𝐶 = 4 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(d) sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐶 = 4cos cos cos
2 2 2
(e) cos 2𝐴 + cos 2𝐵 + cos 2𝐶 = −1 − 4 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(f) cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶 = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
 tan 𝐴
If 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝜋, prove that σ = σtan 𝐴 − 2σcot 𝐴.
tan 𝐵⋅tan 𝐶

Solution:
If 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝜋 and cot 𝜃 = cot 𝐴 + cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐶, show that,
sin(𝐴 − 𝜃) ⋅ sin(𝐵 − 𝜃) ⋅ sin(𝐶 − 𝜃) = sin3 𝜃.

Solution:
Find whether a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 can exists with the tangents of its
interior angle satisfying, tan 𝐴 = 𝑥, tan 𝐵 = 𝑥 + 1 and tan 𝐶 = 1 − 𝑥
for some real value of 𝑥. Justify your assertion with adequate
reasoning.

Solution:
Prove that:
(a) sin3 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − 𝐶 + sin3 𝐵 cos 𝐶 − 𝐴 + sin3 𝐶 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
= 3 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

Solution:
Prove that:
(b) sin3 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − 𝐶 + sin3 𝐵 sin 𝐶 − 𝐴 + sin3 𝐶 sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 0
if 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝜋

Solution:
Prove the identities:
(a) sin 3𝐴 sin3 (𝐵 − 𝐶) + sin 3𝐵 sin3 (𝐶 − 𝐴) + sin 3𝐶 sin3 (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 0

Solution:
Prove the identities:
(b) sin 3𝐴 cos3 𝐵 − 𝐶 + sin 3𝐵 cos3 𝐶 − 𝐴 + sin 3𝐶 cos3 𝐴 − 𝐵
= sin 3𝐴 sin 3𝐵 sin 3𝐶

Solution:
Question:

Given the product p of sines of the angles of a triangle & product q of

their cosines, find the cubic equation, whose coefficients are functions of
p ,q & whose roots are the tangents of the angles of the triangle.
Solution:

Given, sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 = 𝑝 ; cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 = 𝑞

𝑝
Hence, tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 =
𝑞
Hence equation of cubic is
𝑝 𝑝
𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + σ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 𝑥 − = 0 …(i)
𝑞 𝑞
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶+sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐴+sin 𝐶 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵
Now, σ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 =
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶
We know that 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝜋
cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = −1
cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝐶 − sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin 𝐶 = −1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶 − sin 𝐶 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = −1
1 + cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 = sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐶 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵
Dividing by cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶,
1+𝑞
= σ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
𝑞
Hence (i) becomes 𝑞𝑥 3 − 𝑝𝑥 2 + (1 + 𝑞)𝑥 − 𝑝 = 0 Ans.
Maximum & Minimum Values of Trigonometric Functions

(a) Min. value of 𝑎 2 tan2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 cot 2 𝜃 = 2𝑎𝑏

(b) Max and Min. value of 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 are 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 and − 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
(c) If 𝑓 𝜃 = 𝑎 cos 𝛼 + 𝜃 + 𝑏 cos 𝛽 + 𝜃 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝛼 and 𝛽 are known
quantities then
− 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) ≤ 𝑓(𝜃) ≤ 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝜋
(d) If 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 0, and 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝜎 (constant) then the maximum values of
2
the expression cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 , cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 , sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 and sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
occurs when 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝜎/2
Maximum & Minimum Values of Trigonometric Functions

𝜋
(e) If 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 0, and 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝜎 (constant) then the minimum values of
2
the expression sec 𝛼 + sec 𝛽 , tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽 , cosec 𝛼 + cosec 𝛽 occurs
when 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝜎/2.
(f) If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are the angles of a triangle then maximum value of sin 𝐴 +
sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐶 and sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 occurs when 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝐶 = 60°
(g) In case a quadratic in sin 𝜃 or cos 𝜃 is given then the maximum or
minimum values can be interpreted by making a perfect square.
Find the minimum vertical distance between the graphs of
𝑦 = 2 + sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

Solution:
If 𝑎 sin2 𝑥 + 𝑏 lies in the interval [−2, 8] for every 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 then find
the value of (𝑎 − 𝑏).

Solution:
Find the greatest value of c such that system of equations
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 25; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐 has a real solution.

Solution:
Find the minimum and maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 7𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦2
subjected to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 1.

Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = sin6 𝑥 + cos6 𝑥 + 𝑘 sin4 𝑥 + cos4 𝑥 for some real
number k. Determine
(a) all real numbers k for which 𝑓(𝑥) is constant for all values of 𝑥.

Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = sin6 𝑥 + cos6 𝑥 + 𝑘 sin4 𝑥 + cos4 𝑥 for some real
number k. Determine
(b) all real numbers k for which there exists a real number '𝑐'
such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 0.

Solution:
Question:

If 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , … … , 𝛼𝑛 are real numbers, show that,

cos 𝛼1 + cos 𝛼2 + ⋯ + cos 𝛼𝑛 2 + sin 𝛼1 + ⋯ … + sin 𝛼𝑛 2
≤ 𝑛2
Solution:

LHS = cos 2 𝛼1 + sin2 𝛼1 + ⋯ + cos 2 𝛼𝑛 + sin2 𝛼𝑛 +

𝑛𝐶 n(n−1)
2σcos 𝛼1 − 𝛼2 2 terms ≤ n + 2 = n2
2
Question:

Show that the expression cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 + sin2 𝛼 always lies
between the values of ± 1 + sin2𝛼.
Solution:

Let 𝑦 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 + sin2 𝛼

or 𝑦 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin2 𝛼
or (𝑦 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃)2 = cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin2 𝛼
or 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝛼
or 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 ⋅ sin2 𝛼
[Here we have added cos 2 𝜃 on both sides to get 1 + sin2 𝛼]
or 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 1 + sin2 𝛼
or 𝑦 2 ⋅ sec 2 𝜃 − 2𝑦 tan 𝜃 + 1 = 1 + sin2 𝛼 (dividing by cos 2 𝜃)
or 𝑦 2 tan2 𝜃 − 2𝑦 tan 𝜃 + 1 = 1 + sin2 𝛼 − 𝑦 2 sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
or (𝑦 tan 𝜃 − 1)2 = 1 + sin2 𝛼 − 𝑦 2
∵ square of a real number ≥ 0
∴ 1 + sin2 𝛼 − 𝑦 2 ≥ 0
2
or 𝑦 2 − 1 + sin2 𝛼 ≤0
⇒ 𝑦 lies between − 1 + sin2 𝛼 and 1 + sin2 𝛼
Summation of Trigonometric Series

Sum of sines or cosines of 𝑛 angles

𝑛𝛽
sin 2 𝑛−1
sin 𝛼 + sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin(𝛼 + 2𝛽) + ⋯ … + sin(𝛼 + 𝑛 − 1𝛽) = 𝛽 sin 𝛼 + 𝛽
sin 2
2

𝑛𝛽
sin 2 𝑛−1
cos 𝛼 + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 + 2𝛽) + ⋯ … + cos(𝛼 + 𝑛 − 1𝛽) = 𝛽 cos 𝛼 + 𝛽
sin 2
2
 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
Find the sum of the series, cos + cos + cos +⋯
2𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 2𝑛+1
upto n terms. Do not use any direct formula of summation.

Solution:
 𝑚
Given σ35
𝑘=1 sin 5𝑘 = tan , where angles are measured in
𝑛
degrees, and m and n are relatively prime positive integers that
𝑚
satisfy < 90, find the value of (𝑚 + 𝑛).
𝑛

Solution:
Find the sum of the series,
cot 2𝑥 ⋅ cot 3𝑥 + cot 3𝑥 ⋅ cot 4𝑥 + ⋯ + cot 𝑛 + 1 𝑥 ⋅ cot 𝑛 + 2 𝑥

Solution:
Evaluate:

Solution:
Question:

Let 𝑓(𝑥) denote the sum of the infinite trigonometric series,

2𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = σ∞𝑛=1 sin sin .
3𝑛 3𝑛
Find 𝑓(𝑥) (independent of 𝑛) also evaluate the sum of the solutions of
the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 lying in the interval (0,629).
Solution:

2𝑥 𝑥 1 2𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = σ∞
𝑛=1 sin 𝑛 sin
∞
𝑛 = σ𝑛=1 2sin 𝑛 sin
∞
𝑛 = σ𝑛=1 cos 𝑛 − cos
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3𝑛−1
Now substituting 𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 …
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = cos − cos 𝑥 + cos − cos + cos − cos + ⋯+ cos − cos
2 3 2 32 3 2 33 32 2 3𝑛 3𝑛−1
1 𝑥 1
𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑛→∞ cos 𝑛 − cos 𝑥 = 1 − cos 𝑥
2 3 2
Now 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⇒ cos 𝑥 = 1 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼
Sum of the solutions in (0,629),
𝑆 = 2 𝜋 + 2𝜋 + 3𝜋 + ⋯ + 100𝜋 = 2 ⋅ 5050𝜋 = 10100𝜋 Ans.
Question:

1
Evaluate: σ∞
𝑛=1 1+ tan 𝑛∘ 2
Solution:

1 1 1 1 1
𝑆= + + + ⋯+ +
1+ tan 1∘ 2 1+ tan 2∘ 2 1+ tan 3∘ 2 1+ tan 88∘ 2 1+ tan 89∘ 2
Reversing the sum
1 1 1 1
𝑆= + +⋯+ +
1+ cot 1∘ 2 1+ cot 2∘ 2 1+ cot 88∘ 2 1+ cot 89∘ 2

1 1 1 tan 𝑛∘ 2
2𝑆 = σ89
𝑛=1 1+ tan 𝑛∘ 2 + = σ89
𝑛=1 1+ tan 𝑛∘ +
1+ cot 𝑛∘ 2 2 1+ tan 𝑛∘ 2

= σ89
𝑛=1 1 = 1 + 1 + ⋯ … . +1 = 89
∴ 𝑆 = 44.5 Ans.
Elimination
Question:

Eliminate 𝜃 between the equation 𝑎 sec 𝜃 + 𝑏 tan 𝜃 + 𝑐 = 0 and

𝑝 sec 𝜃 + 𝑞 tan 𝜃 + 𝑟 = 0.
Solution:

Given, 𝑎 sec 𝜃 + 𝑏 tan 𝜃 + 𝑐 = 0 …(i)

and 𝑝 sec 𝜃 + 𝑞 tan 𝜃 + 𝑟 = 0 …(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) by cross multiplication method, we have
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 1
= = ∵ sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1
𝑏𝑟−𝑞𝑐 𝑝𝑐−𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑞−𝑝𝑏

𝑏𝑟−𝑞𝑐 2 𝑝𝑐−𝑎𝑟 2
∴ − =1
𝑎𝑞−𝑝𝑏 𝑎𝑞−𝑝𝑏
or (𝑏𝑟 − 𝑞𝑐) − (𝑝𝑐 − 𝑎𝑟)2 = (𝑎𝑞 − 𝑝𝑏)2
2
Question:

If 𝜃 is eliminated from the equations, 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑐 & 𝑎 cos 2 𝜃 +

𝑏 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑐, show that the eliminant is, 𝑎 − 𝑏 2 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 +
4𝑎 2 𝑏2 = 0.
Solution:

𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑐 …(i)

𝑎 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑐 …(ii)
c−a b−c
From (ii) sin2 𝜃 = andcos 2 𝜃 =
b−a b−a
Now squaring (i)
𝑎 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑏 2 sin2 𝜃 + 2𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑐2
 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐2 = −2𝑎𝑏
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎

or 𝑎 2 (𝑏 − 𝑐) + 𝑏 2(𝑐 − 𝑎) − 𝑐2 (𝑏 − 𝑎) = −2𝑎𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑎
or (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) = 2𝑎𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑎
or (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 = 4𝑎 2 𝑏2(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) = 4𝑎 2 𝑏2 ⇒ Result
Question:

Eliminate 𝜃 and 𝜑 from the relations

𝑚2 tan2 𝜃 + 𝑛2 tan2 𝜑 = 1, 𝑚2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑛2 sin2 𝜑 = 1, 𝑚sin 𝜃 = 𝑛cos 𝜑
and find the relationship between 𝑚 and 𝑛.
Solution:

In order to be able to take advantage of the third relation, rewrite the

second so that it embodies the products 𝑚 sin 𝜃 and 𝑛 cos 𝜙.
𝑚2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑛2 cos 2 𝜑 = 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 − 1
Then, taking into account the third given equation, we get
2𝑛2 cos 2 𝜑 = 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 − 1
Furthermore, from the third relation we have
2 2 𝑛2 𝑚2 +𝑛2−1 𝑚2−𝑛2 +1
cos 𝜃 = 1 − sin 𝜃 = 1 − 2 cos 2 𝜑 =1− =
𝑚 2𝑚2 2𝑚2
Now rewrite the first of the given relation in the form
1 1
𝑚2 −1 + 𝑛2 −1 =1
cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜑
and substitute the expressions found for cos 2 𝜃 and cos 2 𝜑 to obtain a
relation between 𝑚 and 𝑛.
2𝑚4 2𝑛4
+ = 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 1
𝑚2 −𝑛2+1 𝑚2+𝑛2 −1
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

1. Graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
2. Graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
3. Graph of 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
4. Graph of 𝑦 = cot 𝑥
5. Graph of 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥
6. Graph of 𝑦 = 3 sin 2𝑥
Conclusion
Doubt Board
Best Wishes for your
preparation
#ask