(a) Dead load of the structure is uniformly distributed, Cable assumes parabolic shape. (b) Live loads are movable and often concentrated. With a nonrigid bridge deck, the cable and bridge deck change shape under live loads. rigid in the longitudinal direction, the forces on the support cable caused by a concentrated load are more uniformly distributed. The cable shape and deck shape remain relatively constant. FIGURE 5-2 Suspension bridge structures: use of rigid bridge deck, FIGURE 5-3 Arch collapse mechanism. Cracking must occur at sever locations before the arch can collapse.Catenary Parabola (a) Uniformly distributed load along length of , L cable(e.g., self-weight (b) Uniformly distributed of cable). load on horizontal projection. Catenary (©) Comparison of curves. FIGURE 5-4 Catenary versus parabolic curves. The two curves are very similar.(2) Concentrated loads: family of funicular shapes for a typi loading. As the structural depth of a funicular structure decreases, internal forces increase, and vice (6) Uniformly dsributed ous: family of funicular shapes for Yff, —rovironaly distributed toning FIGURE 5-5 Typical funicular shapes for concentrated and uniformly distributed loadings. Funicular shapes are those obtained by loading a mem- ber incapable of resisting bending (e.g., a cable) and allowing it to deform freely. Structures having a funicular shape for a specified loading carry the loading by either axial tension or compression only. (b) Cable forves, Only tension forces ‘are developed in a cable. Maximum forces occur at the reactions. (a) Arch forces. Only compression forces are developed in an ideal arch. Maximum forces occur at reactions. FIGURE 5-6 Distribution of forces in arches and cables.Singlecurvature structure Double-curvature net structure Doubleable structures (@) Suspension cable structures. J oe Guyed cable (0) Cablestayed structures, FIGURE 5-7 Basic types of cable structures. Flexible oof structure (cable-supported) vin (@) Winds blowing over roof surface in its naturally deflected shape cause suction forces to develop. These suction forces ‘cause the flexible roof to begin rising. Possible vibration modes Vn Wind (©) As the roof moves up and down, the effect of the wind alternately produces suctions and pressures causing further movements. A constant futtering of the roof results, (b) As the roof changes shape due to the suction forces, the effect of the wind on the new shape becomes fone of pressure rather than suction. This causes the roof to move downward again FIGURE 5-8 Dynamic effects of wind on typical flexible roof structure.(b) Stayed cable structure: the guy cables are pretensioned. by (©) Crossed cables with opposite (4) Cable and arch structure’ curvatures: cables are initially cables are pretensioned. retensioned. Vertical loads ‘cause the tension in the upper ‘eable to increase and those in the lower cable to decrease. FIGURE 5-9 Preventing Mutter of flexible roof structures due to dynamic i. effects of wind.FIGURE 5-10 Galérie des Machines, International Exhibition, Paris, 1889, Base of three-hinged arch. The structure spanned 364 ft (111 m). 5.3.4 General Funicular Equation A more general approach can be taken to the analysis of cables than previously discussed, which is very useful in treating more complicated structures that are not symmetrically loaded or which have cable supports at different levels Consider the cable shown in Figure 5-17. As before, the first step in the analysis Process is to find the reactions. If 3) My, is used to designate the sum of all the rotational moments about point B of all the external loads [e.g., PL — x,) P,.(L— x,-:) +. ..}, the total moment equilibrium expression for the entire cable about point B becomes:Point where cable sag is known, iM, , | This expression cannot be directly solved because both R,, and R,, areunkn values. The next step is to pass a section through a point x on the cable whert cable sag is known and consider moment equilibrium of the left portion of the Let ) M,, be used to designate the sum of the external moments of the loads ot left portion about this point. Noting that the moment arm of R,, at this point is by (hx/L — y,), where y, is the cable sag from a line connecting the two end px of the cable, the moment expression about x becomes: =M, =0: Ra fhxiL — yx) — Ra x +O Meg Substituting R,, from above: Ra) = (FE) E My — E May If y, is specified at a point, the R,, can be evaluated. Once R,, is known, it be used to find unknown cable sags at points other than x. Cable forces can be fo) by equilibrium considerations in a manner similar to that previously described,la) Piersupports: the vertical pies supporting he | cp seg eate eect of the cable reactions by axial compression and the horizontal component by vending: Tis System spol foreabes of relatively short span ony. Piers supports & < ‘Me greater the span Z or the height 1, the Basie force system. Note that ger must be the supporting pers. the foundation must prevent the piers from overturning, ») Guyed mast supports: the horizontal compon- ‘ents of the cable thrusts are absorbed by diagonal guy cables and transferred to the ground. ‘The vertical masts actin axial compression only. This system is good for relatively long span cables. Guyed mast supports os ncrening ie Te - os lie ‘Tht Gu To, +To, t T Inclined guyed masts: inclining the masts causes them to pick up some of the horizontal cable thrusts, thus reducing the forces in the lagonal guy cables. This system ‘food for longspan cables. Inclined guyed masts Tay Ton Toay* Gy" Tey ¥ Mey Ty + Tey Gu, . Ga = Guy, [008 6 j Freebody diagram of nic force system. The masts carry only downward forces, top of cable mast ‘Guy cable foundations must prevent guy uplift and slingTies Compression struts Concave cables. Convex cables. Tie back cables Structure using Structure using ‘concave cables ‘convex cables gre Ss.) t tigrt ot Forces on support elements Cable forces Forces on compression ring (a) Double concave cables. (b) Double convex cables, Pretensioned cables are Pretensioned cables are connected by secondary separated by compression members struts. FIGURE 5-19 Use of double-cable systems to prevent roof flutter due to wind effects. In both cases shown, the cable force in the upper member is slightly different from that in the lower member. Therefore, each member has a different natural frequency of vibration which causes the whole assembly to bea self-damping mechanism, since neither cable can freely vibrate in its natu- ral mode because of the other cable.