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HOCHIMINH CITY
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 1 / 74
CONTENTS
1 Functions
An introduction to Calculus
Review of set theory
Functions and graphs
2 Limits
Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
3 Continuity
Continuity: Definitions and properties
The Intermediate Value Theorem
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 2 / 74
1.1. An introduction to Calculus
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 3 / 74
1.1. An introduction to Calculus
In Calculus 1 we study
(a) basic concepts of functions and limits,
(b) techniques of differentiation and integration,
(c) applications to a wide range of practical situations.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 4 / 74
1.2. Review of set theory
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 5 / 74
1.2. Review of set theory
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 5 / 74
1.2. Review of set theory
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 5 / 74
1.2. Review of set theory
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 6 / 74
1.2. Review of set theory
[a, b] = {x ∈ R|a ≤ x ≤ b}
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 6 / 74
1.2. Review of set theory
|a + b| 6 |a| + |b| .
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 7 / 74
1.2. Review of set theory
|a + b| 6 |a| + |b| .
Example
Describe the set S = x : 21 x − 3 > 4 in terms of intervals
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 7 / 74
1.2. Review of set theory
Solution
Consider the complement: S c = x : 12 x − 3 ≤ 4
1
x − 3 6 4 ⇔ −4 6 1 x − 3 6 4 ⇔ −2 6 x 6 14.
2 2
Thus
S c = [−2, 14] ⇒ S = (−∞, −2) ∪ (14, ∞)
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 8 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
Coordinates and Graphs: O is the origin, Ox is the x-axis, Oy is
the y-axis (x, y ) are the x- and y -coordinates.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 9 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
Coordinates and Graphs: O is the origin, Ox is the x-axis, Oy is
the y-axis (x, y ) are the x- and y -coordinates.
Consider any two points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) on a straight line.
On the interval [x1 , x2 ]. We call ∆x = x2 − x1 and ∆y = y2 − y1
the change in x and y , respectively.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 9 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
Coordinates and Graphs: O is the origin, Ox is the x-axis, Oy is
the y-axis (x, y ) are the x- and y -coordinates.
Consider any two points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) on a straight line.
On the interval [x1 , x2 ]. We call ∆x = x2 − x1 and ∆y = y2 − y1
the change in x and y , respectively.
The slope (or gradient) of the line is
∆y y2 − y1
m = tan α = =
∆x x2 − x1
m tell us the rate of change of y with respect to x.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 9 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
Example
For the graph shown below, state the slope
(a) for 0 < x < 1
(b) for 5 < x < 9
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 10 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
Suppose a straight line crosses the y -axis at y = c. We call c
the y-intercept.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 11 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
Suppose a straight line crosses the y -axis at y = c. We call c
the y-intercept.
For any point (x, y ) on the line, the slope is defined by
y −c
m=
x −0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 11 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
Suppose a straight line crosses the y -axis at y = c. We call c
the y-intercept.
For any point (x, y ) on the line, the slope is defined by
y −c
m=
x −0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 11 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
The slope-intercept form is very convenient for graph-sketching.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 12 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
The slope-intercept form is very convenient for graph-sketching.
Other forms
Point-Slope Form: y = y1 + m(x − x1 ).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 12 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Straight Lines.
The slope-intercept form is very convenient for graph-sketching.
Other forms
Point-Slope Form: y = y1 + m(x − x1 ).
Two Point Form: For a line passing through points (x1 , y1 ) and
(x2 , y2 ):
y − y1 y2 − y1
= (= m)
x − x1 x2 − x1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 12 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Linear model
Example
Find the equation of the straight line passing through points (1, 0)
and (0, 4).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 13 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Linear model
Example
Find the equation of the straight line passing through points (1, 0)
and (0, 4).
Example
At a certain place, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere was
measured to be 339 ppm in the year 1980 and 373 ppm in 2002.
Assume a linear model. Find an equation for the CO2 concentration
C (in ppm) as a function of time t (in years). Use your equation to
predict the CO2 concentration in 2015.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 13 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Linear model
Example
Table 1 lists the average carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere,
measured in parts per million at Mauna Loa Observatory from 1980
to 1998. Use the data in Table 1 to find a model for the carbon
dioxide level.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 14 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Linear model
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 15 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Linear model
Solution
We use the data in Table 1 to make the scatter plot as in the figure
above where t represents time (in years) and C represents the CO2
level. We find the equation of the line that passes through the first
and last data points.
The slope is m = 366.7−338.5
1998−1980
= 1.56667.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 15 / 74
1.2 Functions and graphs: Linear model
Solution
We use the data in Table 1 to make the scatter plot as in the figure
above where t represents time (in years) and C represents the CO2
level. We find the equation of the line that passes through the first
and last data points.
The slope is m = 366.7−338.5
1998−1980
= 1.56667. Thus,
C − 338.5 = 1.56667 (t − 1980) or C = 1.56667t − 2763.51.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 15 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Definition
A function of a variable x is a rule f that assigns to each value of x
in a set D a unique number f (x) in a set E , called the value of the
function at x. [We read "f(x)" or "f of x".]
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 16 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Definition
A function of a variable x is a rule f that assigns to each value of x
in a set D a unique number f (x) in a set E , called the value of the
function at x. [We read "f(x)" or "f of x".]
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 16 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Definition
A function of a variable x is a rule f that assigns to each value of x
in a set D a unique number f (x) in a set E , called the value of the
function at x. [We read "f(x)" or "f of x".]
The set D is called the domain and the range is the set of all possible
values of f (x) as x varies throughout the domain.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 16 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
√
Example The domain of the function y = f (x) = x is the set
D = {x ∈ R : x > 0}, and the range of this function is [0, ∞)
(why?).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 17 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
√
Example The domain of the function y = f (x) = x is the set
D = {x ∈ R : x > 0}, and the range of this function is [0, ∞)
(why?).
Definition
f is surjective (or onto, or a surjection) if for every y ∈ E , there
is at least an element x ∈ D such that f (x) = y .
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 17 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
√
Example The domain of the function y = f (x) = x is the set
D = {x ∈ R : x > 0}, and the range of this function is [0, ∞)
(why?).
Definition
f is surjective (or onto, or a surjection) if for every y ∈ E , there
is at least an element x ∈ D such that f (x) = y .
f is injective (or one-to-one, or an injection) if for every y ∈ E ,
there is at most one x ∈ D such that f (x) = y .
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 17 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
√
Example The domain of the function y = f (x) = x is the set
D = {x ∈ R : x > 0}, and the range of this function is [0, ∞)
(why?).
Definition
f is surjective (or onto, or a surjection) if for every y ∈ E , there
is at least an element x ∈ D such that f (x) = y .
f is injective (or one-to-one, or an injection) if for every y ∈ E ,
there is at most one x ∈ D such that f (x) = y .
f is bijective or a bijection iff it is both surjective and injective.
Definition
Given two functions f and g , the composite function (also called the
composition of f and g ) is f ◦ g defined by (f ◦ g ) (x) = f (g (x)).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 18 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Definition
Given two functions f and g , the composite function (also called the
composition of f and g ) is f ◦ g defined by (f ◦ g ) (x) = f (g (x)).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 18 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Example
Given f (x) = 3x 2 , g (x) = x − 1 find each of the following:
(a) (f ◦ g ) (x).
(b) (g ◦ f ) (x).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 19 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Example
Given f (x) = 3x 2 , g (x) = x − 1 find each of the following:
(a) (f ◦ g ) (x).
(b) (g ◦ f ) (x).
Solution
(a) (f ◦ g ) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (x − 1) = 3 (x − 1)2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 19 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Example
Given f (x) = 3x 2 , g (x) = x − 1 find each of the following:
(a) (f ◦ g ) (x).
(b) (g ◦ f ) (x).
Solution
(a) (f ◦ g ) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (x − 1) = 3 (x − 1)2
(b) (g ◦ f ) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (3x 2 ) = 3x 2 − 1.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 19 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Example
Given f (x) = 3x 2 , g (x) = x − 1 find each of the following:
(a) (f ◦ g ) (x).
(b) (g ◦ f ) (x).
Solution
(a) (f ◦ g ) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (x − 1) = 3 (x − 1)2
(b) (g ◦ f ) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (3x 2 ) = 3x 2 − 1.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 19 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Definition
Given two one-to-one functions f (x) and g (x) if
(f ◦ g )(x) = (g ◦ f )(x) = x
then we say that f (x) and g (x) are inverses of each other.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 20 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Definition
Given two one-to-one functions f (x) and g (x) if
(f ◦ g )(x) = (g ◦ f )(x) = x
then we say that f (x) and g (x) are inverses of each other.
More specifically we will say that g (x) is the inverse of f (x) and
denote it by
g (x) = f −1 (x)
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 20 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Definition
Given two one-to-one functions f (x) and g (x) if
(f ◦ g )(x) = (g ◦ f )(x) = x
then we say that f (x) and g (x) are inverses of each other.
More specifically we will say that g (x) is the inverse of f (x) and
denote it by
g (x) = f −1 (x)
Given f (x), how to find f −1 (x)?
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 20 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Example
Given f (x) = 3x − 2. Find f −1 (x).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 21 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Example
Given f (x) = 3x − 2. Find f −1 (x).
Solution
1 1
y = 3x − 2 ⇒ x = (y + 2) ⇒ f −1 (x) = (x + 2)
3 3
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 21 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Example
Given f (x) = 3x − 2. Find f −1 (x).
Solution
1 1
y = 3x − 2 ⇒ x = (y + 2) ⇒ f −1 (x) = (x + 2)
3 3
Check:
−1
1 1
f f (x) = f (x + 2) =3 (x + 2) − 2 = x
3 3
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 21 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Example
√
Given f (x) = x − 3. Find f −1 (x).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 22 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 23 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 23 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 24 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 24 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 24 / 74
Some Common Functions
Polynomials: P(x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + . . . + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 .
Power function: y = x a .
Trigonometric functions:
sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan), .... And
1 1 1
cosec x = , sec x = , cot x = ...
sin x cos x tan x
Exponential function: y = ax (a is the base). The most common
exponential function (often called the exponential function) is
f (x) = e x . e is an irrational number called the exponential
constant, e = 2.7182818. We will study e in detail later on.
If x = ay then y = loga x. This is a logarithmic function. a is
again called the base.
Note: lnx = loge x.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 25 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 26 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 27 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 27 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 27 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 27 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Example
Sketch the graphs
(a) y = x 2 ,
(b) y = x 2 − 3,
(c) y = (x − 1)2 − 3.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 27 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 28 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 28 / 74
New Functions from Old Functions
Example
Sketch the graphs
(a) y = 2sinx,
(b) y = sin(πx),
(c) y = 2e −x .
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 28 / 74
Symmetry. Even Functions. Odd Functions
Definition
If f satisfies f (−x) = f (x) for every number x in its domain, then f
is called an even function.
For example, the function f (x) = x 2 is even.
The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the
y -axis.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 29 / 74
Symmetry. Even Functions. Odd Functions
Definition
If f satisfies f (−x) = f (x) for every number x in its domain, then f
is called an even function.
For example, the function f (x) = x 2 is even.
The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the
y -axis.
Definition
If f satisfies f (−x) = −f (x) for every number x in its domain, then
f is called an odd function.
For example, the function f (x) = x 3 is odd
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 29 / 74
Symmetry. Even Functions. Odd Functions
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 30 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
The Vertical Line Test for a Function
Not every curve in the coordinate plane can be the graph of a
function! A curve in the xy −plane is the graph of a function iff no
vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 31 / 74
1.3. Functions and graphs
The Vertical Line Test for a Function
Not every curve in the coordinate plane can be the graph of a
function! A curve in the xy −plane is the graph of a function iff no
vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 32 / 74
Parametric Curves
Example
Sketch the curve defined by x = t 2 − 2t , y = t + 1.
We construct a table of values and thus plot the curve:
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 33 / 74
Parametric Curves
Example
Sketch the curve defined by x = t 2 − 2t, y = t + 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.
Note: The parametric equations not only describe the curve but also
tell us how it is traced.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 34 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
In this section, we define limits and study them using numerical and
graphical techniques. We begin with the following question: How do
the values of a function f (x) behave when x approaches a number c,
whether or not f (c) is defined?
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 35 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example (Cont.)
The following table gives the impression that f (x) gets closer and
closer to 1 as x approaches 0 through positive and negative values
(from both sides: the left or the right).
sin x
lim f (x) = lim = 1.
x→0 x→0 x
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 36 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Definition: Graphical Approach
Suppose is f (x) defined when x is near the number a. Then we write
lim f (x) = L
x→a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 37 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Solution
The graph of f (x) has a gap at x = 9 since f (9) is NOT defined.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 38 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example: A limit that does not exist
Investigate graphically and numerically
1
lim sin
x→0 x
Solution
The function (x) is NOT defined at x = 0.
Numerical evidence and the graph suggests that the values of f (x)
bounce around and do not tend toward any limit L as x → 0.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 39 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example
Use the definition above to verify the following limits:
a. lim 5 = 5. b. lim (3x + 1) = 13.
x→7 x→4
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 40 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example
Use the definition above to verify the following limits:
a. lim 5 = 5. b. lim (3x + 1) = 13.
x→7 x→4
Solution
a. Let f (x) = 5. We need to show that f (x) arbitrarily close to 5
when x is sufficiently close to 7. Since f (x) = 5, for all x, so what
we are required to show is automatic.
b. Let f (x) = 3x + 1. We want to show that |f (x) − 13| becomes
arbitrarily small when x is sufficiently close (but not equal) to 4. We
have |f (x) − 13| = 3|x − 4|, i.e., |f (x) − 13| is a multiple of |x − 4|,
thus we can make |f (x) − 13| arbitrarily small by taking x sufficiently
close to 4.
Q: How can we make |f (x) − L| arbitrarily small by taking x
sufficiently close to a?
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 40 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Definition: δ − approach
We say that f (x) converges to L as x → a
lim f (x) = L
x→a
|f (x) − L| <
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 41 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example: δ − approach
x 2 −1
Show that lim = 2.
x→1 x−1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 42 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example: δ − approach
x 2 −1
Show that lim = 2.
x→1 x−1
Solution
Choose δ = , for 0 < |1 − x| < δ,
2
x − 1
x −1 − 2 = |1 − x| <
Hence
x2 − 1
lim =2
x→1 x − 1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 42 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example: δ − approach
x 2 −1
Show that lim = 2.
x→1 x−1
Solution
Choose δ = , for 0 < |1 − x| < δ,
2
x − 1
x −1 − 2 = |1 − x| <
Hence
x2 − 1
lim =2
x→1 x − 1
Example: δ − approach
Show that lim (3x + 1) = 13. Hints: Choose δ = /3.
x→4
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 42 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
lim f (x) = L
x→∞
if, for every > 0, there exists a number M such that |f (x) − L| <
for all x > M.
In other words, limx→∞ f (x) = L means the values of f (x) can be
made arbitrarily close to L by taking x sufficiently large ( x tends to
∞).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 43 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Properties
lim x = a, lim k = k
x→a x→a
Note: a can be ∞.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 44 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example: Limit at infinity
3x−1
Show that lim = 3/2.
x→∞ 2x+5
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 45 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example: Limit at infinity
3x−1
Show that lim = 3/2.
x→∞ 2x+5
Solution 1 Using formal definition.
Choose M = 5 , then for x > M
3x − 1 8.5 8.5
2x + 5 − 1.5 = 2x + 5 < 2 5 + 5 <
Hence
3x − 1
lim = 1.5
x→∞ 2x + 5
lim f (x) = L
x→−∞
if, for every > 0, there exists a number M such that |f (x) − L| <
for all x < M.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 46 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example: Limit at infinity
Show that lim √ x = −1.
x→−∞ x 2 +1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 47 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example: Limit at infinity
Show that lim √ x = −1.
x→−∞ x 2 +1
Solution 1
Choose M = −1
, for x < M
√ x 1 1
x 2 + 1 + 1 = √x 2 + 1(√x 2 + 1 − x) < |x| <
Hence
x
lim √ = −1.
x→−∞ x2 + 1
Solution 2
x x/ |x|
lim √ = lim q = −1
x→−∞ x 2 + 1 x→−∞ 1 + 12
x
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 47 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
lim f (x) = L
x→a−
if, for every > 0, there exists a number M < a such that
|f (x) − L| <
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 48 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 49 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Hence √
lim− 1 − x 2 = 0.
x→1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 49 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Definition: Limit at one side
We say f (x) converges to L as x tends to a from the right and write
lim f (x) = L
x→a+
|f (x) − L| <
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 50 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Theorem
lim f (x) = L ⇔ lim+ f (x) = L = lim− f (x)
x→a x→a x→a
Exercise
Show that √
lim x2 = 0
x→0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 51 / 74
2.1. Limits. Definitions. One-sided Limits
Example
For the function h whose graph is given, state the value of each
quantity, if it exists. If it does not exist, explain why?
(a) lim − h (x), (b) lim + h (x), (c) lim h (x), (d)
x→−3 x→−3 x→−3
lim− h (x), (e) lim+ h (x), (f) lim h (x).
x→0 x→0 x→0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 52 / 74
2.2. Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
Example
Show that lim (3t − 5) = 1.
t→2
Solution
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 53 / 74
2.2. Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
1
= lim √
x→10 x −6+2
1 1
= √ = .
10 − 6 + 2 4
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 54 / 74
2.2. Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
Exercise
1. Evaluate
−2t − 4
lim
t→2 t +1
2. Assume
lim f (x) = 2, lim g (x) = 3
x→−4 x→−4
Evaluate
lim f (x)g (x), lim (2f (x) + 3g (x),
x→−4 x→−4
g (x) f (x) + 1
lim 2
, lim
x→−4 x x→−4 3g (x) − 2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 55 / 74
2.2. Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
Exercise
3. Find the
√ following limits
(a) lim x 3x−1
−1
,
x→1 √ √
(b) lim ( x + 1 − x − 1),
x→∞
ax
(c) lim − 2ee 3x + be −cx , where a, b, c are constants, 0 < a < 3, and
x→∞
c > 0.
4. Let
x 2 − 2 for x < 0
f (x) =
2 − x 2 for x > 0
Find lim f (x) and lim f (x).
x→0 x→−2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 56 / 74
2.2. Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Theorem
If for 0 < |x − a| < (i.e. for x is near a):
and
lim f (x) = L = lim h(x).
x→a x→a
Then
lim g (x) = L.
x→a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 57 / 74
2.2. Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
Example
Show that lim x 2 sin x1 = 0.
x→0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 58 / 74
2.2. Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
Example
Show that lim x 2 sin x1 = 0.
x→0
Solution
Applying the Sandwich Theorem, note that:
1
−x 2 6 x 2 sin 6 x2
x
and lim x 2 = lim −x 2 = 0. Therefore lim x 2 sin x1 = 0.
x→0 x→0 x→0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 58 / 74
2.2. Evaluating Limits. The Squeeze Theorem
Exercise
Find the following
limits
1
(a) lim x sin x 3 ,
x→0
1
(b) lim xe − cos( x ) .
x→0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 59 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Definition
Suppose f is defined in an open interval that contains a, then f is
continuous at a if and only if
In other words, f (a) must be defined and, for any > 0, there exists
δ > 0 such that
|f (x) − f (a)| < .
whenever |x − a| < δ and f (x) is defined.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 60 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 61 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Example
Show that f (x) = x and g (x) = k (constant) are continuous
everywhere.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 62 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Example
Show that f (x) = x and g (x) = k (constant) are continuous
everywhere.
Solution:
Choose δ =
|f (x) − f (a)| = |x − a| < .
whenever |x − a| < δ.
whenever |x − a| < δ.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 62 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Example
Another Proof:
At any point a
lim f (x) = lim x = a = f (a)
x→a x→a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 63 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Example
Show that
1 x >0
f (x) =
0 x ≤0
is discontinuous at 0.
Solution 1:
Note that lim+ f (x) = 1 and lim− f (x) = 0, thus lim f (x) does
x→0 x→0 x→0
NOT exist! Therefore f (x) is discontinuous at 0.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 64 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Solution 2
Given = 1 and any δ > 0,
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 65 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Exercises
1. Show that
1
x
x=6 0
f (x) =
0 x =0
is not continuous at 0.
2. Show that
x sin( x1 ) x 6= 0
f (x) =
0 x =0
is continuous at 0.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 66 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Exercises
3. Find all values of a such that f (x) is continuous on R:
x + 1 if x 6 a
f (x) =
x 2 if x > a
4. Let √
−x if x < 0
f (x) = 3 − x if 0 6 x < 3
(x − 3)2 if x > 3
Where f is discontinuous?
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 67 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Theorem
Suppose f , g are continuous at a. Then
f + g , f − g , fg
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 68 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Theorem
If f is a continuous bijection from an interval I onto an interval J,
then f −1 is continuous on J.
Example
n
The functions
√ x√ are continuous bijections from [0, ∞) onto itself.
Therefore x, n x √ are defined and continuous at every non-negative
points. If n is odd, n x is continuous at every point.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 69 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Theorem
The exponential functions ax and their inverses loga x are continuous
at every point of their domains.
Theorem
Let F (x) = f (g (x)) be a composite function. If g is continuous at a
and f is continuous at g (a), then F (x) is continuous at a.
Example
√ √
x 2 + 1 and 3 x 5 + 4x 2 − 7x + 3 are composite functions of
continuous functions and therefore defined and continuous
everywhere.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 70 / 74
3.1. Continuity: Definitions and properties
Theorem
The following types of functions are continuous at every number in
their domains: polynomials, rational functions, root functions,
trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, exponential
functions, logarithmic functions.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 71 / 74
3.2. The Intermediate Value Theorem
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 72 / 74
3.2. The Intermediate Value Theorem
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 73 / 74
3.2. The Intermediate Value Theorem
Solution
f is continuous on [0, 1], f (0) = 1 > 0 and f (1) = −1 < 0. Hence,
by the IVT, there exists a real root c ∈ (0, 1) of the equation
5x − bx = 0.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 73 / 74
3.2. The Intermediate Value Theorem
Exercise
1. Evaluate the limit
√ √
1+x − 1−x
lim
x→0 x
2. Show that the equation
1
x2 − x − 1 =
x +1
has a real root in (1, 2).
3. Prove that √the equation
√ 2x = bx has a real root if b > 2.
4. Show that c + c − 1 = 2 for some number c between 1 and 2.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU) CHAP. 1. FUNCTS., LIMITS AND CONT. Spring 2014 74 / 74