SCHOOL OF BASIC SCIENCES

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR

Real Analysis Tutorial - I (Autumn 2022-23)
1. Determine the set of all real numbers x such that ||3 − x| − |x + 2|| = 5.
Hints: For x > 3, |3 − x| − |2 + x| = −5 whereas |3 − x| − |2 + x| = 5 for x < −2. The value of
|3 − x| − |2 + x| is 1 − 2x for −2 < x < 3.

2. Sketch the graph of f (x) = |x| − |x − 1|.

Hints: Find the value of f (x) for x < 0, 0 < x < 1 and x ≥ 1.

3. Find all the real numbers such that (a)|x + 1| + |x − 2| = 7, (b)|x − 1| > |x + 1|, (c)|2x − 3| < 5
and |x + 1| > 2 simultaneously.
Hints:(a) Analyze the expression separately for x < −1, x ∈ [−1, 2] and for x > 2. Similarly try
others.

4. Prove the following.

(a) The set N × N is countable.

Hints: Consider the set {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), ...}, {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), ...} so on, see that each
set is countable. And their union is N×N. Use countable union of countable sets is countable.
(b) The set of all sequences with 0 and 1 as entries is uncountable.
Hints: To find the number of mappings from N to {0, 1}. Cardinality of N is ℵ. So total
number of such map is 2ℵ .
(c) If A is a non-empty set then there is no surjection from A onto the power set of A.
Hints: If A is a finite set, let cardinality of A = n. Then power set of A has cardinality
2n . Due to mapping property n elements in domain A will be mapped to atmost n elements,
so we can’t attain each point in codomain set. Thus there will be points in codomain which
has no preimage. If A is infinite then also the cardinality of the power set is bigger than the
cardinality of the set A. So there is no surjective map.
an+1 +bn+1
5. If 0 < a < b then find the limit limn→∞ an +bn
. Ans: b.

6. If bn is a bounded sequence and an is a sequence converging to 0 then show that limn→∞ an bn = 0.

Hints: Let M be the bound of bn . Since an is convergent to 0, for any  > 0 there is a natural
number N0 such that |an − 0| < M for all n ≥ N0 . Now see that for the sequence an bn , |an bn − 0| ≤
M |an | <  for all n ≥ N0 .

7. Give an example of an unbounded sequence which has a convergent subsequence.

Hints: f (n) = n when n is even and f (n) = n1 when n is odd.

8. Is there a homeomorphism between (2, 6] and [1, 2)? If so, find it. Find a homeomorphism between
(0, 1) and R.
Hints: Try −x+6
4
+ 1.

9. If A and B are two non-empty subsets of R such that a ≤ b for all a ∈ A and b ∈ B then prove
that sup A ≤ inf B.
Hints: Use the definition of sup and inf correctly.

10. Using the definition, prove that for 0 < b < 1, limn→∞ bn = 0.
log
Hints:For  > 0, n > log|b| implies that |bn | < .
11. The tent map is T (x) = 32 (1 − |2x − 1|) and let T n (x) = T (T n−1 (x)) for all n. Describe the set of
all real numbers x such that limn→∞ T n (x) = ∞. Is there point y such that T 2 (y) = y?Analyze
{T n (x) : n ≥ 0} for each x ∈ R.
Hints: Note that |2x − 1| = 2x − 1 iff x ≥ 0.5. Thus T (x) = 3(1 − x) for x > 0.5 and T (x) = 3x
otherwise. T (x) < 0 and T is strictly decreasing for all x < 0, so T n (x) → −∞. As T (x) < 0
for x > 1, T n (x) → −∞ for all x > 1. There are points, namely 0, 1 and so on that have finite
forward orbit.
12. Let f : [a, b] −→ [a, b] be a continuous function. Prove that, there exists a point c ∈ [a, b] such
that f (c) = c. This c is called a fixed point of f .
Hints: Consider the function g(x) = f (x) − x and use IVT.
(a) Find a discontinuous function from [a, b] into itself which has no fixed point.
Hints: Take a continuous map with one (or finitely many) fixed point and redefine the
function at the fixed point (s) such that it becomes discontinuous and has no fixed point.
For example, for the Tent map given in Q 30, consider f (x) = T (x), 0 < x ≤ 1, x 6= 43 and
f ( 34 ) = 3.
(b) Find a continuous function from [a, b] into [c, d] such that it does not have any fixed point.
Hints:Take 3x + 1 from [0, 1] to [1, 4].
(c) Is the result true if we take R in place of [a, b]?
Hints: No. Take f (x) = ex , x ≤ 0 and f (x) = x + 1 otherwise.
(d) Find examples where the number of fixed points of a continuous self map of a closed interval
is any given natural number.
Hints: For example f (x) = 3x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 3, 1 < x ≤ 2; 3x − 3, 2 < x ≤ 3; 6, 3 < x ≤ 4 has
four fixed points.
(e) Find examples where the number of fixed points of a continuous self map of a closed interval
is uncountably infinite.
Hints:Take f (x) = x on any interval.
(f) Is it possible that the number of fixed points of f is countably infinite ?
Hints: Yes. Consider x sin( x1 ) on [0, 1].
13. Define divergence of a sequence in a metric space.
Hints: There does not exist any point of the metric space such that after some finite steps all the
elements of the sequence come arbitrarily close to that point.
14. Show that the set of all roots of a continuous function is a closed set.
Hints: Let x be a limit point of the set of all roots. If possible suppose that f (x) 6= 0, without
loss of generality assume that f (x) > 0, then there is a nbd Nx of x such that f (y) > 0 for all
y ∈ Nx , otherwise all nbds U of x contains at least one point y ∈ U such that f (y) ≤ 0. Thus we
get a sequence of yn converging to x such that f (yn ) ≤ 0. By continuity of f , f (yn ) converges to
f (x) and we get f (x) ≤ 0. Contradiction.
15. Give an example of a function f : R → R which is continuous exactly at a single point of its
domain.
Hints: Try f (x) = x, x ∈ Q and f (x) = −x, x ∈ R \ Q. Observe that f (f (x)) = x for all x, f is
continuous only at 0 and differentiable nowhere. Note that limx→0 f (x)−f
x−0
(0)
= limx→0 f (x)
x
and it
does not exist. Of course, f (f (x)) = x is differentiable everywhere.
16. For x, y ∈ Rn ,P
verify which of the following are metrics in Rn .
1
(a) d(x, y) = [ n (x − y )2 ] 2 .
 Hints: Triangle inequality.
For any xi , yi , zi ∈ R, we have |xi − yi | ≤ |xi − zi | + |zi − yi |. So
n
X n
X n
X n
X
2 2 2
|xi − yi | ≤ |xi − zi | + |zi − yi | + 2 |xi − zi ||zi − yi |.
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1

2 21 2 12
Pn Pn Pn
By the Cauchy-Schwarz
Pn inequality, i=1 |x i − zi ||zi − y i | ≤ ( 1 |x i − zi | ) ( 1 |zi − yi | ) = AB,
say. Hence i=1 |xi − yi |2 ≤ (A + B)2 . Taing square root we get d(x, y) ≤ d(x, z) + d(z, y).
(b) dt (x, y) = ni=1 |xi − yi |.
P
Hints: Triangle inequality.
dt (x, y) + dt (y, z) = n1 |xi − yi | + n1 |yi − zi | = n1 (|xi − yi | + |yi − zi |) ≥ n1 |xi − zi | = dt (x, z).
P P P P

(c) dc (x, y) = sup1≤i≤n |xi − yi | .

Hints: We have |xi − yi | ≤ |xi − zi | + |zi − yi |. Take supremum on both sides, supi |xi − yi | ≤
supi (|xi − zi | + |zi − yi |) ≤ supi |xi − yi | + supi |yi − zi |.

17. Let B(Rn ) be the set of all closed and bounded subset of Rn . For any A, B ∈ B(Rn ) define
dH (A, B) = max{supa∈A d(a, B), supb∈B d(b, A)} where d(a, B) = inf b∈B d(a, b). Show that dH is
a metric- it is called the Hausdorff metric and is very useful in the study of fractals. Also find
dH (A, B) for A = {x ∈ R2 |d(x, 0) ≤ 1} and B = [3, 6].

18. Find, if possible the constants c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 such that for all x, y ∈ Rn c1 dt (x, y) ≤ d(x, y) ≤
c2 dt (x, y) and c3 dc (x, y) ≤ d(x, y) ≤ c4 dc (x, y).
Hints:
2 21 1
Pn Pn Pn
dt (x, y) = i=1 √|xi − yi | ≤ { P i=1 (xi − yi ) } { i=1 (1)2 } 2 by the Cauchy-Scwarz inequality.
Thus dt (x, y) ≤ nd(x, y). Now ni=1 |xi − yi |2 ≤ [ ni=1 |xi − yi |]2 . Taking square root we get
P
d(x, y) ≤ dt (x, y). Combining these two we get √1n dt (x, y) ≤ d(x, y) ≤ dt (x, y).

Pn
For the second inequality, note that (supi |xi − yi |)2 =
Pn supi |x i − yi |2
≤ 2
i=1 |xi − yi | . Taking
square
Pn dc (x, y) ≤ d(x, y). Now see that i=1 |xi − yi | ≤ n supi |xi − yi |. Therefore
root we get P
2 n 2 2
√ i=1 |xi − yi | ≤ ( i=1 |xi − yi |) ≤ (n supi |xi − yi |) . Taking
√ square root we get d(x, y) ≤
ndc (x, y). Combining these two we get dc (x, y) ≤ d(x, y) ≤ ndc (x, y)

19. Show that if limn→∞ xn = l with respect to Euclidean metric in R2 then limn→∞ xn = l with
respect to dt and dc .
Hints:Use definition of convergence of sequence in terms of metric and use inequalities in Problem
18.

20. Let C[0, 1] be the set of all real valued continuous maps on [0, 1]. Show that for any f, g ∈ C[0, 1],
the map defined by d(f, g) = sup0≤x≤1 |f (x) − g(x)| is a metric on C[0, 1]. Also find d(f, g) if
(a) f (x) = 1, g(x) = x.
(b) f (x) = sin x, g(x) = cos x.
(c) f (x) = ex , g(x) = sin x.
(d) f (x) = sin x, g(x) = x2 + 1.
(e) f (x) = ex , g(x) = x2 + 1.
Hints: For triangle inequality write |f (x) − g(x)| ≤ |f (x) − h(x)| + |h(x) − g(x)|, then take
 supremum on both sides, sup0≤x≤1 |f (x) − g(x)| ≤ sup0≤x≤1 (|f (x) − h(x)| + |h(x) − g(x)|) ≤
sup0≤x≤1 (|f (x) − h(x)|) + sup0≤x≤1 (|h(x) − g(x)|). Thus we get d(f, g) ≤ d(f, h) + d(h, g).
(a) Ans: 1 (b) Ans: 1 (c) Ans: e − sin 1 (d) Ans: 2 − sin 1

21. Write an essay on the logistics map and its applications.