Linear Law

6.1   Linear and Non-Linear Relations

A linear relation is a relationship between two variables that when plotted on a graph gives a straight line.
 
A line of best fit is a straight line that best expresses the relationship between a set of data points
  Lines of best fit have the following characteristics: 
 
1. It passes through as many points as possible..
2. Points are evenly distributed on both the left and right sides of the line.

     

 
 Example
 
y
The diagram shows the line of best fit by plotting  ​ against x.
x

   

Find the relation between y  and x.

 
 
  5−1 1
Note that the gradient is m = =  which passing through (6, 5).
6+2 2
​ ​

y
= mx + c
​

x
1
5 = (6) + c
2
​

​ ​

 
5=3+c
c = 2.

y 1 1
Therefore, the equation is  = x + 2 or y = x2 + 2x.
2 2
​ ​ ​

x
 
 

6.2 Linear Law and Non-Linear Relations

 
■ A non-linear equation can be reduced to linear form

Y = mX + c

where Y and X are the functions of

x and / or y .

■ For example, given a non-linear equation y = x2 + 1,

its linear form is Y = mX + c

where Y = y and X = x2 .

 
Example:

Convert the non-linear equation to linear form Y = mX + c. 

y = 2px2 + qx

where p and q  are constants.

 
Jawapan:

Given the equation

y = 2px2 + qx.

To make the equation in the form of

Y = mX + c,

We divide the given equation with x.

 
(y = 2px2 + qx) ÷ x

y 2px2 qx
= +
x x x
​ ​ ​

​ ​

y
= 2px + q.
x
​

 6.3   Application of Linear Law

Example:
q
The variables x and y  are related by the equation y = 3x2 − ​, where q  is a constant.
x
A straight line is obtained by plotting xy  against x3 , as shown in the diagram.

Find the value of h and of q .

 
Solution:

For linear graph, Y = mX + c,

X  represents variables on the horizontal axis,

Y  represents variables on the vertical axis,

m represents gradient and

c represents Y -intercept.

We can find the gradient of graph, m using this formula

y2 − y1
m= ,
​ ​

x2 − x1
​

​ ​

 
Then,

13 − 1
m=
h−0
​

​ ​

12
= .
h
​

 
Based on the graph, we know that the Y -intercept , c = 9.

Then,

Y = mX + c

12 3
xy = x +1 ​

12 x3 1
​ ​

y= +
h x x
​ ​ ​

12 2 1
y= x + . ​ ​

h x

 
We compare the equation that we get with the given equation.

q 12 2 1
3x2 − = x +
x h x
​ ​ ​

 
Coefficient of x2

12 2
3x2 = x
h
​

12
3= ​

3h = 12 ​ ​

12
h=
3
​

= 4.

 
1
Coefficient of 
x
​

q 1
− = ​ ​

x x

−q = 1 ​ ​

q = −1.
 Chapter : Linear Law
Topic : Linear and Non-Linear Relations
Form 4
Additional Mathematics

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