CTION A

PROJECT 2 Curve tracing with reference

tO
algebraic, trigonometric and greatest
teger function and signum function

1694 igPg RRA TRReT (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz) FstBA caiT "Methodus tangentinum nvE seu to
functionibus" (RT 39 C
(function) 3R |
18- I1GRIU A (Leonhard Euler) q y ' E ' x 43 T ® (function) A TRN F R y = j{*) IM4
151FCI 19 43 P TURTTG (Dirichlet formula) A P JRA aodi PA A
D

tttbRI at afat Description

teteree a * [The algebraic function]

n
9T A 1RUT 4R a a, a2 -a,43 2C0J T, agx" + a,x"-l+a,x"-2+.+ an-1X+ a, a A I C

w A

polynomial rational irational (piecewise

functon) ***ww.wwwe
function function) function)

absolute value function (signum (greatest integerfunction (fractional part (least integer
ormodulas function function) or step function) function) function)

1087
 1088
x2",Jr) *an* ROIM
(EiMR R) u T (identityfunction) fx)
=
CE x, fx)
HTRR = =

ifafoa i [The non-algebralcfunction

(exponential (logarithmic inverse circular

(trigonometric function
function) function function
wwww
ww.wwwwwwwWwww*

ArT WTI |Some special function]

farf
PT 7 1 TAI AA AABC-9 2B = 90° 4R AC = o g

cosx = B
TR, sinx = AC
tanx =

AB 90

CPsin, cos,tan - f4IAO T I B

a 1

0, TR7 0<x<l
x] = {1, T7 1<x<2

2, TR 2<x<3 UNiI

+1, TAx>0
y sgn(x) = - 1 , TA x <0
0, TA x= 0 0, TA x = 0

ix R y4 AREI (bound value) f TACE ZAI

 Section A] Project 2 1089 NO

teCRE*A F A
[Curvetracing of the algebraic function
a P2-)
= 3
(1)
RUR

zC5 AT y-4 CTY TIE

(even power)
2ay-
t6 TR t 2ay = 0 2 0
=
y =
0 Upoa râteRI
x' X
os 2ay-xy =
*'
(2a-x)y2 =r3 o
cissoid
RTaT6 2a-x =
0I, x =
2a
r=2a

2491T97 TA 4 2
X> 2a x<0 I EAR P0a uyNT
iT T* <0 Rx> 2al
TPA (AD TR
[Curve tracing of some algebraic functionj

T1, y =
fx) =
2x-5
2
3
-3 1

3,1)

2-1)
a P z1 HA (strictly increasing) #(1,-3)
BMR1 2
B
A EI, y flx) = = x2
v'

0 t1 2 t2.5 t3
0 46.25 9
10
8
6

x'
-3-2-10123 X
Y'
6 4
waravava
 1090

t2 +3

#2 t3 x
-1

5
31,-00x<0 3 0 <x<o, qÍS R-{0}

TaLeiAo U [Curve tracing of the trigonometricfunction]

ATAAI, SO) = rcosô (ariAr = 1 4 )

(2)

C UO) = cos ) = -sin6 = o

6 = , - 2 7 , -7, 0, 7, 27, 3 , .

1b4 6
CG a e A AID WA [Curve tracing of some trigonometric
function]
nRa 1
MA A, y = fx) = sinx

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70° 80| 90°

o 0.17 0.34 0.50 0.64 0.77 0.87 0.94 0.98

AA shoron uoite eeve

ANSHPA
 Section A Project 2091
Y

sinx PPARST CHR RA, -o

<x< oois, R; X
X 2T

-1[y[1} 7
wwww

fx)= sinx 4CA

RAE (periodic) R R ÍT (Deriod) 27; 99 0 ATT 27, 27 K 4T ROIs

Bk 2
Al, y (x) =
tanx

*0| 10° |20 30 40° 50 60° 70 80° 90°

y00.18 0.36 0.58 0.84 1.19 1.73 2.75 5.75
fas RTI P5y =tanx TPA D4a fPgR 8 R1D CRAI
ZTAC
t) tanx C F F RID (RTT ANI T,
x = 90° 31 N NTSTY IT fx) =
tanx AcA ; TA

x:xeR 4R x * (2n+ 1) -T 0
/2T X

x = (2n+1) n-9 - 1U o fr)

8
omnuneewwomwraue

y - 4 A-M A TNOAR, AC°PIDA EI A, -0o<y< o , R;

3ReArU TPA TRIDI IGraphofthe greatestintegerfunction]

X<1A, y =0; 1<x<2 , y =

1;
4X<3 RUA, y = 2; -1<x<0 I , y = -l;

2x<-1 3A, y = -2; -3<x<-2 TM, y = -3 ROlI

 2

TFDU IA W (step function) 51 I

-2
iTIT C T, -0o <x<o is, R -3
-3,-2,-1, 0,1, 2, 3,.. R gTT eda TNda T7 $RR TC y!
9

4PRINHTA ANÍba IGraph ofthesignum function]

+1, 7RA x>0
TP, y =sgn(x) =
-1, 7 x<0

0, T x= 0 0, 734x = 0

-0.01

(0,1)--0--B
A

(O, 1) f A` T3OTAE 4R (0,-1) fg® C RAYIR T 7I X

-2-i01 23
D 0(0,-1)

i CPA R CR A, -0o < x< o i9, R;

y'
= Ro T°PED* CE351 6 10
x = 0 TO TPPiDI TRÍDT , G x 0

ii DA E , {0, 1,-1}

ATERIConclusions/Findings
 Section A] Project 2 1093

BIBLIOGRAPHY
.wikipedia Archives
2. www.maths 4
3.
iitjee.com
Mathematics for IT-JEE Calculus by G.
4. Play with graphs by A.M. Agarwal Tewane

[Viva-voce
VS?|10. y =fx) =ld +x-11. x<0- CTA S)I ZA
11. fx) =
y9-x2-4 7KAA 7 A?
12. y
5. fx) =
tanx
A A{A
y - =
RtA A?
R
5. f{x) =
sinx ° FO? 2
13. y2= (a>0) da afoaayei RA?
7. y =fx) AaDAATo
=

X A
14. q y =
tanx
D rÍTE A, A FPA *I
. y =fx) = X, Tx>0
-x, TA x<0
15. y fx)
= =
cos2x T T KÍNTT? °KÍRTE A,
9. fx) ,
=
x + 0-4A afoqtaTol I 16. N TATE atN?
SECTION B
PROJECT 2 Project on history, development
and/or application of complex numbers
contribution of mathematics in the relevant fields
with a historical approach

(terminating) AI ITS (non-terminatingrecurring) A RI yn (rational) FT T C TT R T

wiR G a M T I a FEHE P aM MRe2 ( i s does notterminate-

2a
A A RA TA b2> 4ac R TTT ATA RTA TRT b2 = 4ac;f»_ b2 < 4ac TATAto T AM U

ax2+ bx+ c = 0 NT T I W GRIT b2 < 4ac

(generalised form) 7b 7RSTI -o4 TORÍTE (PITAI TATPAU n-7RU T A , @117T Da

HTAT-TIP P n

31 , DA TT TI UTOA quay aR (Mahavira) ® "fARI RT (Ganitsara Sangraha) aTr atTa

x+y = 10 3 xy =40 TAIPA17E x = 5+ N-15 9 y = 5-/-15 (R, x = 5--15 y = 5+ -15) ArM

1106
 (Section B) Project 2 1107
(R-1 )-a ATE I (iota) aeT reR PA ese 2+1 = 0 IAC a i aTA 2 = -1;foAi = -1

Hamilton) a+ ib 0 =-i) d
(i Tr1a eb-4% (a, b) <4

bl al afit Description

T 7t+iy(xy i=V-1)

y=0 3R FRI ()

RJ 7 R
x=ipeZ,qeN| XipEL,geN

TUTS f5a [Argand diagram]

NT (x+ iy) 1 (x, y) T i aiRA

UPAIAI PAI RU o UtasUrsfoa arI

M 1 aferat ub ATPI [Conjugate complex number

 108 sfoo9
S A aEaI [Modulus of acomplex numberl

ap NITOR, z = x+iy FA, | = |x+iyl =+/x2+ y I

SD 3 eafefsey aiHatars [Amplitude or argument of a complex number)

x = lz| cos6 (1) y lzsin6 .(2)

R ATA amp z (T, arg z) 2dT1 2M

5 b qTP [Form of complex number]

z ado7-yafersou uie : = (cos6+isin6);4IAr= la R 0 = ampz RIA -T <67
r = 4m + n, AITA m 3 n 745 FR 3 0<n<4 i = (i)4m-+n = i" K (9RIA i = w-1) **|BOT i = 1, i,-1

- i A TA n-9A A ZRIS 0, 1,2 47R31

6 f 3 a 2tRIt IApplication of complex number)

7RTT7-7 ®I [Euler's Theorem]

eX, sinx cosx-93 yro AH:
e =
1+X+ . sinx =
*- 4R co8x =
1- -

i =-i]

- -{- -
cosx+isinx

osR, e" = cosx + isinx -(1)

9 CITA TI, e-lx = cosx- isinx (2)

oBR, (1)-9 x = 7 C el" = cosT +.isin n -1+0 = -1 1, eiT +1 = 0 (3)

iDe Molvre-47 ®*T [De Molvre's Theorem]

n-43 7 HIAA T (cos6 +isin6)"-4 AA R cosnt + isinnd 4R n-9 -IAI 41R1 TAA
(cos6+isin0yn-4 4 T RA cOsn0+isinnô I TR T, ()4 FRO 7 ITOA TRCAT TRU De Moivre

4sa a R z
=r(cos6 +isin 6) 3a,
a = (rcos6 +risin6)" = "(cos0 + isin6)" = "-(ed)" [: E 1 I T , cosf+ isin6 = eld]
 Section B] Project 21109
, (cos6 + i sin6)" =mgin6
1 (cos6+isin6)" = ein@ = (cosnß + isinn6) S I E 1
BO,
AaIN OR De Moivre-4 TIDe Moivre-43 GIA aaiti cos36
sin - a P I G R AHATATUR cosnG s sin nA- z e t r cose sins0
e sin ne -49 P a 3 FI IS ( I G

1/n
z =1 =(cos2k7 + isin2kr) 1/n AkeZ
T, 2kT
z =
cos isin-, aA k =
0, 1, 2, n -1 [De Moivre-9T IUTA ANGUJ
-.,

1, z =

cos+isin ak,
n
=
carA a =cos27 +isin e k =
0, 1,2, 3,, (n-1)
FOR, 1-93 n-®A J 1 , a, a2,.., a"-1

iv
R, zZ =
a+ ib, aIA a s b q i =w-1
3, a = rcos6 b rsin6 , =rcos6 +i. rsin6
=
z =
r(cos6 + isin6)
TAr= Na2+b2 =
|d e 0 =tan-1= amp z

zn =
[r(cos6 + isin6))1/n =
rln cos+isin DeMoivre- B
34, cos6+ isin6 = cos(2k7 +6) + isin (2kt + 0), TIAkeZ
zl/n = (rcos6 +isin6)1/n =rlim[cos(2k7 +8) + isin(2k7 +0)]l/n = rl/n cos27T++isin2T*
n

De Moivre-4 i T A AIRTU]
B , k = 0, 1, 2, , n - 1 aAA z1"4 n RU T AA NGI AITAI RUT CIGAI ATI, k = n, n+1, n+2... o s
AT k = 0, 1,2,.. z4 N ataIG R I , k = n AI,

lin= n cos2n76 +isin2 cos27++isin 2 7 = cosisin

n
n n

k = (n + 1), (n +2), .. -43 z""-48 AA k=1,2, - 4 zlln-4 IGA HAAI

x+ iy-3
lz-3 1, x+iy+ 1|
=

, lz + 1 =

1, x+1+ iyl ==I(x-3) + i 1, x+1)2+y2 =x-3)2+2 , (x+12+y2 = (x-3)2+ y2

1,
, 8x = 8 1, x = 1
x2+2x+ 1 = x-6x +9

TID ARTAIT A A R I T7-7Aa6|

(-1, 0) 3 (3, 0) f
 2
110

RRIT ZXOA =amp z =[6a 1]

YAATEIT Atiei , 2lz+ i =
lz-3|, UN
(c)d TA P(Z) , P(x,y) R NT
31T
2l2+ = lz-3| , 2x+iy +i =l*+iy-3| x X
T, 2 x+ i(y+ 1) = l(x-3)+ iyl a1, 2/2+(y +1)2 dx-3)2+2
=
1
e v t wwruren
yvov******

4(r+y+2y+ 1) = r?-6x+9+y2 (9í a)

1 3a2+3y+6x+8y-5 =0 , +y2+2x+-=0
are--)-

RCI GT WIA AR A (luid mechanics), RITROTIPTATD

TC1 T (relativity) RTE ITTA R
(electromagnetism), RA TAAP (vibration analysis), i fReR (control theory), P7 R (signal processing)

RATSTti (Conclusions/Findings

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. An Introduction to the Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable-E. T. Copson.
2. The Theory of Equations-W. S. Burnside and A. W. Panton (Vol. 1).

3. Mathematics, A Text Book for class XI-NCERT.

4. Higher Algebra-H. S. Hall and S. R. Knight.
5. Higher Secondary Algebra-S. M. Ganguly and B. N. Mukherjee.
6. Higher Secondary Mathematics [Vol. I]-G. Samal, U. K. Mohapatra, S. C. Jena and D. N. Adhikary.
7. What is Mathematics?
An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods-Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins.
 Section B] Project 2 1111

c N tatam [Viva-vocel
6

8. AUTE 7f3A7 eea i = i aor a57A ?

10. 4m+3-ga A PE? aita m TD S ARUI

i=-i
22. 1 rTA , areUAUA ATA T
11. m 3 n
ARJÍ GR OSn< 4 3 n-4
m P
ATC i4m+n =
-1 A? (i =-1) 23. +16 =0 C 7rUTa A
13. -3-i7 TDa a f aoGtA AA PA 24. m - PAGR T X+2mx+ n =0 G FAC
14. (0) 2-2i (i) -2-2i uda aa festu A v