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    Ka Ki Lo
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    The document discusses the binomial theorem and provides formulas for expanding (a + b)n for any positive integer n. It gives an example of expanding (1 + x)6 using the binomial theorem. The document also summarizes trigonometric formulas including compound angle, double angle, half angle, product-to-sum, sum-to-product, and transformations of a sin + b cos.

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    The document discusses the binomial theorem and provides formulas for expanding (a + b)n for any positive integer n. It gives an example of expanding (1 + x)6 using the binomial theorem. The document also summarizes trigonometric formulas including compound angle, double angle, half angle, product-to-sum, sum-to-product, and transformations of a sin + b cos.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    45 views4 pages

    Tri Formula

    Uploaded by

    Ka Ki Lo
    The document discusses the binomial theorem and provides formulas for expanding (a + b)n for any positive integer n. It gives an example of expanding (1 + x)6 using the binomial theorem. The document also summarizes trigonometric formulas including compound angle, double angle, half angle, product-to-sum, sum-to-product, and transformations of a sin + b cos.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 4

    Binomial Theorem

    Background

    (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

    (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3

    (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3 b + 6a2 b2 + 4ab3 + b4

    Question: Is there any formula to expand (a + b)n ?


    Answer: Binomial Expansion

    Theorem 1 (Binomial Theorem) For any n 2 R;

    n n n n 1 n n 2 2 n n n
    (a + b)n = a + a b+ a b + ::: + abn 1
    + b ;
    0 1 2 n 1 n

    where
    n n(n 1)(n 2) : : : (n r + 1)
    =
    r r(r 1) : : : 1:
    If n is a positive integer, then
    n n!
    =
    r r! (n r)!
    where n! = n(n 1) (n 2) (n 3) : : : 3 2 1 and 0! = 1:

    Example 1 Expand the (1 + x)6 in terms of power of x:

    Let a = 1; b = x; n = 6 and use binomial theorem, we have

    6 6 6 6
    (1 + x)6 = (1)6 + (1)6 1 (x) + (1)6 2 (x)2 + (1)6 3
    (x)3
    0 1 2 3
    6 6 6
    + (1)6 4 (x)4 + (1)6 5 (x)5 + (1)6 6 (x)6
    4 5 6
    = (1) (1)6 + (6) (1)6 1
    x + 15 (1)6 2
    x2 + 20 (1)6 3
    x3

    + (15) (1)6 4
    x4 + (6) (1)6 5
    x5 + (1) (1)6 6
    x6

    = 1 + 6x + 15x2 + 20x3 + 15x4 + 6x5 + x6

    Note:
    6 6! 6!
    = = =1
    0 0! (6 0)! 6!

    1
    6 6! 6! 6 6! 6! 6 6! 6!
    = = = 6; = = = 15; = = = 20
    1 1! (6 1)! 5! 2 2! (6 2)! 2!4! 3 3! (6 3)! 3!3!
    6 6! 6! 6 6! 6! 6 6! 6!
    = = = 15; = = = 6; = = =1
    4 4! (6 4)! 4!2! 5 5! (6 5)! 5! 5 6! (6 6)! 6!
    n n
    Theorem 2 For n 2 N; = .
    n r r
    Proof:
    n n!
    =
    n r (n r)! [n (n r)]!
    n!
    =
    (n r)!r!
    n!
    =
    r! (n r)!
    n
    =
    r
    5 5
    Example 2 It is easy to see that = = 10:
    2 3
    Pascal’s triangle
    Pascal’s triangle is a geometric arrangement of the binomial coe¢ cients in a triangle. It is named
    after Blaise Pascal, although it had been described centuries earlier by Chinese mathematician
    Yanghui (about 500 years earlier, in fact). It is therefore known as the Yanghui triangle in China.
    Starting with n 1, the triangle is

    1
    1 1
    1 2 1
    1 3 3 1
    1 4 6 4 1
    1 5 10 10 5 1
    1 6 15 20 15 6 1

    Pascal’s triangle shows that each subsequent row is obtained by adding the two entries diagonally
    above,
    n n 1 n 1
    = +
    r r r 1

    2
    Trigonometric Formula
    Basic Properties

    1. sin ( A) = sin A; cos ( A) = cos A; tan ( A) = tan x

    2. sin (90 A) = sin 2


    A = cos A; cos (90 A) = cos 2
    A = sin A

    1
    3. tan (90 A) = tan 2
    A = tan A

    4. sin (180 A) = sin ( A) = sin A; cos (180 A) = cos ( A) = cos A

    5. tan (180 A) = tan ( A) = tan A

    6. sin (360 A) = sin (2 A) = sin A; cos (360 A) = cos (2 A) = cos A

    7. tan (360 A) = tan (2 A) = tan A


    1 1 1
    8. sec A = ; csc A = ; cot A =
    cos A sin A tan A

    Compound Angle formula

    1. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

    2. sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

    3. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

    4. cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B


    tan A + tan B
    5. tan (A + B) =
    1 tan A tan B
    tan A tan B
    6. tan (A B) =
    1 + tan A tan B

    Important Identity

    1. cos2 A + sin2 A = 1

    2. 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A

    3
    Double angle formula

    1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

    2. cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A = 2 cos2 A 1=1 2 sin2 A


    2 tan A
    3. tan 2A =
    1 + tan2 A
    Half angle formula

    1. sin2 A
    2
    = 12 (1 cos A)

    A
    2. cos2 2
    = 21 (1 + cos A)

    3. Let t = tan A2 ; then


    2t 1 t2 2t
    sin A = ; cos A = ; tan A =
    1 + t2 1 + t2 1 t2

    Product to Sum formula

    1. sin A cos B = 12 [sin (A + B) + sin (A B)]

    2. cos A sin B = 21 [sin (A + B) sin (A B)]

    3. cos A cos B = 12 [cos (A + B) + cos (A B)]

    1
    4. sin A sin B = 2
    [cos (A + B) cos (A B)]

    Sum to Product formula

    1. sin A + sin B = 2 sin A+B


    2
    cos A 2 B

    2. sin A sin B = 2 cos A+B


    2
    sin A 2 B

    3. cos A + cos B = 2 cos A+B


    2
    cos A 2 B

    4. cos A cos B = 2 sin A+B


    2
    sin A 2 B

    Transformation of a sin + b cos


    p
    1. a sin + b cos = a2 + b2 cos ( ) ; where tan = ab :
    p
    2. a sin + b cos = a2 + b2 sin ( + ) ; where tan = ab :

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