MAT1320B C ALCULUS I E LIZABETH M ALTAIS

12. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ( Oct. 30 )

Lec 11 mini review.
⇧ setup for a Riemann sum with n rectangles on [a, b]:
x= b a
n
xi = a + i x sample point x⇤i 2 [xi 1 , xi ]

⇧ using a Riemann sum to approximate area A between f and the x-axis on [a, b]:
n
X
At f (x⇤i ) x
i=1

Z b n
X
⇧ definition of definite integral: f (x)dx = lim f (x⇤i ) x
a n!1
i=1

⇧ interpretation of definite integral as net area

⇧ properties of definite integrals

FTC 1

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) is so called because it relates the two
main branches of calculus: differential & integral
The FTC has two parts. The first part tells us the derivative of a function defined by a
definite integral. The second part tells us an easy way to evaluate definite integrals
using antiderivatives.
Suppose f (t) is a continuous function on the interval [a, b] and let g(x) be a function defined for
all x 2 [a, b] as follows:

gkkfraxfatdt ( a -<×⇐b)

f-
>t
fat

µ#×
[
<
;
"

ggyrepresentsthisarea
twhereacxsb
( xistheupperlimitofintegrationofg 's integral )
⇤ These notes are solely for the personal use of students registered in MAT1320; their creator does not give permission for this material to be
uploaded or shared online.
1
 Rx
Example 12.1. Let f (t) = t. Define g(x) = 0 f (t)dt. What is g(1) ? What is g(4) ? Can you find
an expression for g(x)? How is this expression related to f (t)?
^

fttkt Infaotforany XZO

it
,

94=56 'tdt=(
.n÷i¥¥EI )
"

area of

¥
2C base )( height

N0fjCligC1fSotdt-c@eaOEq.s.s.t
<
; z
=£K)K } i, is )

✓ =£×2

.g
^

*#

)=£( (1) =L
1)

^
lzxzisanantiderivativeofflx)
...
felt )=t

gc4)
=fo4tdt=(
)=£C4K4)=8 area of , ,

Rx
Exercise 12.2. Let f (t) = 2t + 3. Define g(x) = 0 f (t)dt. What is g(1) ? What is g(4) ? Can you
find an expression for g(x)? How is this expression related to f (t)?

gi
^
ftt )=2tt3 ×

:
6-
ga=So@t+3)dt
=fIa}3)+farea]a×)
X

=4(3H£(
X

3-

=3xt£K)(2x)=X2t3X
< >
, g g h Note X2t3xisan
✓ T

)dt
gc41={(2++3
antiderivative
offk ) -2×+3

=fr÷a}3)+()
area

}au
,

4) (8) =28
2
 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1
If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined by
Z x
g(x) = f (t)dt axb
a
is
• continuous on [a, b],
• differentiable on (a, b), and
Z x
d
0
• g (x) = f (x). That is, f (t)dt = f (x)
dx a

Idea behind the proof:

For
simplicity ,
We 'll consider thecasewhenfttlliesabovethet
axis -

on[qb] .

¥4a
fttl
-

<
;
"

[
gktsattttdtistheareakf
By definition ,

h→o-h gkthtgk )
g 'K)=lim

this informal !
* is Very

D
(
litsonlytogiveyoutheidea )
"

=µm
h→o -

sincehistihyfhso )

=fnjno(iagy.¥±a'#
^

~¥ftt
'
the areaofthestrip

t.at#aIYa.Y'D-(lEY...t ethgauturfomaainrsicfanageperooxitmalely

Widthhandheightfk )

7
h

A
EEEI
alim
h→o E
ptp

xxth
~~

h
w
}fa
=fK )
*
Note Many applications of integration in

this idea of
MAT 1322 use approximating
3 theareaofathinstripundera function ...
 Z

gY×)=f(×)=Ft×2
p
integrand
x
Example 12.3. Find the derivative of the function g(x) = 1 + t2 dt.
2 f It )=FE
By FTCI ,

Z x3
Example 12.4. Find the derivative of the function g(x) = sin(t)dt. integrand
1
fttksintt )
Note g(x)=g(u( xD where UK) =P

and UYH 3×2

Thus
g(a) fusinttjdt
=
=
,

BYFTCI g '(u)=f(u)=sin(u )
,

chain Rule ,
By d×d[gcu(xD ]=g' CUKDWKI

=sin(u( xD (3×2) =sih(x3jBx4

.
.

FTC 2

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2

If f is continuous on [a, b], then
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a)
a

where F is any antiderivative of f , that is, F is any function such that F 0 = f .

=) We can forget about computing difficult limits of Riemann sums! FTC 2 gives us a quick
way to evaluate definite integrals:
1. find an antiderivative of the integrand
2. subtract our antiderivative at the limits of integration
Notation: Iff is an anti derivative offk ) , then we write

fabfkldx = FK ) ]| =
Fcb ) -

Fca )
"
the
1. find anti derivative 2. subtract at limits of integration
4
 R3
Example 12.5. Evaluate the definite integral 0 x3 6x dx using FTC 2. Compare this
procedure with the limit we used in Example 11.4 to compute the same definite integral.

50343
6x)dx=ft¥ -6¥ ) ]3o =[ ¥
-

-3×930=(34-3132)
) (041-369)=81,
-

-27-0=-6.75

Z 1
Example 12.6. ex dx =[e×]j

÷ ¥4
ex
n
0

'
=e -

e
.

Z 1
Example 12.7. x2 dx -

[ Is 't xz

He
0

¥±¥
.

Z 2
dx
short for
Example 12.8.
1 x
←
fpntxdx

=[enkDi

€
=ln|2/
=ln2
Z 1
.tn/1.yY' iz
" "
>

'

* [ lnlxl ]o
dx
Example 12.9.
0 x
because 't is not continuous on [ 0,1 ]

°°oFTC2 is Not Applicable ,

Z ⇡/2 IK
Example 12.10. sin(t)dt
=fcosHD⇒ f¥x⇐*%f#%rn×
.gg#IoCthasaverticalasymptoteatx=o).*P
2⇡
. .

=
codes ) fast #
-
-

( 1)
netareais
6)
+1=1
= -

5
 I NDEFINITE VS D EFINITE I NTEGRALS

From now on, we will use our integral notation in two ways:
R
⇧ We write f (x)dx to represent the most general antiderivative of the integrand f (x).
That is,

ffkldx =FQ ) + C means F) ( x ) =

FK )

R
The integral f (x)dx is called an indefinite integral, but it is simply notation for the
most general antiderivative of f (x).
In particular, an indefinite integral represents a family of functions, each member of
which has derivative equal to f (x).
Rb
⇧ If there are limits of integration, then a f (x)dx is called a definite integral.
Rb
By FTC 2 (assuming f (x) is continuous on [a, b]), the definite integral a f (x)dx equals
the difference F (b) F (a), where F is any antiderivative of f . Thus, a definite integral is
a number, not a family of functions.

Example 12.11. Evaluate each of the following integrals:

Z
2
x2 + 1
dx =2arctanK ) + C ( indefinite integral)

Z
=[2arctank ) ] !
0
2
dx
1 x2 +1 ,

=2arctan(0 ) -

2arctanf1 )

=2( 0) -2µF )
=
142 ( definite integral)
Exercise 12.12. Try to guess the following indefinite integral, then check your answer by
differentiating.
hint: compare the numerator to the denominator’s derivative and think about chain rules.
Z
F×[ln(×4D]= 3¥
2x
x2 + 1
dx =ln(x2H)tc because

6
 N ET C HANGE T HEOREM

By FTC2, we know that

Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a) where F 0 = f
a

Thus, we can rewrite FTC2 as follows:

fabt 'k)dx =
FC b) -

Fla )

=) the integral of a rate of change is the net change.

Example 12.13. A particle moves along a line so that its velocity at time t is given by
v(t) = t2 t 6 (measured in m/s).
(a) Sketch the graph of v(t) over the time interval [0, 5]
^
Ht )
:

€;¥¥¥l
4

2-

's a

: -

(b) Find the displacement of the particle during the time period 1  t  4

Thet change in position ( on line ) from 0£ tt 4

and VH ) =
rate of change of position with respect to time

°o° particle 's displacement

=
5,4 # at

fillet 6)
=
-

at

=
[ ¥3 -

In -

64,4=(433--431-614)
) (¥ ¥ 64 )
) 9zm
=
-

-
- -

7
 (c) Find the distance travelled by the particle during the time period 1  t  4
if we want to Know the total distance travelled by particle , we would

like to add the distance travelled by the particle in the negative direction
instead of
subtracting it

positive
atrddwthleddbsytapnaffideatrddwthleddbsytapnaffide
direction
direction in
Thus we want in negative
,
- m
sillvtthdt =f±vHdt +
Bradt

=f3ft2tt2
6) at + +53442 .
t -

6) at

=f¥ +
¥+64,3 + E -

Es

-6434=(-33+32+6131)
-

f 's +
£+6) + (43543-24)-(33533-18)

= 21 + 2.85
3

~~ 10.17 M

S TUDY G UIDE

⇧FTC Suppose f is continuous on [a, b].

Rx
FTC1 If g(x) = a f (t)dt, then g 0 (x) = f (x).
Rb
FTC2 a f (x)dx = F (b) F (a) where F is any antiderivative of f (that is, F 0 = f ).

⇧ indefinite integral vs. definite integral

Rb
⇧ the Net Change Theorem: a F 0 (x)dx = F (b) F (a)
(integral of a rate of change is the net change)
Exercises §5.3, pg. 399 # 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 41,
43, 59, 61, 63
(Stewart, 8th ed.) §5.4, pg. 408 # 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 41,
43, 45, 53, 57, 59, 61, 63
8