M_BANK\YR12-4U\COMPLEX01.

CAT

Complex Numbers 1: 1991-2006

1)! 4U91-2a
The complex number z and its conjugate z satisfy the equation z z + 2iz = 12 + 6i. Find the
possible values of z.†
z z + 2iz = 12 + 6 i , ( x + iy)( x − iy) + 2i ( x + iy) = 12 + 6 i
( x 2 + y 2 − 2 y ) + 2ix = 12 + 6 i .
Equating imaginary part : 2 x = 6 , x = 3.
«→ »
Equating real part : x 2 + y 2 − 2 y = 12
9 + y 2 − 2 y = 12 , ( y − 3)( y + 1) = 0 ,
y = 3 or y = −1 ∴ z = 3 + 3i or z = 3 − i
2)! 4U91-2b
On an Argand diagram shade the region containing all points representing complex numbers
π
z such that Re(z) ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ arg(z + i) ≤ .†
4
y

0 1 x

–1 (1, –1)

«→ »
3)! 4U91-2c
7 + 4i
i. Express z1 = in the form a + ib where a and b are real.
3 − 2i
ii. On an Argand diagram sketch the locus of the point representing the complex
number z such that |z − z1| = 5 . Find the greatest value of |z| subject to this
condition.†
7 + 4i 3 + 2i 21 + 14i + 12i − 8
«→ i) z1 = × = = 1 + 2i
3 − 2i 3 + 2i 9+4
y
2 (2, 4)

(1, 2)

O 2 x
ii)
At 2 + 4i, | z | is a maximum. | 2 + 4i |= 2 5 »
4)! 4U91-2d
The complex number z = x + iy, x and y real, is such that |z − i| = Im(z)
i. Show that the locus of the point P representing z has Cartesian equation
1
y = (x2 + 1). Sketch this locus.
2

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ii. Find the gradients of the tangents to this curve which pass through the origin, hence
find the set of possible values of the principal argument of z (ie. −π < arg z ≤ π).†
i) | z − i |= Im z ,| x + i( y − 1) |= y
«→ 1
x 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = y , x 2 + y 2 − 2 y + 1 = y 2 , y = ( x 2 + 1)
2
y

1
2 (1,1)

O x
dy 1
ii) = x. At x = a the tangent is : y − (a 2 + 1) = a( x − a ).
dx 2
1
If this tangent passes through the origin : 0 − (a 2 + 1) = a (0 − a )
2
2 2
a + 1 = 2a , a = ±1∴ y = ± x are the two tangents.
1
y y = ( x 2 + 1)
2
y = –x y=x
1
(–1,1) (1,1)
2 π
4
O x
π 3π
≤ arg z ≤
4 4 »
5)! 4U91-7a
i. P(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients. Show that if α is a non-real zero of
P(x), then α is also a zero, and ( x − α )( x − α ) is a quadratic factor of P(x) with real
coefficients.
ii. Show that x2 + 1 is a factor of P(x) = x6 + x4 + x2 + 1, and hence factorize P(x) into
irreducible factors over the field of rational numbers.
π
iii. Show that one solution of x4 + 1 = 0 has argument , and show the four complex
4
fourth roots of −1 on a unit circle on an Argand Diagram.
iv. Factorize P(x) = x6 + x4 + x2 + 1 into irreducible factors over the field of real
numbers.†

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n n n n
i) P( x) = ∑ ai x i , P(α ) = 0 , ∑ aiα i = 0 , ∑ aiα i = 0 , ∑ ai α i = 0
i =0 i =0 i =0 i =0
n n
∑ ai (α )i = 0. Since all ai are real : ai = ai , ∑ ai (α )i = 0 , P(α ) = 0
i =0 i =0
«→ So if α is a complex root of P( x) , then so is α . If α = a + ib where a ,
b real : ( x − α )( x − α ) = x 2 − (α + α ) x + αα = x 2 − 2ax + (a 2 + b 2 )
So ( x − α )( x − α ) is a quadratic factor of P( x) with real coefficients.
ii) P(x) = (x2 + 1)(x4 + 1)
π nπ
iii) x 4 = −1, x 4 = 1cis (-π + 2nπ ) , x = cis (− + )
4 2
π 3π 5π 3π
x1 = cis , x2 = cis , x3 = cis = cis (− )
4 4 4 4
7π π
x4 = cis = cis (− )
4 4
Im (z)
1
x2 x1
π
4
–1 π 1 Re z
4

x3 x4
–1
iv) P( x) = x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + 1 = x 4 ( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 + 1)
= ( x 2 + 1)( x 4 + 1) = ( x 2 + 1)[( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1) − 2 x 2 ]
»
= ( x 2 + 1)[( x 2 + 1) 2 − ( x 2 ) 2 ]
= ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + x 2 + 1)( x 2 − x 2 + 1)
6)! 4U92-3a
It is given that |z|2 = z + z . On an Argand diagram sketch the locus of the point P
representing z.†
y

x 2 + y 2 = ( x + iy) + ( x − iy) O 1 2 x
2 2 2 2
«→
x + y = 2 x , ( x − 1) + y = 1 »
A circle with centre at
(1, 0) and radius of 1 unit.
7)! 4U92-3b
i. Expand z = (1 + ic)6 in powers of c.
ii. Hence find the five real values of c for which z is real.†
«→ i) z = 1 + 6ic − 15c2 − 20ic3 + 15c4 + 6ic5 − c6
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ii) If z is real : 6 c − 20 c 3 + 6 c 5 = 0
2c(3 − 10 c 2 + 3c 4 ) = 0 , 2c(3 − c 2 )(1 − 3c 2 ) = 0 »
1
c = 0, ± 3 , ±
3
8)! 4U92-3c
i. Express z = 2i and w = −1 + 3 i in modulus-argument form. On an Argand
diagram plot the points P and Q which represent z and w.
ii. On the same diagram construct vectors which represent z + w and z − w. Deduce
the exact values of arg(z + w) and arg(z − w).†
π 2π
«→ z = 2 cis , w = 2 cis
2 3
R y

z+w
P(0, 2)
Q(–1, 3 ) z–w
z Since | z | = | w |, OPRQ is a rhombus.
β w α ∴ OR bisects ∠ POQ .
O
x π 1 π 7π »
∴ arg ( z + w) = α = + ( )=
2 2 6 12
π π
arg ( z − w) = β = α − =
2 12
9)! 4U92-3d
Solve the equation z5 + 16z = 0, expressing each solution in the form z = a + ib where
a and b are real.†
z 5 + 16 z = 0 , z ( z 4 + 1) = 0 , z = 0
or z 4 = − 1, z 4 = 1 cis (π + 2πk )
π + 2πk π
«→ z = cis( ), z0 = cis , »
4 4
3π 5π 7π
z1 = cis , z 2 = cis , z 3 = cis
4 4 4
Solutions are : z = 0 , ± 2 (1 ± i )
10)! 4U93-3a
i. Show that z = i is a root of the equation (2 − i)z2 − (1 + i)z + 1 = 0.
ii. Find the other root of the equation in the form z = a + ib, where a and b are real
numbers.†
«→ i) (2 – i)i2 – (1 + i)i + 1 = –2 +i – i + 1 + 1 = 0 ∴z = i is a root of the equation.
1+ i 1+ i 2 + i
ii) Sum of roots :α + i = ,α + i = ×
2−i 2−i 2+i»
1 3 1 2
α + i = + i , α = − i which is the other root.
5 5 5 5
11)! 4U93-3b
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1
i. Show that the locus specified by | z − 2 | = 2( Re z − ) is a branch of the hyperbola
2
2 2
x y
− = 1.
1 3
ii. Sketch the locus, and find the set of possible values of each of |z| and arg z for a
point on the locus.†
1 1
i) | ( x − 2) + iy | = 2 Re[( x − ) + iy], ( x − 2) 2 + y 2 = 2( x − )
2 2
2 2
x y
x 2 − 4 x + 4 + y 2 = 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1, 3 x 2 − y 2 = 3, − = 1.
«→ 1 3
1 1
Since | z − 2 | ≥ 0 , 2( x − ) ≥ 0 , x ≥ .
2 2
1
The locus is only the branch of the hyperbola where x ≥
2
b 3
ii) The asymptotes of the hyperbola are y = ± x = ± x
a 1
y y = 3x
π
3
x2 y2
− =1
1 1 3
x

y = − 3x
π π
− < arg z < ,| z | ≥ 1 »
3 3
12)! 4U93-3c
z1 + z 2
z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that = 2i.
z1 − z 2
i. On an Argand diagram show vectors representing z1, z2, z1 + z2 and z1 − z2.
ii. Show that |z1| = |z2|.
α 1
iii. If α is the angle between the vectors representing z1 and z2 show that tan = .
2 2
1
iv. Show that z 2 = (3 + 4i ) z 1 .†
5
z1 + z2 y
C
A z2
X z1 - z2
z1 - z2
B
z1 α φ θ
O x
«→ i) 2

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z1 + z 2
ii) arg ( ) = arg 2i
z1 − z 2
π π π
arg ( z1 + z 2 ) − arg ( z1 − z 2 ) = , φ −θ = . ∴ ∠OXA =
2 2 2
So the parallelogram OACB is a rhombus∴ OA = OB , | z1 | = | z 2 | .
Alternatively : z1 + z 2 = 2i ( z1 − z 2 ), z 2 (1 + 2i ) = z1 (2i − 1),
2i − 1 1 − 2i 1
z 2 = z1 × = (3 + 4 i ) z 1 ,
1 + 2i 1 − 2i 5
3 4 3 4
| z 2 | = | + i | | z1 | = ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 | z1 | = | z1 |
5 5 5 5
1
|z −z |
α AX 2 1 2 z −z 1 1
iii) tan = = =| 1 2 |=| |=
2 OX 1 z1 + z 2 2i 2
| z1 + z 2 |
2
iv) See the alternative in (iii) »
13)! 4U93-8a
i. Write down the modulus and argument of each of i and −i.
ii. Show on the unit circle on an Argand Diagram the two square roots of i (z1 and z2),
and the two square roots of −i (z3 and z4).
iii. P(x) = x4 + 1. Show that the roots of P(x) = 0 are z1, z2, z3 and z4, and factorize P(x)
completely over the real numbers.†
π π
«→ i) | i |= 1,arg i = ,| −i | = 1,arg (−i) = −
2 2
y
1
z4 z1
π
4
–1 π 1 x
4

z2 z3

ii) –1

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iii) P( x) = 0 , x 4 + 1 = 0 , ( x 2 + i )( x 2 − i ) = 0
x 2 = ±i , x = z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4
P ( x) = x 4 + 1 = ( x − z1 )( x − z 2 )( x − z 3 )( x − z 4 )
= [( x − z1 )( x − z 2 )][( x − z 3 )( x − z 4 )] »
= [ x 2 − ( z1 + z 3 ) x + z1 z 3 ][ x 2 − ( z 2 + z 3 ) x + z 2 z 4 ]
π 3π
= [ x 2 − (2 cos ) x + 1][ x 2 − (2 cos ) x + 1]
4 4
2 2
= ( x − 2 x + 1)( x + 2 x + 1)
14)! 4U94-3a
−3 + 4i has two square roots z1 and z2. Find z1 and z2 in the form a + ib and show the points
representing −3 + 4i, z1 and z2 on an Argand Diagram. Show that these three points are the
vertices of a right angled triangle.†
Let ( x + iy) 2 = − 3 + 4i , ( x 2 − y 2 ) + 2ixy = − 3 + 4i
«→ Equating real and imaginary parts : x 2 − y 2 = − 3
xy = 2 , x = ± 1, y = ± 2 ∴ z1 = 1 + 2i , z 2 = − 1 − 2i
P(–3, 4) y
A
z1(1, 2)

x
B
z2(–1, –2)
z2 – z1 = (–1 – 2i) – (1 + 2i) = –2 – 4i, (–3 + 4i) – z1 = (–3 + 4i) – (1 + 2i) = –4 + 2i = –i(–2 –
4i) = –i(z2 – z1). So vector AP has been rotated by 90° in an anticlockwise direction to map onto
vector AB ∴ Δ PAB is right-angled at A. »
15)! 4U94-3b
The equation z2 + (1 − 2i)z − (7 + i) = 0 has roots α and β. Find the monic equation with
numerical coefficients whose roots are α − i and β − i. Hence find the values of α and β.†
«→ α + β = –(1 – 2 i) = –1 + 2i, αβ = –(7 + i) = –7 – i,
(α – i) + (β – i) = (α + β) – 2i = – 1 + 2i – 2i = –1,
(α – i)(β – i) = αβ – (α + β)i – 1 = (–7 – i) – (–1 + 2i)i – 1 = –7 – i + i + 2 – 1 = –6.
The required equation is: z2 + z – 6 = 0, (z + 3)(z – 2) = 0,
α – i = –3, β – i = 2, α = –3 + i, β = 2 + i »
16)! 4U94-3c
The complex number z is represented by the point P on an Argand Diagram. Indicate clearly
on a single diagram the locus of P in each of the following cases:
i. |z − 4| = |z + 2i|;
π
ii. arg(z + 3) = .
4
Show that there is a point representing a complex number of the form ib, where b is real,
which lies on both loci.†

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y
π
arg ( z + 3) =
3 4

4
–3 x

–2
«→ |z – 4| = |z + 2i| The complex imaginary number 3i lies on both loci. »
17)! 4U94-3d
On an Argand Diagram the point A represents the real number 1, O is the origin and the
point P represents the complex number z which satisfies the condition arg(z − 1) = 2 arg z.
i. Show this information on a diagram and deduce that triangle OAP is isosceles.
ii. Deduce that the locus of P is a circle and show this circle on your diagram.
iii. Find z in modulus/argument form if z also satisfies the condition |z| = |z − 1|.†
y
P
z z –1
α β
«→ i) O A(1, 0) x
arg z = α, arg (z – 1) = β, β = 2α, ∠ OPA + α = β (exterior angle of a
triangle equals the sum of the opposite interior angle) ∴ ∠ OPA = α ∴ Δ OAP is
isosceles (base angles equal) ii) AP = OA (Δ OAP isosceles), AP = 1. So the locus
y
P
z
z –1
O A(1, 0) 1 x

of P is a circle centre A with a radius of 1.

y M

O 1 A(1, 0) 2 x
2

iii)
π π
MO = 1, ∠ MOA = , NO = 1, ∠ NOA =
3 3 »
π π π π
∴ z = cos + i sin or z = cos(− ) + i sin(− )
3 3 3 3
18)! 4U94-7b
P(x) = x6 + x3 + 1
i. Show that the roots of P(x) = 0 are amongst the roots of x9 − 1 = 0.
ii. Hence show the roots of P(x) = 0 on the unit circle, centre the origin, on an Argand
Diagram.
2π 4π 8π
iii. Show that P(x) = (x2 − 2x cos + 1)(x2 − 2x cos + 1)(x2 − 2x cos + 1).
9 9 9
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2π 4π 4π 8π 8π 2π
iv. Evaluate cos cos + cos cos + cos cos .†
9 9 9 9 9 9
«→ i) x9 – 1= 0, (x3)3 – 1 = 0, (x3 – 1)(x6 + x3 + 1) = 0. So the roots of P(x) = 0 are amongst those of
x9 – 1 = 0
2π − 2π
ii) Roots of x 3 − 1 = 0 are : cis0 , cis , cis .
3 3
2π 4π
Roots of x 9 − 1 = 0 are : cis0 , cis , cis ,
9 9
2π 8π − 8π − 2π − 4π − 2π
cis , cis , cis , cis , cis , cis .
3 9 9 3 9 9
So the roots of x 6 + x 3 + 1 = 0 are :
2π 4π 8π − 8π − 4π − 2π
cis ,cis , cis , cis , cis , cis
3 9 9 9 9 9
y

2π
9
x

2π − 2π 4π − 4π 8π − 8π
iii) P( x) = [( x − cis )( x − cis )][( x − cis )( x − cis )][( x − cis )( x − cis )]
9 9 9 9 9 9
2π 4π 8π
P( x) = [ x 2 - (2 cos ) x + 1][( x 2 − (2 cos ) x + 1][ x 2 − (2 cos ) x + 1]
9 9 9
iv) If the expression in (iii) were expanded then the coefficient in x 2 would be :
2π 4π 2π 8π 4π 8π
1 + 4 cos cos + 4 cos cos + 1 + 4 cos cos +1
9 9 9 9 9 9
2π 4π 2π 8π 4π 8π
= 3 + 4 (cos cos + cos cos + cos cos ). The coeffcient »
9 9 9 9 9 9
2π 4π 2π 8π
in x 2 in P( x) = x 6 + x 3 + 1 is zero.∴ cos cos + cos cos
9 9 9 9
4π 8π 3
+ cos cos =−
9 9 4
19)! 4U95-3a
θ θ θ
i. If z = cos θ + i sin θ, show that 1 + z = 2 cos (cos + i sin ) .
2 2 2

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ii. z1, z2 are complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| = 1. If z1, z2 have arguments α, β
z +z z
respectively, where -π < α ≤ π and -π < β ≤ π , show that 1 1 2 has modulus
z1 + 1
β
cos
2 and argument α + β .
α 2
cos
2
z +z z
iii. |z1| = |z2| = 1 and 1 1 2 = 2i. Find z1 and z2 in the form x + iy.†
z1 + 1
θ
i) 1 + z = (1 + cosθ ) + i sinθ = (1 + 2 cos 2 − 1)
«→ 2
θ θ θ θ θ
+ i (2 sin cos ) = 2 cos (cos + i sin )
2 2 2 2 2
β β β
(cosα + i sin α ) × 2 cos (cos + i sin )
z +z z z (1 + z 2 ) 2 2 2
ii) 1 1 2 = 1 =
z1 + 1 1 + z1 α α
2 cos (cos + i sin )
β
2 2 2
β β β β
cos [cos(α + ) + i sin(α + )] cos
= 2 2 2 =( 2 )[cos(α + β ) + i sin(α + β )]
α α α α 2 2
cos (cos + i sin ) cos
2 2 2 2
β
cos
z +z z 2 ,arg ( z1 + z1 z 2 ) = α + β
∴| 1 1 2 | =
z1 + 1 α z1 + 1 2
cos
2
π π α+β π β π α
iii) 2i = 2(cos + i sin ) , = , = −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
β π α α
cos cos( − ) sin
2 = 2, 2 2 = 2, 2 = 2 , tan α = 2
α α α 2
cos cos cos
2 2 2 »
α
2 tan
tanα = 2 = 2 × 2 = − 4 , tan β = tan(π − α )
α 1 − 22 3
1 − tan 2
2
4 3 4 3 4
= − tanα = ∴ z1 = − + i , z 2 = + i
3 5 5 5 5
20)! 4U95-3b
On an Argand diagram the points P, Q, R represent the complex numbers p, q, r respectively.
If p − q + iq − ir = 0, what type of triangle is ΔPQR? Give a reason for your answer.†

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p–q
y P
Q
p
q r–q

r R
«→ x
π
p − q + iq − ir = 0 , p − q = i (r − q). (r − q) when rotated by
2
π
anticlockwise maps onto ( p − q). ∴ QR = QP and ∠RQP = .»
2
∴ ΔPQR is an isosceles right - angled triangle.
21)! 4U95-3c
i. On an Argand diagram sketch the locus of the point P representing the complex
number z which moves so that |z − 2| = 1.
ii. Find the sets of possible values of |z| and arg z.
iii. The points P1 and P2 , such that OP1 and OP2 are tangents to the locus, represent the
complex numbers z1, z2 respectively. Express each of z1 and z2 in
modulus/argument form and in the form a + ib, where a and b are real.
iv. Evaluate z120 + z220.†
y
π P1
6 1
C
1 2 3 x
1
P2
«→ i)
The locus of P is a circle with centre at (2, 0) and with a radius of 1.
π π
ii) 1 ≤ |z| ≤ 3, − ≤ Arg z ≤
6 6
π π
iii) OP1 = OP2 = 3 , z1 = 3 (cos + i sin )
6 6
π π
z 2 = 3 (cos(− ) + i sin(− ))
6 6
3 i 3 3 i 3
ie : z1 = + , z2 = −
2 2 2 2
20π 20 π 20π 20π
iv) z1 20 + z 2 20 = ( 3 ) 20 (cos + i sin ) + ( 3 ) 20 (cos(− ) + i sin(− ))
6 6 6 6 »
20π π 1
= 310 (2 cos ) = 310 (2 cos(− )) = 310 (2 × − ) = −310
6 6 2
22)! 4U96-3a
z1 = 1 + 3i, z2 = 1 − i

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z1
i. Find in the form a + ib, where a and b are real, the numbers z1z2 and .
z2
→ →
ii. On an Argand Diagram the vectors OA,OB represent the complex numbers z1z2
z
and 1 respectively (where z1 and z2 are given above). Show this on an Argand
z2
Diagram, giving the coordinates of A and B. From your diagram, deduce that
z1
− z1z2 is real.†
z2
i) z1 z 2 = (1 + 3i )(1 − i ) = 1 − i + 3i + 3 = 4 + 2i
«→ z1 1 + 3i 1 + i 1 + i + 3i − 3
= × = = − 1 + 2i
z2 1−i 1+i 1+1
y

B(–1, 2) A(4, 2)

O x
AB = OB − OA
ii)
z1
Since AB is horizontal, ( − z1 z 2 ) is real »
z2
23)! 4U96-3b
The complex number β is given by β = (1 − t2) + (2t)i, where t is real.
θ
i. Show that |β| = 1 + t2 and arg β = θ where t = tan ( ) .
2
ii. Write down the modulus and argument of one square root of β, and hence if z2 = β,
write z in the form a + ib where a and b are real.
iii. Hence or otherwise find the 2 square roots of −8 + 6i.†
i) | β | = (1 − t 2 ) 2 + (2t ) 2 = 1 − 2t 2 + t 4 + 4t 2
«→ = 1 + 2t 2 + t 4 = (1 + t 2 ) 2 = 1 + t 2
2t
tan(arg β ) = = tanθ ∴ arg β = θ
1 − t2
1 1
2
ii) z = ± β = ± [(1 + t )(cosθ +
2 i sinθ )] 2

θ θ
= ± 1 + t 2 (cos + i sin )
2 2
1 t
= ± 1 + t2 ( +i ) = ± (1 + it )
1 + t2 1 + t2
⎧1 − t 2 = − 8
iii) ⎨ ∴t = 3
⎩ 2t = 6 »
If z 2 = − 8 + 6 i , z = ± (1 + 3i )

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24)! 4U96-3c
z = cos θ + i sin θ, −π < θ < π
θ θ θ
i. Show that 1 + z = 2 cos ( ){cos( ) + i sin( )} .
2 2 2
θ θ θ
ii. Show that 1 − z = 2 sin ( ){sin( ) − icos( )} .
2 2 2
1− z θ
iii. Show that = −itan( ) .
1+ z 2
1− z 1
iv. Sketch the locus of z if |z| ≤ 1 and ≤ . Find z on this locus if Im(z) takes
1+ z 3
its maximum value.†
θ θ θ
i) 1 + z = (1 + cosθ ) + i ( sinθ ) = (2 cos 2 ) + i (2 sin cos )
«→ 2 2 2
θ θ θ
= 2 cos [cos + i sin ]
2 2 2
θ θ θ
ii) 1 − z = (1 − cosθ ) − i ( sinθ ) = (2 sin 2 ) − i (2 sin cos )
2 2 2
θ θ θ
= 2 sin ( sin − i cos )
2 2 2
θ θ θ
2 sin ( sin − i cos )
1− z 2× 2 2
iii) =
1+ z θ θ θ
2 cos (cos + i sin )
2 2 2
θ θ
− i (cos
+ i sin )
θ 2 2 = − i tan θ
= (tan )
2 (cos θ + i sin θ ) 2
2 2
iv) | z | = 1 represents a circle,
centre O and radius 1.
1− z 1 θ 1 θ 1
| |≤ , | −i tan | ≤ , | tan | ≤ ,
1+ z 3 2 3 2 3
π θ π π π
− ≤ ≤ ,− ≤θ ≤
6 2 6 3 3

At A, Im( z ) takes its maximum value

π π 1 3 »
z = 1(cos + i sin ) = + i
3 3 2 2
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25)! 4U96-7a
The quadratic equation x2 − (2 cos θ)x + 1 = 0 has roots α and β.
i. Find expressions for α and β.
ii. Show that α10 + β10 = 2 cos(10θ).†
2 cosθ ± (2 cosθ ) 2 − 4
i) x =
2
2 cosθ ± 2 cos 2 θ − 1
=
2
«→ = cosθ ± i 1 − cos 2 θ = cosθ ± i sin θ
∴α = cosθ + i sinθ , β = cosθ − i sinθ
(or vice versa)
ii) α 10 + β 10 = [cos(10θ ) + i sin(10θ )]
»
+ [cos(−10θ ) + i sin(−10θ )] = 2 cos(10θ )
26)! 4U96-7b
In an Argand Diagram A, B, C, D represent the complex numbers α, β, γ, δ respectively.
1
i. Describe the point which represents (α + γ ) .
2
ii. Deduce that if α + γ = β + δ, then ABCD is a parallelogram.†
y
D
A
α
M
γ C
0 x
OD = OA + OC = α + γ
«→ i)
α +γ
Since OADC is a parallelogram OM =
2
∴ M is the midpoint of AC
α +γ β +δ
ii) α + γ = β + δ , =
2 2
So the midpoint of AC is the same
point as the midpoint of BD.
A D

B C
So ABCD is a parallelogram »
27)! 4U96-7c

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3 1 1
x4 − 2(1 + β)x3 + (1 + β)2x2 − (1 + β)3x + β(1 + β2) = 0.
2 2 2
i. Show that 1 and β are roots of this equation.
ii. If the other roots are α and γ, use expressions for the sum and product of the roots to
1
show that α + γ = 1 + β and αγ = (1 + β2). Hence show that α − γ = ± i(1 − β).
2
iii. Deduce that the points representing 1, α, β, γ in the Argand Diagram are the
vertices of a square.
iv. Hence or otherwise find the four roots of the equation
3 1 1
x4 − 2(2 + i)x3 + (2 + i)2x2 − (2 + i)3x + (1 + i)(1 + 2i) = 0
2 2 2
and show the points representing these roots on an Argand Diagram.†
3 1 1
i) Sub x = 1 : 1 − 2(1 + β ) + (1 + β ) 2 − (1 + β ) 3 + β (1 + β 2 )
2 2 2
3 3 1 3 3 1 1 1
= 1 − 2 − 2β + + 3β + β 2 − − β − β 2 − β 3 + β + β 3 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1
«→ Sub x = β : β 4 − 2(1 + β ) β 3 + (1 + β ) 2 β 2 − (1 + β ) 3 β + β (1 + β 2 )
2 2 2
3 3 1 3 3 1
= β 4 − 2 β 3 − 2 β 4 + β 2 + 3β 3 + β 4 − β − β 2 − β 3 − β 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 3
+ β + β = 0. So 1 and β are roots of the equation.
2 2
ii) Sum of roots : 1 + β + α + γ = 2(1 + β ), α + γ = 1 + β .
1 1
Product of roots : 1βαγ = β (1 + β 2 ), αγ = (1 + β 2 ).
2 2
1
(α − γ ) 2 = (α + γ ) 2 − 4αγ = (1 + β ) 2 − 4[ (1 + β 2 )]
2
= 1 + 2 β + β − 2 − 2 β = −(1 − 2 β + β ) = −(1 − β ) 2
2 2 2

α − γ = ± i (1 − β )
y
B
A β–1
α α–γ
β γ
C
iii) D 1 x
The diagram shows: α – γ = –i (β – 1). AC rotated by 90° clockwise maps on to BD. So ABCD is a
square. [Other orientations would produce α – γ = i (β – 1)]
iv) Two roots are 1 and β = 1 + i
α + γ = 1 + β , α + γ = 2 + i ...(1)
α − γ = −i(1 − β ) , α − γ = −1 ...(2)
1 1 3 1
(1) + (2) : 2α = 1 + i , α = + i, γ = + i
2 2 2 2
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y B(1, 1)
1 1
A( , )
2 2
3 1
C( , )
2 2
x
D(1, 0) »
28)! 4U97-3a
β = 2 + 3i
i. On an Argand Diagram show the point B representing β, and vectors representing
β − 1 and β − i.
1
ii. If θ is the acute angle between vectors β − 1 and β − i, show that tan θ = .
2
2
β −1 5
iii. Show that = .
β −i 4
β −1 2
iv. Find ( ) in the form a + ib, a, b real.†
β −i
y

β–i B(2, 3)
θ
C(0, 1)
β−1

0 A(1, 0) x
«→ i)
3 −1 3−0
ii) mBC = = 1,m AB = =3
2 −0 2 −1
m − mBC 3 −1 1
tanθ =| AB |=| |=
1 + m AB mBC 1 + (3)(1) 2
iii) | β − 1 | = AB = (2 − 1) 2 + (3 − 0) 2 = 10
| β − i | = BC = (2 − 0) 2 + (3 − 1) 2 = 8
β −1 2 10 2 5
| | =( ) =
β −i 8 4
β −1 2 1 + 3i 2
iv) ( ) =( )
β −i 2 + 2i
»
− 8 + 6 i 8i + 6 3
= = = +i
8i 8 4
29)! 4U97-3b
x2 − 2x + p = 0, p real and p > 1, has roots α and β.
i. Show that α and β are non-real.
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ii. Show the relative positions of points A and B representing α and β on an Argand
Diagram.
iii. If ΔAOB is equilateral, find α, β and p.†
«→ i) Δ = (–2)2 – 4(1)(p) = 4(1 – p) < 0 since p > 1. ∴Roots are non-real.
ii) x 2 − 2 x = − p , ( x − 1) 2 = 1 − p
x = 1 ± 1 − p . α ,β = 1 ± i p − 1
y

p −1 A(α)

0 1 x

− p −1 B(β)
iii) If ΔAOB is equilateral then :
OA2 = AB 2 , 12 + ( p − 1) 2 = (2 p − 1) 2 »
4 i i
1 + p − 1 = 4( p − 1), p = , α = 1+ , β = 1−
3 3 3
30)! 4U97-3c
z satisfies z − 2i = 1 , and the point P represents z on an Argand Diagram.
i. Sketch the locus of P as z varies.
ii. Find the maximum and minimum values of arg z, where −π < arg z ≤ π.
iii. Find the value of z when arg z takes this minimum value, and mark on your sketch
the position P0 of P for this value of z.†
y

2
P1 1 P0
θ
α
0 x
«→ i)
1 π
ii) sinθ = , θ = , α ≤ arg z ≤ α + 2θ
2 6
π 2π
≤ arg z ≤
3 3
π π 3 3
iii) At P0 : z = 3 (cos + i sin ) = + i»
3 3 2 2
31)! 4U97-5a
i. Use De Moivre’s Theorem to show that cos 3θ = 4 cos3θ − 3 cos θ .
1
ii. Deduce 8x3 − 6x − 1 = 0 has solution x = cos θ where cos 3θ = .
2
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iii. Find the roots of 8x2 − 6x − 1 = 0 in the form cos θ .

iv. Hence evaluate cos π cos 2π cos 4π .†
9 9 9
«→i) cos3θ + isin3θ = (cosθ + isinθ)3 = cos3θ + 3cos2θ ( isinθ) + 3cos2θ (isinθ)2+(isinθ)3. Equating
real parts: cos3θ = cos3θ – 3cosθsin2θ = cos3θ – 3cosθ(1 – cos2θ) = 4cos3θ – 3cosθ
1
ii) 8 x 3 − 6 x − 1 = 0 , 4 x 3 − 3 x =
2
1 1
4 cos 3 θ − 3 cosθ = , cos 3θ =
2 2
π 5π 7π π 5π 7π
iii) 3θ = , , , θ = , ,
3 3 3 9 9 9
π 5π 4π
∴ x = cos or cos (= − cos )
9 9 9
7π 2π
or cos (= − cos )
9 9
π 2π 4π 1
iv) Product of roots : (cos )(− cos )(− cos ) =
9 9 9 8 »
π 2π 4π 1
cos cos cos =
9 9 9 8
32)! 4U98-3b
If arg(z − 2) = 2 arg z
i. Show vectors representing z, z − 2 in an Argand diagram.
ii. If the point P represents z, O is the origin and Q has coordinates (2, 0) in this
Argand diagram, what is the nature of Δ OPQ for non-real z? Deduce that if z is
non-real, then P lies on a circle and state its centre and radius.
iii. On a new diagram, sketch the locus in the Argand diagram of a point representing z
satisfying arg(z − 2) = 2 arg z, for both real and non-real z.†

y P

z z–2
θ 2θ
O Q(2, 0) x
«→ i) ii) ∠ OPQ = 2θ – θ = θ (Exterior angle of a Δ equals the sum of the two
opposite interior angles) ∴ Δ OPQ is isosceles with OQ = PQ = 2 ∴ P lies on a circle
centre Q with a radius of 2 units.
y
P
z
z–2
O 2 4 x

iii) Note that the origin is excluded since arg 0 is undefined. »

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33)! 4U98-4a
i. Show the roots of z5 + 1 = 0 on a unit circle in an Argand diagram.
ii. Factor z5 + 1 into irreducible factors with real coefficients.
π 3π 1 π 3π 1
iii. Deduce that cos + cos = and cos cos =− .
5 5 2 5 5 4
iv. Write a quadratic equation with integer coefficients which has roots
π 3π
cos and cos as surds.†
5 5
z 5 = − 1, z 5 = cis(π + 2nπ ), where n = 0 , 1, 2 ,3,4
π 2nπ π
z = cis( + ), z0 = cis ( )
5 5 5
«→ 3π 7π − 3π
z1 = cis( ), z 2 = cisπ = − 1, z 3 = cis = cis ( ),
5 5 5
9π π
z 4 = cis = cis(− )
5 5
y
z1 1

2π z0
5 π
z2
5
−1 π 1 x
5
2π z4
5
z3
ii) z 5 + 1 = ( z − z0 )( z − z1 )( z − z 2 )( z − z 3 )( z − z 4 )
= [( z − z0 )( z − z 4 )][( z − z1 )( z − z 3 )]( z + 1)
π −π π
z0 + z 4 = cis + cis = 2 cos
5 5 5
3π − 3π 3π
z1 z 4 = 1, z1 + z 3 = cis + cis ( ) = 2 cos , z1 z 3 = 1
5 5 5
π 3π
z 5 + 1 = ( z + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
5 5

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iii) Substitute z = i :
π 3π
(i + 1) = (i + 1)(−2i cos )(−2i cos )
5 5
π 3π π 3π 1
1 = − 4 cos cos , cos cos =−
5 5 5 5 4
Substitute z = 1 :
π 3π
2 = 2(2 − 2 cos )(2 − 2 cos )
5 5
1 π 3π
= (1 − cos )(1 − cos )
4 5 5
1 π 3π π 3π
= 1 − (cos + cos ) + cos cos
4 5 5 5 5
1 π 3π 1
= 1 − (cos + cos ) −
4 5 5 4
π 3π 1
cos + cos =
5 5 2
1 1
iv) x 2 − x − = 0 , 4 x2 − 2 x − 1 = 0 »
2 4
34)! 4U98-4b
P(x) = 16x4 − 32x3 + 16x2 + kx − 5, where k is an integer. P(x) has two rational roots which
are opposites of each other, and two non-real roots.
i. If α is a non-real root of P(x), show that Re(α) = 1 and α >1.
5
ii. If the rational roots are ±β, deduce that β 2 < .
16
iii. Find the rational roots and the value of k.
iv. Factorize P(x) into irreducible factors with integer coefficients.†
i) Since the polynomial has real coefficients
any complex root has its conjugate as a root.
Let the roots be ± β , α = a + ib , α where β , a , b
are real. Sum of roots :
32
β − β + a + ib + a − ib =
16
«→
a = 1, i .e. R (α ) = 1
Sum of roots multiplied two at a time :
βα + βα + β (− β ) + (− β )α + (− β )(α )
16
+ αα = , αα = β 2 + 1,| α |2 = β 2 + 1.
16
Since β is real and non zero : | α | > 1

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−5
ii) Product of roots : (− β ) βαα =
16
5 5
β 2 | α |2 = . Since | α | > 1 : β 2 <
16 16
iii) P ( β ) = 0 and P (− β ) = 0
P( β ) + P (− β ) = 0 , 32 β 4 + 32 β 2 − 10 = 0
2(4 β 2 − 1)(4 β 2 + 5) = 0
1 1
Since β is real : β 2 = , β = ±
4 2
1 1
The real roots are ± , P ( ) = 0
2 2
1
1 − 4 + 4 + k − 5 = 0, k = 8
2
iv) P(x) = 16x4 – 32x3 + 16x2 + 8x – 5 = (2x – 1)(2x + 1)(4x2 − 8x – 5) »
35)! 4U98-5a
q
z = 2 − i. Find real numbers p and q such that pz + = 1 .†
z
q q 2+i
pz + = 1, p (2 − i ) + × =1
z 2−i 2+i
2 q + qi
p(2 − i) + =1
5
2q q
(2 p + ) + i( − p) = 1
«→ 5 5 »
q
Equating imaginary parts : − p = 0 , q = 5 p .
5
2q 2 (5 p )
Equationg real parts : 2 p + = 1, 2 p + =1
5 5
1 5
p = ,q =
4 4
36)! 4U99-3a
i. Express z = 2 − 2 3 i in modulus/argument form.
1
ii. Using the modulus/argument forms, mark the points representing z , on an
z
Argand Diagram.†
π π
«→ i) z = 4 [cos (− ) + i sin (− )]
3 3
π π 1 1 π π
ii) z = 4(cos + i sin ) , = (cos + i sin )
3 3 z 4 3 3

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y z
1 1
| |=
1 z 4
z π | z|= 4
3
x
»
37)! 4U99-3b
i. Find the Cartesian equation of the locus represented by 2 z = 3( z + z ) .
ii. Sketch the locus on an Argand diagram.†
i) 2 | z |= 3( z + z ) , 2 x 2 + y 2 = 3[( x + iy) + ( x − iy)]
«→
4( x 2 + y 2 ) = 9(2 x) 2 , y 2 = 8 x 2 , y = ±2 2 x
y
y=2 2 x

y = −2 2 x
Since | z | ≥ 0 , x ≥ 0
ii) »
38)! 4U99-6a
i. Show that the roots of z6 – z3 + 1 = 0 are amongst the roots of z9 + 1 = 0.
ii. Show that
π 5π 7π
z 6 − z 3 + 1 = ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1) ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1) ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1) .
9 9 9
π 5π 5π 7π 7π π 3
iii. Show that cos cos + cos cos + cos cos = − .†
9 9 9 9 9 9 4
«→i) z9 + 1 = 0, (z3)3 + 13 = 0, (z3 + 1)(z6 – z3 + 1) = 0. So the (six) roots of z6 – z3 + 1 = 0 are
among the (nine) roots of z3 + 1 = 0

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ii) z 9 = −1, z 9 = 1cis (−π + 2 nπ ) where n = 0 , 1, 2 ,..., 8

(2 n − 1)π
z = cis
9
−π π 3π 5π
z = cis ( ) ,cis ( ) ,cis ( ), cis ( )
9 9 9 9
7π 9π 11π 13π 15π
cis ( ) ,cis ( ), cis ( ) ,cis ( ), cis ( ).
9 9 9 9 9
π 2π
But z = cis ( ) ,cis ( )
3 3
− 1 are roots of z = −1 . So the roots of z 6 − z 3 + 1 = 0 are :
3

π −π 5π − 4π 7π − 7π
z = cis ( ) ,cis ( ) ,cis ( ), cis ( ), cis ( ) ,cis ( ).
9 9 9 9 9 9
Notice that the 6 roots are 3 sets of complex conjugates.
π −π 5π − 5π 7π
z 6 − z 3 + 1 = ( z − cis )( z − cis )( z − cis )( z − cis )( z - cis )
9 9 9 9 9
− 7π π 5π 7π
( z − cis ) = ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
9 9 9 9
4
iii) Equating the coefficients of z on both sides of the identity in (ii) :
5π 7π π 5π π 7π
0 = 1 + 4 cos cos + 1 + 4 cos cos + 4 cos cos +1 »
9 9 9 9 9 9
π 5π 5π 7π 7π π −3
cos cos + cos cos + cos cos =
9 9 9 9 9 9 4
39)! 4U00-2a
i. Find the two square roots of 2i.
1
ii. Solve x2 + 2x + (1 – i ) = 0.†
2
«→ i) (x + iy)2 = 2i, (x2 – y2) + (2xy)i = 0 + 2i, x2 – y2 = 0 and xy = 1∴x = ± 1,
y = ± 1∴ x + iy = ±(1 + i)
1
− 2 ± 2 2 − 4 × 1 × (1 − i )
ii) x = 2
2
− 2 ± 2i − 2 ± (1 + i )
= = »
2 2
1 1 −3 1
= − + i, − i
2 2 2 2
40)! 4U00-3a
z1 = 1 + 2i and z2 = 3 – i. Find the value of z12 ÷ z 2 .†
2
z1 (1 + 2i ) 2 − 3 + 4i 3 − i
= = ×
«→ z 2 3 + i 3 + i 3−i »
− 9 + 3i + 12i + 4 − 5 + 15i 1 3
= = =− + i
10 10 2 2
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41)! 4U00-3b
z= 3 +i
i. Write z in modulus / argument form.
ii. What can you say about integers n such that z n + ( z ) n is rational?
iii. Find the smallest positive integer n such that z n + ( z ) n is a negative rational
number, and for this value of n, state the value of z n + ( z ) n .†
π π
«→ i) z = 2(cos + i sin )
6 6
−π −π
ii) z = 2[cos( ) + i sin( )]
6 6
nπ nπ − nπ − nπ
z n + z n = 2 n (cos + i sin ) + 2 n (cos + i sin )
6 6 6 6
nπ
∴ z n + z − n = 2 n+1 cos is rational if
6
n is even or n is a multiple of 3.
4π
iii) When n = 4 : z 4 + z 4 = 2 5 cos = −16 »
6
42)! 4U00-3c
α = p + iq where p and q are real.
i. If z satisfies Re(αz) = 1, show that the locus of the point P representing z in the
Argand diagram is the line px – qy = 1.
ii.
y
P

Q
z
α

O x

The vector OQ represents α in the Argand diagram. If z ≠ 0 is represented by the

vector OP where P lies on the circle with diameter OQ, copy the diagram and
show the vector representing z – α.
z −α 1
Show that for such a complex number z, is imaginary and hence Re(α ) = 1.
z z
iii. Deduce that if z is a non-zero complex number such that the point P representing z
in the Argand diagram lies on the circle with diameter OQ, where Q has coordinates
1
(p, q), then the point representing in the same Argand diagram lies on the line
z
px – qy = 1.

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iv. z ≠ 0 satisfies the condition z − (1 + i) = 2 . Sketch the locus of the points

1
representing z and in the same Argand diagram, and label each locus with its
z
equation. Considering only values between –π and π, what are the possible values
of arg(z)?†
«→ i) Re(αz) = 1, Re[(p + iq)(x + iy)] = 1, px – qy = 1
y
P z–α
Q
z
α
O x
ii)
QP represents z − α . Since ∠OPQ = 90°
(angle in a semicircle) ∴ zi = k ( z − α )
(OP rotated clockwise is in the same
z −α i z −α
direction as QP). = , Re( )=0
z k z
α α 1
Re(1 − ) = 0 , Re( ) = 1, Re(α ) = 1
z z z
1
iii) If is represented by ( x, y ), then from (i) : px − qy = 1
z
iv) | z − (1 + i ) |= 2 , ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 2
y

y = –x Q(2, 2)
2x –2y = 1
(1, 1)

O x

1
Locus of is 2 x − 2 y = 1
z
Since OQ has an equation of y = x. The tangent to the circle has an
»
equation of y = − x(tangent is perpendicular to the diameter).
−π 3π
< arg z <
4 4
43)! 4U01-2a
Find all the complex numbers z = a + ib, a, b real, such that | z |2 – iz = 16 – 2i.†
«→ |z|2 – iz = 16 – 2i, |a + ib|2 – (a + ib) = 16 – 2i, (a2 + b2 + b) – ai = 16 – 2i. Equating real and
imaginary parts: a = 2, a2 + b2 + b = 16, 4 + b2 + b = 16, (b – 3)(b + 4) = 0, b = 3
or b = –4 ∴ z = 2 + 3i or z = 2 – 4i »
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44)! 4U01-3a
In an Argand Diagram, the point P representing the complex number z moves so that
|z –(1 + i)| = 1.
i. Sketch the locus of P.
π
ii. Shade the region where | z − (1 + i ) | ≤ 1 and 0 < arg( z − i ) < .†
4
y π
4 B(1, 2)

1
(1, 1) A(2, 1)

0 1 x
«→ »
45)! 4U01-3b
In an Argand Diagram, a regular hexagon ABCDEF, with the vertices taken in anticlockwise
order, has its centre at the origin O and vertex A at z = 2.
i. Find the set of values of Im(z) for points z on the hexagon.
ii. Find the set of values of | z | for points z on the hexagon.
iii. If the hexagon is rotated in a clockwise direction about the origin through an angle
of 45°, find the value in modulus/argument form of the complex number which is
represented by the new position of the vertex C.†
y
C B
3
π
D 3 A
–2 O 2 x

− 3
E F
«→ i) − 3 ≤ Im( z ) ≤ 3
ii) 3 ≤ | z | ≤ 2
iii) At C : z = 2(cos 120° + i sin 120°)
After rotation by 45 ! clockwise : z = 2[cos(120° − 45°) + i sin(120° − 45°)] »
z = 2 (cos 75° + i sin 75°)
46)! 4U01-3c

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1
i. If z = cosθ + i sinθ, show that for positive integers n, z n + = 2 cos nθ and
zn
1 1 1
zn − n
= 2i sin nθ . Hence expand ( z + ) 4 + ( z − ) 4 to show that
z z z
1
cos 4 θ + sin 4 θ = (cos 4θ + 3) .
4
ii. By letting x = cos θ, show that the equation 8x4 + 8(1 – x2)2 = 7 has roots
π 5π
± cos , ± cos .
12 12
π 5π 1 3
iii. Deduce that cos , cos have a product of and a sum of .
12 12 4 2
π
iv. Hence or otherwise find a surd expression for cos .†
12
i) z n = cos nθ + i sin nθ ...(1)
z −n = cos(−nθ ) + i sin(−nθ )
«→ z −n = cos nθ − i sin nθ ...(2)
1
Adding (1) and (2) : z n + = 2 cos nθ
zn
1
Subtracting(1) and (2) : z n − n = 2i sin nθ
z
1 1
( z + )4 + ( z − )4
z z
4 1 4 1
= z4 + 4z2 + 6 + 2 + 4 + z4 − 4z2 + 6 − 2 + 4
z z z z
1
= 2( z 4 + 4 ) + 12
z
∴ (2 cosθ ) 4 + (2i sinθ ) 4 = 2(2 cos 4θ ) + 12
1
cos 4 θ + sin 4 θ = (cos 4θ + 3)
4

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ii) Let x = cosθ : 8 x 4 + 8 (1 − x 2 ) 2 = 7 gives

1
8 cos 4 θ + 8 sin 4 θ = 7 , 2(cos 4θ + 3) = 7 , cos 4θ =
2
π 5π 7π 11π
4θ = , , ,
3 3 3 3
(Only 4 solutions required since
the original equation is a quartic.)
π 5π 7π 11π
θ= , , ,
12 12 12 12
π 5π 7π 11π
x = cos , cos , cos , cos
12 12 12 12
π 11π
i.e. x = ± cos , ± cos
12 12
iii) The quadratic equation
8 y 2 + 8(1 − y ) 2 = 7
i.e. 16 y 2 − 16 y + 1 = 0
π 5π
has roots : cos 2 and cos 2
12 12
π 5π
Sum of roots : cos 2 + cos 2 =1
12 12
π 5π 1
Product of roots : cos 2 cos 2 =
12 12 16
π 5π 1
∴ cos cos = (> 0)
12 12 4
π 5π π 5π π 5π
(cos + cos ) 2 = cos 2 + cos 2 + 2 cos cos
12 12 12 12 12 12
1 3 π 5π 3
= 1 + 2( ) = , ∴ cos + cos = (> 0)
4 2 12 12 2
iv) A quadratic with roots
π 5π 3 1
cos and cos is : x 2 − x + =0
12 12 2 4
3 3 1
± − 4( )
x= 2 2 4 = 3 ± 1 , cos π > cos 5π :
2 2 2 12 12

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But y
y=cosx

π 5π π x
12 12 2 π 3 +1
∴ cos = »
12 2 2
47)! 4U02-3a
Let z = 3 + i
i. Express z in modulus/argument form.
ii. Show that z7 + 64z = 0.†
π π
«→ i) z = 2 (cos + i sin )
6 6
7π 7π − 3 1
ii) z 7 = 27 (cos + i sin ) = 128( − i)
6 6 2 2 »
7
= −64 ( 3 + i ) = −64 z , ∴ z + 64 z = 0
48)! 4U02-3b
1
Find the complex number z = a + ib, where a and b are real, such that Im( z ) + z = .†
1−i
1 1 1
Im( z ) + z = ,b + a − ib = + i
1−i 2 2
«→ Equating real and imaginary parts : »
1 1 1
b + a = , − b = ,∴ z = 1 − i
2 2 2
49)! 4U02-3c
The complex number z satisfies the condition | z – 8 | = 2 Re(z – 2).
i. Sketch the locus defined by this equation on an Argand diagram, showing any
important features of the curve. State the type of curve and write down its equation.
ii. Write down the value of | z + 8 | – | z – 8 |.
iii. Find the possible values of arg z.†
i) | z − 8 | = 2 Re ( z − 2)
| ( x + iy) − 8 |= 2 Re [( x + iy) − 2]
«→ x2 y2
( x − 8 ) 2 + y 2 = 2( x − 2), − =1
16 48
Since | z − 8 | ≥ 0 then 2 Re( z − 2) ≥ 0 i.e x ≥ 2

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y y= 3 x

S
O 2 4 8 x
x2 y2
− =1
16 48

y=− 3 x
The curve is a branch of a hyperbola
with focus at (8 , 0), directrix x = 2 and asymptotes y = ± 3 x
ii) |z + 8| – |z – 8| = 2a = 8
π π
iii) tan −1 (− 3 ) < arg z < tan −1 ( 3 ), − < arg z < »
3 3
50)! 4U02-3d
P, Q represent complex numbers α, β respectively in an Argand diagram, where O is the
origin and O, P, Q are not collinear. In Δ OPQ, the median from O to the midpoint M of PQ
meets the median from Q to the midpoint N of OP at the point R, where R represents the
complex number z.
i. Show this information on a sketch.
ii. Explain why there are positive real numbers k, l so that
1 1
kz = (α + β ) and l ( z − β ) = α − β .
2 2
1
iii. Show that z = (α + β )
3
iv. Deduce that R is the point of concurrence of the three medians of Δ OPQ.†
y T
P
α M
N R
z
β Q
x
«→ i) O

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ii) OQTP is a parallelogram

1
OT = α + β ,OM = (α + β ), OR = z
2
1
Since O, M and R are collinear then kz = (α + β ) ... (1)
2
1 1
ON = α , QN = α − β , QR = z − β
2 2
1
Since Q,R and N are collinear then l ( z − β ) = α − β ... (2)
2
1 1
iii) Equation (1) : kz = α + β
2 2
1
Equation (2) : lz = α + (l − 1) β
2
1
Equating coefficients : k = l and l − 1 =
2
3 3 1 1 1
∴ k = l = , z = α + β , z = (α + β )
2 2 2 2 3
iv) Let Nʹ′ be the midpoint of OQ. Let PNʹ′ meet OM at Rʹ′. Let Rʹ′ represent the complex number zʹ′.
y T
P

α M
Rʹ′
zʹ′
Nʹ′ β Q
O x
Using similar reasoning to (ii) and (iii) :
1
OT = α + β ,OM = (α + β ), OR ʹ′ = z ʹ′
2
1 1 1
∴ k ʹ′z ʹ′ = (α + β ), k ʹ′z ʹ′ = α + β ...(3)
2 2 2
1 1
ON ʹ′ = β , PN ʹ′ = β − α , PRʹ′ = z ʹ′ − α
2 2
»
1 1
∴ l ʹ′( z ʹ′ − α ) = β − α ,l ʹ′z ʹ′ = (l ʹ′ − 1)α + β ...(3)
2 2
3
Equating coefficients in (3) and (4) : k ʹ′ = l ʹ′ =
2
1
∴ z ʹ′ = (α + β ). So R and R ʹ′ are the same point.
3
The three medians of ΔPQR are concurrent at R.
51)! 4U02-5b
2 cos nθ
i. Use De Moivre’s Theorem to show that ( cot θ + i) n + (cot θ − i ) n = .
sin n θ

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π 3π
ii. Show that the equation (x + i)5 + (x – i)5 = 0 has roots 0, ± cot , ± cot .
10 10
π 3π
iii. Hence show that the equation x4 – 10x2 + 5 = 0 has roots ± cot , ± cot .
10 10
π
iv. Hence show that cot = 5 + 2 5 .†
10
i) (cot θ + i ) n + (cot θ − i ) n
(cosθ + i sinθ ) n (cosθ − i sin θ ) n
«→ = +
sin n θ sin n θ
(cos nθ + i sin nθ ) + (cos nθ − i sin nθ ) 2 cos nθ
= =
sin n θ sin n θ
ii) Let x = cot θ : (cot θ + i ) 5 + (cot θ − i ) 5 = 0
2 cos 5θ π π
5
= 0 , cos 5θ = 0 , 5θ = (2n + 1) , θ = (2n + 1)
sin θ 2 10
Where n = 0 ,±1,±2 ,... Since a polynomial equation of degree 5
± π ± 3π π
can only have 5 roots, let : n = 0 , ± 1, ± 2 : θ =
, ,
10 10 2
π 3π π π 3π
x = cot (± ), cot (± ) , cot ( ) = ± cot , ± cot ,0
10 10 2 10 10
iii) ( x + i ) 5 + ( x − i ) 5 = 0
( x 5 + 5ix 4 − 10 x 3 − 10 ix 2 + 5 x − i ) + ( x 5 − 5ix 4 − 10 x 3 + 10 ix 2 + 5 x + i ) = 0
2 x 5 − 20 x 3 + 10 x = 0 , 2 x( x 4 − 10 x 2 + 5) = 0
3π
π
2 x = 0 has the root x = 0 so x 4 − 10 x 2 + 5 = 0 has the roots ± cot . ,±
10 10
π 3π
iv) Let y = x 2 : y 2 − 10 y + 5 = 0 has the roots cot 2 , cot 2
10 10
2 2
y − 10 y = −5 ,( y − 5) = 20 , y = 5 ± 2 5 .
π π 3π π 3π »
Note that : < < . cot > 1 > cot >0
10 4 10 10 10
π 3π π
∴ cot 2 = 5 + 2 5 ,cot 2 = 5 − 2 5 ∴ cot = 5 + 2 5
10 10 10
52)! 4U03-3a
If x is real and (x + i)4 is imaginary, find the possible values of x in surd form.†
( x + i ) 4 = x 4 + 4ix 3 − 6 x 2 − 4ix + 1
Since ( x + i ) 4 is imaginary :
«→ x 4 − 6 x 2 + 1 = 0 , ( x 2 − 3) 2 = 8 »
x2 = 3 ± 2 2 ,x = ± 3 ± 2 2
Note that ( 2 ± 1) 2 = 3 ± 2 2 ,∴ x = ± ( 2 ± 1).
53)! 4U03-3b
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5π π
z and w are two complex numbers such that | z | = 4, arg z = , | w | = 2, arg w = .
6 3
i. Express each of z and w in the form a + ib, where a and b are real.
ii. In an Argand diagram the points P and Q represent the complex numbers z and w
respectively. Find the distance PQ in simplest exact form.†
5π 5π
i) z = 4(cos + i sin ) = −2 3 + 2i
«→ 6 6
π π
w = 2(cos + i sin ) = 1 + i 3
3 3
ii) PQ =| z − w |= | −(1 + 2 3 ) + (2 − 3 )i |
»
= (1 + 2 3 ) 2 + (2 − 3 ) 2 = 2 5
54)! 4U03-3c
i. Express 3 + i in modulus/argument form.
ii. On an Argand diagram sketch the locus of the point P representing the complex
number z such that | z − ( 3 + i ) | = 1, and find the set of possible values of |z| and
arg z.†
π π
«→ i) 3 + i = 2(cos + i sin )
6 6
y

T Q
1
1 C
R 1
0 π 3 x
ii) 6
OT is tangent to the circle.
max | z | at Q and min | z | at R. 1 ≤ | z | ≤ 3 »
π
Max arg z at T and min arg z at ( 3 ,0), 0 ≤ arg ≤
3

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55)! 4U03-3d
In an Argand diagram the points P, Q and R represent the complex numbers z1, z2 and
z2 + i (z2 – z1) respectively.
i. Show that PQR is a right-angled triangle.
ii. Find in terms of z1 and z2 the complex number represented by the point S such that
PQRS is a rectangle.†
y
Q
P

O x
«→ i)
→ → →
QP = OP − OP = z1 − z 2
→ → →
QR = OR − OQ = [ z 2 + i ( z1 − z 2 )] − z 2 = i ( z1 − z 2 )
→ →
So if QP is rotated 90 ! anticlockwise, it will map on QR.∴ ∠PQR = 90 !
y Q

P
R

S
O x
ii)
→ → → → →
PS = QR , OS = OP + PQ = z1 + i ( z 2 − z1 ) »
56)! 4U03-5b
i. Express the roots of the equation z5 + 32 = 0 in modulus/argument form.
ii. Hence show that
π 3π
z 4 − 2 z 3 + 4 z 2 − 8 z + 16 = {z 2 − (4 cos ) z + 4}{z 2 − (4 cos ) z + 4}.
5 5
π 3π
iii. Hence find the exact values of cos and cos in simplest surd form.†
5 5
i) z 5 = −32 , z 5 = 32 cis (π + 2nπ ) where n = 0 , 1, 2 ,3,4
1
(2n + 1)π π 3π 7π 9π
«→ z = 5
32 cis[ ] = 2cis ,2cis , 2cisπ ,2cis ,2cis
5 5 5 5 5
π 3π
z = −2 , 2cis (± ) , 2cis(± )
5 5

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−2
ii) z 4 − 2 z 3 + 4 z 2 − 8 z + 16 is a G.P with a = z 4 , r = , n = 5.
z
−2 5
z 4 [1 − () ]
z z 5 + 32
Sum = =
2 z+2
1 − (− )
z
4 3 2
z − 2 z + 4 z − 8 z + 16
π π 3π 3π
= ( z − 2cis )( z − 2cis(− ))( z − 2cis )( z − 2cis (− ))
5 5 5 5
π 3π
= ( z 2 − 4 z cos + 4 )( z 2 − 4 z cos + 4)
5 5
iii) Compare Coefficients of z :
π 3π π 3π 1
− 8 = −16 cos − 16 cos , ∴ cos + cos =
5 5 5 5 2
2
Compare Coefficients of z :
π 3π π 3π 1
4 = 4 + 16 cos cos + 4 , ∴ cos cos =−
5 5 5 5 4
π 3π
So cos and cos are roots of the quadratic equation : »
5 5
1 1 1 5 1± 5
x2 − x − = 0, (x − )2 = ,x=
2 4 4 16 4
π 3π
Since cos > 0 and cos <0:
5 5
π 1 3π 1
cos = (1 + 5 ) ,cos = (1 − 5 )
5 4 5 4
60)! 4U04-3d
i. On an Argand diagram shade the region where both |z| ≤ 4 and |z – 4| ≤ 4.
ii. Find the exact area of the shaded region.

«→i)
ii) ΔOAC is equilateral with OC = OA = AC = 4

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A
4
2π
O
3
4
B
1 2
Area of segments = r (θ − sinθ )
2
1 2π 2π 2π 3
= (4 ) 2 ( − sin ) = 8 ( − ) »
2 3 3 3 2
2π 3
∴ Required area = 16 ( − ) units 2
3 2
61)! 4U04-5b
rπ rπ
i. Show that the roots of the equation z10 = 1 are given by z = cos + i sin ,
5 5
r = 0, 1, 2, …, 9.
z − 1 10
ii. Explain why the equation ( ) = 1 has only nine roots. Show that the roots of
z
z − 1 10 1 rπ
( ) = 1 are given by z = (1 + i cot ) , r = 1, 2 , 3, ..., 9. †
z 2 10
i) z 10 = 1, z 10 = 1(cos 2 rπ + i sin 2 rπ )
1
2 rπ 2 rπ
z = 110 (cos + i sin )
«→ 10 10
rπ rπ
z = cos + i sin , r = 0 ,1, 2 , ...,9
5 5

z − 1 10
ii) ( ) = 1, ( z − 1) 10 = z 10
z
After expanding and simplifying,
this polynomial equation has degree 9
and hence only 9 roots. From (i) :
z −1 rπ rπ 1 rπ rπ
= cos + i sin , 1 − = cos + i sin
z 5 5 z 5 5

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1 rπ π
= (1 − cos ) − i sin
z 5 5
1 rπ sin rπ rπ
= 2 sin 2 − 2i cos
z 10 10 10
1 rπ rπ π
= −2i sin (cos + i sin r )
z 10 10 10
»
i − rπ − rπ
z= (cos + i sin )
rπ 10 10
2 sin
10
1 rπ 1 rπ
z = i (cot − i ), z = (1 + i cot ),
2 10 2 10
r = 1,2 ,3 ,4 ,...,9. Note that z is not defined for r = 0.
62)! 4U05-3a
6 − 2i 6
Show that the complex number z = − is real.†
3 + 4i 5i
6 − 2i 3 − 4i 6 i 18 − 24i − 6 i − 8 6 i
z= ( )− ( )= +
«→ 3 + 4 i 3 − 4 i 5 i i 25 5 »
10 − 30i 6 i 2 − 6 i 6 i 2
= + = + = which is real.
25 5 5 5 5
63)! 4U05-3b
π π 5π 5π
z1 = 4(cos + i sin ) and z 2 = 2(cos + i sin ).
12 12 12 12
i. On an Argand diagram draw the vectors OA,OB ,OC representing z1, z2, z1 + z2
respectively.
ii. Hence find |z1 + z2| in simplest exact form.†
(i) y

C
4
B
π 2
12 2π
2
3
4 A
O x
π
«→ 12
2π
(ii) | z1 + z2 |= OC = 2 2 + 4 2 − 2 × 2 × 4 × cos =2 7»
3
64)! 4U05-3c
The quadratic equation z2 + kz + 4 = 0, k real and –4 < k < 4, has two non-real roots α, β.
i. Explain why α, β are complex conjugates. Hence show that |α| = |β| = 2.
π π
ii. If α, β have arguments ,− , find the value of k.†
4 4
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«→ i. A polynomial with real coefficients either has real roots or roots that are complex conjugates.
∴α and β are complex conjugates. From the product of the roots:
αβ = 4 ,αα = 4 ,| α |2 = 4 ,| α | = 2. Also | β | = | α | = | α | = 2
π −π π −π
(ii) α = 2cis , β = 2cis
sum of roots : 2cis + 2cis = −k »
4 4 4 4
( 2 + i 2 ) + ( 2 − i 2 ) = −k , k = −2 2
65)! 4U05-3d
i. On an Argand diagram shade the region where both
π
| z − (1 + i) |≤ 2 and 0 ≤ arg z ≤ hold.
2
ii. Find the exact perimeter and the exact area of the shaded region.†
(i) y

(1, 1)

O 2 x
«→
(ii) The radius of the circle is 2 . Perimeter = 2 + 2 + π ( 2 ) = 4 + π 2 .
1 1 »
Area = (2)(2) + π ( 2 ) 2 = 2 + π
2 2
66)! 4U05-5b
z = cosθ + i sinθ.
i. Express 1 + z in modulus argument form. Hence show that
θ
(1 + z ) 4 = 16 cos 4
(cos 2θ + i sin 2θ ).
2
ii. Use the Binomial Theorem expansion of (1 + z)4 to show that
θ
1 + 4 cos θ + 6 cos 2θ + 4 cos 3θ + cos 4θ = 16 cos 4 cos 2θ , and find the
2
corresponding expression for 4 sinθ + 6 sin2θ + 4 sin3θ + sin4θ
4 sin θ + 6 sin 2θ + 4 sin 3θ + sin 4θ
iii. Hence show that = tan 2θ and
1 + 4 cos θ + 6 cos 2θ + 4 cos 3θ + cos 4θ
4 sin θ + 4 sin 3θ + sin 4θ
= tan 2θ .†
1 + 4 cos θ + 4 cos 3θ + cos 4θ

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(i) 1 + z = (1 + cos θ ) + i sin θ

θ θ θ
= 2 cos 2 + 2i sin cos
2 2 2
θ θ θ
= 2 cos [cos + i sin ],
2 2 2
4 θ 4 4θ 4θ
«→ (1 + z ) = (2 cos ) [cos + i sin ]
2 2 2
θ
= 16 cos 4 (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ )
2
(ii) (1 + z ) 4 = 1 + 4 z + 6 z 2 + 4 z 3 + z 4
= 1 + 4(cos θ + i sin θ ) + (6 cos 2θ + i sin 2θ )
+ 4(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ ) + (cos 4θ + i sin 4θ )
Equating real parts from (i) and (ii) :
θ
1 + 4 cos θ + 6 cos 2θ + 4 cos 3θ + cos 4θ = 16 cos 4 cos 2θ
2
Equating imaginary parts from (i) and (ii) :
θ
4 sin θ + 6 sin 2θ + 4 sin 3θ + sin 4θ = 16 cos 4 sin 2θ
2
4 sin θ + 6 sin 2θ + 4 sin 3θ + sin 4θ
(iii)
1 + 4 cos θ + 6 cos 2θ + 4 cos 3θ + cos 4θ
θ
16 cos 4 sin 2θ
= 2 = tan 2θ
θ
16 cos 4 cos 2θ
2 »
4 sin θ + 4 sin 3θ + sin 4θ
Also :
1 + 4 cos θ + 4 cos 3θ + cos 4θ
θ
(16 cos 4 − 6 ) sin 2θ
= 2 = tan 2θ
4 θ
(16 cos − 6 ) cos 2θ
2
67)! 4U06-3a
a b
Find the values of real numbers a and b such that + = 1†
i 1+ i
a b b(1 − i ) b b
+ = 1, − ai + = 1, + (−a + )i = 1.
«→ i 1 + i 2 2 2 »
Equate real and imaginary parts : b = 2 and a = −1
68)! 4U06-3b
i. Express z = 1 + i in modulus/argument form. Hence show that z9 = 16z.
ii. Express (1 + i)9 + (1 – i)9 in the form a + ib where a and b are real.†

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π
i) r = 12 + 12 = 2 , θ = tan −1
4
π π
z = 2 (cos + sin )
«→ 4 4
9π 9π
z 9 = ( 2 ) 9 (cos + sin )
4 4
π π
= 16 2 (cos + sin ) = 16 z
4 4
9 9
ii) (1 + i ) + (1 − i )
9
= z 9 + z = 16 ( z + z ) From (i) »
= 16 × 2 Re( z ) = 32
69)! 4U06-3c
In the Argand diagram, points A, B, C, D represent the complex numbers α, β, γ, δ
respectively.
i. If α + γ =β + δ show that ABCD is a parallelogram.
ii. If ABCD is a square with vertices in anticlockwise order, show that
γ + iα = β + iβ†.
«→ i) Since α + γ =β + δ, then α – β = δ – γ
BA = CD , which defines a parallelogram with two opposite
side BA and CD are both equal and parallel.
ii) Since ABCD is a square with vertices in anticlockwise order then AB = iBC
i.e. β – α =i(γ – β), then γ + iα = β + iβ »
70)! 4U06-3d
i. In the Argand diagram shade the region where both |z – (1 + i)| ≤ 1 and
π
0 ≤ arg(z – (1 + i)) ≤ .
4
ii. Find the sets of values of |z| and of arg z for points in the shaded region.
y
2 P
C(1, 1) Q
1

0 1 2 x 1 π
«→ i) ii) 2 < z ≤ 1 + 2 , tan −1 ≤ arg z ≤ »
2 4
71)! 4U06-8a

i. Solve the equation z5 – 1 = 0, giving the roots in modulus/argument form.

2π 4π
ii. Hence show that z 5 − 1 = ( z − 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1) .
5 5
2π 4π
iii. Show that 4(1 − cos )(1 − cos ) = 5
5 5

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2π
iv. Hence show that x = cos is a root of the equation 8x3 – 8x2 – 8x + 3 = 0†
5
2π 2π 4π 4π 6π 6π 8π 8π
«→ i) z = 1, cos + i sin , cos + i sin , cos( ) + i sin( ) , cos( ) + i sin( )
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ii) The root of unity are conjugate. Let the roots be 1, α ,α ,β , β
z 5 − 1 = ( z − 1)( z − α )( z − α )( z − β )( z − β )
z 5 − 1 = ( z − 1)[ z 2 − (α + α ) z + α α ][ z 2 − ( β + β ) z + β β ]
2 2
z 5 − 1 = ( z − 1)[ z 2 − 2 Re(α ) z + α ][ z 2 − 2 Re( β ) z + β ]
2π 4π
z 5 − 1 = ( z − 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
5 5
2π 4π
iii) z 5 − 1 = ( z − 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
5 5
Comparing the coefficient of z in both sides we get :
2π 4π 2π 4π 1
1 + 2 cos + 2 cos = 0 ⇒ cos + cos = − ... (1)
5 5 5 5 2
2
Comparing the coefficient of z in both sides we get :
2π 4π 2π
(1 + 2 cos ) + 2 cos (1 + 2 cos ) + 1 = 0
5 5 5
2π 4π 2π 4π
2 + 2(cos + cos ) + 4 cos cos =0
5 5 5 5
2π 4π
Sub from (1) : 1 + 4 cos cos =0
5 5
2π 4π 1
cos cos = − ... (2)
5 5 4
2π 4π 2π 4π 2π 4π
Now 4 (1 − cos )(1 − cos ) = 1 − (cos + cos ) + cos cos
5 5 5 5 5 5
−1 −1
= 4 [1 − ( ) + ] = 5
2 4

†©CSSA OF NSW 1984 - 2003

©EDUDATA SOFTWARE PTY LTD: DATA VER5.0 2004
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 M_BANK\YR12-4U\COMPLEX01.CAT

2π
iv) Substitute x = cos in LHS of the equation
5
LHS = 8 x 3 − 8 x 2 − 8 x + 3
2π 2π 2π
= 8 cos 3 − 8 cos 2 − 8 cos +3
5 5 5
2π 2π 2π 2π
= 4 cos (2 cos 2 ) − 4 (2 cos 2 ) − 8 cos +3
5 5 5 5
2π 4π 4π 2π
= 4 cos (1 + cos ) − 4 (1 + cos ) − 8 cos +3
5 5 5 5
2π 2π 4π 4π 2π
= 4 cos + 4 cos cos − 4 − 4 cos − 8 cos +3
5 5 5 5 5
2π 2π 4π 4π
= −4 cos + 4 cos cos + 4 − 4 cos −8+3
5 5 5 5
2π 4π 4π
= −4 cos (1 − cos ) + 4 (1 − cos ) − 5
5 5 5
2π 4π
= 4 (1 − cos )(1 − cos ) − 5
5 5 »
= 5 − 5 = 0 = RHS by subsitutin g from part (iii)

†©CSSA OF NSW 1984 - 2003

©EDUDATA SOFTWARE PTY LTD: DATA VER5.0 2004
91