SOLUTIONS FOR QR Q 1.

COMPLEX NUMBERS
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1. COMPLEX NUMBERS
No. of periods Weightage in IPE
Sections (6 ) [1x2+1x4=6]
1. Complex Numbers-I 3 2 or 4 marks
2. Complex Numbers-II 3 2 or 4 marks

The set of real numbers R is extended to the set of complex numbers C, inorder
to solve the equations like x2+1=0. As a way out, a new number whose square is -1, is
introduced and it is denoted by i. Thus i2=-1 and i is the square root of -1. Numbers

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of the form i, 2i, 3i, i/2, -3/2i, etc., are called imaginary numbers.

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The real line (one dimension) is completely filled by the set of all reals and
hence there is no place for imaginary numbers. Hence we are forced to enter into the

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second dimension. Here, all the imaginary numbers are placed on a line perpendicular
to the real axis, called imaginary axis. Now, the Cartesian product of these two sets of

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numbers, yield the so-called complex numbers. A complex number is written as x+iy,

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denoted by z, where x,y are real numbers. Here, we have to note that, this positive sign
+ does not denote the addition as we understood hither. It is just conventionally used

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to reveal the fact that the real number x is associated with the imaginary number yi. A
complex number is also represented by ordered pair of reals.
Thus, C={(a,b),a,bÎR} = R xR

The plane depicting every point by means of a complex number is called Argand
plane. This Argand plane just corresponds to the Cartesian plane in most of the aspects.
In this regard, the role of a complex number z=x+iy is compensated by the point
P(x,y). The point P(x,y) is called the image of the complex number z=x+iy and z is
said to be the affix or complex coordinate of the point P. The complex number z=x+iy
representing the point P(x,y) is also represented by the position vector OP.

In this topic, we have discussed the fundamental operations on complex

numbers, structural properties of complex numbers, square root of complex numbers,
cube roots and 4th roots of unity, conjugate of a complex number, modulus of a complex
number, argument of a complex number, polar form of a complex number etc.,

Demoivre’s theorem, one of the important applications of the topic "complex

numbers", with the use of which we (i) solve some of the algebraic equations with
higher powers (ii) find expansions for sinnq, cosnq etc.
1. COMPLEX NUMBERS SOLUTIONS FOR QR Q
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SYNOPSIS POINTS
1. Complex Numbers are expressed in the form z=x+iy or (x,y) where x,yÎR, i 1
2.1. If z=x+iy then x is called the Real part of z and it is denoted by Re(z)
and y is called the Imaginary part of z and it is denoted by Im(z)
2.2. A complex number is said to be (i) purely real if its imaginary part is zero.
(ii) purely imaginary if its real part is zero.
3. Equality of complex numbers: Two complex numbers z1=x1+iy1 and z2=x2+iy2 are equal
i.e., x1+iy1=x2+iy2 Û x1=x2 and y1=y2
i.e., corresponding real parts are equal and corresponding imaginary parts are equal.

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4. If z1=x1+iy1, z2 = x2+iy2 then (i) z1+z2 = (x1+x2) + i(y1+y2) (ii) z1–z2 = (x1–x2) + i(y1–y2)

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(iii) z1.z2 = (x1+iy1) (x2+iy2) = (x1x2 - y1y2) + i(y1x2+x1y2)

z x1  iy1 (x1  iy1 )(x 2  iy 2 ) §x x y y · §y x x y ·

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(iv) 1 ¨ 1 2 1 2 ¸  i¨ 1 2 1 2 ¸
z2 x 2  iy 2 (x 2  iy 2 )(x 2  iy 2 ) ¨ x 2  y2 ¸ ¨ x 2  y2 ¸
© 2 2 ¹ © 2 2 ¹
1 i

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Note : (i)  a i a , a  R  (ii) ( x  iy) 2 ( x 2  y 2 )  2ixy (iii ) ( x  iy)( x  iy) x 2  y 2 (iv) i
1 i
5. If z=x+iy then its (i) conjugate is z =x-iy (ii) additive inverse is -z=-x-iy

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x iy §y·
(iii) multiplicative inverse is  (iv) modulus is | z | x 2  y 2 (v) Arg z Tan 1 ¨ ¸
2
x y 2 2
x y 2 ©x¹

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§ ra ra ·
6. The square root of a  ib is a  ib r¨¨ i ¸, where r a 2  b2
© 2 2 ¸¹
1 i 3 1 i 3
7.1.The roots of x3=1 are called cube roots of unity, which are 1 ; Z ; Z2
2 2
7.2. 1+w+w2 =0, hence we have 1+w = -w2, 1+w 2= -w, w+w2= -1
8. The roots of x4=1 are called fourth roots of unity, which are 1,-1, i,-i
9. Mod amp.form or polar form:
If z = x+iy then z=r(cosq+isinq) is called Mod-amplitude form of x+iy where

(i) r is the mod ulus of z, i.e., r x 2  y2

§ y·
(ii) The principal amplitude Tan1¨ ¸ qÎ(-p,p] can be determined
©x¹
according the quadrant in which the point represented by (x,y) lies.
10.1. If Arg z=q then Arg z T
10.2. If Arg z1=q1 and Arg z2=q2 then (i) Arg (z1.z2)=q1+q2 (ii) Arg z1 / z 2 T1  T 2
cis T 1
11. cosq+isinq is simply written as cisq; cisq=eiq; cisq1.cisq2=cis(q1+q2); cis ( T 1  T 2 )
cis T 2
SOLUTIONS FOR QR Q 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS
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ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS
1 If z = x+iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z, then describe
geometrically the locus of z, satisfying the equation 2|z–2| =|z–1|

Sol: Given z = x+iy Þ 2|z–2|=|z–1| Þ 2|x+iy–2| = |x+iy–1| Þ 2|(x–2)+iy| =|(x–1)+iy|

Ÿ 2 (x  2)2  y2 (x  1)2  y2 Ÿ 4[(x  2)2  y2 ] (x  1)2  y2

Ÿ 4[(x 2  4x  4)  y2 ] (x 2  2x  1)  y2 Ÿ 3x 2  3y2  14x  15 0

\ This locus represents the equation of a circle.

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2 If z=x+iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z, then describe
geometrically the locus of P satisfying the equations.

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(i) |2z–3|=7 (ii) |z|2=4Re(z+2) (iii) |z+i|2–|z–i|2=2 (iv) |z+4i|+|z–4i|=10

Sol: i) Given z=x+iy Þ |2z–3| =7 Þ |2(x+iy)–3|=7 Þ |(2x–3)+i(2y)|=7

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Ÿ (2x  3)2  4y2 7 Ÿ (2x  3)2  4y2 49 Ÿ (4x 2  9  12x)  4y2 49

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Ÿ 4x 2  4y 2  12x  40 0 Ÿ x 2  y 2  3x  10 0

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ii) Given z=x+iy Þ | z | x 2  y2 Ÿ| z |2 x 2  y2
Now, z+2=(x+iy)+2=(x+2)+iy. Hence Re(z+2)=x+2

? | z |2 4 Re(z  2) Ÿ x 2  y 2 4(x  2) Ÿ x 2  y 2  4x  8 0
iii) Given z x  iy Ÿ| z  i |2  | z  i |2 2 Ÿ| x  iy  i |2  | x  iy  i |2 2

Ÿ| x  i(y  1) |2  | x  i(y  1) |2 2 Ÿ ( x 2  (y  1)2 )2  ( x 2  (y  1)2 )2 2

Ÿ x2  (y 1)2 x2  (y 1)2 2 Ÿ 4(y)(1) 2 Ÿ 2y 1 [' (a  b)2  (a  b)2 4ab]
iv) Given z x  iy Ÿ| z  4i |  | z  4i | 10 | x  iy  4i |  | x  iy  4i | 10

Ÿ| x  i(y  4) |  | x  i(y  4) | 10 Ÿ x 2  (y  4)2  x 2  (y  4)2 10

Ÿ x 2  (y  4)2 10  x 2  (y  4)2
Squaring on both sides, we get x 2  (y  4)2 100  x 2  (y  4)2  20 x 2  (y  4)2

Ÿ (y  4)2  (y  4)2 100  20 x 2  (y  4)2 Ÿ 4(y)(4) 100  20 x 2  (y  4)2

Ÿ 4y  25 5 x 2  (y  4)2 .
Again squaring on both sides, 16y 2  200y  625 25[x 2  (y  4) 2 ]

25(x 2  y 2  8y  16) 25x 2  25y 2  200y  400 Ÿ 25x 2  9y 2 225

1. COMPLEX NUMBERS SOLUTIONS FOR QR Q
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z2 2z1 + z 2
3 If , (z1 z 0) , is an imaginary number then find the value of
z1 2z1  z 2

z z2
Sol: Given that 2 , (z1 z 0) is an imaginary number . So we take 0  ki ki
z1 z1

2z1 z 2 z
 2 2
2z1 + z 2 z1 z1 z1 2  ik | 2  ik | 4  k2
? 1
2z1  z 2 2z1 z 2 z2 2  ik | 2  ik | 4k 2
 2
z1 z1 z1
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z 3  z1
4 If z  z is a real number, show that the points represented by the complex

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2 1
numbers z1, z2, z3 are collinear.

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z3  z1
Sol: Let z  z k,R Ÿ z3  z1 k(z2  z1) kz2  kz1 Ÿ kz1  z1 kz2  z3 Ÿ z1(k 1) kz2  z3

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2 1
kz 2  z3
Ÿ z1 . This is the 'section formula' for external division.
k 1

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Thus z1 represents a collinear point which divides the line joining the points z2, z3 in the ratio
k:1 externally. \ z1, z2, z3 are collinear
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5 Show that the points in the Argand diagram represented by the complex numbers
z1,z2,z3 are collinear, if and only if there exists three real numbers p,q,r not all zero,

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satisfying pz1+qz2+rz3=0 and p+q+r=0

Sol: z1, z2, z3 are collinear Û z3 lies on the line joining z1 and z2.
mz 2  nz1
œ z3 œ (m  n)z3 mz 2  nz1 œ nz1  mz 2  (m  n)z3 0
mn
Û pz1+qz2+rz3=0 where p=n, q=m, r = –m–n such that p+q+r=0
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za
6 If z = x +iy and the point P represent z in the Argand plane and 1 , Re (a) ¹ 0,
za
then find the locus of P. TS 15
Sol: Given z = x + iy ; Let a = a + ibÞ a =a–ib
za |za|
Now 1Ÿ 1 Þ |z –a| = | z  a |
za |za |
Ÿ| x  iy  (D  iE) | | x  iy  (D  iE) | Ÿ| (x  D)  i(y  E) | | (x  D )  i(y  E) |

Ÿ (x  D ) 2  (y  E) 2 (x  D ) 2  (y  E) 2

By squaring on both sides, we get ( (x  D)2 + (y  E)2 = (x + D)2 + (y  E)2

Þ (x + a)2 – (x – a)2 = 0
Þ 4ax = 0 [' Re (a) ¹ 0 Þa ¹ 0 ]
Þx=0
SOLUTIONS FOR QR Q 1. COMPLEX NUMBERS
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7 The points P,Q denote the complex numbers z1,z2 in the Argand diagram. O is the
origin. If z1 z2  z1z 2 0 then show that ÐPOQ=90º.

Sol: Let P = (x1, y1) Þ z1 x1  iy1 ;Q = (x2, y2) Þ z 2 x 2  iy 2 and O = (0,0)

z1 = x1+iy1Þ z1 x1  iy1 and z2=x2+iy2 Þ z2 x 2  iy 2

Given that z1 z2  z1z 2 0 Ÿ (x1  iy1 )(x 2  iy 2 )  (x1  iy1 )(x 2  iy 2 ) 0

Ÿ (x1x 2  ix1y2  ix 2 y1  y 1y2 )  (x1x 2  ix1y2  ix 2 y1  y1y 2 ) 0 Ÿ 2(x1x 2  y1y2 ) 0

§  y ·§  y ·
Ÿ x1x 2  y1y 2 0 Ÿ x1x 2  y1y 2 Ÿ ¨ 1 ¸¨ 2 ¸ 1
© x1 ¹© x 2 ¹

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HJJG HJJG

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Ÿ (Slope of OP)(Slope of OQ) 1 Ÿ ‘POQ 90º
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8 If z1,z2 are two non-zero complex numbers satisfying |z1+z2|=|z1|+|z2| show that
Arg z1–Arg z2 = 0.

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Sol: Let z1=x1+iy1 and z2 = x2+iy2 \ z1+z2 = (x1+iy1) + (x2+iy2) = (x1+x2) + i (y1 +y2)

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Þ | z1  z 2 | (x1  x 2 )2  (y1  y 2 )2

Given that |z1+z2| = |z1| + |z2| Þ (x1  x 2 )2  (y1  y2 )2 x12  y12  x 22  y22

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Squaring on both sides

(x1  x 2 ) 2  (y1  y 2 ) 2 x12  y12  x 22  y 22 2 x12  y12 x 22  y 22

Þ (x12  x 22  2x1x 2 )  (y12  y 22  2y1y 2 ) = x12  x 22  y12  y 22 2 x12  y12 x 22  y 22

Þ2x1x2+2y1y2=2 x12  y12 x 22  y 22

Þx1x2+y1y2= x12  y12 x 22  y 22

Squaring again, (x1x 2  y1y 2 ) 2 (x12  y12 )(x 22  y 22 )

Þ x12 x 22  y12 y 22  2x1x 2 y1y 2 x12 x 22  x12 y 22  x 22 y12  y12 y 22
Þ x12 y 22  x 22 y12  2x1x 2 y1y 2 0

y1 y 2 §y · §y ·
0 Þ x1y2 = x2y1 Ÿ
Þ (x1y 2  x 2 y1 ) 2 Ÿ T an 1 ¨ 1 ¸ T an 1 ¨ 2 ¸
x1 x 2 © x1 ¹ © x2 ¹
Þ Arg (z1)= Arg (z2) Þ Arg (z1)– Arg (z2)=0
1. COMPLEX NUMBERS SOLUTIONS FOR QR Q
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9 Show that the equation of any circle in the complex plane is of the form
zz + bz + bz + c = 0 (b  C, c  R)
Sol: We know that the general equation of circle is x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c=0, g,f,c ÎR
Let z=x+iy then z x  iy . Since, bÎC we take b=p+iq then b p  iq , p,q ÎR
\ z z  b z  bz  c 0 Ÿ (x  iy)(x  iy)  (p  iq )(x  iy)  (p  iq )(x  iy)  c 0
Þ x2+y2+px+qy+iqx–ipy+px+qy+piy–qxi+c=0
Þ x2+y2+2px+2qy+c=0, which is in the form x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c=0
Hence, the given equation represents the equation of a circle.
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10 Find the eccentricity of the ellipse whose equation is | z  4 |  z  10
5

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12
Sol: Given equation | z  4 |  z  5 10

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The equation of ellipse with foci S & S' and latusrectum 4a is SP + S'P = 2a
§ 12 ·
\S = (4, 0) , Sc ¨ ,0 ¸ and 2a = 10Þ a = 5

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©5 ¹
We know that the distance between the foci is SSc 2ae

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12 8 4
Ÿ 2ae 4 Ÿ 2(5)e Ÿe
5 5 5

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11 If the complex number z with argument q, 0  T  is such that |z–3i| = 3 then

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2
§ 6·
prove that ¨ cot T  ¸ i
© z¹
S y Ÿ cot T x
Sol: Given that 0  T  . Then as x>0, y>0, tan T y
2 x
Also z=x+iy Þ z x  iy . Then zz (x  iy)(x  iy) x 2  y2

Now, | z  3i | 3 Ÿ| x  iy  3i | | x  (y  3)i | 3 Ÿ x 2  (y  3) 2 3

Ÿ x 2  (y  3) 2 9 Ÿ x 2  y2 6y ? zz 6y

6 6(z) 6z x 6 (x  iy) x x
Now cot T  cot T  cot T     i i.
z z(z) zz y 6y y y