Title: Application of Derivative

Chapter: Application of Derivative

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Tangent and Normal

Let y = f(x) be function with graph as shown in figure. Consider secant PQ. If Q tends to P
along the curve passing through the points Q1, Q2, .....I.e. Q  P, secant PQ will
become tangent at P. A line through P

perpendicular to tangent is called normal at P.

dy
Geometrical Meaning of
dx
As Q  P, h  0 and slope of chord PQ tends to slope of tangent at P (see figure).
f(x  h)  f(x)
Slope of chord PQ =
h
f(x  h)  f(x)
lim slope of chord PQ = lim
Q P h0 h
dy
 slope of tangent at P = f(x) =
dx
Equation of tangent and normal
dy 
= f(x1) denotes the slope of tangent at point (x1, y1) on the curve y = f(x). Hence
dx  ( x1, y1 )
the equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is given by
(y – y1) = f(x1) (x – x1) ; when, f(x1) is real.

Also, since normal is a line perpendicular to tangent at (x1 , y1) so its equation is given
by
1
(y – y1) = – (x – x1), when f(x1) is nonzero real.
f (x1 )

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 If f(x1) = 0, then tangent is the line y = y1 and normal is the line x = x1.
f(x1  h)  f(x1 )
If lim =  or – , then x = x1 is tangent (VERTICAL TANGENT) and y =
h 0 h
y1 is normal.

Example # 1 Find equation of tangent to y = ex at x = 0. Hence draw graph

Solution : At x = 0  y = e0 = 1
dy dy
= ex  =1
dx dx x 0

Hence equation of tangent is

1 (x – 0) = (y – 1)
 y=x+1
1
Example # 2 Find the equation of all straight lines which are tangent to curve y = and
x 1
which are parallel to the line x + y = 0.
Solution : Suppose the tangent is at (x1, y1) and it has slope – 1.

dy
 = – 1.
dx ( x1 , y1 )

1
 – = – 1.
(x1  1)2

 x1 = 0 or 2

  y1 = – 1 or 1
Hence tangent at (0, – 1) and (2, 1) are the required lines (see figure) with
equations
– 1(x – 0) = (y + 1) and – 1 (x – 2) = (y – 1)
 x+y+1=0 and y+x=3

Example # 3 Find equation of normal to the curve y = |x2 – | x | | at x = – 2.

Solution : In the neighborhood of x = – 2, y = x2 + x.

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 Hence the point of contact is (– 2, 2)
dy dy
= 2x + 1  = – 3.
dx dx x 2

So the slope of normal at (– 2, 2) is .

Hence equation of normal is
1
(x + 2) = y – 2  3y = x + 8
3

Example # 4 Prove that sum of intercepts of the tangent at any point to the curve
represented by x = 3cos4 & y = 3sin4 on the coordinate axis is constant.
Solution : Let P(3cos4 , 3sin4) be a variable point on the given curve.
dy
dy 3.4 sin3 .cos 
 m = = d = =–tan
dx dx 3.4cos3  sin 
d
   equation of tangent at point P is
y – 3sin4 = –tan2 (x – 3cos4)
x y
  =1
3cos2  3 sin2 

 sum of x-axis intercept and y-axis intercept = 3cos2 + 3sin2= 3 (which

is constant)

Self Practice Problems :


(1) Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = 1 – a sin , y = b cos2  at  = .
2

(2) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the given points.
(i) y = x4 – 6x3 + 13x2 – 10x + 5 at (1, 3)
x3
(ii) y2 = at (2, – 2).
4x
(3) Prove that area of the triangle formed by any tangent to the curve xy = c2 and coordinate
axes is constant.
(4) A curve is given by the equations x = at2 & y = at3 . A variable pair of perpendicular
lines through the origin 'O' meet the curve at P & Q . Show that the locus of the point
of intersection of the tangents at P & Q is 4y2 = 3ax - a2 .

a
Ans. (1) – (2) (i) Tangent : y = 2x + 1, Normal :x + 2y = 7
2b
(ii) Tangent : 2x + y = 2, Normal :x – 2y = 6

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 Exercise – I
Section (A) : Equation of Tangent / Normal and Common Tangents / Normals:
1. (i) Find the equation of tangent to curve y = 3x2 + 4x + 5 at (0, 5).
(ii) Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve x2 + 3xy + y2 = 5 at point (1,
1) on it.

2at 2 2at 3
(iii) Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve x = ,y= at the point
1  t2 1  t2
1
for which t=
2

 x 2 sin1/ x x0
(iv) Find the equation of tangent to the curve y =  at (0,0)
0 x0

2 (i) Find equations of tangents drawn to the curve y2 – 2x2 – 4y+ 8 = 0 from the point (1,
2).
(ii) Find the equation of all possible normals to the curve x2 = 4y drawn from the point
(1,2)

3. (i) Find the point on the curve 9y2 = x3 where normal to the curve has non zero x-
intercept and both the x intercept and y-intercept are equal.

(ii) If the tangent at (1, 1) on y2 = x(2 – x)2 meets the curve again at P, then find
coordinates of P
(iii) The normal to the curve 5x5 – 10x3 + x + 2y + 6 = 0 at the point P(0, –3) is tangent
to the curve at some other point(s). Find those point(s)?

4. (i) Find common tangent between curves y = x3 and 112x2 + y2 = 112

1
(ii) Find common normals of the curves y = and x2 + y2 – y = 0
x2

5. (i) If the tangent to the curve xy + ax + by = 0 at (1, 1) is inclined at an angle tan–1 2

with positive x-axis in anticlockwise, then find a and b ?
a
(ii) The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + 3x + 5 touches y = (x + 2)2 at (–2, 0) then b is
2

Section (B) : Equation of Tangent / Normal and Common Tangents / Normals:

1. Equation of the normal to the curve y =  x + 2 at the point (1, 1)
(A) 2x  y  1 = 0 (B) 2x  y + 1 = 0 (C) 2x + y  3 = 0 (D) none of these

2. The angle between x-axis and tangent of the curve y = (x+1) (x–3) at the point (3, 0)

(A) tan–1    15 
8
(B) tan–1   (C) tan–1 4 (D) none of
 15   8 
these

3. The numbers of tangent to the curve y – 2 = x5 which are drawn from point (2,2) is / are

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 (A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 5

4. The equation of tangent drawn to the curve xy = 4 from point (0, 1) is

1 1 1 1
(A) y– = – (x + 8) (B) y– = – (x – 8)
2 16 2 16
1 1 1  1
(C) y+ = – (x – 8) (D) y–8= – x– 
2 16 16  2

5. The curve y  exy + x = 0 has a vertical tangent at point

(A) (1, 1) (B) (0, 1) (C) (1, 0) (D) no point


6. If the tangent to the curve x = a ( + sin ), y = a (1 + cos ) at  = makes an angle 
3
(0  < ) with x-axis, then =
 2  5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 6 6

7. If the normal at the point (3t, 4/t) of the curve xy = 12 cuts the curve again at (3t1, 4/t1)
then find 't 1' in terms of 't'
9 16 9 16
(A) 3
(B) 3
(C) 3
(D)
16t 9t 16t 9t 3

1
8. The common tangent of the curves y = x2 + and y2 = 4x is
x

(A) y = x + 1 (B) y = x –1 (C) y = – x + 1 (D) y = – x –1

9. The area of triangle formed by tangent at (1,1) on y = x2 + bx + c with coordinate axis

is equal to 2 then the integral value of b is
(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) –2

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 Answer Key
Section (A) : Equation of Tangent / Normal and Common Tangents / Normals
1. (i) y = 4x + 5
(ii) y + x = 2 (tangent), y = x (normal)
(iii) 16x + 13y = 9a
(iv) y = 0
2 (i) 2x + y = 4, y = 2x
(ii) x + y = 3
(i)  4, 
8
3.
 3 

(ii) (9/4, 3/8)

(iii) (1, –1) , (–1, –5)
4. (i) y = 12x – 16 or y = 12x + 16
(ii) x – 2y + 1 = 0 or 2y + x – 1 = 0
5. (i) a = 1, b = –2
(ii) 1

Section (B) : Equation of Tangent / Normal and Common Tangents / Normals (A) :
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (C)
6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A)

Solution
Section (A) : Equation of Tangent / Normal and Common Tangents / Normals
dy dy 
1. (i) = 6x + 4  = 4
dx dx (0,5)

y5
Equation of tangent is = 4  y = 4x + 5
x0

dy  2x  3y 
(ii) at (1, 1) = –   =–1
dx  3x  2y (1,1)

 equation of tangent is (y–1) = – (x–1) and equation of normal is (y–1) = (x–1)

1 2a a
(iii) At t= , the value of x = and y =
2 5 5

dx 4at dy 2at 2 (3  t 2 )
Also = 2 2
and =
dt (1  t ) dt (1  t 2 )2

dy t dy 13
= (3+ t2)  =
dx 2 dx t
1 16
2

 a 13  2a 
equation of tangent is  y   = x  13x – 16y = 2a
 5  16  5 

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  a  13 2a
equation of normal is  y   +x– =0  16x + 13y = 9a
 5  16 5

dy f(0  h)  f(0) h2 sin1/ h  0

(iv) at (0, 0) = lim = lim
dx h 0 h h 0 h

y0
= lim (h sin (1/h)) = 0  equation of tangent is = 0
h 0 x0

y=0

2 (i) y2 – 2x2 – 4y+ 8 = 0

dy dy dy 4x
2y  4x  4 0  
dx dx dx 2y  4
 dy  4h
 dx  
 (h, k) 2k  4
4h
Equation of tangent is (y – k) = (x – h).
 2k  4 
It passes through (1, 2)
(2 – k)(2k – 4) = 4h (1 – h) or, 4k – 2k2 – 8 + 4k = 4h – 4h2
or, 2
4k – k – 4 = 2h – 2h 2 or, –2h2 + k2 + 2h – 4k + 4 = 0
 k2 – 2h2 – 4k + 8 = 0
 2h – 4 = 0 or h=2  k = 0 or 4
8
Equation of tangent at (2,0); y = (x – 2)
( 4)
or y = –2x + 4 or y + 2x = 4 and equation of tangent at (2, 4) is y = 2x

 h2 
(ii) Let point Q be  h,  and point P be the point of contact on the curve.
 4 
Now, mPQ = slope of the normal at Q.
dy dy x
Differentiating x2 = 4y w.r.t we get 2x = 4 or =
dx dx 2
dy 2
or Slope of the normals at Q = 
dy x h
h
2
h
2
4 2
or  [From (1)]
h 1 h
h3
or – 2h = – 2h + 2 or h3 = 8 or h = 2
4
Hence, the coordinates of point Q are (2, 1) and so the equation of the required
normal becomes
x+y=3

3. (i) Slope of normal equal to –1.

dy x2
 = =1 x2 = 6y and 9y2 = x3  x = 0, 4
dx 6y

 8
 point is  4, 
3  

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 (ii) Differentiating equation of curve w.r.t. x,
dy
2y = (2 – x)2 + 2x(2 – x)(–1)
dx
dy 1  ( 2) 1
= =–
dx (1, 1) 2 2
1
Equation of tangent is (y – 1) =  (x – 1) or 2y + x = 3.
2
Solving the equations of tangent and curve :

y2 = (–2y + 3) (2 – 3 + 2y)2 or y2 = (3 – 2y) (2y – 1)2

or y2 = (3 – 2y) (4y2 + 1 – 4y) or y2 = 12y2 + 3 – 12y – 8y3 – 2y + 8y2
or 8y3 – 19y2 + 14y – 3 = 0 or (y – 1) (8y2 – 11y + 3) = 0
or (y – 1) (8y – 3)(y – 1) = 0 or y = 1, 3/8
P(9/4, 3/8)

(iii) Differentiating, 25x4 – 30x2 + 1 + 2y = 0

1
At P(0, – 3), y = –
2
The normal at P is y + 3 = 2x
Eliminating y with the given equation

x(x2 – 1)2 = 0  x = 0, 1, – 1 The line is tangent at (1, – 1) and (– 1, – 5).

4. (i) Slope of y = x3 at (h, k) is 3h2

Slope of y = x3 at (h, k) is 3h2
y k
 equation of tangent is = 3h2
x h

 y = 3h2x – 3h3 + k
 y = 3h2x – 2h3  (–2h3)2 = 1(3h2)2 + 112
 4h6 – 9h4 –112 = 0

(h2 – 4) (4h4 + 7h2 + 28) = 0  h = 2, –2

Tangent are y = 12x – 16 or y = 12x + 16
dy 1 2
(ii) for y = is
dx x2 x3

dy 2
= 3
dx (h,x) h

yk h3
equation of normal is =
xh 2

2
 2y – = h3x – h4
h2

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   1 2
it passes from  0,   1– = – h4  h6 + h2 – 2 = 0
2   h2

 (h2 –1) (h4 + h2 + 2) = 0  h = ± 1

 common normals are x – 2y + 1 = 0 or 2y + x – 1 = 0

5. (i) xy + ax + by = 0
As (1,1) lies on curve, so
dy
1 + a + b = 0 &  = tan–1 2 or 2
dx
dy dy
Differentiating equation of curve w.r.t. x , x +y +a+b = 0,
dx dx
dy 1  a 
put x = 1, y = 1  = – =2
dx 1 b
or 1 + a + 2 + 2b = 0 or 3 + a + 2b = 0 b=–2 & a=1

(ii) (–2, 0) lies on both curves  –8a + 4b – 6 + 5 = 0 .....(i)

dy dy
( at (–2, 0) for second curve) = ( at (–2, 0) for first curve) = 0
dx dx

 12a – 4b + 3 = 0 ...(ii)
1 3
 Solving (i) and (ii) we get a = , b=
2 4

Section (B) : Equation of Tangent / Normal and Common Tangents / Normals (A) :
dy 1 dy 1
1. –  =–
dx 2 x dx (1, 1) 2
Slope of normal = 2
Equation of normal is 2x – y =1

dy 
2. is 4   = tan–1 4
dx  (3,0)

dy
3. = 5x4
dx

y k
Equation of tangent at (h,k) is = 5 h4 Which passes through (2,2)
x h

5
 (2 – k) = 5h4 (2 – h)  –h5 = 10h4 – 5h5  4h5 = 10h4  h = 0,
2

 Equation of tangents are y – 2 = 0 and 16(y – 2) = 55 (x–2)

4. Equation of tangent is
y – 4/h = – 4/h2 (x – h)
It passes through (0, 1)    1 – 4/h2 = 4h/h2

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  h–4=4  h=8  tangent is y – 1/2 = – 1/16 (x – 8).

5. y  exy + x = 0

Differentiating w.r.t. to y
 dx  dx
1 – exy  . y  x    0
 dy  dy
dx
=0
dy
1 – xexy = 0
xexy = 1 x=1,y=0
Point is (1, 0)

dy
dy d
6. 
dx dx
d
a (– sin )
=
a (1  cos )
dy – 3 1
= =–
dx 
 3 3
3

1 
tan  = –  = –
3 6
5
=
6

dy  12  4
7. = 2  =
dx  (3t,4 / t) x (3t,4 / t) 3t 2

y  4/t 3t 2
equation of normal = which passes through (3t1, 4/t1)
x  3t 4

4 4 3t 2 4 9t 2 16
 – = (3t1– 3t)    t1 =
t1 t 4 tt1 4 9t 3

dy 1 1
8. for y = x2 + is 2x –
dx x x2

dy 1
at (h, k) is 2h –
dx h2

y  (h2  1/ h) 1
equation of tangent at (h, k) is = 2h –
x h h2

 1 1 1
y =  2h  x – 2h2 + + h2 +
 h2  h h

 1 2 2 1 2  h3 h2
y =  2h  x + – h2  – h2 =  =
 h2  h h 2h – 1/ h 2 h 2h3  1

 h6 – 2h3 + 1 = 0  (h3 –1)2 = 0

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  (h –1)2 (h2 + h +1)2 = 0  h =1
 equation of tangent is y = x + 1

9. 1=1+b+c c=–b
dy
= 2x + b = 2 + b at (1, 1)
dx

b 1
equation of tangent is y –1 = (2 + b) (x –1)  x intercept =
b2

1  b 1 
y intercept = – (b + 1)    (b  1) =2
2  b  2 

b2 + 2b + 1 = 4b + 8 on –4b – 8
b2 – 2b – 7 = 0 on b2 + 6b + 9 = 0  integral b = – 3

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