Engineering Graphics - Basics

Orthographic Projections - Basics
1. Drawing – The fact about
2. Drawings - Types
3. Orthographic (Definitions and Important terms)
4. Planes - Classifications
5. Pattern of planes & views
6. Methods of orthographic projections
7. 1st angle and 3rd angle method – two illustrations

Conversion of pictorial views in to orthographic views.
1. Explanation of various terms
2. 1st angle method - illustration
3. 3rd angle method – illustration
4. To recognize colored surfaces and to draw three Views
5. Seven illustrations (no.1 to 7) draw different orthographic

views
6. Total nineteen illustrations ( no.8 to 26)
CONIC SECTIONS
ELLIPSE, PARABOLA AND HYPERBOLA ARE CALLED CONIC SECTIONS
BECAUSE
THESE CURVES APPEAR ON THE SURFACE OF A CONE
WHEN IT IS CUT BY SOME TYPICAL CUTTING PLANES.
OBSERVE
ILLUSTRATIONS
GIVEN BELOW..
Ellipse
Section Plane
la
Section Plane
abo
Through Generators Hyperbola
P ar Parallel to Axis.
Section Plane Parallel

to end generator.
COMMON DEFINATION OF ELLIPSE, PARABOLA & HYPERBOLA:
These are the loci of points moving in a plane such that the ratio of it’s distances
from a fixed point And a fixed line always remains constant.
The Ratio is called ECCENTRICITY. (E)
A) For Ellipse E<1
B) For Parabola E=1
C) For Hyperbola E>1
Refer Problem nos. 6. 9 & 12

SECOND DEFINATION OF AN ELLIPSE:-
It is a locus of a point moving in a plane
such that the SUM of it’s distances from TWO fixed points
always remains constant.
{And this sum equals to the length of major axis.}
These TWO fixed points are FOCUS 1 & FOCUS 2
Refer Problem no.4
Ellipse by Arcs of Circles Method.
ELLIPSE
Problem 14:
TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
ELLIPSE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q ) A
DIRECTRIX
1.JOIN POINT Q TO F. T
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH
THIS LINE AT POINT F
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX
AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO ELLIPSE FROM Q (vertex) V
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR F ( focus)
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE. 900
N
Q
N
T
PARABOLA
Problem 15: TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE T PARABOLA
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )
A
1.JOIN POINT Q TO F.
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH
THIS LINE AT POINT F
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX
AT T
VERTEX V F
TANGENT TO THE CURVE FROM Q 900
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR ( focus)
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.
N
Q
B N
T
HYPERBOLA
Problem 16
TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q ) A
1.JOIN POINT Q TO F.
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH THIS LINE AT
POINT F T
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX AT T
TANGENT TO CURVE FROM Q
(vertex)
V
F ( focus)
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR 900
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.
N
N Q
T
STEPS: Involute
DRAW INVOLUTE AS USUAL.
Method of Drawing
MARK POINT Q ON IT AS DIRECTED. Tangent & Normal
JOIN Q TO THE CENTER OF CIRCLE C.
CONSIDERING CQ DIAMETER, DRAW
A SEMICIRCLE AS SHOWN.
INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
al
MARK POINT OF INTERSECTION OF
rm
No
THIS SEMICIRCLE AND POLE CIRCLE
AND JOIN IT TO Q. Q
THIS WILL BE NORMAL TO INVOLUTE.
Ta
ng
DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE TO en
THIS LINE FROM Q.
t
IT WILL BE TANGENT TO INVOLUTE.
4
3
5
C 2
6
1
7
8
P
P8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

D
STEPS:
DRAW CYCLOID AS USUAL. CYCLOID
MARK POINT Q ON IT AS DIRECTED.
Method of Drawing
WITH CP DISTANCE, FROM Q. CUT THE Tangent & Normal
POINT ON LOCUS OF C AND JOIN IT TO Q.
FROM THIS POINT DROP A PERPENDICULAR

ON GROUND LINE AND NAME IT N
JOIN N WITH Q.THIS WILL BE NORMAL TO

CYCLOID.
DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE TO

THIS LINE FROM Q.
al
Norm
IT WILL BE TANGENT TO CYCLOID.
CYCLOID
Q
Tang
e nt
CP
C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
P N
D
DRAWINGS:
( A Graphical Representation)
The Fact about:

If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.
Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.
Drawings
(Some Types)
Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, Geographical
scenery etc.) Zoological Drawings
Drawings Engineering Drawings,
(creatures, animals etc.)
( maps etc.) (projections.)
Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings
Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
PLANES
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

A.I
A.V.P. .P.
 to V
 to Hp &  to Vp
& p
t
oH
p

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
X THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is
safe for your pc.
VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90 0 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1st Angle method
TV & FV
For the same G L

Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV . FO
S.V R
F.V
X Y R
FO .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
. FO
OF
S. V R
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS R F.V
FO .
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.
FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )

TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )
FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

PROJECTION METHODS
AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY.

TRY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES
PERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV . FO
S.V R
F.V
X Y R
FO .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS FO
V. R
OF
S. F.V
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS R
FO .
FOR T.V.
1
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
F.V
. .
S.V
R
FO
x y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V.
2
FO X Y
V. R
S. F.V
R .
FO
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FOR T.V.
3
FO
. R
S.V F.V
X Y
R .
FO
TOP VIEW

4
FOR T.V.
X Y
. FO
S. V R
R F.V
FO .
TOP VIEW

FOR T.V. 5

V.
S.
R
FO FO
R
F.V X Y
.
TOP VIEW
6
FOR T.V.
. FO X Y
S. V
R
R F.V
FO .
TOP VIEW

7
FOR T.V.
FO
R
F.V
. .
S. V
R X Y
FO

STUDY 8
FOR T.V.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
50
X Y
20
25
FO
R
F.V
.
25 20
TOP VIEW

9
FOR T.V.
X Y
FO
. R
. V F.V
S .
O R
F
TOP VIEW
10
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X Y
. V.
ORS
F
FO
R
F.
V.

FOR T.V. 11
FO
R
F.V X Y
.
V.
S.
R
FO
TOP VIEW

12
FOR T.V.
X Y
. FO
. V R
S F.V
O R .
F

STUDY 13
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS FOR T.V.
35
FV
35
10
x y
10 20 30
FO
R 40
F.V
. 70
TV
O
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
STUDY 14
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV
30 10 30 SV
30
10
30
x y
V. FO
S. R
O R F.V
F .
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
TV
STUDY 15
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60
. FO
S. V R
F.V
OR
40
. TV
60
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R
FO .
40 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN 40 TOP VIEW

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60
FOR T.V. 18
FV
40
X 10 Y
O 45
30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
10 O
50
80
TV
19
FOR T.V.
FV 40
X O 10 Y
100
10
25 FO
R
TV
10 30 10 F.V
25 .
30 R O
20 D
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 20
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10 50
35
10
X Y
20 D
FO
R TV
F.V
.
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
21
10
25 15
25
40 10
25
. FO
. V R
S F.V 25
O R .
F O O
80 25
F.V. S.V.

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
22
450
30
FV
40
X Y
30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
40 TV
O
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
23
FO HEX PART
R
F.V 20
30
.
20
V. 40
S. 20
O R
F O 50
20
15
O 30
100 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 24
20 40
FRONT VIEW
F.V.
30
10
X Y
O
10
30
FO
R
F.V 10
.
30
O 80
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN T.V. TOP VIEW
25
10 10 15
25
25
X Y
O 50 10
V.
FV LSV S. FO
R R
FO F.V
.
DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT

Engineering Graphics - Basics

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Engineering Graphics - Basics

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Orthographic Projections - Basics

1. Drawing – The fact about

3. Orthographic (Definitions and Important terms)

5. Pattern of planes & views

6. Methods of orthographic projections

7. 1st angle and 3rd angle method – two illustrations

1. Explanation of various terms

2. 1st angle method - illustration

3. 3rd angle method – illustration

4. To recognize colored surfaces and to draw three Views

5. Seven illustrations (no.1 to 7) draw different orthographic

Section Plane Parallel

Refer Problem nos. 6. 9 & 12

IT WILL BE TANGENT TO INVOLUTE.

FROM THIS POINT DROP A PERPENDICULAR

JOIN N WITH Q.THIS WILL BE NORMAL TO

DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE TO

The Fact about:

Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

For the same G L

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )

FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY.

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN 40 TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

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