RESONANCE Equations For PreRmo

Equations
Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving inequalities or in finding
domains. If there are two numbers a, b  R such that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as
follows :
Name Representation Discription

Open Interval (a, b) {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
{x : a  x  b} i.e. end points are also included. This is possible only when
Close Interval [a, b] both a and b are finite.
Open - Closed Interval (a, b] {x : a < x  b} i.e. a is excluded and b is included.
Close - Open Interval [a, b) {x : ax < b} i.e. a is included and b is excluded.
Note : (1) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
(iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (–, b] = {x : x  b}
(v) (– ) = {x : x  R}
(2) x  {1, 2} denotes some particular values of x, i.e. x = 1, 2
(3) If there is no value of x, then we say x  (null set)
General Method to solve Inequalities :
(Method of intervals (Wavy curve method)
 (x – b1 )k1 (x – b2 )k2    (x – bn )kn 
Let g(x) =   ... (i)
 (x – a )r1 (x – a )r2    (x – a )rn 
 1 2 n 
Where k1, k2 .....kn and r1, r2 ........rn  N and b1, b2.....bn and a1, a2 ......an are real numbers.
Then to solve the inequality following steps are taken.
Steps : -
Points where numerator becomes zero are called zeros or roots of the function and where denominator
becomes zero are called poles of the function.
(i) First we find the zeros and poles of the function.
(ii) Then we mark all the zeros and poles on the real line and put a vertical bar there
dividing the real line in many intervals.
(iii) Determine sign of the function in any of the interval and then alternates the sign
in the neghbouring interval if the poles or zeros dividing the two interval has
appeared odd number of times otherwise retain the sign.
(iv) Thus we consider all the intervals. The solution of the g(x) > 0 is the union of the
intervals in which we have put the plus sign and the solution of g(x) < 0 is the
union of all intervals in which we have put the minus sign.
5
 1
(x – 2)10 (x  1)3  x –  (x  8)2
Example# 1 : Solve the inequality if f(x) =  2
is > 0 or < 0.
x (x – 3) (x  2)5
24 3
5
 1
(x – 2)10 (x  1)3  x –  (x  8)2
 2 1
Solution. Let f(x) = the poles and zeros are 0, 3,– 2,– 1, ,– 8, 2
x (x – 3) (x  2)
24 3 5 2
 1
If f(x) > 0, then x (– , – 8) (– 8, – 2) (– 1, 0)   0,   (3, )
 2
1 
and if f(x) < 0, then x (– 2, – 1)   , 2   (2, 3) Ans.
2 
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Equations
1. Polynomial :
A function f defined by f(x) = anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + .......+ a1x + a0
where a0, a1, a2, ......, an  R is called a polynomial of degree n with real coefficients (a n  0, n  W).
If a0, a1, a2, ....., an  C, it is called a polynomial with complex coefficients.
2. Quadratic polynomial & Quadratic equation :

A polynomial of degree 2 is known as quadratic polynomial. Any equation f(x) = 0, where f is a
quadratic polynomial, is called a quadratic equation. The general form of a quadratic equation is
ax2 + bx + c = 0 .......(i)
Where a, b, c are real numbers, a  0.
If a = 0, then equation (i) becomes linear equation.
3. Difference between equation & identity :
If a statement is true for all the values of the variable, such statements are called as identities. If the
statement is true for some or no values of the variable, such statements are called as equations.
Example : (i) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9 is an identity
(ii) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 6x + 8, is an equation having no root.
(iii) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 5x + 8, is an equation having – 1 as its root.
A quadratic equation has exactly two roots which may be real (equal or unequal) or imaginary.
a x2 + b x + c = 0 is:
  a quadratic equation if a  0 Two Roots
  a linear equation if a = 0, b  0 One Root
  a contradiction if a = b = 0, c  0 No Root
  an identity if a=b=c=0 Infinite Roots
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied by three distinct values of ' x ', then it is an identity.
Example # 2 : (a2 – 1)x2 + (a2 + 5a + 4)x + (a2 + 4a + 3) = 0. Find the value of a for which
(i) equation has two roots
(ii) Equation has one real root
(iii) It is an identitiy
Solution : (i) a  ±1 (ii) a=1 (iii) a = –1
4. Relation Between Roots & Co-efficients:

(i) The solutions of quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0, (a  0) is given by
 b  b  4ac
2
x=
2a
The expression, b  4 a c  D is called discriminant of quadratic equation.
2
(ii) If ,  are the roots of quadratic equation,

a x2 + b x + c = 0 .......(i)
then equation (i) can be written as
a(x – ) (x – ) = 0
or ax2 – a( + )x + a  = 0 ......(ii)
equations (i) and (ii) are identical,
b coefficient of x
 by comparing the coefficients sum of the roots,  +  = – = –
a coefficient of x2
c constant term
and product of the roots, = =
a coefficient of x2
b c
(iii) Dividing the equation (i) by a, x2 + x+ =0 
a a
 b  c
  x2 –   x+ =0  x2 – ( + )x +  = 0
 a  a
 x2 – (sum of the roots) x + (product of the roots) = 0
Hence we conclude that the quadratic equation whose roots are  &  is x2 – ( + )x +  = 0
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Equations
Example # 3 : If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, find the equation whose roots are +2 and +2.
Solution : Replacing x by x – 2 in the given equation, the required equation is
a(x – 2)2 + b(x – 2) + c = 0 i.e., ax2 – (4a – b)x + (4a – 2b + c) = 0.
Example # 4 : The coefficient of x in the quadratic equation x 2 + px + q = 0 was taken as 17 in place of 13, its
roots were found to be – 2 and – 15. Find the roots of the original equation.
Solution : Here q = (– 2) × (– 15) = 30, correct value of p = 13. Hence original equation is
x2 + 13x + 30 = 0 as (x + 10) (x + 3) = 0
 roots are – 10, – 3
Example # 5 : If a is a root of x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 find the value of a4 – 2a3 – 7a2 – 8a

Solution : note that given expression is (a2 – 3a –5) (a2 + a + 1) + 5 hence value of the expression is 5.
Self practice problems :

(1) If ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation cx2 – 2bx + 4a = 0 then find the quadratic equation
whose roots are
 
(i) , (ii) 2, 2 (iii)  + 1,  + 1
2 2
1  1    
(iv) , (v) ,
1  1    
(r  1)2 b2
(2) If r be the ratio of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, show that = .
r ac
(3) If roots of the equation x2 – 10ax – 11b = 0 are c and d and those of x 2 – 10cx – 11d = 0 are a
and b, then find the value of a + b + c + d. (where a, b, c, d are all distinct numbers)
Answers : (1) (i) cx2 – bx + a = 0
(ii) c2x2 + 4(b2 – 2ac)x + 16a2 = 0
(iii) cx2 – 2x(b + c) + (4a + 2b + c) = 0
(iv) (c – 2b + 4a)x2 + 2(4a – c) x + (c + 2b + 4a) = 0
(v) 4acx2 + 4(b2 – 2ac) x + 4ac = 0
(3) 1210
5. Nature of Roots:
Consider the quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0 having ,  as its roots;
D  b2  4 a c
D=0 D0
Roots are equal i.e.  =  =  b/2a Roots are unequal
& the quadratic expression can be expressed
as a perfect square of a linear polynomial
a, b, c  R & D > 0 a, b, c  R & D < 0

Roots are real Roots are imaginary  = p + i q,  = p  i q
a, b, c  Q & a, b, c  Q &
D is square of a rational number D is not square of a rational number
 Roots are rational  Roots are irrational
 i.e.  = p + q ,  = p  q
a = 1, b, c   & D is square of an integer
Roots are integral.
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Equations
6. Graph of Quadratic Expression :
 the graph between x, y is always a parabola.
 b D 
 the coordinate of vertex are   , 
 2a 4a 
 If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave downwards.
 the parabola intersect the yaxis at point (0, c).
 the xcoordinate of point of intersection of parabola with xaxis are the real roots of the
quadratic equation f (x) = 0. Hence the parabola may or may not intersect the xaxis.
Example # 6 : For what values of m the equation (1 + m) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 has equal roots.
Solution : Given equation is (1 + m) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 ........(i)
Let D be the discriminant of equation (i).
Roots of equation (i) will be equal if D = 0.
or 4(1 + 3m)2 – 4(1 + m) (1 + 8m) = 0
or 4(1 + 9m2 + 6m – 1 – 9m – 8m2) = 0
or m2 – 3m = 0 or, m(m – 3) = 0
  m = 0, 3.
Example # 7 : Find all the integral values of a for which the quadratic equation (x – a) (x – 10) + 1 = 0 has
integral roots.
Solution : Here the equation is x2 – (a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0. Since integral roots will always be rational it
means D should be a perfect square.
From (i) D = a2 – 20a + 96.
  D = (a – 10)2 – 4  4 = (a – 10)2 – D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4 which is
possible
only when (a – 10)2 = 4 and D = 0.
 (a – 10) = ± 2  a = 12, 8
Example # 8 : If the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) – k = 0 be c and d, then prove that the roots of the
equation (x – c) (x – d) + k = 0, are a and b.
Solution : By given condition (x – a) (x – b) – k  (x – c) (x – d)
or (x – c) (x – d) + k  (x – a) (x – b)
Above shows that the roots of (x – c) (x – d) + k = 0 are a and b.
Example # 9 : Determine 'a' such that x2 – 11x + a and x2 – 14x + 2a may have a common factor.
Solution : Let x –  be a common factor of x2 – 11x + a and x2 – 14x + 2a.
Then x =  will satisfy the equations x2 – 11x + a = 0 and x2 – 14x + 2a = 0.
  2 – 11 + a = 0and 2 – 14 + 2a = 0
Solving (i) and (ii) by cross multiplication method, we get a = 0, 24.
Example # 10 : Show that the expression x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3(bc + ca + ab) will be a perfect square
if a = b = c.
Solution : Given quadratic expression will be a perfect square if the discriminant of its corresponding
equation is zero.
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Equations
i.e. 4(a + b + c)2 – 4.3 (bc + ca + ab) = 0

or (a + b + c)2 – 3(bc + ca + ab) = 0
1
or ((a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2) = 0
2
which is possible only when a = b = c.
(1) For what values of 'k' the expression (4 – k)x2 + 2(k + 2)x + 8k + 1 will be a perfect square ?
(2) If (x – ) be a factor common to a1x2 + b1x + c and a2x2 + b2x + c, then prove that 
 (a1 – a2) = b2 – b1.
(3) If 3x2 + 2xy + 2y2 + 2ax – 4y + 1 can be resolved into two linear factors, Prove that '' is a root
of the equation x2 + 4ax + 2a2 + 6 = 0.
(4) Let 4x2 – 4( – 2)x +  – 2 = 0 (  R) be a quadratic equation. Find the values of '' for which
(i) Both roots are real and distinct.
(ii) Both roots are equal.
(iii) Both roots are imaginary
(iv) Both roots are opposite in sign.
(v) Both roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
(5) If P(x) = ax2 + bx + c, and Q(x) = – ax2 + dx + c, ac  0 then prove that P(x) . Q(x) = 0 has
atleast two real roots.
Answers. (1) 0, 3
(4) (i) (– , 2)  (3, ) (ii)  {2, 3} (iii) (2, 3) (iv) (– , 2) (v) 
7. Common Roots:
Consider two quadratic equations, a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 & a2 x2 + b2 x + c2 = 0.
(i) If two quadratic equations have both roots common, then the equations are identical and their
co-efficient are in proportion.
a1 b1 c
i.e. = = 1
a2 b2 c2
(ii) If only one root is common, then the common root '  ' will be :
c a  c 2 a1 b1 c 2  b2 c1
= 1 2 =
a1 b2  a2 b1 c1 a2  c 2 a1
Hence the condition for one common root is :
c1 a2  c 2 a1  =  a1 b2  a2 b1  b1 c 2  b2 c1 
2

Note : If f(x) = 0 & g(x) = 0 are two polynomial equation having some common root(s) then those common
root(s) is/are also the root(s) of h(x)  a f(x) + bg (x) = 0.
Example # 11 : If x2 – ax + b = 0 and x2 – px + q = 0 have a root in common and the second equation has
ap
equal roots, show that b + q = .
2
Solution : Given equations are : x2 – ax + b= 0 ........ (i)
and x2 – px + q = 0. ........ (ii)
Let  be the common root. Then roots of equation (ii) will be  and . Let  be the other root of
equation (i). Thus roots of equation (i) are ,  and those of equation (ii) are , .
Now +=a ........ (iii)
 = b ........ (iv)
2 = p ........ (v)
2 = q ........ (vi)
L.H.S. = b + q =  + 2 = ( + ) ........ (vii)
ap (  ) 2
and R.H.S. = = =  ( + ) ........ (viii)
2 2
from (vii) and (viii), L.H.S. = R.H.S.
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Equations
Example # 12 : If a, b, c  R and equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 have a common root, show that
a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 9.
Solution : Given equations are : x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 ........(i)
and ax2 + bx + c = 0 ........(ii)
Clearly roots of equation (i) are imaginary since equation (i) and (ii) have a common root,
therefore common root must be imaginary and hence both roots will be common.
Therefore equations (i) and (ii) are identical
a b c
 = =  a:b:c=1:2:9
1 2 9
Self practice problems:
(1) If the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x3 + x – 2 = 0 have two common roots then show that
2a = 2b = c.
a b c
(2) If ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and a1x2 + 2b1x + c1 = 0 have a common root and , , are in A.P.
a1 b1 c1
show that a1, b1, c1 are in G.P.
8. Theory Of Equations :
If 1, 2, 3,......n are the roots of the equation;
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 +.... + an-1x + an = 0 where a0, a1,....,an are all real & a0  0 then, 
a a a a
 1 =  1 ,  1 2 = + 2 , 1 2 3 =  3 ,....., 1 2 3........n = (1)n n
a0 a0 a0 a0
Note : (i) If  is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x ) or
(x ) is a factor of f(x) and conversely.
(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n 1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n roots,
it is an identity.
(iii) If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and  + i is its root, then   i is also a
root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv) An equation of odd degree will have odd number of real roots and an equation of even degree
will have even numbers of real roots.
(v) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational &  +  is one of its roots, then 
  is also a root where ,   Q &  is not square of a rational number.
(vi) If there be any two real numbers 'a' & 'b' such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then
f(x) = 0 must have odd number of real roots (also atleast one real root) between ' a ' and ' b '.
(vii) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that of its
last term. (If coefficient of highest degree term is positive).
Example # 13 : If 2x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 has roots , ,  then find  +  + ,  + +  and .
Solution : Using relation between roots and coefficients, we get
3 5 6
+  +  = = – , +  +  = ,  = – = – 3.
2 2 2
(1) If 2p3 – 9pq + 27r = 0 then prove that the roots of the equations rx 3 – qx2 + px – 1 = 0 are in
H.P.
(2) If , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0 then find the equation whose roots are
(a)  + 2,  + , 
r r r
(b)  ,  , 
  
(c)  , 2, 2
2
(d) 3, 3, 3

Answers : (1) (a) x3 + qx – r = 0 (b) x3 – qx2 – r2 = 0
(c) x3 + 2qx2 + q2 x – r2 = 0 (d) x3 – 3x2r + (3r2 + q3) x – r3 = 0
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Equations
Example 14 : Let , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0. If the value of
 1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1 1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1 
 3  3  3   3  3  3  +  3  3  3   3  3  3  +  3  3  3   3  3  3  is
                       
Then find the sum of digit of ||

Solution : x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 

find the equation whose roots are 3, 3, 3
x3 – 7x2 + 12x + 1= 0
1
change x 
x
1 = a
3
1 = b
x3 + 12x2 – 7x + 1 = 0
3
1 = c
3
a + b + c = – 12
roots are b + c – a, a + c – b, a + b – c
= – 12 – 2a, – 12 – 2b, – 12 – 2c
equation is
(12  x )3 (12  x )2 7(12  x )
– +12 + + 11 = 0
8 4 2
x3 + 12x2 – 172x – 2152 = 0
|| = 172
9. Range of Quadratic Expression f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

(i) Range :
 D 
If a > 0   f (x)   , 
 4a 
 D 
If a < 0   f (x)    ,  
 4a 
D
Hence maximum and minimum values of the expression f (x) is  in respective cases and it
4a
b
occurs at x =  (at vertex).
2a
(ii) Range in restricted domain:

Given x  [x1, x2]
b
(a) If   [x1, x2] then,
2a
f (x) [min{ f(x1),f(x2 )} , max { f(x1),f(x2 )}]
b
(b) If   [x1, x2] then,
2a
  D  D 
f (x)  min  f ( x1 ) , f ( x 2 ) ,   , max  f (x1) , f (x 2 ) ,  
  4a   4a  
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10. Sign of Quadratic Expressions :

The value of expression f (x) = a x2 + b x + c at x = x0 is equal to ycoordinate of the point on parabola
y = a x2 + b x + c whose xcoordinate is x0. Hence if the point lies above the xaxis for some x = x0,
then f (x0) > 0 and viceversa.
We get six different positions of the graph with respect to xaxis as shown.
(i) Conclusions :
(a) a>0
(b) D>0
(c) Roots are real & distinct.
(d) f(x) > 0 in x  (– , )  (, )
(e) f(x) < 0 in x  (, )
(ii) (a) a>0
(b) D=0
(c) Roots are real & equal.
(d) f(x) > 0 in x  R – {}
(iii) (a) a>0
(b) D<0
(c) Roots are imaginary.
(d) f(x) > 0 x  R.
(iv) (a) a<0
(b) D>0
(c) Roots are real & distinct.
(d) f(x) < 0 in x  (– , )  (, )
(e) f(x) > 0 in x  (, )
(v) (a) a<0
(b) D=0
(c) Roots are real & equal.
(d) f(x) < 0 in x  R – {}
(vi) (a) a<0
(b) D<0
(c) Roots are imaginary.
(d) f(x) < 0 x  R.
Example # 15: If c < 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 does not have any real roots then prove that
(i) a–b+c<0 (ii) 9a + 3b + c < 0.
Solution : c < 0 and D < 0   f(x) = ax2 + bx + c < 0 for all x  R
     f(– 1) = a – b + c < 0
and f(3) = 9a + 3b + c < 0
PRERMO - 8
Equations
Example # 16 : Find the range of f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6.

D b  25  24  5 1
Solution : minimum of f(x) = – at x = – =–   at x = =–
4a 2a  4  2 4
maximum of f(x)  
 1 
Hence range is   ,  
 4 
x2  x  4
Example # 17 : Find the range of rational expression y = if x is real.
x2  x  4
x2  x  4
Solution : y =   (y – 1)x 2 + (y + 1) x + 4(y – 1) = 0 ........(i)
x2  x  4
case- : if y  1, then equation (i) is quadratic in x
and  x is real
  D  0   (y + 1) 2 – 16(y – 1) 2  0  (5y – 3) (3y – 5)  0
3 5
 y   ,  – {1}
5 3
case- : if y = 1, then equation becomes
2x = 0 x = 0 which is possible as x is real.
3 5
 Rangec  , 
5 3
x3
Example # 18 : Find the range of y = , if x is real.
2x  3x  9
2
x3
Solution : y=
2x 2  3x  9
  2yx2 + (3y – 1)x + 3(3y – 1) = 0   .......(i)
case- : if y  0, then equation (i) is quadratic in x
  x is real
 D0
  (3y – 1)2 – 24y (3y – 1)  0
  (3y – 1) (21y + 1)  0
 1 1
y   ,  – {0}
 21 3 
case- : if y = 0, then equation becomes
x = –3 which is possible as x is real
 1 1
  Range y   , 
 21 3 

(1) If c > 0 and ax2 + 2bx + 3c = 0 does not have any real roots then prove that
(i) 4a – 4b + 3c > 0 (ii) a + 6b + 27c > 0 (iii) a + 2b + 6c > 0
(a  b)2
(2) If f(x) = (x – a) (x – b), then show that f(x)  – .
4
(3) Find the least integral value of 'k' for which the quadratic polynomial
(k – 1) x2 + 8x + k + 5 > 0  x  R.
x 2  34x  71
(4) Find the range of the expression , if x is a real.
x 2  2x  7
PRERMO - 9
Equations
mx 2  3x  4
(5) Find the interval in which 'm' lies so that the expression can take all real
4x 2  3x  m
values,x  R.
(6) Find the value of b for which difference between maximum and minimum value of x 2 – 2bx – 1
in [0, 1] is 1.
(7) Find all numbers a for each of which the least value of the quadratic trinomial
4x2 – 4ax + a2 – 2a + 2 on the interval 0  x 2 is equal to 3.
Answers : (3) k = 4 (4) (– , 5]  [9, ) (5) m  (1, 7)
(6) b = 0 (7) a = 1– 2 or 5 + 10
11. Location of Roots :
Let f (x) = ax² + bx + c, where a > 0 & a, b, c  R.
(i) (ii) (iii)
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number‘x 0’ are
b²  4ac  0 & f (x0) > 0 & ( b/2a) > x0.
(ii) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified number ‘x 0’ are
b²  4ac  0 & f (x0) > 0 & ( b/2a) < x0.
(iii) Conditions for a number ‘x0’ to lie between the roots of f (x) = 0 is f (x0) < 0.
(iv) (v)
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers x 1 and
x2, (x1 < x2) are b²  4ac  0 & f (x1) > 0 & f (x2) > 0 & x1 < ( b/2a) < x2.
(v) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval (x1, x2) i.e.
x1 < x < x2 is f (x1). f (x2) < 0.
Example # 19 : Let x2 – (m – 3) x + m = 0 (m  R) be a quadratic equation, then find the values of 'm' for which
(a) both the roots are greater than 2.
(b) both roots are positive.
(c) one root is positive and other is negative.
(d) One root is greater than 2 and other smaller than 1
(e) Roots are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
(f) both roots lie in the interval (1, 2)
Solution : (a)
Condition - : D  0   (m – 3)2 – 4m  0  m2 – 10m + 9  0

      (m – 1) (m – 9)  0 
       m  (– , 1]  [9, ) ......(i)
Condition - : f(2) > 0  4 – (m – 3)2 + m > 0 m < 10 ......(ii)

b m3
Condition - : – >2  2  m>7 ......(iii)
2a 2
Intersection of (i), (ii) and (iii) gives m  [9, 10)
PRERMO - 10
Equations
(b)
Condition -  D0  m  (– , 1] [9, )

Condition -  f(0) > 0  m>0
b m3
Condition -   >0  >0  m>3
2a 2
intersection gives m  [9, ) Ans.
(c)
Condition -  f(0) < 0   m<0 Ans.
(d)
Condition -  f(1) < 0  4<0   m 

Condition -  f(2) < 0  m > 10 
Intersection gives m   Ans.
(e) sum of roots = 0  m=3
and f(0) < 0  m<0  m  Ans.
(f)
Condition -  D  0   m  (– , 1]  [9, )

Condition -  f(1) > 0  1 – (m – 3) + m > 0  4 > 0which is true  m  R
Condition -  f(2) > 0  m < 10
b m3
Condition - V 1 < – <2  1< <2  5<m<7
2a 2
intersection gives m  Ans.
Example # 20 : Find all the values of 'a' for which both the roots of the equation (a – 2)x2 – 2ax + a = 0 lies
in the interval (– 2, 1).
Solution : Case-I : f(–2) > 0  4(a – 2) + 4a + a > 0
8
9a – 8 > 0  a>
9
f(1) > 0  a – 2 – 2a + a > 0
– 2 > 0 not possible  a 
Case-II : a–2<0  a<2
8
f(–2) < 0  a<
9
f(1) < 0   aR
b 4
–2< –<1  a<
2a 3
D0   a0
 8
intersection gives a  0, 
 9
 8
complete solution a  0,   {2}
 9
PRERMO - 11
Equations

(1) Let x2 – 2(a – 1)x + a – 1 = 0 (a  R) be a quadratic equation, then find the value of 'a' for which
(a) Both the roots are positive (b) Both the roots are negative
(c) Both the roots are opposite in sign. (d) Both the roots are greater than 1.
(e) Both the roots are smaller than 1.
(f) One root is small than 1 and the other root is greater than 1.
(2) Find the values of p for which both the roots of the equation 4x 2 – 20px + (25p2 + 15p – 66) = 0
are less than 2.
(3) Find the values of '' for which 6 lies between the roots of the equation x2 + 2( – 3)x + 9 = 0.
(4) Let x2 – 2(a – 1)x + a – 1 = 0 (a  R) be a quadratic equation, then find the values of 'a' for
which
(i) Exactly one root lies in (0, 1). (ii) Both roots lies in (0, 1).
(iii) Atleast one root lies in (0, 1).
(iv) One root is greater than 1 and other root is smaller than 0.
(5) Find the values of a, for which the quadratic expression ax 2 + (a – 2) x – 2 is negative for
exactly two integral values of x.
Answers : (1) (a) [2, ) (b)  (c) (– , 1) (d)  (e) (– , 1] (f) (2, )
 3
(2) (– , –1) (3)  ,  
 4
(4) (i) (– , 1)  (2, ) (ii)  (iii) ( – , 1)  (2, ) (iv) 
(5) [1, 2)
12. Solving Equations :

(i) Type – I Relation ship between root and coefficient :
(ii) Type-II Solve for x, y, z
(iii) Type-III Miscellaneous
Example# 21 : Find all real numbers 'r' which there is atleast one triplet (x, y,z) of nonzero real numbers such
that
x2y + y2z + z2x = xy2 + yz2 + zx2 = rxyz
Ans. r(–, –1]  [3, )
Sol. Divide by xyz as x,y,z are non zero
x y z y z x
+ + = + + =r
z x y z x y
x y z
now assume = a,  b and  c
y z x
1 1 1
 a + b + c= r , abc = 1 and + + =r
a b c
 ab + bc + ca = r ........... (ii)
now we can write that a, b,c are the roots of the cubic polynomial t3 – rt2 + rt – 1 = 0
 (t3 –1) – rt (t – 1) = 0  (t – 1) (t2 + t + 1 – r t) = 0  (t – 1) (t2 – (r – 1)t + 1) = 0
all solutions should be real so discriminant of quadratic should be  0
 (r – 1)2 – 4  0  r – 3) (r + 1)  0
 r  (–, – 1]  [ 3,] Ans.
Example# 22 : Find all polynomials whose coefficients are equal to 1 or – 1 and whose all roots are real.
Ans. ±(x + 1) , ± (x – 1)
± (x2 + x – 1) , ± (x2 – x – 1)
± (x3 + x2 – x – 1)
± (x3 – x2 – x + 1)
± (x3 + x2 – x + 1)
PRERMO - 12
Equations
Sol. Let the polynomial is p(x) = anxn + an–1 xn–1 ....... + a1x + a0
let the roots are 1 , 2 ........ n
2
a  a a  a  a 
1 = –  n–1  , 12 = n– 212 =  n–1  – 2  n– 2  = 1 – 2  n– 2 
 n 
a an  n 
a  n 
a  an 
a
L.H.S. is always positive so  n– 2 has to be – 1 12 = 3
an
2
a a a 
and 123 ....... n = 0 or – 0 12 22 ....... n2 =  0  = 1
an an  an 
By A.M  G.M
1  2 .....n
2 2 2
3
 (12 22 ....... n2)1/n   1  n3
n n
Case-I n = 1
or p(x) = (x+1), ± (x – 1)
Case-II
n = 2  p(x) = ax2 + bx + c
D = b2 – 4ac  0  1– 4 ac  0  ac < 0
p(x) = ± (x2 + x– 1) or p(x) = ± (x2 – x – 1)
Case-III
n = 3  let P(x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(+  + )2 = 2 + 2= (–b)2 
 1 – 2  = 2  1 –2= 3  = –1
 +  +  = –1 so c = – 1
Now by choosing b, d from {–1,1} we can conclude only two cubic polynomials with their negative sign
have real roots
 P(x) = ± (x3 + x2 – x – 1) or P(x) = ± (x3 – x2 – x + 1) P(x) = ± (x3 + x2 – x + 1)3
Example# 23 : If  is a real root of the equation x5 – x3 + x – 2 = 0, prove that [6] = 3. (For any real number a,
we denote by [a] the greatest integer not exceeding a.)
Sol. Suppose is a real root of the given equation. Then
5 – 3 + – 2 = 0.
This gives 5 – 3 +  – 1 = 1 and hence (– 1) (4 + 3 +1) = 1. Observe that 4 + 3 +1  22 + 3 =
2(+2). If –1 < 0, then + 2 > 0, giving 2 (+ 2) > 0 and hence (– 1) 4 + 3 + 1 > 0. This again
gives (– 1) (4 + 3 +1) < 0.
The above reasoning shows that for  < 0, we have 5 – 3 +  – 1 = 1 < 0 and hence cannot be equal
to 1. We conclude that a real root of x5 – x3 + x – 2 = 0 is positive (obviously 0).
Now using 5 – 3 +  – 2 = 0, we get
6 = 4 – 2 + 2
The statement [6] = 3 is equivalent to 3 6 < 4.
Consider 4 – 2 + 2< 4. Since > 0, this is equivalent to 5 – 3 + 22 < 4. Using the relation (1), we
can write 22 – + 2 < 4or 22 – 5+ 2 < 0. Treating this as a quadratic, we get this is equivalent to
1
<< 2. Now observe that if a 2 then 1 = (– 1)(4 + 3 + 1)25 which is the impossible. If 0 <
2
1 1
 , then 1 = (– 1)(4 + 3 + 1) < 0 which again is impossible. We conclude that << 2.
2 2
Similarly 4 – 2 +2 3 is equivalent to 5 – 3 + 22 – 3 0 which is equivalent to 22 – 4+ 2 0.
But this is 2(– 1)2 0 which is valid. Hence 3 6 < 4 and we get [6] = 3.
Example# 24 : Find the number of ordered pair of real numbers (x, y) satisfying the equation
 1   1 
5x 1  2  = 12 & 5y 1 – 2
2 
 = 4.
 x y   x  y 2 
PRERMO - 13
Equations
122 42
Solution : Now (5x)2 + (5y)2 = 2
+ 2
 1   1 
1  2  1 – 2 
 x  y 2   x  y 2 
1
put x2 + y2 =
t
25 144 16
= +
t (1  t ) 2
(1 – t )2
25t4 – 160t3 + 206t2 – 160t + 25 = 0
 1  1
25  t 2  2  – 160  t   + 206 = 0
 t   t
1
t+ = u  25u2 – 160u + 156 = 0
t
6 26
u= ,
5 5
1 6 1 26
t+ = and t + =
t 5 t 5
1
t t = 5,
5
1  2 1
If x2 + y2 =  (x, y) =  ,– 
5 5 5
and x2 + y2 = 5  (x, y) = (2, 1)
Example# 25 : Find the number of triplets (x, y, z) of integers satisfying the equations
x + y = 1 – z and x3 + y3 = 1 – z2 (where z  1)
Solution: x3 + y3 + [1– (x + y)]2 = 1
(x + y)[x2 – xy + y2 + x + y – 2] = 0
If x + y = 0 then z = 1 so rejected
(x, y, z) = (m, – m, 1)
and x + y  0
x2 – xy + y2 + x + y – 2 = 0
(2x – y + 1)2 + 3(y + 1)2 = 12
2x – y + 1 = 0, y + 1 = ± 2
or 2x – y + 1 = ± 3, y + 1 = ± 1
(x, y, z) = (0, 1, 0), (–2, –3, 6), (1, 0, 0), (0, –2, 3), (–2, 0, 3), (–3, –2, 6)
Example : 26 Let (x + y – z) (x – y + z) = ayz

(y + z – x) (y – z + x) = bzx
(z + x – y) (z – x + y) = cxy.
If abc = (q – a – b – c)r (where q, r N) find the value of (q + r)
Solution : Multiply (x + y – z)2 (x – y + z)2 (y + z – x)2 = abc x2y2z2
(–x + y2z + yz2 + z2x + zx2 + x2y + xy2 – 2xyz)2 = abc x2y2z2.
3
 x2 y2 z2 x y 
abc =  
 yz

–
zx

xy
    2 
y x


…………(1)
Equation (1)
x 2  y 2  z2  2yz x2 y z
a= = – – +2
yz yz z y
x2 y z
a–2= – –
yz z y
PRERMO - 14
Equations
y2 z x
b–2= – –
xz x z
2
z x y
c–2= – –
xy y x
abc = (2  a)  (2  b) (2  c)  2 
2
abc = (4 – a – b – c)2.
Example# 27 : Let P(x) = 0 be a fifth degree polynomial equation with integer coefficients that has atleast one
integral root. If P(2) = 13 and P(10) = 5, then find the integral value of 'x' that must satisfy P(x) = 0.
Sol. Let r be an integer such that p(r) = 0
P(x) = (x – 2) q(x) + P(2)
P(r) = (r – 2) q(r) + 13
13
q(r) =
r2
Now, r – 2 = ± 1, ± 13
r = 3, 1, 15, – 11
P(x) = (x – 10) q(x) + P(10)
5
P(r) = 0 q(r) =
r  10
r – 10 = 1, – 1, 5, – 5
r = 11, 9, 15, 5
Thus r = 15.
Example# 28 : Find the number of ordered pairs of natural numbers (x, y) satisfying the
equation (xy – 1)2 = (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2
Solution : (xy – 1)2 – (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2
(xy – x – 2) (xy + x) = (y + 1)2
(y + 1) [x(xy – x – 2) – (y + 1)] = 0
If y = – 1 then x  R
Similarly x = – 1 then y  R  (x, y) = (–1, y), (x, ‫–ٲ‬1)
Case-1 x–1y–1
x(xy – x – 2) (y + 1) = (y + 1)2
x(xy – x – 2) = y + 1
x2y – x2 – 2x – y – 1 = 0
y (x – 1) (x + 1) = (x + 1)2
Since x  – 1
x 1 2
y= = 1+
x 1 x –1
Now x – 1 = – 1, 2, –2, 1
x = 0, 3, –1, 2 (x  –1)
(x, y) = (3, 2) (2, 3), (0, –1)
PRERMO - 15
Equations
PART – I : PRE RMO

x  2a  3
1. Find all values of a for which the inequality  0 is satisfied for all x belonging to the interval
x a2
1  x  2.
 1 
Ans. a    ,3 
 2 
x5
2. Find the smallest integral x satisfying the inequality 0.
x  5x  14
2
Ans. –6
3. Find integral x's which satisfy the inequality x4 – 3x3 – x + 3 < 0.

Ans. 2
4. Find the largest integral x which satisfies the following inequality

(x + 1)(x – 3)2 (x – 5)(x – 4)2 (x – 2) < 0
Ans. –2
5. While doing an addition of two polynomials, Adam mistook add the polynomial 2x2 + x + 1 as subtract
2x2 + x + 1, and hence his result was 5x2 –2x + 4. Find the correct answer.
Ans. 9x2 + 6
1 2 3
If x , x  ,1   2 are multiplied together, the product is a polynomial, then find degree of the
5
6.
x x x
product
Ans. 5
7. Given 3x2 + x = 1, find the value of 6x3 – x2 – 3x + 2010.

Ans. 2009
1 1 2 x  4 xy  2 y
8. If   4 , find the value of .
x y x  y  2 xy
Ans. 2/3
9. Let P(x) = ax7 + bx3 + cx –5, where a, b, c are constants. Given P(–7) = 7, find the value of P(7).
Ans. –17
10. If xy = a, xz = b, yz = c and abc 0, find the value of x2 + y2 + z2 in terms of a, b, c.

 ab ca bc   ab ac bc 
Ans.  , ,  or   ,– , a
 c b a   c b a 
1 1 1 13
11. Find the number of positive integers x satisfying the equation   
x x  1 x  2 12
Ans. 1
ADV - 1
Equations
12. Find all the values of k for which any real x is a solution of at least one of the inequalities
x2 + 5k2 + 8k > 2 (3kx + 2)
and x2 + 4k2  k(4x + 1)
Ans. (–, 0]
13. Solve the following equation :

(x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)(x – 4) = 15
5  21
Ans.
2
14. Solve the following equation :

x2  3.5x  1.5
0
x2  x  6
Ans. 1/2
15. Find all real values of a for each of which the equation x  a (x2 + (1 + 2a2)x + 2a2) = 0 has only two
distinct roots. Write the roots.
 1 
Ans. (–, –1)    ,0 
 2 
16. Find the values of a for which the equation x4 + (1 – 2a)x2 + a2 – 1 = 0

(a) has no solutions; (b) has one solution ; (c) has two solutions ; (d) has three solutions.
5 
Ans. (a) (–, –1)   ,   (b) –1 (c) a  (–1, 1)  {5/4} (d) 1
4 
17. Solve the equation

2b2  x2 2x 1
  0
b x
3 3
bx  b  x2 2x b
For what values of b is the solution of the equation unique ?
Ans. b/2, b  0
x 2  mx  2
18. Find values of m for which the inequality  1 satisfied for all x  R ?
x 2  3x  4
Ans. (–7, 1)
x2  k 2
19. Find all values of k for which the inequality  1 is satisfied for all x such that –1 < x < 1.
k(6  x)
7  3 5 
Ans.  , 
 2 

20. Find the greatest value of x which satisfies the system of equations

 x  y  35
3 3
 2 .
 x y  xy  30
2

Ans. 3
21. Find all values of  for which the system of inequalities

 x 2  2x    0

 2
 x  4x  6  0

has a unique solution.
Ans. 0 or 1
ADV - 2
Equations
x 6
22. Find a < 0 for which the inequalities 2 ax < 3a – x and x   have solutions in common.
a a
 2 
Ans.  3 , 0 
 
23. Find all values of k for which there is at least one common solution of the inequalities
x2 + 4kx + 3k2 > 1 + 2k and x2 + 2kx  3k2 – 8k + 4.
 1  3 
Ans.  , 2    2 ,  
   
x 1
24. For what real values of a does the range of the function y = not contain any values belonging
a  x2  1
to the interval [–1, – 1/3] ?
 1
Ans.  ,  4 
 
PART – II : RMO
(ax  b)(dx  c)
1. Show that the expression will be capable of all values when x is real, if a2 – b2 and
(bx  a)(cx  d)
c2 – d2 have the same sign.
2. If by eliminating x between the equations x 2 + ax + b = 0 and xy + l(x + y) + m = 0, a quadratic in y is

formed whose roots are the same as those of the original quadratic in x, then either a = 2l, and b = m,
or b + m = al.
3. If the roots of the equation

 p2  2 p2
 1  q   x + p(1 + q)x + q(q – 1) + = 0 are equal, then show that p2 = 4q
 2  2
4. If each pair of the three equations

x2 – p1x + q1 = 0, x2 – p2c + q2 = 0, x2 – p3x + q3 = 0, have common root, prove that
p12  p22  p32  4(q1  q2  q3 ) = 2(p2p3 + p3p1 + p1p2)
5. Solve the system

x sin a + y sin 2a + z sin 3a = sin 4a
x sin b + y sin 2b + z sin 3b = sin 4b
x sin c + y sin 2c + z sin 3c = sin 4c
Ans. x = 2 (cos a + cos b + cos c) + 8(cos a cos b cos c)
y = – 2 – 4(cos a cos b + cos c + cos b cos c)
z = 2(cos a + cos b + cos c)
Solution We have sin 2a = 2sin a cos a
sin 3a = sin a(4 cos2 a – 1)
sin 4a = 4sin a (2cos3 a – cos a)
 The first equation of our system is rewritte in the following way
x + 2y cos a + z(4 cos2 a – 1)
= 4(2cos3 a – cos a)
The remaining two are similar. Expand this equation in powers of cos a, we have
8 cos3a – 4z cos2a – (2y + 4) cosa + z – x = 0
Putting cos a = t and dividing both members by 8, we get
z 2 y2 zx
t3 – t – t+ =0
2 4 8
ADV - 3
Equations
Our system of equations is equivalent to the statement that the equations has three roots : t = cos a; t =
cos b and t = cos c, which follows :
z
= cos a + cos b + cos c
2
y2
= – (cos a cos b + cos a cos c + cos b cos c)
4
xz
= cos a cos b cos c
8
 The solution of our system will be x = 2 (cos a + cos b + cos c) + 8(cos a cos b cos c)
y = – 2 – 4(cos a cos b + cos c + cos b cos c)
z = 2(cos a + cos b + cos c)
6. If , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 – x2 + 4 = 0, then form an equation where roots are + 2 + 2,
 + 2 + 2,  + 2 + 2 .
Ans. x3 – 3x2 – x + 19
Sol. x3 – x2 + 4 = 0 Here
 +  +  = 1,  = 0 ,  = – 4
8 8
y =  + 2 + 2 =  + ( + )2 – 2 =  + (1–)2 + = 2 +1 –  +
 
3   –  2  8 4 4
y=  y= y =  + 4 (here 3 – 2 = – 4)   =
  y –1
The equation will be
3 2
 4   4  64 16
  –   +4=0  – + 4=0
 y – 1  y – 1 (y – 1) (y – 1)2
3
 (y – 1)3 – 4(y–1) + 16 = 0  y3 – 3y2 – y + 19 = 0
7. If , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 + cx + d = 0 then form an equation whose roots are
              
, ,
 –  – – 
Ans. 8dx3 – 4x2(c2 + 3d) + 2x (3d + 2c2 – 2cd) – (d + c2 + d2 – 2cd) = 0
Sol. All roots are symmetric
 +  +  = 0 ;  = –d
d
 –
    
= 
d 1
= 
 – –2 2 2
2
d 1 d 1 d 1
roots are  ,  , 
2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2
1
d 1 d 1 d 2y  1  d 2
By transformation of roots y =   2 – +y =  =  
2  2y  1 
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
As  is the root of the equation x3 + cx + d = 0
3 1 3 1
 d 2  d 2  d 2  d 2
  +c   +d=0    + c  = –d
 1  2y   1  2y   2y  1   2y  1 
d3 c2d 2cd2
 + + = d2
(2y  1)3 (2y  1) (2y  1)2
d2 + c2(2y – 1)2 + 2cd(2y – 1) = d(2y – 1)3
d(2y – 1)3 – c2(2y – 1)2 – 2cd(2y – 1) – d2 = 0
8dy3 + y2(–12d – 4c2) + y(6d + 4c2 – 4cd) + (–d3 – c2 + 2cd – d2) = 0
8dx3 + x2(–12d – 4c2) + x(6d + 4c2 – 4cd) – (d3 + c2 + d2 – 2cd) = 0
ADV - 4
Equations
8. Determine all real values of the parameter 'a' for which the equation
16x4 – ax3 + (2a + 17) x2 – ax + 16 = 0 has exactly four distinct real roots that form a geometric
progression
Ans. 170
1
Sol. By observation it is clear that if  is root then is also the root


16x – ax + (2a + 17)x – ax + 16 = 0
4 3 2 r2
r 
r 
2
4r6 = 1  r = –2/3
so roots are
, 1/3, 1/3, –1
now sum of roots
a
 + 1/3 + 1/3 + –1 = .............(i)
16
2a  17
 + 2/3 + 2 + 2/3 + 4/3 = ………….(ii)
16
1 1
Let us assume that  = 1/3 + 1/ 3   = + 3
 
 1 1 a
     + 1/ 3 +  =
equation (i)becomes 1/3
   16
a a
  (2 – 3) +  =  3 – 2 =  16 ( – 2) = a
16 16
equation (ii) becomes
2a  17
(2 – 2)2 + (2 – 2) – 2 =
16
now put a = 16 ( – )
3
the equation becomes

17
(2 – 2)2 + (2 – 2) – 2 = 2(3 – 2) +
16
15
4 – 23 – 32 + 4 + =0
16
 3  5  1
          2 –  –  = 0
 2  2   4 
as we known
1
|| = 1/ 3  1/ 3  2

5
so  =  a = 16(2 – 2)  a = 170
2
so the roots of the given equation
1 1
are , 2,8
8 2
9. Consider the equation x5 + 5x4 – x3 + ( – 4)x2 – (8 + 3) x + ( – 2) = 0 where , R
(i) Determine  such that the given equation has exactly one root independent of .
(ii) Determine  such that the given equation has exactly two roots indepedent of .
ADV - 5
Equations
64
Ans. (i)  = – (ii)  = – 3
5
Sol. First write the equation having constant coefficient and having coefficient in term of , 
x5 – x3 – 4x 2 – 3x – 2 +  (5x 4  x 2 – 8x  ) = 0
p(x) q(x)
A root of this equation is independent of  if and only if it is a common root of p(x) and q(x)
x5 – x3 – 4x2 – 3x – 2 = 0& 5x4 + x2 – 8x + 2 = 0
 x4(x – 2) + 2x3(x–2) + 3x2 (x – 2) + 2x (x – 2) + 1(x – 2)
= (x– 2) (x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1) = (x – 2) (x4 + x2 + 1 + 2x3 + 2x2 + 2x)
= (x – 2) (x2 + x + 1)2
so p(x) = (x – 2) (x2 + x +1)2
If exactly one root is common so that root should be x = 2
–64
so for this 80 + 4 – 16 +  = 0   =
5
for exactly two roots should be common so the root will be x = w, x = w2 because polynomial p(x) and
q(x) are defined over real number so if w is the root w2 will also be the root
 5w + w2 – 8w +  = 0 w2– 3w +  = 0
 (–w) = 3w  = – 3
10. Find all real numbers 'r' for which there is atleast one triplet (x, y,z) of nonzero real numbers such that
x2y + y2z + z2x = xy2 + yz2 + zx2 = rxyz
Ans. r(–, –1]  [3, )
Sol. Divide by xyz as x,y,z are non zero
x y z y z x
+ + = + + =r
z x y z x y
x y z
now assume = a,  b and  c
y z x
1 1 1
 a + b + c= r , abc = 1 and + + =r
a b c
 ab + bc + ca = r ........... (ii)
now we can write that a, b,c are the roots of the cubic polynomial t3 – rt2 + rt – 1 = 0
 (t3 –1) – rt (t – 1) = 0  (t – 1) (t2 + t + 1 – r t) = 0  (t – 1) (t2 – (r – 1)t + 1) = 0
all solutions should be real so discriminant of quadratic should be  0
 (r – 1)2 – 4  0  r – 3) (r + 1)  0
 r  (–, – 1]  [ 3,] Ans.
11. Find all polynomials whose coefficients are equal to 1 or – 1 and whose all roots are real.
Ans. ±(x + 1) , ± (x – 1)
± (x2 + x – 1) , ± (x2 – x – 1)
± (x3 + x2 – x – 1)
± (x3 – x2 – x + 1)
± (x3 + x2 – x + 1)
Sol. Let the polynomial is p(x) = anxn + an–1 xn–1 ....... + a1x + a0
let the roots are 1 , 2 ........ n
2
a  a a  a  a 
1 = –  n–1  , 12 = n– 2 12 =  n–1  – 2  n– 2  = 1 – 2  n– 2 
 an  an  an   an   an 
an– 2
L.H.S. is always positive so  has to be – 1 12 = 3
an
2
a a a 
and 123 ....... n = 0 or – 0 12 22 ....... n2 =  0  = 1
an an  an 
ADV - 6
Equations
By A.M  G.M
1  2 .....n
2 2 2
3
 (12 22 ....... n2)1/n   1  n3
n n
Case-I n = 1
or p(x) = (x+1), ± (x – 1)
Case-II
n = 2  p(x) = ax2 + bx + c
D = b2 – 4ac  0  1– 4 ac  0  ac < 0
p(x) = ± (x2 + x– 1) or p(x) = ± (x2 – x – 1)
Case-III
n = 3  let P(x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(+  + )2 = 2 + 2= (–b)2 
 1 – 2  = 2  1 –2= 3  = –1
 +  +  = –1 so c = – 1
Now by choosing b, d from {–1,1} we can conclude only two cubic polynomials with their negative sign
have real roots
 P(x) = ± (x3 + x2 – x – 1) or P(x) = ± (x3 – x2 – x + 1) P(x) = ± (x3 + x2 – x + 1)3
12. If , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0, then form an equation whose roots are
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 3 – 3 ; 3+ 3 – 3 ; 3 + 3 – 3 .
 3
       
Ans. z3 + 12z2 – 172z – 2152 = 0
Sol. Roots of the equation
x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 ...(1)
are Let , , . Let us form an equation, whose roots are 3, 3, 3. If y is a root of the transformed
equation, then
y = x3 ...(2)
To eliminate x between (1) and (2)
(1) can be written as x3 + 1 = – (2x2 + 3x)
On cubing both sides, we get
x9 + 3x6 + 3x3 + 1
= – [8x + 27x3 + 18x3 (2x2 + 3x)]
6
x9 + 3x6 + 3x3 + 1
= – [8x + 27x3 + 18x3 (– x3 + 1)
6
Putting x3 = y in this equation y3 + 3x2 + 3y + 1 = – 8y2 – 27y + 18y2 + 18y

or y3 – 7y2 + 12y + 1 = 0 ...(3)
It roots are 3, 3, 3
Chainging y to 1/y, equation (3) becomes
1 7 12
– 2 + +1=0
y3 y y
or y3 + 12y2 – 7y + 1 = 0 ...(4)
1 1 1
Its roots are 3 , 3 , 3 .
  
Let us denote them by a, b, c.
  a + b + c = – 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
We have to form an equations whose roots are 3 + 3 – 3 ; 3 + 3 – 3 ; 3 + 3 – 3
        
i.e., whose roots are b + c – a, c + a – b, a + b – c where a, b, c are the roots of (4). If the new equation
is in terms of z, then
z = b + c a = (a + b + c) – 2a = – 12 – 2y
12  z
 y=–
4
Putting this value of y in (4), we have
ADV - 7
Equations
(12  z)3 (12  z)2 (12  z)

– + 12. + 7. + 11 = 0
8 4 2
(12  z) (12  z) (12  z)
3 2
– 12 –7 – 11 = 0
8 4 2
(12 + z)3 – 24(12 + z)2 – 28 (12 + z) – 88 = 0
or z3 + 12z2 – 172z – 2152 = 0
Which is required equation.
13. If  is a real root of the equation x 5 – x3 + x – 2 = 0, then prove that [6] = 3. (For any real number a, we
denote by [a] the greatest integer not exceeding a.)
Sol. Suppose is a real root of the given equation. Then
5 – 3 + – 2 = 0.
This gives 5 – 3 +  – 1 = 1 and hence (– 1) (4 + 3 +1) = 1. Observe that 4 + 3 +1  22 + 3 =
2(+2). If –1 < 0, then + 2 > 0, giving 2 (+ 2) > 0 and hence (– 1) 4 + 3 + 1 > 0. This again
gives (– 1) (4 + 3 +1) < 0.
The above reasoning shows that for  < 0, we have 5 – 3 +  – 1 = 1 < 0 and hence cannot be equal
to 1. We conclude that a real root of x5 – x3 + x – 2 = 0 is positive (obviously 0).
Now using 5 – 3 +  – 2 = 0, we get
6 = 4 – 2 + 2
The statement [6] = 3 is equivalent to 3 6 < 4.
Consider 4 – 2 + 2< 4. Since > 0, this is equivalent to 5 – 3 + 22 < 4. Using the relation (1), we
can write 22 – + 2 < 4or 22 – 5+ 2 < 0. Treating this as a quadratic, we get this is equivalent to
1
<< 2. Now observe that if a 2 then 1 = (– 1)(4 + 3 + 1)25 which is the impossible. If 0 <
2
1 1
 , then 1 = (– 1)(4 + 3 + 1) < 0 which again is impossible. We conclude that << 2.
2 2
Similarly 4 – 2 +2 3 is equivalent to 5 – 3 + 22 – 3 0 which is equivalent to 22 – 4+ 2 0.
But this is 2(– 1)2 0 which is valid. Hence 3 6 < 4 and we get [6] = 3.
14. The three equations
x+y+z=3,
x3 + y3 + z3 = 15 and
x4 + y4 + z4 = 35
has a real solution x, y, z for which x2 + y2 + z2 < 10. Find the value of (x5 + y5 + z5)
Ans. 83
Sol. Let x2 + y2 + z2 =   (x + y + z)2 = x2 + 2 (xy + yz + zx)
9–
 9 =  + 2 (xy+ yz + zx)  xy + yz + zx =
2
now x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)
  9 –    3  9   3  9 
 15 – 3xyz = 3   –    15 – 3xyz = 3    5 – xyz =  2 
  2   2   
19  3
 xyz =
2
x4 + y4 + z4 = 35 = (x3 + y3 + z3) (x + y + z) – (x2 + y2 + z2) (xy + yz + zx) + xyz (x + y + z)
(9 –  ) 9(9 – ) 9–
 35 = 45 – + – 12  2 = (9 – )    (9 – ) = 4
2
2 2  2 
 9–=2 or 9 –  = – 2 or  = 7 or 11
 = 11 rejected as x2 + y2 + z2 < 10
x5 + y5 + z5 = (x4 + y4 + z4) (x + y + z) – (x3 + y3 + z3) (xy + yz + zx) + xyz (x2 + y2 + z2)
= 35(3) – 15 –1 + 7(–1) = 83
15. Determine all real solutions of the given equation where p is real number.
x2 – p + 2 x2 – 1 = x
ADV - 8
Equations
4p  4
Ans. x= 0  p  3 
2 4  2p  
Sol. x  0 and also p  0, (because if p < 0 then x 2 – p > x which can't possible)
now square both sides we get
5x2 – p – 4 + 4 (x2 – p)(x 2 – 1) = x2
4 (x2 – p)(x 2 – 1) = (p + 4) – (4x2) p + 4  4x2
again squaring equation
16(x4 – (p + 1)x2 + p) = (p + 4)2 + 16x4 – 8x2(p + 4)
– 16(p + 1)x2 + 16p = (p + 4)2 – 8x2 (p + 4)
 16p –(p + 4)2 = 8x2 (2p + 2 – p – 4)
 8p – p2 – 16 = 8x2 (p – 2)
(p – 4)2 (4  p)
 x2 = (now p < 2)  x=
8(2  p) 2 4 – 2p
4–p
now put the value of x in the original equation we get  x=
2 4 – 2p
(4 – p)2 (4 – p)2 4–p
 –p + 2 –1 =
8(2 – p) 8(2 – p) 2 4 – 2p
p2 – 8p  16 – 16p  8p2 p2 – 8p  16 – 16  8p 4–p
 +2 =
8(2 – p) 8(2 – p) 2 4 – 2p
 9p2 – 24p  16 + 2 p2 = 4 – p  |3p –4| + 2|p| = 4 – p |3p – 4| = 4 – 3p
4 4–p  4
0p and x = where p 0,  
3 2 4 – 2p  3

16. Find the real numbers (x, y) that satisfy the equation
xy2 = 15x2 + 17xy + 15y2
x2y = 20x2 + 3y2
Ans. (x, y) = (19, 45) & (0, 0)
2
x x
Sol. x = 15   + 17   + 15 ..............(i)
y y
2
y
y = 20 + 3   ..............(ii)
x
 
y
put   = p assume x, y  0
x
divide (ii) by (i) [x, y = 0 is the obvious solution]
2
y
20  3  
y x
x=
 
2
x x
15    17    15
 
y y
 20  3p2  2
p =  2 
p as p  0
 15  17p  15p 
3p3  20p
1=  3p3 – 15p2 + 3p – 15 = 0  p3 – 5p2 + p – 5 = 0  (p – 5) (p2 + 1) = 0
15p2  17p  15
y
so p = 5  5 put this in equation (ii)
x
y = 95 and x = 19 also x = 0 , y = 0 is the obvious solution
ADV - 9
Equations
17. Find the solution of equations

(3x + y) (x + 3y) xy = 14 and
(x + y) (x2 + 14xy + y2) = 36 where x, y  R
3 3  3 3 
Ans. (x, y) =   2,  2  or   2,  2 
 2 2   2 2 
Sol. Substitute
x = u and y = v (u, v > 0)
4 2 2
uv (3u + 10u v + 3v ) = 14 4
3u5v + 10u3v3 + 3uv5 = 14 ......(ii)

u6 + 15u4v2 + 15u2v4 + v6 = 36 ......(i)
Now by observation it can be easily predicted that all coefficients are presenting binomial expansion
(i) + 2(ii) we get  (u + v)6 = 64  u+v=2
(i) – 2 (ii) we get  (u – v)6 = 8 u–v=± 2
1 1
 u=1± &v=1
2 2
 1 1   1 1  3 3  3 3 
 (u,v)   1  ,1–  or  1– ,1    (x, y)    2, – 2  or  – 2,  2 
 2 2  2 2 2 2  2 2 
18. Find all solutions (x1, x2,x3 .........xn) of the equation
1 x  1 (x1  1))(x 2  1) (x  1))(x 2  1).....(xn1  1)
1+ + 1 + + .............. + 1 =0
x1 x1 x 2 x1x 2 x3 x1x 2 ......xn
Ans. xi = –1 for atleast one i is the solution where i  {1,2,3,......n}
Sol. Assume
1
= yi
xi
so equation becomes
(1 + y1) + (1 + y1)y2 + (1 + y1)(1+ y2)y3 .......... + (1 + y1)(1 + y2) ......... (1 + yn–1) yn = 0
 (1 + y1) (1 + y2) + (1 + y1) (1 + y2) y3 + .......... + (1+ y1) (1 + y2) ........ (1 + yn–1) yn = 0
Finally it becomes
(1 +y1) (1 + y2) (1 + y3) .......... (1 + yn) = 0
so atleast one yi should be – 1
yi = – 1 for atleast one i
so xi = – 1 for atleast one i is the solution.
19. The roots x1, x2, x3 of the equation x3 + ax + a = 0, where a is a non-zero real, satisfy
x12 x 22 x32
  = – 8. Find x1, x2, x3.
x 2 x3 x1
Ans. {x1,x2,x3} = {–2,1 – 5 ,1 + 5 } all its permutation
Sol. We are given,
x13 x3  x32 x1  x33 x2  8x1x2 x3
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0; x1x2 + x2x3 + x3x1 = a;
x1x2x3 = – a
and for i = 1, 2, 3, ...
xi3+ axi + a = 0
x13+ ax1 + a = 0
x33+ ax3 + a = 0
  x13 x3  x32 x1  x33 x2 ) + a (x1x3 + x2x1 + x3x2) + a(x3 + x1 + x1 + x2) = 0
i.e., 8a + a2 = 0  a = – 8
So, given equation is x3 – 8x – 8 = 0,
One root is – 2, other roots are given by
x2– 2x – 4 = 0
i.e., x=1± 5
ADV - 10
Equations
So, {x1, x2, x3} = {–2,1 – 5 ,1 + 5}
20. Solve the given equations :

x+y+z=0
x3 + y3 + z3 = 18
x7 + y7 + z7 = 2058 where x,y,z R
Ans. (x, y,z) = (2, –1, – 3) , (2, – 3, – 1) (1–3,–2) (1,–2,–3), (3,–1,–2) , (3,–2,–1)
Sol. Let us assume that x, y, z are the roots of the polynomid p(t)
 p(t) = t3 + at2 + bt +c
As x = 0 a=0
 p(t) = t3 + bt + c
Now p(x) = x3 + bx + c = 0 ........(i)
& p(y) = y3 + by + c = 0 ........(ii)
& p(z) = z3 + bz + c = 0 ........(iii)
adding 18 + 3c = 0  c = – 6
 p(t) = t3 + bt – 6 consider equation (i)
x3 = 6 – bx
y3 = 6 – by
z3 = 6 – bz
x3. x3.x = (6 – bx)2.x  x7 = (6 – bx)2x = 36x + b2x3 – 12bx2
x7 = b2x3 – 12bx2 + 36x
y7 = b2y3 – 12by2 + 36y
z7 = b2z3 –12bz2 + 36z
Adding, 2058 = 18b2 – 12b (x2 + y2 + z2)
Now x2 = (x + y + z)2 – 2xy x2 = 0 – 2b
2058 = 18b2 – 12b (–2b)
2058 = 18b2 + 24b2  b2 = 49 b = 7,–7
The equation t3 + 7t – 6 = 0 or t3 – 7t – 6 = 0
t3 + 7t – 6 = 0 has only real roots as other function is increasing so rejected
t3 – 7t – 6  t = –1, – 2, 3
Ans. (–1, –2, 3) and all its permutations.
PART – I : PREVIOUS ASKED QUESTION FOR PRE RMO
PRMO (2012)
1. Let Sn = n2 + 20n + 12, n a positive integer. What is the sum of all possible values of n for which S n is a
perfect square ? [PRMO-2012]
Ans : 16
Sol. n2 + 20n + 12 = 2  (n +10)2 – 2 = 88  (n + 10 + ) n + 10 – ) = 88
88 × 1  rejected
44 × 2
22 × 4  n = 13, 3
11 × 8 rejected
2. Let x1, x2, x3 be roots of equation x3 + 3x + 5 = 0. What is the value of the expression
 1 1  1 
 x1    x 2    x3   ? [PRMO-2012]
 x1   x2   x3 
ADV - 11
Equations
29
Ans :
5
(1  x12 )(1  x22 )(1  x32 ) 1  (x12  x 22  x 32 )  (x12 x 22  x 22x 32  x 32x12 )  x12x 22x 32 1  6  9  25
Sol. = 
x1x 2 x3 x1x2 x3 5
29
=
5
Aliter : Put x = i in x3 + 3x + 5 = (x–x1) (x–x2) (x–x3) and take modulus.
3. How many integer pairs (x,y) satisfy x2 + 4y2 – 2xy– 2x – 4y – 8 = 0 ? [PRMO-2012]

Ans : 6
Sol. xR D0 y  [–1,3]
Put y = – 1  x = 0.
Put y = 0  x = – 2, 4 . Put y = 1  x I
Put y = 2  x = 0,6. Put y = 3 x=4
PRMO (2013)
4. It is given that the equation x2 + ax + 20 = 0 has integer roots. What is the sum of all possible values of
a? [PRMO-2013]
Ans : 0
Sol. 20 = 1×20, – 1× –20, 2×10, –2×–10, 4×5, 4×–5
5. Three real numbers x, y, z are such that x2 + 6y = – 17, y2 + 4z = 1 and z2 + 2x = 2. What is the value of
x2 + y2 + z2 [PRMO-2013]
Ans : 14
Sol. x2 + y2 + z2 + 6y + 4z + 2x = – 14  (x+1)2 + (y+3)2 + (z+2)2 = 0
6. Let f(x) = x3 – 3x + b and g(x) = x2 + bx – 3 where b is a real number. What is the sum of all possible
values of b for which the equations f(x)= 0 and g(x) = 0 have a common root ? [PRMO-2013]
Ans : 0
Sol. If there is a common root for b =  then it will be for b = – .
PRMO (2014)
7. What is the smallest possible natural number ‘n’ for which the equation [PRMO-2014]
x2 – nx + 2014 = 0 has integer roots.
Ans. 91
Sol.  = 2014 = 2 .19 . 53  1 + 2014 or 2 + 1007 or 19 + 106 or 38 + 53 so minimum is 38 + 53
1 1
8. Natural numbers k,  p and q are such that if a and b are roots of x2 – kx +  = 0 then a + and b +
b a
are roots of x2 – px + q = 0. What is the sum of all possible values of q ? [PRMO-2014]
Ans : 4
 1  1 1 1
Sol. q =  a   b   =  + 2 +  = q –  –2
 b  a
1
As N =1 q=4
9. Let x1, x2, x3, ……x2014 be real numbers different from 1 such that x1 +x1 + ….. + x2014 = 1 and
x1 x x x2 x2 x2
 2  ........ 2014  1 . What is the value of 1  2  ........ 2014  1
1  x1 1  x2 1  x2014 1  x1 1  x2 1  x2014
[PRMO-2014]
ADV - 12
Equations
Ans. 0
x12  x1  x1 x
  x1  1  –1 + 1 = 0
1  x1 1  x1
Sol.
10. If real numbers a, b, c, d, e satisfy a + 1 = b + 2 = c + 3 = d + 4 = e + 5 = a + b + c + d + e + 3
then find the value of a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + e2 [PRMO - 2014]
Ans : 10
Sol. b = a – 1, c = a – 2, d = a – 3, e = a – 4
Put in a + b + c + d + e = a – 2  4a = 8 a=2
PRMO (2015)
11. The equations x2 – 4x + k = 0 and x2 + kx – 4 = 0 where k is a real number have exactly one common
root. What is the value of k. [PRMO-2015]
Ans. 3
12. Let a, b and c be real numbers such that a – 7b + 8c = 4 and 8a + 4b – c = 7. What is the value of
a2 – b2 + c2. [PRMO-2015]
Ans. 1
Sol. a + 8c = 4 + 7b and 8a – c = 7 – 4b
 (a + 8c)2 + (8a – c)2 = (4 + 7b)2 + (7–4b)2
 65(a2 + c2) = 65(1+ b2)
a2 b2 c2
13. Let a, b and c be such that a + b + c = 0 and P = + + is defined. What is
2a2  bc 2b2  ca 2c 2  ab
the value of P . [PRMO-2015]
Ans. 1
b c
Ans. Let a is non zero  b + c = – a becomes  =–1
a a
b c
Let  = and  = +=–1
a a
b2 c2
P=
1
+ a2+ a2
2
bc
2 2 2b c 2c 2 b
 
a a2 a a2 a
1 2 2
= + +
2   2 2   22  
1 422  3  3
= +
2   422  23  23  
1 422  3  1
= +
2   422  2(3  1)  
1 4x 2  3x  1
= +
2x 4x 2  7x  2
ADV - 13
Equations
1 (x  1)(4x  1) 1 x 1
= + = + =1
2x (4x  1)(x  2) x  2 x2
14. Suppose x2 – x + 1 is factor of 2x6 – x5 + ax4 + x3 + bx2 – 4x – 3. Find a – 4b [PRMO-2015]
Ans: 6
Sol. 2x6 – x5 + ax4 + x3 + bx2 – 4x – 3 = (x2–x+1) (2x4 + px3 + qx2 + rx – 3)
–1=p–2 p=1  (x2 – x+1) (2x4 + x3 + qx2 + rx – 3)
Also – 4 = 3 + r  r = – 7  (x2 – x+1) (2x4 + x3 + qx2 – 7x – 3) ..........
Alternatively – –  are roots of given expression
2
15. Let R(x) be the remainder upon dividing x44 +x33 + x22 + x11 + 1 by the polynomial x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1.
Find R(1) + 2R (2) + 3R(3). [PRMO-2015]
Ans. 0
Sol. x5 – 1 = (x–1) (x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1)
so if  is root of x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 ...(i) then 5 = 1
Now 11 = 10 1 = 1. 1 so 11 is also a root of equation (i)
 is root of equation x44 + x33 + x22 + x11 + 1= 0
Now, x44 + x33 + x22 + x11 + 1=(x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) Q (x) + R(x)
Put x = 1, 2, 3, 4, the roots of equation ....(i)
 0 = 0 + R(1), 0 = 0 R(2)....
 There are four roots of equation R(x) = 0
 R(x) = 0 is an identity  all coeffs in R(x) are '0'
 R(x) is identically zero.
16. Let P(x) = (x – 3)(x – 4)(x – 5). For how many polynomials Q(x), does there exist a polynomial R(x) of
degree 3 such that P(Q(x)) = P(x)R(x)? [PRMO-2015]
Ans. 22
Sol. P(x). R(x) = degree 6
so Q(x) must be degree 2
P(Q(x)) = P(x). R(x)
put x = 3,4,5, we get
P(Q(3)) = P(Q(4)) = P(Q(5)) = 0
P(t) = 0  t = 3, 4, 5
It means
Q(3), Q(4), Q(5) is one of the 27 ordered triplet
let Q(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Q(3) = 3, Q(4) = 4, Q(5) = 5, Q(x) = x
Q(x) = 4 – x
In all the other case we get quadratic
Q(3), Q(4), Q(5) yield non-collinear
Total = 27 – 5 = 22
17. For how many pairs of odd positive integers (a, b), both a, b less than 100, does the equation
x2 + ax + b = 0 have integer roots? [PRMO-2015]
Ans. 0
Sol. If x is odd then x2 + ax + b = odd + odd + odd = odd  0
If x is even then even + even + odd  0
18. Find the sum of all those integers n for which n2+20n+15 is the square of an integer. [PRMO-2015]
Ans. – 40
Sol. n2 + 20n + 15 = 2 (n + 10)2–2 = 85
 (n +10 + ) (n +10 – ) = 85 = 85×1, – 1×–85, 17×5, –5×–17
 n = 33, – 53, 1, –21
ADV - 14
Equations
PRMO - 2016
19. Let  and  be the roots of equation x2 + x – 3 = 0. Find the value of the expression 42 – 3.
[PRMO-2016]
Ans : 19
Sol. 4(3 – ) –  (3 – ) = 12 – 4 – 3 + (3 – ) = 15 – 4 ( + ) = 19.
20. Let x3 + ax + 10 = 0 and x3 + bx2 + 50 = 0 have two roots in common. Let P be the product of these
common roots. Find the numerical value of P3, not involving a, b. [PRMO-2016]
Ans. 500
Sol.  = –10,  = – 50,  +  +  = 0,  +  +  = 0
 +  ( + ) = 0  +  (–) = 0  = 
Now, () () = 500   = 500   = 500
21. Four real numbers x and y, let M be the maximum value of expression [PRMO-2016]
x4 y + x3 y + x2 y + x y + xy4 + xy + xy2 + xy3 + xy4 , subject to x + y = 3. Find [M].
Ans. 36
22. Between 5pm and 6pm, I looked at my watch mistaking the hour hand for the minute hand and the
minute hand for the hour hand, I mistook the time to be 57 minutes earlier than the actual time. Find
the number of minutes past 5 when I looked at my watch.
Ans. 12 min. [PRMO-2016 (Delhi)]
Sol. Let hour hand is x0 past 5  minute hand is 12x0 past 12'O clock
1
 Actual time = 5 hrs + 12x0 × min =
6
= 5 hrs and 2x minutes
Now mistakenly minute hand is x0 past 5  (150 + x)0
150  x x
 minutes = 25 + minutes
6 6
mistakenly hour hand is (12x)0 past 12'O clock
 12x  0
so it shows   hours where [.] = GIF (30 = 1 hour)
 30 
Actual time = 57 min + mistaken time
 2x  x
 5 hrs + (2x) min =   hrs + (82 + ) min
 5  6
 11x   2x 
218 min +   min =   hrs
 6   5 
 11x   2x 
 3 hrs + 38 min +   min =   hrs
 6   5 
x must be multiple of 6 and LHS of 60 (in min)
x = 12 gives 4 hrs = 4 hrs
ADV - 15
Equations
PRMO (2017)
23. Suppose a, b are positive real numbers such that a a  b b  183 , a b  b a  182 .
9
Find (a  b) . [PRMO-2017]
5
Ans. 73
9
Sol. a a + b b = 183 and a b + b a = 182 we have to find (a  b)
5
Let a = A2, b = B2
A3 + B3 = 183 ............(i)
A2B + B2A = 182..........(ii)
(1) + (2)
A3 + B3 + 3AB(A + B) = 183 + 3 × 182
(A + B)3 = 183 + 546
(A + B)3 = 729
A + B = 9
from (2)  AB(A + B) = 182
182
AB =
9
a + b = A2 + B2 = (A + B)2 – 2AB
364 365
= 81 – =
9 9
9 365
× = 73
5 9
24. Let a, b be integers such that all the roots of the equation (x 2 + ax + 20)(x2 + 17x + b) = 0 are negative
integers. What is the smallest possible value of a + b ? [PRMO-2017]
eku yks fd a, b ,sl iw.kkZad gS fd lehdj.k (x2 + ax + 20)(x2 + 17x + b) = 0 ds lHkh gy _.kkRed iw.kkZad gSA a
+ b dk u;wure lEHko eku D;k gksxk ?
Ans. 25 [Theory of equation]
Sol. 2 2
(x + ax + 20)(x + 17x + b) = 0
– – – –
z z z z
so a > 0 and b > 0 since sum of roots < 0 and product > 0
(since 20 = (1 × 20) × (2 × 10) or (4 × 5)
min a = 9
– 17 =  +   ()  (–1, – 16), (–2, – 15), (–8, –9)
min b = 16
(a+b)min = amin + bmin = 9 + 16 = 25
25. In a class, the total numbers of boys and girls are in the ratio 4 : 3. On one day it was found that 8 boys
and 14 girls were absent from the class and that the number of boys was the square of the number of
girls. What is the total number of students in the class ? [PRMO-2017]
,d d{kk esa yM+ds vkSj yMfd;ka 4 : 3 ds vuqikr esa gsA ,d fnu ik;k tkrk gS fd d{kk esa 8 yM+ds vkSj
14 yM+dh;k vuqifLFkr gSA vkSj yM+dksa dh la[;k yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k dk oxZ gSA dFkk esa dqy fdrus
yM+ds-yM+fd;k gS? [Quadratic : word problem]
Ans. 42
Sol. Ratio is 4 : 3 therefore
Boys are 4x
Girls are 3x
given (4x – 8) = (3x – 14)2
9x2 + 196 – 84x = 4x – 8
9x2 – 88x + 204 = 0
ADV - 16
Equations
88  882  4  9  204
x=
18
2(22  222  9  51)
=
9
2(22  5) 27 17
= = 2× or 2 ×
9 9 9
34
x = 6 or
9
7x = 42 or non integer  42 students
26. If the real numbers x, y, z are such that x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 = 48 and xy + 4yz + 2zx = 24. what is the value
of x2 + y2 + z2 ? [PRMO-2017] [Algebric identities]
Ans. 21
Sol. x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 = 48
(x)2 + (2y)2 + (4z)2 = 48
2xy + 8yz + 4zx = 48
now we can say that
(x)2 + (2y)2 + (4z)2 – (2xy) – (8yz) – (4zx) = 0
[(x – 2y)2 + (2y – 4z)2 + (x – 4z)2)] = 0
x y
x = 2y = 4z  = = z
4 2
(x, y, z) = (4, 2, )
x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 = 48
162 + 162 + 162 = 48
so 2 = 1
x2 + y2 + z2 = 212 = 21
27. Suppose 1,2,3 are the roots of the equation x4 + ax2 + bx = c. Find the value of c. [PRMO-2017]
eku yks fd 1, 2, 3 lehdj.k x4 + ax2 + bx = c ds gy gSA c dk eku Kkr djksA
Ans. 36 [Theory of equation]
Sol. 1,2,3 are roots of x4 + ax2 + bx – c = 0
since sum of roots is zero and fourth root is – 6
Hence c = 36
PART – II : PREVIOUSLY ASKED QUESTION OF RMO
1. Find three distinct positive integers with the least possible sum such that the sum of the reciprocals of
any two integers among them is an integral multiple of the reciprocal of the third integer.
[RMO-2010]
Sol. Let x, y, z be three distinct positive integers satisfying the given conditions.
We may assume that x < y < z. Thus we have three relations :
1 1 a 1 1 b 1 1 c
 = ,  = ,  = ,
y z x z x y x y z
For some positive integers a, b, c. Thus
1 1 1 a 1 b 1 c 1
  = = = = r,
x y z x y z
say, Since x < y < z, we observe that a < b < c. We also get
1 r 1 r 1 r
= , = , = ,
x a 1 y b 1 z c 1
Adding these, we obtain
ADV - 17
Equations
1 1 1 r r r r r r
  =   r = + +
x y z a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c 1
1 1 1
or   = 1. (1)
a 1 b 1 c 1
Using a < b < c, we get
1  1 3
1=   <
a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1
Thus a < 2. We conclude that a = 1. Putting this in the relation (1), we get
1 1 1 1
 =1– = .
b 1 c 1 2 2
1 2
b < c gives <
2 b 1
Thus b + 1 < 4 or b < 3. Since b > a = 1, we must have b = 2. This gives
1 1 1 1
= – = ,
c 1 2 3 6
or c = 5. Thus x : y : z = a + 1 : b + 1 : c + 1 = 2 : 3 : 6. Thus the required numbers with the least sum
are 2, 3, 6.
Alternative Solution : We first observe that (1, a, b) is not a solution whenever 1 < a < b. Otherwise
1 1 ab
we should have  = =  for some integer . Hence we obtain =  showing that a|b and b|a.
a b 1 ab
Thus a = b contradicting a  b. Thus the least number should be 2. It is easy to verify that (2, 3, 4,) and
(2, 3, 5) are not solutions and (2, 3, 6) satisfies all the conditions. (We may observe) (2, 4, 5) is also not
a solution.) Since 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 > 11 = 2 + 3 + 6, it follows that (2, 3, 6) has the required minimality.
2. For any natural number n, expressed in base 10, let S(n) denote the sum of all digits of n. Find
all natural numbers n such that n3 = 8S(n)3 + 6nS(n) + 1. [RMO-2010]
Ans. 17
Sol. n3 = 8(S(n))3 + 6n S(n) + 1
 (2S(n))3 + (–n)3 + 13 – 3 (2S(n)) (–n) (1) = 0
 (2S(n)  n)2  (1  n)2  (2S(n)  1)2 

 (2S(n) + 1 – n)   =0
 2 
Because (n + 1)2 is always positive so second factor is positive
 2 S(n) + 1 – n = 0
 n = 2s(n) + 1 …………(1)
Let n = ak ak–1 ,………..a2a1a0 where ak, ak–1 , ……., a2 , a1 , a0 represent digits
Now (10k ak + 10k–1 ak–1 + …..+ 10a1 + a0) = 2 (ak + ak–1 + ……+ a1 + a0) + 1
Because 2 (ak + ak–1 + ……+ a1 + a0) + 1  2 (9 (k + 1)) + 1
{Equality holds when all digit are equal to 9}
so, (10k ak + 10k–1 ak–1 + …..+ 10a1 + a0)  2 (9 (k + 1)) + 1
Which can holds only for k = 0 , 1
Case-I K = 0
It means n is single digit number
Here S(n) = n  n=2n+1 {using (1)}
 n=–1  no natural number is possible
Case-II K = 1
It means n is two digit number.
Here 10a1 + a0 = 2 (a1 + a0) + 1 {using (1)}
 8a1 = a0 + 1  a0 = 7 and a1 = 1  n is 17
RMO - 2013
3. Let f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c and g(x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + a, where a,b,c are integers with c 6= 0. Suppose
that the following conditions hold: [RMO-2013]
ADV - 18
Equations
(a) f(1) = 0 ;
(b) the roots of g(x) = 0 are the squares of the roots of f(x) = 0.
Find the value of a2013 + b2013 + c2013.
4. Suppose that m and n are integers such that both the quadratic equations x2 + mx − n = 0 and x2− mx +
n = 0 have integer roots. Prove that n is divisible by 6. [RMO-2013]
RMO - 2014
5. Find all positive real numbers x, y, z such that [RMO-2014]
1 1 1 1 1 1
2x  2y   , 2y  2z   2z  2x   .
z 2014 x 2014 y 2014
Ans. x = y = z = 2014
Sol.
1 1
2x - 2y +  …………… (i)
z 2014
1 1
2y - 2z +  …………… (ii)
x 2014
1 1
2z - 2x +  …………… (iii)
y 2014
Add (i), (ii) & (iii)
1 1 1 3
  
x y z 2014
3
 2014
1 1 1
 
x y z
H.M. of x, y, z = 2014.
Multiplying eq. (i) by z, eq (ii) by x, eq (iii) by y and adding them,
We get the following equation.
x y z
  3
2014 2014 2014
xyz
 2014
3
A.M. of x, y, z = 2014
Since A.M. = H.M.
Hence x = y = z = 2014 is the only solution.
RMO - 2015
6. Let P(x) = x2 + ax + b be a quadratic polynomial with real coefficients. Suppose there are real numebrs
s t such that P(s) = t and P(t) = s. Prove that b - st is a root of the equation x2 + ax + b – st = 0.
[RMO-2015]
Sol. s2 + as + b = t ..(1)
t2 + at + b = s ..(2)
Add (1) & (2)
s(s+a) + t (a+t) +2b = (s+t) ..(3)
subtract (1) from (2)
ADV - 19
Equations
(s2 – t2) + a(s – t) = (t – s)

(s – t) (a + s + t + 1) = 0
s – t = 0 or a + s + t + 1 = 0
but s  t
a+s+t+1=0
using (3) & (4)
s (–t – 1) + t(–s – 1) + 2b = s + t
b – st = s + t
b – st = – 1 – a
1 + a + b – st = 0
Q (x) = x2 + ax + b – st
if we put x = 1, 1 + a + b – st = Q(x)
Q(x) = 0
so 1 is the root of x2 + ax + b – st = 0
let other root 
.1 = b – st
 = b – st
7. Find all integers a,b,c such that [RMO-2015]
a2 = bc + 1, b2 = ca + 1.
Ans. (1,1,0) (– 1, – 1, 0) , (–1, 1, 0), (1, – 1, 0), (– 1, 0, +1), (+1, 0, – 1), (0, 1, – 1), (0, – 1, 1)
Sol. a2 = bc + 1 ...(1)
b2 = ac + 1 ...(2)
subtract (2) from (1)
a2 – b2 = c(b – a)
(a – b) (a + b + c) = 0
a – b = 0 or a + b + c = 0
I. If a – b = 0
a=b
put in (1)
a2 = ac + 1
a2 – ac = 1
a(a – c) = 1
a = 1 : a – c =1
a = 1, c = 0
if a = – 1, a – c = – 1
 (a, b c) = (1,1,0) (– 1, – 1, 0)
OR
II. a+b+c=0
put a = –(b + c) in (1)
(b + c)2 = b + 1
b2 + c2 + bc = 1
as abc are intiger
b = ±1 c = ±1 b=1 b=–1
c=0 b=0 c=–1 c=1
         
a=1 a=1 a=0 a=0
(–1, 1, 0), (1, – 1, 0), (– 1, 0, +1), (+1, 0, – 1), (0, 1, – 1), (0, – 1, 1) 6 cases
so total 8 cases
RMO - 2017
1
8. Let P(x) = x2 + x + b and Q(x) = x2 + cx + d be two polynomials with real coefficients such that P(x)
2
Q(x) = Q(P(x)) for all real x. Find all the real roots of P(Q(x)) = 0. [RMO-2017]
Theory of Equation (Identity Equation)
ADV - 20
Equations
1
eku yhft, fd P(x) = x2 + x + b ,oa Q(x) = x2 + cx + d nks cgqin gSa ftuds xq.kk¡d okLrfod gSa vkSj okLrfod
2
x ds fy, P(x) Q(x) = Q(P(x))A bl fLrfFk esa lehdj.k P(Q(x)) = 0 ds lHkh okLrfod gy dhft,A
1
Ans. ,–1
2
Sol. P(x) Q (x) = Q (P(x))
P(x) Q (x) = (P(x))2 + cP(x) + d
P(x) (Q (x) – P(x)) = cP(x) + d
 2 x   1   2 x 
 x  2  b    c  2  x  (d  b)  = c  x  2  b  + d
      
 1 3 c 1 2 d b  b c
 c  2  x + (d – b) x +  2  4  x +  2  2  x +  bc  2  x + b (d – b) = cx + 2 x + bc + d
2 2
       
 1 3   2 d b b c
c  2  x +
  
c 1
  

 d  b  2  4  c  x +  2  2  bc  2  2  x + bd  b  bc  d = 0
2

 1 3  c 1 2 d c
    

 c  2  x +  d  b  2  4  x +  2  b  bc  2  x + bd  b  bc  d = 0

2

1 1 d b 1
c= ,d–b= , –b+ – =0
2 2 2 2 4
bd – b2 – bc – d = 0
1 1
c= ,b=– ,d=0
2 2
x
Q(x) = x2 +
2
x 1
P(x) = x2 + – =0
2 2
P(Q(x)) = 0 let Q (x) = t
t 1
P(t) = 0  t2 + – =0
2 2
1
t= ,–1
2
1
Q(x) = and Q(x) = – 1
2
x 1 x
x2 + = and x2 + =–1
2 2 2
2x2 + x – 1 = 0 and 2x2 + x + 2 = 0
1
x= , – 1 and x  
2
1
Real roots are , – 1
2
ADV - 21

RESONANCE Equations For PreRmo

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RESONANCE Equations For PreRmo

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Name Representation Discription

2. Quadratic polynomial & Quadratic equation :

4. Relation Between Roots & Co-efficients:

(ii) If ,  are the roots of quadratic equation,

Example # 5 : If a is a root of x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 find the value of a4 – 2a3 – 7a2 – 8a

Self practice problems :

a, b, c  R & D > 0 a, b, c  R & D < 0

6. Graph of Quadratic Expression :

 the graph between x, y is always a parabola.

 the parabola intersect the yaxis at point (0, c).

i.e. 4(a + b + c)2 – 4.3 (bc + ca + ab) = 0

(d) 3, 3, 3

9. Range of Quadratic Expression f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

(ii) Range in restricted domain:

10. Sign of Quadratic Expressions :

(ii) (a) a>0

(iii) (a) a>0

(iv) (a) a<0

(v) (a) a<0

(vi) (a) a<0

Example # 16 : Find the range of f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6.

Self practice problems :

(i) (ii) (iii)

Condition - : D  0   (m – 3)2 – 4m  0  m2 – 10m + 9  0

Condition - : f(2) > 0  4 – (m – 3)2 + m > 0 m < 10 ......(ii)

Condition -  D0  m  (– , 1] [9, )

Condition -  f(0) < 0   m<0 Ans.

Condition -  f(1) < 0  4<0   m 

Condition -  D  0   m  (– , 1]  [9, )

Self practice problems :

12. Solving Equations :

Example : 26 Let (x + y – z) (x – y + z) = ayz

PART – I : PRE RMO

3. Find integral x's which satisfy the inequality x4 – 3x3 – x + 3 < 0.

4. Find the largest integral x which satisfies the following inequality

7. Given 3x2 + x = 1, find the value of 6x3 – x2 – 3x + 2010.

10. If xy = a, xz = b, yz = c and abc 0, find the value of x2 + y2 + z2 in terms of a, b, c.

13. Solve the following equation :

14. Solve the following equation :

16. Find the values of a for which the equation x4 + (1 – 2a)x2 + a2 – 1 = 0

17. Solve the equation

21. Find all values of  for which the system of inequalities

2. If by eliminating x between the equations x 2 + ax + b = 0 and xy + l(x + y) + m = 0, a quadratic in y is

3. If the roots of the equation

4. If each pair of the three equations

5. Solve the system

 (y – 1)3 – 4(y–1) + 16 = 0  y3 – 3y2 – y + 19 = 0

the equation becomes

Putting x3 = y in this equation y3 + 3x2 + 3y + 1 = – 8y2 – 27y + 18y2 + 18y

(12  z)3 (12  z)2 (12  z)

17. Find the solution of equations

3u5v + 10u3v3 + 3uv5 = 14 ......(ii)

So, {x1, x2, x3} = {–2,1 – 5 ,1 + 5}

20. Solve the given equations :

PART – I : PREVIOUS ASKED QUESTION FOR PRE RMO

3. How many integer pairs (x,y) satisfy x2 + 4y2 – 2xy– 2x – 4y – 8 = 0 ? [PRMO-2012]

10. If real numbers a, b, c, d, e satisfy a + 1 = b + 2 = c + 3 = d + 4 = e + 5 = a + b + c + d + e + 3

then find the value of a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + e2 [PRMO - 2014]

Ans. 12 min. [PRMO-2016 (Delhi)]

= 5 hrs and 2x minutes

Now mistakenly minute hand is x0 past 5  (150 + x)0

mistakenly hour hand is (12x)0 past 12'O clock

Actual time = 57 min + mistaken time