Calculus

2
Calculus
2.1 Mean value theorem’s
2.1.1 Rolle’s theorem :
i) If f(x) is continuous on [a, b]
ii) and f´(x) exists for all x in (a, b)
iii) f(a) = f(b). Then, there exist at least a point ‘c’ in (a, b) such that  f´(c) = 0.
Example-:2.1
sin x
For what value of x, does the function f(x) = satisfies Rolle’s theorem over the interval (0, ).
ex
Solution :
f(0) = 0
f() = 0
e x cos x  sin xe x
f´(x) = = 0 ; It will be zero for cos x = sin x.
(e x ) 2

 X =
4
  5 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
Example-:2.2
For what value of x between ‘0’ and ‘a’, Does the function f(x) = (x)2m–1 (a–x)2n satisfies Rolle’s
therorem for m,n being positive integers.
Solution :
f(0) = 0 = f(a)
f´(x) = (2m – 1) (x)2m – 2 (a – x)2n – (x)2m –1 2n(a – x)2n – 1 = 0
(x) 2m 1 2m 1 (a  x) 2n
 (2m  1) (a  x) 2n = (x) 2n
x (a  x)
 (2m – 1) (a – x) = 2nx
a(2m – 1) – (2m – 1)x = 2nx
a(2m – 1) = (2m + 2n – 1)x
(2m  1)a
 x =
(2m  2n  1)
2.1.2 Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem’s :
i. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b]
ii. and f´(x) exists for all x in (a, b). Then, there exist at least a point ‘c’ in (a, b) such that
f (b)  f (a)
f´(c) =
ba
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Calculus Engineering Mathematics 2
Another form :- (b = a + h, c = a + h)

i. If f(x) is continuous on [a, a + h]
ii. and f´(x) exists for all x in (a, a + h)
Then, there exist at least a point ‘’ in (0, 1)
such that f(a + h) = f(a) + h f´ (a + h)
Example-2.3
 1
For what value of x between  0,  , Does the function f(x) = x(x – 1) (x – 2) satisfies mean
 2
value theorem.
Solution :
f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 2x
f(0) = 0
1 1  1  3  3
f   =      =
2 2  2  2  8
1
f    f (0)
2
f´(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 2 =
1
0
2
3
0
8
 3x2 – 6x + 2 =
1
0
2
3
3x2 – 6x + 2 =
4
5
3x 2  6x  = 0
4
12x2 – 24x + 5 = 0
24  576  240 24  336
x = =
24 24
336
x = 1
576
x = 1 ± 0.76
 x = 1 – 0.76 = 0.236
Example-2.4
For what value of x between ‘0’ & ‘4’, Does the function f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) satisfy
mean value theorem.
(a) 0.84 (b) 3.15
(c) both a & b (d) None of these
Solution :
f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6
f(0) = (–1) (–2) (–3) = –6
f(4) = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
 (x – 1) (x2 – 5x + 6)
 x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6
f (b)  f (a)
f´(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 11 =
ba
66
 3x2 – 12x + 11 =
40
2
 3x – 12x + 8 = 0
12  144  96
x =
6
48
x = 2 = 2 ± 1.15
36
x = 0.85, 3.15
2.1.3 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem
i. If f(x), g(x) are continuous functions on [a, b].
ii. f´(x), g´(x) exists for all x in (a, b).
also g´(x)  0 for all x in (a, b)
Then, there exist a value ‘c’ in (a, b)
f´(c) f (b)  f (a)
such that = ; provided g(b)  g(a)
g´(c) g(b)  g(a)
Example-2.5
Verify the Cauchy’s mean value theorem over [a, b] provided f(x) & g(x) are cos x, sin x and
differentiable and not equal to zero over [a, b]
Solution :
Let f(x) = cos x g(x) = sin x
f´(x) = – sin x g´(x) = cos x
 sin c cos b  cosa
Now =
cos c sin b  sin a
ba  ba 
2sin   sin  
 sin c  2   2 
=
cos c ba   ba 
2cos   sin  
 2   2 
ab
tan c = tan  
 2 
ab
c =  c lies with in the interval (a, b).
2
So, we can say cos x, sin x satisfies cauchy’s mean value theorem.
Example-2.6
1
For what value of x the function loge x, satisfies cauchy’s mean value theorem over interval [1,e]
x
Solution :
1
Let, f(x) = loge x, g(x) =
x
1 1
 f´(x) = , g´(x) =  2
x x
f´(c) f (e)  f (1)

Now g´(c) = g(e)  g(1)
1
  log e e  log e 1
c
=
 1  1
 2  1
 c  e
1 0 e
–c = =
1
1 1 e
e
e
 c =  (1, e)
e 1
e 1
So, for c = , the functions loge x, satisfies cauchy’s mean value theorem.
e 1 x
2.2 Maxima and Minima
(a) A function f(x) is said to attain maxima at a point x = a if there exist h > 0 such that f(a + h), f(a
– h) < f(a)
f(a)
f(a – h) f(a + h)
a
(a – h) (a + h)
(a – h) & (a + h) are small neighbourhoods of a.

(b) A function f(x) is said to attain minima at a point x = 0 if there exist h > 0 such that f(a + h), f(a
– h) > f(a).
f(a – h) f(a + h)
f(a)
a
(a – h) (a + h)
(a – h) & (a + h) are small neighbourhoods of a.

(c) The points at which function attains either maxima or minima are known as turning
points.
(d) A function f(x) may attain finite number of maxima’s and finite number of minimas over the
given same close interval.
(e) The maxima of a function over some closed interval at a point may be less than that of the
minima of the function at some another point of the same closed interval.
To find maxima or minima :
1. If f´(x) = 0, f´´(x) < 0 at x = a then f(x) attains maxima and maxima value is f(a).
2. If f´(x) = 0, f´´(x) > 0 at x = a then f(x) attains minima at a and minima value is f(a).
(from left to right)

– +
minima
a
maxima
+ –
3. If f´(x) = 0, f´´(x) = 0 at x = a, then

we have to verify the change of sign of f´(x) at x = a i.e. If f´(x) changes its sign from negative to
positive from left to right in the neighbourhood of ‘a’ then f(x) attains minima at x = a.
If f´(x) changes its sign from positive to negative left to right in the neighourhood of ‘a’ then f(x)
attains maxima at x = a.
If there is no change of sign from left to right for f´(x) in the neighbourhood of ‘a’ then f(x) attains
neither maxima nor minima at point x = a. And such a point is known as saddle point.
The points at which the function f(x) satisfies f´(x) = 0 are known as stationary points.
Note :- All the turning points are stationary points. But all the stationary points need not to be the turning
points.
Note :- The maxima or minima values are also known as the extreme values or extremums values.
Example-2.7
The function f(x) = 2x2 – 3x2 – 36x + 2 has its maxima at
(a) x = –2 only (b) x = 0 only
(c) x = 3 only (d) both x = –2 and x = 3
GATE(CE,04)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 36x + 2
2
f ' (x) = 6x – 6x – 36
For a minimum or maximum value
f ' (x) = 0
 2
6x – 6x – 36 = 0
 x2 – x – 6 = 0
 x = –2, 3
Now f '' (x) = 2x – 1
At x = – 2,
f '' (x) = – 4 – 1 < 0
Hence x = –2 is a point of maximum
At x = 3, f '' (x) = 6 – 1 > 0
Hence x = 3 is a point of minimum.
Example-2.8
Minimum point of the function
f(x) = (x3/3) –x is at
(a) x = 1 (b) x = –1
1
(c) x = 0 (d) x 
3
GATE(ME,2001)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
x3
f (x) = x
3
1 2
f '(x) = .3x  1 = x2 – 1
3
For minimum point f '(x) = 0  x = 1, – 1
f ''(x) = 2x
At x = 1, f ''(x) = 2 > 0
Hence x = 1 is a minimum point of the function
At x = –1, f ''(x) = 2 (–1) = –2 < 0
Hence x = – 1, is a maximum point of the function.
Example-2.9
Consider the function f(x) = x2 – x –2. The maximum value of f(x) in the closed interval [–2.25] is
(a) 18 (b) 10
(c) –2.25 (d) indeterminate
GATE(EC,2007)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
f (x) = x2 – x – 2
f '(x) = 2x – 1
For stationary point f '(x) = 0
1
 x =
2
1
f '(x) > 0 2x – 1 > 0  x >
2
1 
Hence f (x) is increasing in  ,  
2 
f ''(x) = 2
1
x = may be a point of minimum
2
f (–4) = (–4)2 – (–) – 2 = 18
2
1 1 1
f   =       2
2 2 2
1 1 9
= 2 =
4 2 4
f (4) = (4)2 – 4 – 2 = 10
Hence maximum value of f (x) is 18
Example-2.10
Examine the function f(x) = sin x(1 + cos x) for extreme values.
Solution :
f´(x) = sin x (–sin x) + (1 + cos x) cos x
For extreme values, f´(x) = cos x + cos 2x =0
3x x
2cos cos = 0
2 2
3x x
 cos = 0 cos = 0
2 2
3x  x 
 = , =
2 2 2 2

 x = ,x=
3
f´´(x) = –2 sin 2x – sin x

At x =
3
3 1  1
f´´(x) < 0 (negative) = 2  =   3   [Maxima]
2 2  2
3 1 3 3
 fmaxima = 1   =
2  2 4
At x = 
f´´(x) = –2 sin 2 – sin  = 0
So, observe the signof f´(x)
3 1
f´(x) = 2cos (  x)cos (  x)
2 2
(–) (+) < 0
( – x)
( + x)
3 1
f´´(x) = 2cos (  x) cos (  x)
2 2
(+) (–) < 0
So, function attains neither maxima nor minima at x =  because there is no change in the sign of
f´´(x).
So, x =  is the stationary point but not the turning point.
Example-2.11
The perimeter of a rectangular window surmounted by a semi-circular arc is given as 40 feet. Then
find its dimensions so that it allows maximum amount of light.
Solution :
x x
y y
2x
Perimeter = 2x + 2y + x = 40 ft ........ (1)
1 2
Let, A = Area = x  2xy
2
1 2
A = x  x(40  2x  x) From (1)
2
1 2 1
A = x  40x  2x 2  x 2 = 40x  2x 2  x 2
2 2
For extreme values,

dA
= 40 – 4x – x = 0
dx
40
x = , 2y = 40 – 2x – x From (1)
4
40
 2y = 40  (  2)
4
  4    2
2y = 40  
 4 
40 40
 y = ,x=
4 4
dA
= –4–<0
dx 2
So, A attains maxima.
Example-2.12
A rectangle is described in a circle with radius ‘a’. Find its dimensions so that it attains maximum
perimeter.
Solution :
a
x
a
Let x and y be the sides of a rectangle.

 x2 + y2 = (2a)2
y2 = 4a2 – x2
y = 4a 2  x 2 ........ (1)
Let perimeter = s = 2(x + y)
 2 2
s = 2 x  4a  x From (1) 
s = 2x  2 4a 2  x 2
ds 2  2(2x)
For extreme values, = =0
dx 2 4a 2  x 2
x
 1 =
4a 2  x 2
4a2 – x2 = x2
2x2 = 4a 2
x = 2a
y = 2a
Example-2.13
A rectangular metal sheet of length = 6 cm and width = 2m is given. Equal squares are removed
from its four corners. And the remaining sheets on its sides or turned up so that its forms a rectangular
metal box. Then find the height of the box so that it attains maximum volume.
Solution :
Let x be the side of squares removed from four corners of rectangular sheet.
x x
x (6 – 2x) x
2m (2 – 2x)
x x
x x
6m
Let v = volume = x (2 – 2x) (6 – 2x)

v = x[12 – 4x – 12x + 4x2]
v = x (12 – 16x + 4x2)
dv
For extreme values, = x[8x – 16] + (12 – 16x + 4x2) = 0
dx
8x2 – 16x + 12 – 16x +4x2 = 0
 12x2 – 32x + 12 = 0
 3x2 – 8x + 3 = 0
8  64  36
x =
6
8  28 8 – 28
x = ,
6 6
 x = 2.2, 0.45 m
 x = 45 cm
Example-2.14
A cylinder is inscribed in a cone of height h . Find its height (of cylinder) so that it attains maximum
volume.
h h h
(1) h (2) (3) (4)
2 3 4
Solution :
Let x and r are respectiely the height & radius of the cylinder inscribed in a cone.
A

B D C
r h
x
AD = AE – DE
= h–x
Let v = Volume of the cylinder = r2x
In  ADC
r
 (h  x) = tan
 r = (h – x) tan  ........ (1)
 v =  x[(h – x) tan ]2 From (1)

v =  x(h – x)2 tan2  =  tan2  x(h – x)2
dv
For extreme values, =  tan2 [–2x (h – x) + (h – x)2] = 0
dx
 –2x(h – x) + (h – x)2] = 0
 (h – x) [–2x + h – x] = 0
 h = x, 3x
h
 x = h,
3
h
So, only for x = , is valid only..
3
x = h is not possible.
h
at x = , cylinder has its maximum volume.
3
Example-2.15
The maximum value of the function f(x) = (x)1/x.
Solution :
f(x) = (x)1/x
1
 loge f(x) = loge (x)
x
1 df (x) 1 1  1 
= ·  log e (x)   2 
f (x) dx x x  x 
1 df (x) 1
= 2 [1  log e x]
f (x) dx x
df (x) 1  log e x 
For extreme values, = f´(x) f (x)  2  =0
dx  x 
1  log e x
 = 0
x2
 1
= loge x
 x
= e
Here, at x
= e, f´(x) = 0
and f´´(x) < 0
So, function f(x) attains maximum value (e)1/e at x = e.
2.3 Maxima and Minima of two variable functions
The necessary condition for a function f(x, y) to attain either maxima or minima at a point (a, b) are
fx(x, y) = 0,
fy(x, y) = 0 at (a, b)
The points at which the function f(x, y) satisfies above conditions are known as stationary points.
If the above conditions are satisfied by the function f(x, y) at a point (a, b) then find
r = fxx(x, y), s = fyy(x, y), t = fxy(x, y) at the point (a, b).
1. If rs – t2 > 0, r > 0 then f(x, y) attains minima at point (a, b).
2. If rs – t2 > 0, r < 0, then f(x, y) attains maxima at (a, b).
3. If rs – t2 = 0, then we have to verify the change of sign of fx(x, y) along x-axis or change of sign
of fy(x, y) along y-axis.
If fx(x, y) changes its sign of fy(x, y) along y-axis. If fx(x, y) changes its sing from negative to
positive along x-axis from left to right of the point (a, b) then f(x, y) attains minima.
If fx(x, y) changes its sign from positive to negative from left to right of the point (a, b) along x-axis,
then f(x, y) attains maxima.
Similarly, If fy(x, y) changes its sign from negative to positive along y-axis from bottom to top of the
point (a, b) then f(x, y) attains minima at point (a, b).
And if fy(x, y) changes its sign from positive to negative along y-axis from bottom to top of the the
point (a, b) then f(x, y) attains maxima at point (a, b).
Maxima
Minima
y
+ –
Maxima
a x
Minima
– +
Note :- If there is no change of sign from left to right for fx(x, y) and from bottom to top for fy(x,y) then
f(x, y) attains neither maxima nor minima at point (a, b). Such a point is known as saddle point.
Example-2.16
Examine the function f(x, y) = x4 + y4 – 2x2 – 2y2 + 4xy for extreme values.
Solution :
For extreme values, we have
fx(x, y) = 4x3 – 4x + 4y = 0
3
 x –x+y = 0 ........ (1)
fy(x, y) = 4y3 – 4y + 4x = 0
 y3 – y + x = 0 ........ (2)
Adding equation (1) & (2),
x3 + y3 = 0
x = –y, ........ (3)
Now,
equation (1)
 x3 – 2x = 0
 x = 0,  2 ,  2
 y = 0,  2 ,  2 ,
Hence, points    
2,  2 ,  2, 2 , (0, 0) may be possible extreme value of f(x, y).
Now,
r = fxx(x, y) = 3x2 – 1
s = fyy(x, y) = 3y2 – 1
t = fxy(x, y) = 1
So, at points
  
2,  2 ,  2, 2 , (0, 0)
r = 5>0r=5>0
r = – 1 < 0 fx(–0.1, 0) = 4(–0.1)3 – 4(–0.1) = + ve
s = 5>0s=5>0
s = –1 < 0 fx(0.1, 0) = 4(0.1)3 – 4(0.1) = – ve t = 1
t = 1
+ve –ve
Maxima
(–0.1,0) (0,0) (0.1,0)
rs – t2 = 24 > 0 rs – t2 = 24 > 0 rs – t2 = 0
(Minima) (Minima)
Changes positive to negative (Maxima) For fx(x,y)
 fminima at  2,  2  = 4+4–4–4–8=–8
fminima at   2, 2  = 4+4–4–4–8=–8
So, f(x, y) attains maxima at (0, 0)
fminima at (0, 0) = 0
Example-2.17
Find the maxima value of sin A · sin B · sin C where A, B, C are angles of triangles.
Solution :
Let f(A, B, C) = sin A sin B sin C
f(A, B, C) = sin A sin B sin [ – (A + B)]
[ (A + B + C) =  Angle of triangle]
f(A, B) = sin A sin B sin (A + B)
f(A, B) = sin A sin B [sin A · cos B + cos A · sin B]
f(A, B) = sin2 A · sin B · cos B + sin A cos A · sin2 B
2 sin 2B sin 2A
f(A, B) = sin A·  ·sin 2 B
2 2
sin 2B 2cos 2A
fA(A, B) = 2 sin A cos A ·  ·sin 2 B = 0
2 2
 sin A cos A 2 sin B cos B = – cos 2A · sin B · sin B
[ sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x]
 sin 2A cos B + cos 2A sin B = 0
 sin (2A + B) = 0
 sin (2A + B) = sin 
 (2A + B) =  ........ (1)
2 2cos 2B sin 2A
fB(A, B) = sin A·  ·2sin Bcos B = 0
2 2
 sin A · sin A · cos 2B = – 2 sin A cos A sin B cos B
 sin A · cos 2B + cos A · sin 2 B = 0
 sin (A + 2B) = 0
 sin (A + 2B) = sin 
 A+2B =  ........ (2)
From solving equation (1), & (2), we get
 
A = ,B=
3 3
2 
[ we know A + B + C =   C =   , C = ]
3 3
  
A = ,B= ,C=
3 3 3
 
At point  ,  , we have
3 3
sin 2B
r = fAA(A, B) = 2 cos 2A · + 2(– sin 2A) sin2B
2
r = fAA(A, B) = cos 2A · sin 2B – 2 sin 2A sin2B
sin 2A
s = fBB(A, B) = –2 sin 2B · sin2 A + 2cos 2B
2
2
s = fBB(A, B) = sin 2A · cos 2B – 2 sin 2B · sin A
2cos 2B
t = fAB(A, B) = sin 2A · + cos 2A · 2 sin B cos B
2
t = fAB(A, B) = sin 2A · cos 2B + cos 2A · sin 2B
 
At point  , 
3 3
1 3 3 3 3 3 3
r =   2  =   = 3 <0
2 2 2 4 4 4
3 1 3 3 3 3 3
s =  – 2  =   = 3 <0
2 2 2 4 4 4
 3 1   1 3 3 3 3
t =  2  2    2  2  =   =  <0
    4 4 2
3 9
rs – t2 = 3  = >0
4 4
Here, rs – t2 > 0 & r < 0
 
So, f(A, B) attains maximum value at  , 
3 3
 
As, A = ,B=
3 3
 
So, C = –   
3 3
  
A = ,B= ,C=
3 3 3

A=B=C =
3
   3 3
And maximum value of f(A, B, C) = sin ·sin ·sin = .
3 3 3 8
Example-2.18
Find maxima value of cos A · cos B · cos C where A, B, C are the angles of triangles.
Solution :
Let f(A, B, C) = cos A · cos B · cos C
 f(A, B) = cos A · cos B · cos [ – (A + B)] [ A + B + C = ]
f(A, B) = –cos A · cos B · cos (A + B)

f(A, B) = –cos A · cos B [cos A cos B – sin A sin B]
f(A, B) = cos A · sin A cos B sin B – cos2 A · cos2 B
sin 2A·sin 2B
f(A, B) = – cos2 A · cos2 B
4
2cos 2A·sin 2B
fA(A, B) = + 2 cos A sin A cos2 B
4
cos 2A·sin 2B
fA(A, B) = + sin 2A · cos2 B = 0
2
cos 2A·2sin Bcos B
 = – 2 sin 2A · cos B · cos B
2
 cos 2A · sin B + sin 2A · cos B = 0
 sin(2A + B) = 0
 sin(2A + B) = sin 
 2A + B =  ........ (1)
2sin 2A·cos 2 B
fB(A, B) = + 2cos2 A · cos B · sin B
4
sin 2A·cos 2 B
fB(A, B) = + cos2 A · sin 2B = 0
2
2sin A cos A cos 2B
 = – cos A · cos A · sin 2B
2
 sin A · cos 2B + cos A · sin 2B = 0
 sin(A + 2B) = 0
 sin(A + 2B) = sin 
 A + 2B =  ........ (2)
solving equation (1) & (2),we get
    
A = ,B= ,C=– – =
3 3 3 3 3
Now, r = fAA(A, B) = – sin 2A · sin 2B + 2 cos 2A · cos2 B
s = fBB(A, B) = – sin 2A · sin 2B + 2 cos 2B · cos2 A
t = fAB(A, B) = cos 2A · cos 2B – sin 2A · sin 2B
 
At point  , 
3 3
3 3  1  1 3 1
r =    2  =   = – 1 < 0
2 2  2  4 4 4
3 3  1  1 3 1
s =    2  =   = – 1 < 0
2 2  2  4 4 4
 1  1 3 3 1 3 1
t =      =  =  <0
 2  2 2 2 4 4 2
1 3
rs – t2 = 1  = >0
4 4
 
Since rs – t2 > 0 & r < 0. So f(A, B) attains maxima at point  ,  .
3 3
  
Maximum value of f(A, B, C) = cos ·cos ·cos
3 3 3
 1  1  1  1
=     =
 2  2  2  8
2.4 Partial Derivatives
The partial derivatives of a function z = f(x, y) with respect to x denoted by
z f  f (x  x, y)  f (x, y) 
, zx, fx(x, y), = lim
x 0  
x x  x 
Partial derivatives of z = f(x, y) with respect to y denoted as
z f  f (x, y  y)  f (x, y) 
lim
y , zy, fy(x, y), y = y 0  y 

These are the first partial derivaties or partial derivatives of order 1.
similarly, 2nd partial derivatives are,
2z 2z 2z 2z
, , ,
x 2 y 2 xy yx
2z 2z
Since z is a continuous function of x & y. It is obvious that = .
xy yx
Example-2.19
2f
Let f = yx. What is at x = 2, y = 1?
 x y
(a) 0 (b) In 2
1
(c) 1 (d)
In 2
GATE(ME,2008)
Answer : (c)
Solution :
f = yx
f
= xyx–1
y
  f   2f
  = = x. (x – 1) logey + y(x–1)
x  y  xy
At x = 2, y = 1
 2f
= 2 (2 –1) ln 1 + (1)2–1
xy
= 0+1=1
Example-2.20
dy
If x = a ( + sin) and y = a (1 –cos ), then will be equal to
dx
 
(a) sin   (b) cos  
 2  2
 
(c) tan   (d) cot  
 2   2
GATE(ME,2004)
Answer : (c)
Solution :
x = a ( + sin )
dx
= a + a cos 
d
(1) y = a (1 – cos )
dy
= a sin 
d
 dy 
dy   a sin 
 d 
(2) = =
dx dx
  a(1  cos )
 
d
  
 
2sin .cos
2 2
=
2  2  2  
sin  cos  cos  sin 2
2 2 2 2

= 2 tan
2
Example-2.21
If z = f (x, y) dz is equal to
(a) (f / x)dx  (f / y)dy (b) (f / y)dx  (f / x)dy
(c) (f / y)dx  (f / x)dy (d) (f / y)dx  (f / x)dy
GATE(ME,2000)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
z = f (x, y)
 f   f 
dz =   dx    dy
 x   y 
Example-2.22
x  y z z
If z = tan–1   find , .
x  y x y
Solution :
z 1 (x  y)  (x  y)
= 2

x xy (x  y)2
1  
xy
z (x  y) 2 2y y
=  2 =
x
2 2
2(x  y ) (x  y) x  y2
2
z 1 (x  y)  (x  y)

y = xy
2
(x  y)2
1  
xy
z (x  y) 2 2x x
= 2 2
 2 =
y 2(x  y) (x  y) x  y2
2
Example-2.23
2z
If z = tan(x + Ct) + sin(x – Ct), then =
x 2
2z 1 2z
(i) C2 (ii)
t 2 C2 t 2
2z 1 2z
(iii) C (iv)
t 2 C t 2
Solution :
z
= sec2 (x + Ct) + cos(x – Ct)
x
2z
= 2sec2 (x + Ct) tan (x + Ct) – sin (x – Ct)
x 2
z
= C sec2 (x + Ct) – C cos (x – Ct)
t
2z
= 2C2 sec2 (x + Ct) tan (x + Ct) – C2 sin (x – Ct)
t 2
2z
= C2 [2 sec2 (x + Ct) tan (x + Ct) – sin (x – Ct)]
t 2
2z 2
2  z
 = C
t 2 x 2
2z 1 2z
So, = (wave equation).
x 2 C2 t 2
Example-2.24
2 v 2 v 2 v
If v = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2 then   =?
x 2 y 2 z 2
(i) v (ii) – v
1
(iii) 0 (iv)
v
Solution :
v 1 2 2 2 3/ 2
=  (x  y  z )  2x
x 2
2 v  3 2 2 2 5/ 2 2 2 2 3/ 2 
2 =    (x  y  z ) x(2x)  (x  y  z ) 
x  2 
2 v 3 x  2x
 2
1
= 2 2 2 5/ 2
x 2 2 (x  y  z ) (x  y  z 2 )3/ 2
2
Similarly,
2v 3y 2 1
2 = 2 2 2 5/ 2
 2
y (x  y  z ) (x  y  z 2 )3/ 2
2
2v 3z 2 1
= 2 2 2 5/ 2
 2
z 2 (x  y  z ) (x  y  z 2 )3/ 2
2
2 v 2 v 2 v 3x 2  3y 2  3z 2 3
So, 2
 2
 2 = 2 2 2 5/ 2
 2
x y z (x  y  z ) (x  y  z 2 )3/ 2
2
= 3(x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2 – 3 (x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2

2 v 2 v 2 v
  = 0
x 2 y 2 z 2
This equation is known as laplace equation. And such a function v is known as harmonic function. A
function which satesfy laplace is called harmonic function.
Example-2.25
If u = f(r); x = r cos , y = r sin 
2u 2u
then  =?
x 2 y 2
1
(i) f´´(r) + f´(r) (ii) f (r)  f (r)
r
1
(iii) f (r)  f (r) (iv) f´´(r) + rf´(r).
r
Solution :
u = f(r),
x = r cos , y = r sin 
r = x 2  y2
r 2 = x2 + y2
r r x
2r = 2x  =
x x r
r r y
2r = 2y  =
y y r
u u r x f (r)·x
= · = f (r)· =
x r x r r
 r  r
2 r  f (r)· ·x  f (r)   f (r)·x ·
 u  x  x
 2
= 2
x r
 2u x r f (r) x r
= · ·f (r)   f (r)· 2 ·
x 2 r x r r x
 2u x2 f (r) x2
= 2 ·f (r)   f (r)·
x 2 r r r3
Similarly,
2u y2 f (r) y2
2 = 2 ·f (r)   f (r)· 3
y r r r
2u 2u  x 2  y2  2f (r) x 2  y 2

  =  2  f (r)   f (r)
x 2 y 2  r  r r3
2u 2u 2f (r) f (r)

 2
 2 = f (r)  
x y r r
2u 2u f (r)

 2
 2 = f (r) 
x y r
2.5 Homogeneous functions
A function is said to be homogeneous of x & y with degree ‘k’.
if f(tx, ty) = tk f(x, y)
for all x, y, t. A function f(x, y) is said to be homogeneous function in which the power of each term
is same.
A function f is said to be homogeneous of n number of variables x1, x2 ...... xn with degree ‘k’.
if f(tx1, tx2 ....... txn) = tk f(x1, x2 ....... xn) for all x1, x2 ....... xn, t
Euler’s equation for homogeneous functions :
If f is a homogeneous function of x & y with degree k.
then,
f f
1. x y = kf
x y
 2f 2f 2
2  f
2. x2  2xy  y = k(k – 1) f
x 2 xy y 2
If f is a homogeneous function of n number of variables x1, x2 ....... xn with degree k, then
f f f
1. x1  x2  ........x n
x1 x 2 x n = kf
Example-2.26
y  y2  u u
  + tan  x 2  . Find x  y .
–1 –1
If u = cos
x
    x y
Solution :
2
1  y  1  y 
u = cos    tan  2  = u (x, y)
x x 
2 2
1  ty  1  t y 
u(tx, ty) = cos    tan  2 2
 tx  t x 
 1  y  2 
o 1  y 
u(tx, ty) = t  cos    tan  2 
 x  x  
 u(tx, ty) = t° u(x, y)
So, the given function u(x, y) is Homogeneous function with degree 0.
u u
 x y = 0 . u(x, y)
x y
u u
x y = 0
x y
Example-2.27
3 3
1  x  y  u u
u = sin    x y =?
 xy  x y
Solution :
x 3  y3
f(u) = sin u = is homogeneous with degree ‘2’. [Here,K = 2]
xy
 
 x [sin u]  y [sin u] = 2 sin u
x y
u u 2sin u
 x
y = = 2 tan u
x y cos u
In general we can write,
u u kf
 x y = ........ (1)
x y f
Partially derivatives of equation (1) w.r.t. ‘x’.
2u u 2u
x2  x  x ·y = 2x sec2 u
x 2 x x y
 2 u u 2u u
x 2
  y = 2 sec2 u
x x x y x
Multiply with ‘x’
2u u 2u u
x2 2
 x  xy = (2 sec2 u) x
x x x y x
2u 2u u
x2 2
 xy = (2sec2 u – 1) x ........ (2)
x x y x
similarly,
2u 2u u
y2 2
 xy = (2sec2 u – 1) y ........ (3)
y y x x
Adding equation (2) & (3), we get,

2u 2u 2
2  u  u u 
x2 2
 2xy  y 2
2 = (2sec u – 1) 
x y 
x x y y  x y 
= (2 sec2 u – 1) · 2 tan u
So, in general, we can write
2u 2u 2  kf    kf 
2  u
x2  2xy  y =   1   
x 2 x y y 2  f    f 
 
Example-2.28
 x 2  y2  u u
If u = tan–1   . Find x x  y y = ?
 xy 
2u 2u 2
2  u
x2  2xy  y =?
x 2 x y y 2
Solution :
x 2  y2
f = tan u =
xy
t 2 (x 2  y 2 )  x 2  y2 
 tan tu = = t 
t(x  y)  xy 
 tan u is homogeneous function with degree ‘1’.
u u tan u
So, x y = 1· 2
x y sec u
u is not homogeneous 

By previous example 
 
 x u  y u  k f 
 x y f1 
u u 1
 x y = sin 2u
x y 2
Similarly,
2u 2u 2
2  u  f   kf   
x2  2xy  y =  k      1
x 2 x y y 2  f   f  

2 2u 2u 2
2  u 1   2cos 2u 
 x 2
 2xy  y 2 = 
sin 2u    1
x x y y 2  2 
1 
=  sin 2u  (cos 2u – 1)
 2 
2u 2u 2
2  u 1 1
x2 2
 2xy  y 2 = sin 4u – sin 2u
x x y y 4 2
Example-2.29
1/ 2 2
 (x)1/ 2  (y)1/ 2  u u 2  u 2u 2
2  u
–1
u = cosec  1/ 3 . Find x  y =?& x  2xy  y =?
1/ 3  x 2 x y y 2
 (x)  (y)  x y
Solution :
1/ 2
 (x)1/ 2  (y)1/ 2 
f = cosec u =  1/ 3 1/ 3 
 (x)  (y) 
1/ 2 1/ 2
 (t)1/ 2   (x)1/ 2  (y)1/ 2 
cosec (tu) =  1/ 3   1/ 3 1/ 3 
 (t)   (x)  (y) 
1/ 2
 (x)1/ 2  (y)1/ 2 
= [(t)1/6]–1/2  1/ 3 1/ 3 
 (x)  (y) 
1/ 2
 (x)1/ 2  (y)1/ 2 
–1/12
= (t)  1/ 3 1/ 3 
 (x)  (y) 
 1
 cosec u is a homogeneous function with degree    .
 12 
u is not homogeneous function 

u u 1 cosec u  
So, x y =  u u f
x y 12 cosec u cot u   x  y  k 
 x y f 
u u 1
x y = tan u
x y 12
Now,
2u 2u 2u  f  

 f 
x2 2
 2xy  y2 2 =  k   k   1
x xy y  f  f   
 
2 2u 2u 2
2  u 1  1 
 x 2
 2xy  y 2 = 
tan u  sec 2 u  1
x x y y  12  12 
Example-2.30
1  x 2  y2 
If u = log e  3 3 
2  x y 
u u 2u 2u 2u

then, find (i) x y = ? (ii) x 2 2  2xy  y2 2 = ?
x y x x y y
Solution :
1/ 2
 x 2  y2 
u = log e  3 3 
x y 
[ u is not homogeneous function.]
1/ 2
 x 2  y2  1 1
u
f=e =  3 3  Degree  (2  3)   
x y  2 2
1  1 
So, eu is homogeneous with degree ‘  ’.  Here k  
2  2
u u 1 eu 1
 x y =  u =
 .
x y 2 e 2
 u u f
 x x  y y  k f  
 
Now,
 f  
2u 2u 2
2  u  f   k   1
x2  2xy  y 2 = 
k 
x 2
x y y  f  f   
 
2u 2u 2  1  
2 2  u  1
 x 2
 2xy  y 2 = 
      1
x x y y  2  2  
 
2 2u 2u 2
2  u  1
So, x 2
 2xy  y   (1)
2 =  2
x x y y  
1
=
2
2.6 Multiple Integrals
2.6.1 Double integrals
x 2 y 2 (x)
1. To evaluate the problems of type   f (x, y) dy dx , f(x, y) must be first integrated with
x1 y1 (x)
respect to ‘y’ between the limits y1(x) to y2(x) treating x as constant and then w.r.t. x between
the limits x1 to x2.
y 2 x 2 (y)
2. To evalulate the problems of type   f (x, y) dx dy , f(x, y) is first integrated with respect to
y1 x1 ( y)
‘x’ between the limits x1(y) to x2(y) treating y as constant and then w.r.t ‘y’ between the limits y1
to y2. Since y1 & y2 are constants.
y2 x 2
3. To evaluate the problems of type   f (x, y) dx dy . Than f(x, y) must be integrated first w.r.t.
y1 x1
‘x’ between the limits x1(y) to x2(y) treating y as the constant limits of x & y. Then the function
can be integrated first either w.r.t. ‘x’ or w.r.t. ‘y’ between their respective limits and vice-versa.
Example-2.31
3 3
The value of  (6 – x – y) dx dy is
0 0
(a) 13.5 (b) 27.0

(c) 40.5 (d) 54.0
GATE(CE,08)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
3 x
I =   6  x  y  dx dy
0 0
3 x 3 x 3 x
=  6dx dy    x dx dy   y dx dy
0 0 0 0 0 0
3 x 3 x 3 x
 
= 6 dx dy  x dx dy  dx y dy
0 0

0

0
 
0 0
3 3 3 x
x x  y2 
= 6 dx  y 0  x dx  y 0
  
 dx  
0 0 0  2 0
3 3 3
1
= 6 x dx  x dx  x 2 dx
 
2

0 0
20
3 3 3
 x 2   x3   x3 
= 6          = 13.5
 2 0  3 0  6 0
Example-2.32
Consider the shaded triangular region P shown in the figure. What is  xydxdy ?
p
o 2 x
1 2
(a) (b)
6 9
1
(c) (d) 1
16
GATE(ME,2008)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
y
2x
y 
1  2 
P
O 2 x
 xydx dy
 2 x 
 
2  2 
=  x dx 
0 0
y dy
2 x
2
 y2  2
0

= x dx  
 2 0
2
1 2
= x dx  2  x 

80
2
1
=
80  
x 4  x 2  4x dx 
2
1 1
=
80 
4x  x 3  4x 2 dx =
6

Since area is always Positive
1
 Answer is
6
Example-2.33
8 2
Changing the order of the integration in the double integralleads to I    f (x, y)dy dx leads to
0 x/4
s q
I  f (x, y)dy dx . What is q?

r p
(a) 4y (b) 16y2

(c) x (d) 8
GATE(ME,2005)
Answer : (d)
Solution :
8 2
I =  f (x, y) dy dx
0 x
4
x
The given limits show that the region of integration is bounded by curves x = 0, x = 8, y = and
4
y=2
2 8
I =   f (x, y) dy dx
0 4y
.........(1)
y=2
x
y x=8
4
o
The given
s q
I =  f (x, y) dy dx
r p
.........(2)
y=2 x=8
y=0
x = 4y
On compering (1) and (2) we get

q = 8
Example-2.34
/ 2 / 2
 0 0
sin(x  y)dx dy is
(a) 0 (b) 
(c) /2 (d) 2
GATE(ME,2000)
Answer : (d)
Solution :

2 2
 sin(x  y)dx dy
0 0
we know that sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y


2 2
 (sin x cos y  cos x sin y) dx dy

0 0
  
2 2 2 2
=  sin x cos y dx dy    cos x sin ydx dy
0 0 0 0
   
2 2 2 2
=  cos ydy  sin x dx   sin ydy  cos x dx
0 0 0 0
 
2  2 
=  cos y dy   cos x   sin ydy  sin x 02
2
0 
0 0
 
2 2
=  cos y dy   sin y dy
0 0
 
= sin y     cos y 
2
0
2
0
 
= sin  sin o  cos  cos o
2 2
= 1–0–0+1=2
Example-2.35
A triangle ABC consists of vertex points a (0, 0) B (1, 0) and C (0, 1). The value of the integral
 2x dxdy over the triangle is

1
(a) 1 (b)
3
1 1
(c) (d)
8 6
GATE(ME,1997)
Answer : (b)
Solution :
x+y = 1
y = (1–x)
(0, 1) C
(0, 0) A (1, 0) B
 2x dx dy
1
1 (1 x)
= 
0
2x dx 
0
dy
=  2x (1  x) dx
0
1 1
2

= 2 x dx  2 x dx
0
 0
1
 2 x3 
=  x  2. 
 3 0
2 1
= 1 =
3 3
Example-2.36
The value of the integral of the function g(x, y) = 4x3 + 10y4 along the straight line segment from the
point (0,0) to the point (1,2) in the x-y plane is
(a) 33 (b) 35
(c) 40 (d) 56
GATE(EC,2008)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
g (x, y) = 4x3 + 10 y4
The straight line is
y = 2x
y = 2x
(0, 2)
(0, 0) (1, 0)
 g (x, y) = 4 x3 + 10 (2x)4
= 4x3 + 160 x4
1
3
I =  (4x  320x 4 )dx
0
1 1
3 4

= 4 x dx  160 x dx
0

0
1 1
 x4   x5 
= 4    160  
 4 0  5 0
= 1 + 32 = 33
Example-2.37
The following plot shows a function y which varies linearly with x. The value of the integral
2
I=  ydx is
1
1
x
–1 1 2 3
(a) 1.0 (b) 2.5

(c) 4.0 (d) 5.0
GATE(EC,2007)
Answer : (b)
Solution :
2
I =  y dx
1
=  (x  1) dx
1
2 2
= 
1
x dx  dx 
1
2
 x2  2
=     x 1
2
 1
1
=  3  1 = 2.5
2
y
1
3 x+
=
y
2
–1 3 x
1 2
Example-2.38

3
The integral  sin  d is given by
0
1 2
(a) (b)
2 3
4 8
(c) (d)
3 3
GATE(EC,2006)
Answer : (c)
Solution :

3
I =  sin
0
 d

2
=  (1  cos
0
)sin  d
Let cos  = t – sin d = dt

1 1 1
2 2
I = – (1  t )dt =  dt  t dt
 
1

1
1
1
1  x3 
I =   t 1  
 3 1
1
= – [ –1 – 1] + [–1–1]
3
2 4
= 2 =
3 3
Example-2.39
1 1 x 2
dx dy
  .
0 0 (1  x 2  y 2 )
Solution :
1 1 x 2
dy
I =  dx 
0 0 (1  x 2 )  y2
This function is first integrated w.r.t. ‘y’ treating ‘x’ as a constant.
1 x 2
1  1  y 
I =  dx  tan 1   
0  1  x 2  1 x
2
  0
1  1  
I =  dx    0
0  1 x
2 4 
1 1
I =  dx
4 0 1  x2
1

I =
4 

log x  x 2  1 
 0 

I =
4

log 1  2  log(1) 
 

 I =
4

log 1  2 
 
Example-2.40
  r sin dr d over the cardiod r = a(1 – cos ) above the initial line.
Solution :
 0=
 a(1 cos  )
I =   r sin  dr d
 0 r 0
 a(1cos  )
I =  sin  d  r dr
0 r 0

1 2 
2

I =  sin  d  a (1  cos )  0 
0 2 


1 2 2
I =  sin  d a (1  cos )
 0 2
1 2 
I = a  sin  (1  cos ) 2 d
2 0
Let, (1 – cos ) = t
sin  d = dt
1 22 2
I = a  t dt
2 0
2
1 2  t3 
I = a  
2  3 0
1 a2
I = 8  0 
23
8 a2 4a2
I = =
6 3
Note :- By using the double integral, we can find the area lying between the certain curves. And the area can
be obtained by
A =   dy dx
Example-2.41
x 2 y2
Find the area in the first co-ordinate plane of the ellipse  =1
a 2 b2
Solution :
 x2 
y  0, b 1  2 
Ellipse  a 

2 b 1 (a, 0)
(–a, 0) a a x
3 b 4
 x2 
 0, b 1  2 
 a 

x2
b 1
a a2 
A1 =   dy dx  ab [first quardant]
0 0 4
a 0

A (3+4) =   dy dx  ab [3rd & 4th quadrant]
a x2
2
 b 1
a2
x2
b 1
0 a2 
A2 =   dy dx  ab [2nd quadrant]
a 0 4
Area of entire ellipse
x2
b 1
a a2
A =   dy dx   ab
a x2
 b 1 2
a
Example-2.42
a a x2
  dy dx  ?
0  a x2
Solution :
y
a2  x2
circle
a
–a a x
a a
a
 a2  x2
y =
a2  x2
y2 = a2 – x2
x + y2 = a2
2
which is a equation of circle with radius a.

a a x2  2
   dy dx = a
0  a x2 2
Example-2.43
Find the area lying between the curves y2 = 4ax, x2 = 4ay.
Solution :
Point of intersection of the parabolas
y2 = 4ax & x2 = 4ay is given by
x4
= 4 ax
16a 2
 By putting x 2  4ay 
 x2 
 y  in y 2  4ax 
 4a 
x4 = 64 a3 x
x(x – 64 a3)
3
= 0
 x = 0, x = 4a
 
 y = 0 y = 4a
2
x = 4ay
2
y = 4ay
(4a, 4a)
(0, 0) (4a, 0)
 (0, 0) (4a, 4a) are points of intersection.
4a y  2 ax
Now Area =   2 dy dx
x 0 x
y
4a
4a
2 ax
Area =  dx  y  x 2
x 0
4a
4a x2 
Area =   2 ax   dx
0  4a 
4a
 2 a (x)3/ 2 x 3 
Area =   
 3/ 2 12a 0
4 64a 3  4 64
Area =  a (4a)3/ 2   = a  8 a a – a2
3 12a  3 12
32 2 16 2 16 2
Area = a  a = a
3 3 3
2.6.2 Volume as Double Integral
v =   z dy dx in x-y plane. Now z must be converted in terms of x & y. Limits can be obtained by
the conditions giving in the problem.
Example-2.44
Find the volume of the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4 and lying between the plane y +z = 4 and xy-plane
(z = 0).
Solution :
z
2
x
–2
z=0
y
Let volume V =   (4  y) dydx
2 4 y 2
V = 2   (4  y) dy dx
y 2 x 0
2 4  y2
V = 2  (4  y)dy  dx
y 2 x 0
2
V = 2  (4  y) 4  y 2 dy
y 2
2 2
V = 8  4  y 2 dy  2  y 4  y 2 dy
y 2

y 2

odd function
2
V = 8  4  y 2 dy  0 [since it was an odd function]
2

even function
2 2
2 y 4  y 
V = 16  4  y dy = 16  4  y 2  sin 1   
0  2 2  2  0
x 2 2 a2 x
 2 2
 a  x dx = 2 a  x  sin 1  
2 a
v = 16{(0 + 2sin–1 (1)) – (0 + 0)}
2 32
v = 16   units
2 2
 v = 16  units
2.6.3 Triple Integrals
x2 y 2 (x ) z 2 (x,y)
I =    f (x, y, z)dz dy dx
x1 y1 (x ) z1 (x,y)
First of all, f(x, y, z) must be integrated w.r.t. Z between z1(x, y) to z2(x, y) treating x & y as constant
and then w.r.t. y between y,(x) y2(x) treating x as constant and then w.r.t. x between x1 & x2.
Note :- If all the limits of above integral x1, x2 & y1, y2 & z1, z2 are constants then irrespective of the
order, we can integrate the function f(x, y, z).
Example-2.45
The volume of an object expressed in spherical coordinates is given by
2 /3 1
V   r 2 sin  dr d  d
0 0 0
The value of the integral is

 
(a) (b)
3 6
2 
(c) (d)
3 4
GATE(ME,2004)
Answer : (a)
Solution :

2 3 1
2
V =  r
0 0 0
sin  dr d d

2 3 1
2
=   sin  d d r
0 0 0
dr

2 3 1
 r3 
= 
0 0
sin  d d  
 3 0

2 3
1
=
30 0  
d sin  d
2 
1
= d   cos 03

30
2 2
1 1 1 1 2
=
30 
d. =
2 6  d  = 6  
0
0
2 
= =
6 3
Example-2.46
f (x, y) i a continuous function defined over (x, y)  [0, 1] × [0, 1]. Given the two constraints, x > y2
and y > x2, the volume under f (x, y) is
y 1 x  y y 1 x 1
f ( x, y )dxdy   f ( x, y )dxdy
(a)  
y 0 x  y2
(b)
y  x 2 x  y2
y 1 x 1 y x x y
(c)   f ( x, y )dxdy (d)   f ( x, y )dxdy

y0 x 0 y 0 x 0
GATE(EE,2009)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
f (x, y) CF x  (0, 1) y (0, 1)
Let x = y2 and y x2
Limit for x :
x = y2 to x = y
Limit for y :
y = 0 to y =1
2 x = y
x =y
(1, 1)
y2 = x
y 1 y
 volum =  
y 0 x  y 2
f (x, y)dx dy
Example-2.47
a x xy
x yz
   e dz dy dx
0 0 0
Solution :
a x xy
I =   e 0 dy dx
x yz
0 0
a x
 I =   e
0
2x  2y
0
 e x  y dy dx 
a x
1 
 I =   e 2x  2y  e x  y  dx
0 2 0
a x xy
 I =   e
0 0

x yz

0
dy dx
a x
I =   e
0 0

2x  2y
 e x  y dy dx 
a x
 1 2x  2y 
I =  e
0 2
 
 e x  y  dx
0
a
 1 1  
I =   e 4x  e 2x   e 2x  e x  dx
0  2 2  
 
a
 1 4x 3 2x x
I =   e  e  e  dx
0 2 2 
a
 1 4x 3 2x x
I =  e  e e 
8 4 0
 1 4a 3 2a a  1 3 
I =  e  e  e      1
8 4  8 4 
1 4a 3 2a 3
I = e  e  ea 
8 4 8
1 4a 2a
I = [e –6e + 8ea – 3]
8
2.6.4 Volume as tripple integral
The volume of the solids can be obtained by tripple integrals using the formula,
V =    dz dy dx
The limits can be obtained by the conditions given into the problem corresponding to the given
substance.
Example-2.48
x 2 y2 z 2
Find the volume of the ellipsoid   = 1 in the first octant.
a 2 b2 c2
Solution :
4
For the ellipsoid,volume (V) = a bc
3
1 4 
In first octant only =   a b c = a bc
8 3 6
x2 x 2 y2
b 1 c 1 
a a2 a 2 b2 1 4   a bc
   dz dy dx =   a bc  = [for first octant]
0 0 0 8 3  6
x 2 y2
c 1 
a 0 a 2 b2 1 1 4   a bc
   dz dy dx = ·   a b c =
a x2 0 2 2 3  3
 b 1
a2
a a2 x2 a 2  x 2  y2 1 4 3 2
   dz dy dx = ·  a  =  a 3 [sphere (x2 + y2 + z2 =a2)
a 0  a 2  x 2  y2
2  3  3
a2 x2 a 2  x 2  y2
a 1 1 4 3  a3
   dz dy dx = ·  a  =
0  a2 x2 0 2 2 3  3
a a2  x2 a 2  x 2  y2
4 3
   dz dy dx = a
a  a 2  x 2  a 2  x 2  y2
3
x2 x 2 y2
b 1 c 1 
4 a a2 a 2 b2
Volume of entire ellipsoid = a bc =    dz dy dx
3 a x2 x 2 y2
 b 1 2  c 1 2  2
a a b
4 3 a a2  x2 a 2  x 2  y2
Volume of entire sphere =  a =    dz dy dx
3 a  a2 x2  a 2  x 2  y2
2.7 Vector Operator

It is denoted by  and is defined is
ˆ   ˆj   kˆ 
 = i
x y z
Let, f(x, y, z) be a scalar point function.
R = xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ be any general vector..
 dR = xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
    
(·dR)f =  dx  dy  dz  f
 x y z 
 f f f 
(·dR)f =  dx  dy  dz 
 x y z 
(·dR)f = f
2.7.1 ‘Vector operator’ operating on scalar point functions
Let f(x, y, z) be a scalar point function.
1. Gradient :- f
The gradient of f is normal to ‘f’ and is given as
f f f
f = î  ˆj  kˆ
x y z
2. Unit normal to a space curve represented by a scalar ‘f’ :-
f
Unit normal of a scalar point function f(x, y, z) is denoted by N and is given as =
| f |
3. Directional Derivative :- The directional derivative of a scalar point function f(x, y, z) in the
f
direction of some vector R is the rate of change of f i.e. and is given as
r
f R
= f ·
r |R|
2.7.2 ‘Vector operator’ operating on vector point functions
Let, F = F1î  F2 ˆj  F3 kˆ be a vector point function where F1, F2, F3 are scalar functions of x, y, z.
1. Divergence of vector point function ‘F’ :-
div F = ·F
F1 F2 F3
div F =  
x y z
If flux entering into the region is equal to the flux outward from the region then the divergence of the
flux is zero. Such a vector point function is known as solenoidal vector function.
2. Curl of a vector point function ‘F’ :-
î ˆj kˆ
  
F =
x y z
F1 F2 F3
ˆ  F3  F2   ˆj  F3  F1   kˆ  F2  F1 

F = i     x y 
 y z   x z   
If F is velocity vector of a moving particle then it is rotational if its curl is not equal to zero and is
irrotational if its curl is zero.
2.7.3 ‘Vector operator’ operating twice on scalar and vector point function
Let f be a scalar point function and F be a vector point function, then
f ,   F are vectors, ·F is a scalar..
1.  [·F] = grad [div F]
 2f  2f  2f
2. ·[f ] = div [grad f] =  2 f =  
x 2 y 2 z 2
3.   (f ) = curl [grad f] = 0
4. ·(  F) = div [curl F] = (  )·F = 0
[ a·(b × c) = a bc = (a × b)·c]
5.  (  F) = curl [curl F] = [·F]  ( ·)F
[a × (b × c) = (a·c) b – (a·b) c].

= grad [divF] –  2 F
Example-2.49
A scalar field is given by f = x2/3 + y2/3, where x and y are the Cartesian coordinates. The derivative
of along the line y = x directed away from the origin, at the point (8,8) is
2 3
(a) (b)
3 2
2 3
(c) (d)
3 2
GATE(INST.,05)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
2 2
f = x3  y3
The derivative of f along the line y = x is called its directional derivative.
 f  f 
grad (f) = f = i j
x y
1 1
 2 3 2 3
 f = x i  y j
3 3
 i j
At the point (8, 8), f = 
3 3
P (8, 8)
(0, 0)

A vector d along y = x
from (0, 0) to (8, 8) is given as

d = 8i  8 j

The directional derivative of f along d

  d
 f . d = f . 
|d|
   i j  8i  8 j
 f . d =    .
3 3 (8) 2  (8) 2
8 8 1
=    .
3 3 2.8
2
=
3
Example-2.50
For a scalar function f (x, y, z) = x2 + 3y2 + 2x2, the directional derivative at the point P (1, 2, –1) in
  
the direction of a vector i  j  2k is
(a) –18 (b) –3 6
(c) 3 6 (d) 18
GATE(CE,08)
Answer : (b)
Solution :
f (x, y, z) = x2 + 3y2 + 2z2
 f  f  f 
grad (f) = f = i j k
x y z

f = 2x i + 6y j + 4z k
At the point p (1, 2, –1)

f = 2 i + 12 j – 4 k

Given vector, d = i – j + 2 k

The directional derivative of f in the direction of d

   d
f . d = f  
|d|
  
  (i  j  2k)
= (2i  12j  4k)
11 4
2  12  8 18
= = = –3 6
6 6
Example-2.51
For a scalar function f (x, y, z) = x2 + 3y2 + 2z2, the gradient at the point P (1, 2, –1) is
(a) 2 i  6 i  4k (b) 2 i  12 j  4k
(c) 2 i  12 j  4k (d) 56
GATE(CE,08)
Answer : (b)
Solution :
f (x, y, z) = x2 + 3y2 + 2z2
f  f  f 
grad (f) = f = i j k
x y z
= 2x i + 6y j + 4z k
At point p (1, 2, –1)
grad (f) = 2 i + 12 j – 4 k
Example-2.52
A velocity vector is given as
  2
 2

V = 5xy i  2y j  3yz k .
The divergence of this velocity vector at (1, 1, 1) is
(a) 9 (b) 10
(c) 14 (d) 15
GATE(CE,07)
Answer : (d)
Solution :
 2 2
V = 5xy i + 2y j + 3yz k
      
 = i j k
x y z
Divergence
         
 =  . V = (5xy i + 2y2 j + 3yz2 k ) .  i  j k
 x y z 
  
= (5xy)  (2y 2 )  (3yz 2 )
x y z
= 5y + 4y + 3y . 2z
At P (1, 1, 1)

div ( V ) = 5 + 4 + 6 = 15
Example-2.53
The directional derivative of f(x,y,z) =2x2 + 3y2 + z2 at the point P: (2, 1, 3) in the direction of the
vector a = i – 2 k is
(a) –2.785 (b) –2.145
(c) –1.789 (d) 1.000
GATE(CE,06)
Answer : (c)
Solution :
f (x, y, z) = 2x2 + 3y2 + z2
 f  f  f 
grad (f) = f = i j k
x y z
= 4x i + 6y j + 2z k
At p (2, 1, 3)

grad (t) = f = 8 i + 6 j + 6 k

The given vector, d = i + 0 j – 2 k

The directional derivative of f in the direction of d is given as
   
   d   (i  0 j  2k)
f . d = f   = (8i  6j  6k)
|d| 1 4
8  12 4
= = = –1.789
5 5
Example-2.54
The divergence of the vector field 3xzi  2xyj  yz 2 
k at a point (1, 1, 1) is equal to
(a) 7 (b) 4
(c) 3 (d) 0
GATE(ME,2009)
Answer : (b)
Solution :

Let F = 3xz i + 2xy j – yz2 k
      
 = i j k
x y z
  
The divergence F =  . F
       
div (F) =  i j  k  .(3xz i + 2xy j – yz2 k ) .
 x  y z 
  
= (3xz)  (2xy)  ( yz 2 )
x y z
= 3z + 2x –2yz
At Point (1, 1, 1)

div (F) = 3 + 2 – 1 = 4
Example-2.55
    
The vector field F  x i  y j (where i and j are unit vectors) is
(a) divergence free, but not irrotational (b) irrotational, but not divergence free
(c) divergence free and irrotational (d) neither divergence free nor irrotational
GATE(ME,2003)
Answer : (c)
Solution :

F = x i – y j + o k
      
 = x i  y j  z k
         
div ( F ) =  . F = (x i – y j + 0 k ) .  x i  y j  z k 
 
= 1–1+0=0
  
Hence the given vector field is divergence free curl F =  × F
i j k
  
=
x y z
x y 0
= i 0  j 0  k 0 = 0

since curl (F) = 0

Hence F is irrotational
Example-2.56
The maximum value of the directional derivative of the function   2x 2  3y 2  5z 2 at a point
(1, 1, –1) is
(a) 10 (b) –4
(c) 152 (d) 152
GATE(ME,2000)
Answer : (c)
Solution :
f = 2x2 + 3y2 + 5z2
      
 = i j k
x y z

Directional derivative =  
 
  = 4x i + 6y j + 10z k
At point (1, 1, 1)
= 4 i + 6 j + 10 k
Maximum value = (4)2  (6)2  (10)2
= 16  36  100
= 152
Example-2.57
For the function   ax 2 y  y3 to represent the velocity potential of an ideal fluid, 2   should be
equal to zero. In that case, the value of ‘a’ has to be
(a) –1 (b) 1
(c) –3 (d) 3
GATE(ME,1999)
Answer : (d)
Solution :
Given  = ax2y –y3

= 2axy
x
 2
= 2ay
x 2

= ax2 – 3y2
y
2
= – 6y
y 2
2 = 0
 2  2
  = 0
x 2 y 2
 2ay – 6y = 0
 a = 3
Example-2.58
The expression curl (grad f), where f is a scalar function, is
(a) equal to 2f (b) equal to div (grad f)
(c) a scalar of zero magnitude (d) a vector of zero magnitude
GATE(ME,1996)
Answer : (d)
Solution :
f is a scalar
 is a vector

grad f = f is a vector
curl of a vector is also a vector
 
curl (grad f) =   f = 0
curl (grad f) is a vector of zero magnitude
Example-2.59
Divergence of the vector field
V (x, y, z) = – (x cos xy + y) i + (y cos xy) j + (sin z2 + x2 + y2) k is
(a) 2z cos z2 (b) sin xy + 2z cos z2
(c) x sin xy – cos z (d) none of these
GATE(EE,2007)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
 
V = – (x cos xy + y) i + (y cos xy) j + (sin z + x + y ) k
2 2 2
     
= i j k
x y z
  
Divergence V   
=  . V
  
= (–x cos xy – y) + (y cos xy) + (sin z2 + x2 + y2)
x y z
  
= – (x cos xy ) + (y cos xy) + (sin z2)
x y z
= – [– xy sin xy + cos xy] + [– xy sin xy + cos xy] + 2z cos z2
= xy sin xy – cos xy – xy sin xy + cos xy + 2z cos z2
= 2z cos z2
Example-2.60
x 2 y2
For the scalar field u   , magnitude of the gradient at the point (1, 3) is
2 3
(a) 13/ 9 (b) 9/ 2
9
(c) 5 (d)
2
GATE(EE,2005)
Answer : (c)
Solution :
x 2 y2
u = 
2 3
   
 = i j
x y
u  u 
gradient (u) =  u = i j
x y
u 1 u 1
=  2x = x, =  2y
x 2 y 3
2y 
grad (u) = xi  j
3
At (1, 3)
grad (u) = i  2j
Magnitude of gradient = 1  4 = 5
Example-2.61
 ×  ×P, where P is a vector, is equal to
(a) P ×  × P –  2 P (b)  2 P +  (  · P)
(c)  2 P +  P (d)  (  · P) –  2 P
GATE(EC,2006)
Answer : (d)
Solution :
 ×  × P =  (  . P) –  2 P
Example-2.62
Find the unit normal of the space curve x3 + y3 + 3xyz = at the point (1, 2, –1).
Solution :
 f 
N =  
 | f |  (1,2,1)
    
f =  î  ˆj  kˆ  f
 x y z 
2 ˆ 2 ˆ ˆ
f = [(3x  3yz)i  (3y  3xz) j  (3xy)k]
 f 
 N =  
 | f |  (1,2,1)
{3(1) 2  3(2)}iˆ  {3(4)  3(1)}jˆ  {3(2)}kˆ

=
| f |
 f  3iˆ  9ˆj  6kˆ

N =   =
 | f |  (1,2,1) (3) 2  (9) 2  (6) 2
3iˆ  9ˆj  6kˆ 3iˆ  9ˆj  6kˆ

N = =
9  81  36 136
Example-2.63
What is the directional derivative of  = xy2 +yz3 at the point (2, –1, 1) in the direction of the normal
to the surface of x log z – y2 = – 4 at (–1, 2, 1).
Solution :
Normal to the surface (x log z – y2 = – 4) at (–1, 2, 1)
ˆ x 
 i log z  2yjˆ  kˆ 
f z
N = =  
| f |  |  f | 
 (–1,2,1)
0  4ˆj  kˆ 4ˆj  kˆ
N = =
16  1 17
Now, directional derivative

 f
= () (2, 1,1) ·
f | f |
 4ˆj  kˆ
= [y î  (2xy  z )ˆj  3yz k]
2 3 2ˆ
(2, 1,1) ·
f 17
ˆ ˆ
 ˆ (4 j  k) = 12  3 = 15
= (iˆ  3jˆ  3k)·
f 17 17 17
Example-2.64
Find the divergence & curl of F = grad (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz).
Solution :
Let F = x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
 2f  2f  2f
div F = ·(f ) =  2 f =  
x 2 y 2 z 2
= 6x + 6y + 6z
curl F =   (f ) =   [(3x 2  3yz)iˆ  (3y 2  3yz)ˆj  (3z 2  3xy)k]
ˆ
î ˆj kˆ
  
=
x y z
3x 2  3yz 3y 2  3xz 3x 2  3xy
= î[3x  3x]  ˆj[3y  3y]  k[

ˆ 3z  3z]
= 0
Already, we know curl of a grad (f) = 0 satisfied
Example-2.65
If (ax2 y + yz) î + (xy2 – xz2) ĵ + (2xyz – 2x2y2) k̂ is a solenoidal vector function. Find the value of ‘a’.
Also find its curl.
Solution :
If the vector is solenoidal vector function, then
Div F = 0
F1 F2 F3
  = 0
x y z
2axy + 2xy +2xy = 0
2axy = –4xy
a = –2
So, F = (–2x2 y + yz) î + (xy2 – xz2) ĵ + (2xyz – 2x2y2) k̂
î ˆj kˆ
  
Now, curl F =
x y z
F1 F2 F3
 2 2  2 2 
curl F = î  (2xyz  2x y )  (xy  xz ) 
 y z 
  
 ĵ  (2xyz  2x 2 y 2 )  (2x 2 y  yz) 
 x z 
  
 k̂  (xy 2  xz 2 )  (2x 2 y  yz) 
 x y 
curl F = î [2xz–4x2y–2xz]– ĵ [2yz–4xy–y]+ k̂ [y2–z2+2x2–z]
curl F = – 4x2y î – (2yz –4xy2 –y) ĵ + (2x2 + y2 – z2 – z) k̂
Example-2.66
If A is a constant vector and R = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ then find
(i) grad (A.R) (ii) div (A × R)
(iii) curl (A × R) (iv) curl [(A·R)R]
Solution :
A can be = î , ĵ , k̂ , î + ĵ , ĵ + k̂ , î + k̂ , î + ĵ + k̂
Let A = î
then A·R = x
ˆ  ˆ  ˆ  
i) grad (A·R) =  x =  i  j  k  x
 x y z 
 x = î = A
î ˆj kˆ
ii) A×R = 1 0 0 = –z ĵ + y k̂
x y z
  
div (A × R) = (0)  (z)  (y) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
x y z
î ˆj kˆ
  
iii) curl (A × R) =
x y z
0 z y
= î [1 + 1] – ĵ [0 – 0] + k̂ [0 – 0] = 2 î = 2A
iv) curl [(A.R) R] = curl [x(x î + y ĵ + z k̂ )]
î ˆj kˆ
  
 curl [x(x î + y ĵ + z k̂ )] =
x y z
x2 xy xz
= –z ĵ + y k̂ = A × R
2.8 **Line Integral

Let F(R) be a vector valued function defined over the curve C and let R0, R1, R2 ......... Rn be the
position vectors on the curve ‘C’ and let ui  [Ri–1, Ri] for i = 1, 2, 3 ...... n then consider the sum
Rn
Ri
Ri–1
R2
ui [Ri–1, R]
R1
R0
n
S n =  F(u i ) R i Ri = Ri – Ri –1
0
i 1
as n 
Lt Sn =  F(R)·dR
n  c
which is known as the line integral of the vector valued function F(R) over the curve, C. If C is
closed, then we can write as
 F(R)·dR ,  F(R)  dR
c c
  dR is also a line integral function.

c
If F(R) is the force applied on a particle or by the particle through a displacement of dR from A to B,
B
then  f (R)·dR represents the workdone on the particle or work done by the particle.
A
If F(R) represents velocity vector of a moving particle then  F(R)·dR represents the circulation of
c
f(R) over the curve C.
Cartesian form :-
Let, F(R) = F1î  F2 ˆj  F3 kˆ
where, F1, F2, F3 are function of x, y, z
and R = x î  y ˆj  z kˆ
dR = dx î  dy ˆj  dz kˆ
 F(R)·dR =  (F1dx  F2 dy  F3dz)

c c
Example-2.67
    
The line integral  V.dr of the vector function V(r)  2xyzi  x 2 zj  k 2 yk from the origin to the
point P (1, 1, 1)
(a) is 1
(b) is zero
(c) is –1
(d) cannot be determined without specifying the path
GATE(ME,2005)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
  

Since path is not given here, it means that V.dr is independent of path It means V is conservative

(irrotational) vector field . If  be the scalar potential of V then

V = 
Given that
 2 
V = 2xyz i + x z j + k y k
2
      
 = x i  y j  z k
 f = x2 yz
Hence the value of given line integral
= x2yz at (1, 1, 1) – x2yz at (0, 0, 0)
= 1–0=1
Example-2.68
F(x, y)  (x 2  xy)a x  (y 2  xy)a y . It’s line integral over the straight line from (x, y) = (0, 2) to (x, y) =
(2, 0) evaluates to
(a) – 8 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) 0
GATE(EE,2009)
Answer : (d)
Solution :

F = (x 2  xy)a x  (y 2  xy)a y

dr = dx a x  dy a y
 
Line Integral = F 
 dr
c
(0, 2)
y=–x+2
(2, 0)
2 0
x  y 
2 2
=  xy dx   xy dy
0 2
2 0
 x   y   2  y  y dy
2 2
=  x   x  2  dx 
0 2
2 0
2
=  (x  x  2x)dx  (y 2  2y  y 2 )dy
2

0 2
2 0 2 0
 x2   y2 
=
0

2x dx 
2
2y dy 2. 
=  
 2 0
 2.  
 2 2
= 4–4=0
Example-2.69
Find  F·dR if F = (5xy – 6x2) î + (2y – 4x) ĵ along ‘C’ in x-y plane, along x3 = y from the point
c
(1, 1) to (2, 8)
Solution :
2
 F·dR =  (5xy  6x )dx  (2y  4x)dy
c c
put y = x3
dy = 3x2 dx
2
4 2 3 2
=  [(5x  6x ) dx  (2x  4x)3x dx] [ y = x3]
1
 F·dR = (x 5  2x 3  x 6  3x 4 )12
c
 F·dR = [(32 – 16 + 64 – 48) – (1 – 2 + 1 – 3)]

c
 F·dR = [32 + 3] = 35
c
Example-2.70
Find the work done by the force F = (2y  3)iˆ  xz ˆj  (yz  x)kˆ when a particle is moving from (0,
0, 0) to (2, 1, 1) over a curve x = 2t2, y = t, z = t3.
Solution :
 =  F·dR where dR = dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂
c
 =  (2y  3)dx  (xz) dy  (yz  x) dz

c
Put x = 2t2 dx = 4t dt
y = t dy = dt
z = t3 dz = 3t2 dt
5 4 2 2
 =  (2t  3)4t dt  (2t ) dt  (t  2t )3t dt
c
1
2 5 6 4
 =  (8t  12t  2t  3t  6t ) dt
0
1
 8t 3 t6 3 7 6 5 
 =   6t 2
  t  t  = 8 6 1  3  6
 3 3 7 5 0 3 3 7 5
3 6 315  15  42 288
= 9  = = units
7 5 35 35
Example-2.71
Find the circulation of F = y î + z ĵ + x k̂ around the curve ‘c’ where c is the circle x2 + y2 = 1, z = 0
Solution :
Here x2 + y2 = 1, z = 0 is the given curve.

0 1
 R = x î + y ĵ
dR = dx î + dy ĵ
x = r cos , y = r sin  & r = 1
dx = – r sin  d
  0 to 2
 F·dR = (y î + z ĵ + x k̂ ) · (dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂ )
F·dR = [y dx + z dy + x dz]
put z = 0
 dz = 0
F·dR = y dx
 F·dR =  y·dx
c c
as x = r cos 
y = r sin 
dx = – r sin d
as r = 1
y = sin, dx = sin dsym
2
 F·dR =  sin ( sin ) d
c 0
2 2
 cos 2  1  1 
 F·dR =    d =  sin 2  
c 0  2  4 2 0
1 2   1 0
 F·dR =  4 sin 4  2    4 sin 0  2 
c    
2
=  = –  units
2
2.9 Surface Integral
F(R)
Ni
ui
Let F(R) be a vector valued function defined over a region with the surface, S and divide into n
number of subparts with surface area S1, S2, .......... Sn and their vector area be given as A1, A2,
.......... An . Let ui be any point of a surface Si, Ni be the unit outward normal.
then,
A i = Si Ni
Consider the sum
n
Sn =  F(u i )·Ai
i 1
as n 
Lt Sn =   F(R)·dA =   F·NdS
n  S S
where, N is unit outward normal drawn at any point of surface, S.

  dA is another form of surface integral where  is a scalar point function.
S
  F  dA represents also a surface integral.

S
  F·NdS represents the flux of F passing through the surface S.

S
Cartesian form :-
Let,F = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂ be a vector valued function where F1, F2, F3 are functions of x, y & z.
N = î cos + ĵ co + k̂ cos unit outward normal.
N = î cos + ĵ co + k̂ cos
  F·NdS =  S [F1 cos   F2 cos   F3 cos  ]dS

S
  F·NdS =  S [F1 dy dz  F2 dx dz  F3 dx dy]

S
R1  xy R2  yz R3  zx
dx dy dy dz dx dz
  F·NdS =   F·N =   F·N =   F·N
S R1 | N.Kˆ| R2 | N.iˆ | R3 | N.jˆ |
Where,
R1, R2 R3 are the projections of the surface on xy-plane, yz-plane and zx-plane.
Example-2.72
Find   F·NdS where F = z î + x ĵ – 3y2z k̂ and S is the surface x2 + y2 = 16 included in the first
S
octant and z = 0 to z = 5.
Solution :
Unit normal to the surface x2 + y2 = 16 is
S 2xiˆ  2yjˆ xˆ yˆ
N = = = i j
| S| 4x 2  4y 2 4 4
 zx xy 
Now,   F·NdS =      ·dS = projected on y-z plane
S S  4 4 
dy dz
   F·N·
y z | Niˆ |
 zx xy  dy dz (z  y) dy dz
     = y z
y z  4 4  (x / 4)
5 4
=   (z  y) dy dz
z 0 y 0
4
5  y2 
   zy   dz
z 0  2 0
5
  (4z  8) dz
z 0
5
 z2 
  4  8z  = 50 + 40 = 90
 2 0
Example-2.73
If F = 4xz î – y2 ĵ + yz k̂ . Find   F·NdS where S is the surface of the cube bounded by
S
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
x = a, y = a, z = a
Solution :
  F·NdS =
S OABC
  F·NdS    F·NdS    F·NdS    F·NdS
PQRS OCSP QABR

OAQP
  F·NdS    F·NdS
RBCS
C B
R
S
O
A
P
Q
S1 : OABC xy plane, z = 0, N = – k̂
F.N = –yz
I =  F·Nds = 0
S1
S2 : PQRS parallel to xy plane, z = a, N = K̂

x = 0 to a, y = 0 to a
F.N = yz = ay
a a a a
aydx dy
II =   =   ay dx dy
x 0 y  0 | N.K | 0 0
a a
a 2 a a a4
= a  dx  y dy = (y )0  x 0 =
0 0 2 2
S3 : OCSP yz-plane x = 0, N = – î
F.N = –4xz = 0
III =   F·Nds = 0
S3
S4 : QABR parallel to yz-plane, x = a, N = î
F.N = 4xz = 4az, y = 0 to a, z = 0 to a,

a a
dy dz 4a 3
IV =   4az· = 4a[y]a0 [z 2 / 2]a0 = = 2a4
0 0 | N.i | 2
S5 : OAQP xz plane, y = 0, N =  ĵ
F.N = –y2 = 0
 V =  F·NdS = 0
SS
S6 : RBCS parallel to xz-plane, y = a, N = ĵ

F.N = –y2 = –a2
a a
2
VI =   F·N dx dz =   (a ) dx dz
S6 0 0
= (a 2 ) (x)0a (z)0a

= –a4
So,   F·NdS = I + II + III + IV + V + VI
S
a4
= 0  0  2a 4  0  a 4
2
a4
=  a4
2
3a 4
   F·NdS =
S 2
2.9.1 Green’s theorem in a plane
If (x, y), (x, y) are two continuously differentiale functions defined over a surface, S bounded by
the simple closed curve, C then  [(x, y) dx   (x, y) dy]
C
   
=    dx dy .
S  x y 
Example-2.74
Find  (cos x ·sin y  xy) dx  sin x cos y dy where C is the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
c
Solution :
C
 x2 + y2 = r2 where r = 1
 x = r cos 
y = r sin 
 dx = – r sin  d
dy = r cos  d
By Green’s theorem,
  
 (cos x sin y  xy)dx  sin x cos ydy) =   x (sin x cos y) y (cos x ·sin y  xy)dx dy
S
C
     
  cos x cos y   cos x cosy  x  dy dx =   x dy dx
S  x   x  S
2 1
=   (r cos ) (r dr d) ; dxdy = rdr d
 0 r  0
Given, r = 0 to 1
1
2  r3 
=  cos  d   ;
0  3 0
1 2 1 2
=  cos  d =   sin 0 ;
3 0 3
1 1
= (–sin2 + sin0) =  0 = 0
3 3
Example-2.75
Find  (3x 2  8y 2 )dx  (4y  6xy) dy where ‘c’ is the region bounded by = x,y=x.
2
c
Solution :
Here  = 3x2 – 8y2  = 4y – 6xy
 
y = – 16y = – 6y
x
y
y  x2
y x
(0, 1)
(0, 0) x
Intersection of both the curves,

x = x2
4
x –x = 0
x(x3 – 1) = 0
x = 0, 1
By Green’s theorem, we have
   
 ( dx  dy)
C
=   x  y  dx dy
S
1 y x   

 (3x
2 2
  8y )dx  (4y  6xy)dy =   2  6 y  16 y  dx dy
0 yx  x x 
C
1 y x
=   10y dx dy
0 yx2
x
y2  1
10 1 4
= 10    dx =  (x  x ) dx
0  2 x2 2 0
1
 x2 x5  1 1 53 3
=    = 5   =
5 =
 2 5 0  2 5 10 2
Example-2.76

Find  (y  sin x) dx  cos x dy where ‘c’ is the triangle closed by the lines x = 0, x = , y = 2x;
c 2
Solution :
Here,  = y – sin x  = cos x
 
= 1 = – sin x
y x
 
 ,1
2 
(x = 0, 0) x = /2

Points of intersection of the lines x = 0, x = , y = 2x is given by
2
2x
y =

At x = 0, y = 0

At x = ,y=1
2
 
 Points of intersection are (0, 0),  ,1
2 
   
By Green’s Theorem, we have  (dx  dy) =   x  y  dx dy
C S
 2x  2x
2  2 
  (y  sin x)dx  cos xdy
C
= 
x 0 y0
 ( sin x  1) dx dy =  ( sin x  1) dx  dy
x 0 y 0

2  2x 
=  ( sin x  1) dx   0
x 0  

2 2
=   (x sin  x) dx
 x 0
/ 2
2 x2 
=    x cos x  sin x  
 2 0
2   2 
=    cos  / 2  sin  
 2 2 8
2  2  2  (8  2 )
=  1   =   =
 8  4 4
2.10 Volume Integrals
Let F(R) be a vector valued function defined over the region with volume V bounded by the surface,
S. Now, divide this region into N number of sub-parts with surfaces S1, S2...... Sn and volume
V1, V2, .......... Vn. Let ui be any point in the surface Si then consider the sum
F(R)
S
n
S n =  F(u i )·Vi
i 1
as n Vi  0
then Lt Sn =    F(R) dV
n  V
which is known as the volume integral of the function F(R) over the region with volume, V.
Cartesian form :-
dV = dx dy dz
Consider F(R) = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂
ˆ ˆ ˆ
    F(R) dV =    (F1i  F2 j  F3 k)dx dydz
V V
where F1, F2, F3 are the functions of x, y, z.

Example-2.77
Find    ·FdV ,    (  F) dV where v is the closed region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, 2x
V V
+ 2y + z = 4 where F = (2x2 –3z) î – 2xy ĵ – 4x k̂ .

Solution :
2 2 x 4–2x  2y
i)    (·F) dz dy dx
x  0 y 0 z 0
d d d
[But  · F = (2x 2  3z)  (2xyz)  (4x) = 4x – 2x = 2x]
dx dy dz
2 2 x 4– 2x  2y
    (2x) dz dy dx
x  0 y 0 z 0
2 (2  x )
  2x dx  (4  2x  2y) dy
x 0 y 0
2
2 (2  x)
  2x dx[(4  2x)y  y )]0
x 0
2
2
  2x dx[(4  2x) (2  x)  (2  x) ]
x 0
2
2
  2x  (2  x) dx
x 0
2 2
 2  x (4  x 2  4x) dx = 2  (4x  x 3  4x 2 ) dx
x 0 x 0
2
 2 x4 4 3 
= 2  2x   x 
 4 3  x 0
 32  4 8
= 2 8  4   = 2  =
 3 3 3
î ˆj kˆ
  
ii) (  F) = x y z
2x 2  3z 2xy 4x
  × F = î [0 – 0] + ĵ [–3 + 4] + k̂ [–2y] = ĵ –2y k̂

    (  F) dV =    (ˆj  2yk)
ˆ dz dydx
V V
2 2 x
ˆ ˆ
=   ( j  2yk) (4  2x  2y) dy dx
0 0
2 2 x
=   {(4  2x)ˆj  [2ˆj  2(4  2x)k]y
ˆ  4y2 k}dy
ˆ dx
x  0 y 0
2 2 (2  x)
 2
ˆj  2ˆj y  2(4  2x) y kˆ  4 y3 kˆ 
=   y(4  2x)  dx
x 0  2 2 3 0
2
 22 4 
=   2(2  x) ˆj  (2  x) ˆj  (2  x)3 kˆ  (2  x)3 kˆ  dx
2 2
x 0  2 3 
2
 2 3 
 (2  x) ˆj  (2  x) kˆ  dx
2
=
x 0  3 
2
 (2  x)3 ˆ 2 
=  j (2  x)4 kˆ 
 3 3 4 0
 8 ˆ 16 ˆ  8 8
=  0  0  j  k  = ˆj  kˆ
 3 6  3 3
8 ˆ ˆ 8 2
= ( j  k) =
3 3
2.10.1 Gauss Divergence Theorem
(Retation between surface integral & volume integral)
If F(R) is a continuously differentiale function defined over a region with volume v and bounded by
the surface S, then   F·NdS =    (div  F) dV
S V
where N is the unit outward normal vector drawn at any point of the surface S,
Cartesian form :-
Let F(R) = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂
N = î cos  + ĵ cos  + k̂ cos 
1  F
2 3 F F 
 (F1 cos   F2 cos   F3 cos  ) dS =   x  y  z  dV
S V  
 F F F 
 (F1dy dz  F2dz dx  F3 dx dy) =  
1
 2  3  dV
S V  x y z 
Example-2.78
The gauss divergence theorem relates certain
(a) surface integrals to volume integrals
(b) surface integrals to line integrals
(c) vector quantities to other vector quantities
(d) line integrals to volume integrals
GATE(ME,2001)
Answer : (a)
Solution :
The Gauss divergence theorem relates certain surface integrals to volume integrals
 
F.nˆ dS =
 div F dV   
V
S
Example-2.79
2 2 2
Find the value of  (ax  by  cz ) dS where S is the surface of the sphere x2+ y2 + z2= 1.
S
Solution :
Given F.N = ax2+ by2 + cz2 –(1) & S : x2+ y2 + z2 = 1
S 2xiˆ  2yjˆ  2zkˆ xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ

 N = = =
| S | 4x 2  4y 2  4z 2 (x 2  y 2  z 2 )
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= xi  yj  zk
1
N = a î + b ĵ + c k̂ [ x2+ y2 + z2 = 1]
 From (1) (F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂ ) · (x î + y ĵ + z k̂ ) = (ax2+ by2 + cz2)
 (F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂ ) · (x î + y ĵ + z k̂ ) = (ax î + by ĵ + cz k̂ ) · (x î + y ĵ + z k̂ )
So, F 1 = ax, F2 = by, F3 = cz

 F = ax î + by ĵ + cz k̂
Now, div F =  · F = (a + b + c)
By Gauss divergence theorem,
 F·NdS =    div FdV
S v
  (ax 2  by 2  cz 2 )dS =    (a  b  c) dV , An d we know x2+ y2 + z2 = 1 is a sphere with

S V
4 4
radius 1, so its volume = (1)3 = 
3 3
4
 (a  b  c)    dV = (a  b  c)
V 3
Example-2.80
 [(x  yz)iˆ  2x yjˆ  zk]·NdS

ˆ
3 2
over the cube bounded by the co-ordinate planes
S
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 ; x = a, y = a, z = a.
Solution :
F = (x3 – yz) î – 2x2y ĵ + z k̂
div F = 3x2 – 2x2 + 1 = (x2 + 1)
By Gauss Divergence Theorem,
 F·NdS =    div FdV
S v
V =  [(x  yz)iˆ  2x yjˆ  zk]

ˆ
3 2

S
a a a
2
=    (x  1)dx
x  0 y 0 z  0
a
a  x3
2 
 V =  (x  1) dx (a – 0) (a – 0) =   x 
2 a
x 0 3 0
3
2 a  a5
= a   a =  a3
3  3
2.10.2 Stoke’s Theorem
If F(R) is a continuously differentiable vector valued function defined over a region with the surface
S bounded by the simple closed curve C then
 F·dr =  (curlof F)·NdS ........ (1)
C S
where N is the unit outward normal drawn at any point of the surface S.
Cartesian form :-
Let F(R) = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂
where F1 & F2 & F3 are functions of x, y, z and
r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂
dr = dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂
î ˆj kˆ
  
 From (1)  (F1 dx  F2 dy  F3 dz) =   · ( î cos + ĵ cos + k̂ cos) dS
C S x y z
F1 F2 F3
ˆ  F3 F2  ˆ  F3 F1  ˆ  F2 F1  

=   i     j    k  x  y  
S   y z   x z    
· ( î cos + ĵ cos + k̂ cos) dS
 F
3 F2   F3 F1   F F  
 (F1 dx  F2 dy  F3 dz) =  S  y   cos   cos      cos   2  1   dS
 z   x z   x y  
C
 F
3 2 F   1 F F
3   F
2 1 F 
 (F1 dx  F2 dy  F3 dz) =  S  y  z  dy dz   x  z  dz dx   x  y  dx dy
C    
Note :- Stoke’s theorem in a particular xy, yz, zx-plane is nothing but green’s theorem in that plane.
Note :- Stoke’s theorem gives relation betwen line integral & surface integral.
Example-2.81
Find  (  F)·NdS where F = (2x – y) î – yz2 ĵ – y2z k̂ where s is the upper half surface of the
S
sphere (x2 + y2 + z2 = 1) and C is its boundary.
Solution :
Consider the upper half surface in the xy-plane then we get C as a closed curve of a circle
x2 +y2 = 1, z = 0
C
r=1
x = r cos

y = r sin
dx = –r sind
By Stoke’s Theorem
As r = 1
 x = cos 
y = sin 
dx = – sin  cos 
  (  F)·NdS =  F·dr [ r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ , dr = dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂ ]
S C
= C (2x  y) dx
2
=  (2cos   sin ) ( sin )d
 0
2
2
=  (  sin 2  sin ) d
 0
2
 1 cos 2 
=    sin 2    d
0  2 2 
2
 cos 2  sin 2  11 1 1
=     =    (2)  (0  0)
 2 2 4 0  2  2 4
= units
Example-2.82
Find  (  F)·NdS where F = – y3 î + x3 ĵ and S is the circular disc x2 + y2 1, z = 0;
S
Solution :
2 2
C : x +y =1
r=1
 x = r cos 
r=1 y = r sin 
dx = –r sin d
dy = r cos  d
r = 1 for the simple
closed curve
By Stoke’s theorem, we have
 (  F)·NdS =  F·dr [ r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ , dr = dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂ ]
S C
=  (  y3dx  x 3dy)
C
2 2
3 3
 (  F)·NdS =  (s in ) ( sin ) d   (cos )(cos ) d
S  0  0
2
4 4
=  (sin   cos ) d
 0
2
2 2 2 2 2
=  [(sin   cos )  2sin  cos ] d
 0
2 2
2 2
=  d   2sin  cos  d
 0  0
1 2 2
= 2   sin 2 d
2  0
1 1 2
= 2    (1  cos 4) d
2 2  0
2
1 sin 4 
= 2     
4 4 0
2  3
 2  = 2  = units
4 2 2

Objective Questions
Q.1 Consider the function y = x2 –x + 9. The maximum value of y obtained when x varies over the
interval 2 to 5 is
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 9
GATE(IN,08)
dy
Q.2 Given y = x2 + 2x + 10, the value of is equal to
dx x 1
(a) 0 (b) 4
(c) 12 (d) 13
GATE(IN,08)
lim sin x
Q.3 x 0 is
x
(a) indeterminate (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 
GATE(IN,08)
esin x
Q.4 For real x, the maximum value of is
e cos x
(a) 1 (b) e
2
(c) e (d) 
GATE(IN,07)
Q.5 Consider the function f(x) = | x |3, where x is real. Then the function f(x) at x = 0 is
(a) continuous but not differentiable
(b) once differentiable but not twice
(c) twice differentiable but not thrice
(d) thrice differentiable
GATE(IN,07)
  2 2
Q.6 The value of the integral   e  x e – y dx dy is
0 0

(a) (b) 
2

(c)  (d)
4
GATE(CS,07)
Q.7 The function y = sin , ( > 0) is approximated as y = , where is in radian. The maximum value
of for which the error due to the approximation is within ± 2% is
(a) 0.1 rad (b) 0.2 rad
(c) 0.3 rad (d) 0.4 rad
GATE(CS,06)
Q.8 The plot of a function f(x) is shown in the following figure. A possible expression for the function f(x)
is
f(x)
x
0
 1 
(a) exp ( | x | ) (b) exp  
 x 
1
(c) exp (– x) (d) exp  
x
GATE(CS,06)
t
1
Q.9 Given a real-valued continuous function f(t) defined over [0, 1], Lim f (x)dx is
t 0 t
0

(a)  (b) 0
(c) f(1) (d) f(0)
GATE(INST.,05)
3
Q.10 The curves, for which the curvature  at any point is equal to cos , where is the angle made by
the tangent at that point with the positive direction of the x – axis, are (given  = y”|[1 + (y)2]3/2,
where y´ and y´´ are the first and second derivatives of
y with respect to x)
(a) circles (b) parabolas
(c) ellipses (d) hyperbolas
GATE(INST.,05)
f f
Q.11 If f = a0xn + a1xn – 1 y +.......+ an – 1xyn – 1 + anyn, where ai (i = 0, 1,....n) are constants, then x y
x y
is
f n
(a) (b)
n f
(c) nf (d) n f
GATE(INST.,05)

Q.12 If a vector R(t) has a constant magnitude, then
 
 dR  dR
(a) R· 0 (b) R  0
dt dt
 
  dR   dR
(c) R·R  (d) R  R 
dt dt
GATE(INST.,05)
1
1
Q.13 The value of the integral x
1
2
dx is
(a) 2 (b) does not exist

(c) –2 (d) 
GATE(INST.,05)
/ 4
 1  tan x 
Q.14   1  tan x  evaluates to
0
(a) 0 (b) 1
1
(c) ln2 (d) ln2
2
GATE(IN,09)
2
3
Q.15 What is the value of  (x – )
0
(sin x) dx
(a) –1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 12
GATE(CS,05)
Q.16 Let n = p2q, where p and q are distinct prime numbers. How many numbers m satisfy 1  m  n
common divisor of m and n.
(a) p (q – 1) (b) pq
(c) (p2 – 1) (q – 1) (d)( p(q – 1) (q – 1)
GATE(CS,05)
Q.17 A 2nd degree polynomial, f(x), has values of 1, 4, and 15 at x = 0, 1 and 2 respectively. The integral
2
 f (x) dx is to be estimated by applying the trapezoidal rule to this data. What is the error (defined as
0
“true value-approximate value”) in the estimate ?

4 2
(a)  (b) 
3 3
2
(c) 0 (d)
3
GATE(CE,06)
 (xydy  y dx) , where, c is the square cut from the first quadrant by the line
2
Q.18 Value of the integral
c
x = 1 and y = 1 will be (Use Green’s theorem to change the line integral into double integral)
1
(a) (b) 1
2
3 5
(c) (d)
2 3
x3  x 2
Q.19 The value of the function (x)  lim is
x 0 2x 3  7x 2
1
(a) 0 (b) 
7
1
(c) (d) 
7
GATE(CE,04)
Q.20 The Fourier series expansion of a symmetric and even function, f(x) where
f(x) = 1 + (2×/), – < x < 0 and = 1 –(2×/),  < x < 
 
(a)   4 /  n (1  cos n)
2 2
(b)   4 /  n (1  cos n)
n 1
2 2
n 1
 
(c)   4 /  n (1  sin n)
n 1
2 2
(d)   4 /  n (1  sin n)
2 2
n 1
GATE(CE,03)
Q.21 If P, Q and R are three points having coordinates (3, -2, -1), (1, 3, 4), (2, 1, -2) in XYZ space, then the
distance from point P to plane OQR (O being the origin of the coordinate system) is given by
(a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 9
GATE(CE,03)

2
sin 2x
Q.22 The value of the following definite integral is:  1  cos x dx


2
(a) –2 In2 (b) 2

(c) 0 (d) (In 2)2
GATE(CE,02)
Q.23 The following function has a local minima at which value of x f(x) = x 5 - x 2
5
(a)  (b) 5
2
5 5
(c) (d) 
2 2
GATE(CE,02)
1
Q.24 The value of the following improper inegral is  x n x
0
(a) 1/4 (b) 0

(c) –1/4 (d) 1
GATE(CE,02)
Q.25 The directional derivative of the following function at (1, 2) in the direction of (4i + 3j) is f(x,y)=
x 2+y 2
(a) 4/5 (b) 4
(c) 2/5 (d) 1
GATE(CE,02)
/4
2
Q.26 Value of the integral I   cos xdx is
0
 1  1
(a)  (b) 
8 4 8 4
 1  1
(c)   (d)  
8 4 8 4
GATE(CE,01)
Q.27 The limit of the function f (x) = [1– a4/x4] as x  is given by
(a) 1 (b) exp [-a4]
(c)  (d) Zero
GATE(CE,00)
Q.28 The maxima and minima of the function f(x) = 2x2-15x2 + 36x + 10 occur, respectively, at
(a) x = 3 and x = 2 (b) x = 1 and x = 3
(c) x = 2 and x = 3 (d) x = 3 and x = 4
GATE(CE,00)
1
Q.29 If f (x, y, z) = (x2 + y2 + z2) – 2
 2f  2f  2f
  is equal to
x 2 y 2 z 2
(a) Zero (b) 1
5
–
(c) 2 (d) 3(x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
GATE(CE,00)
a
The following integral lim  x –4 dx

a  
Q.30
1
1
(a) Diverges (b) Converges to
3
1
(c) Converges to – (d) Converges to 0
a3
GATE(CE,00)
Q.31 A function with a period 2 is shown below
f(x)
– –/2 0 /2 +
The Fourier series for this function is given by
1  2 n
(a) f (x)   sin
2 n 1 n 2
1  2 n
(b) f (x)    sin cos nx.
3 n 1 n 2
1  2 n
(c) f (x)   sin
2 n 1 n 2

2 n
(d) f (x)    sin sin nx.
n 1 n 2
GATE(CE,00)
( x –a )
Q.32 Value of the function lim
x a
(x – a) is
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c)  (d) a
GATE(CE,99)

(n!)2
Q.33 The infinite series 
n 1 (2n)!
(a) Converges (b) Diverges
(c) Is unstable (d) Oscillates
GATE(CE,99)
n
Q.34 Limit of the function lim is
n 
n2  n
1
(a) (b) 0
2
(c)  (d) 1
GATE(CE,99)
x
Q.35 The function f(x) = e is
(a) Even (b) Odd
(c) Neither even nor odd (d) NOne of the above
GATE(CE,99)
Q.36 The continuous functions f(x,y) is said to have saddle point at (a, b) if
(a) fx(a,b) =fy(a,b) = 0; fxy2-fxxfyy<0 at (a,b)
(b) fx(a,b) =0;fy(a,b) = 0; fxy2–fxx. fyy> 0 at (a,b)
(c) fx(a,b) =0;fy(a,b) = 0; fxx and fyy<0 at (a,b)
(d) fx(a,b) =0;fy(a,b) = 0; fxy2–fxx. fyy= 0 at (a,b)
Where the subscripts x, y etc, denote partial derivatives.
GATE(CE,98)
sin m
Q.37 Lt , where m is an integer, is one of the following:

x 0
(a) m (b) m
(c) m (d) 1
GATE(CE,97)
dy
Q.38 For the differential equation, f (x, y)  g(x, y)  0 to be exact,
dx
f g f g
(a)  (b) 
y x x y
 2f  2g
(c) f = g (d) 
x 2 y 2
GATE(CE,97)
Q.39 Which of the following integrals is unbounded?


4 1
(a)
 tan x dx (b) x 2
1
dx
0
0
 1
1
(c)  xex dx (d)  1 x dx
0 0
GATE(ME,08)
Q.40 The divergence of the vector field y (x  y)i (y  x)j  (x  y  z)k

 is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
GATE(ME,08)
Q.41 The directional derivative of the scalar function f(x, y, z) = x2 + 2y2 + z at the point P = (1, 1, 2) in the

direction of the vector a  3i 4j
(a) – 4 (b) – 2
(c) – 1 (d) 1
GATE(ME,08)
x 2
1/ 3
Q.42 The value of lim is
x 8  x  8
1 1
(a) (b)
16 12
1 1
(c) (d)
8 4
GATE(ME,08)
 x2 
e x  1  x  
 2 
Q.43 lim 3
x 0 x
1
(a) 0 (b)
6
1
(c) (d) 1
3
GATE(ME,07)
2
Q.44 A calculator has accuracy up to 8 digits after decimal place. The value of  sin x dx when evaluated
0
using this calculator by trapezoidal method with 8 equal intervals, to 5 significant digits is
(a) 0.00000 (b) 1.0000
(c) 0.00500 (d) 0.00025
GATE(ME,07)
Q.45 The area of a triangle formed by the tips of vectors a, b and c is
1 1
(a) (a  b).(a  c) (b) (a  b)  (a  c)
2 2
(c)
1
2
a  bc (d)
1
2
a  b.c
GATE(ME,07)
Q.46 The minimum value of function y = x2 in the interval [1, 5] is

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 25 (d) undefined
GATE(ME,07)
2x 2  7x  3
Q.47 If f (x)  ; then lim f (x) will be
5x 2 12x  9 x 3
1 5
(a)  (b)
3 18
2
(c) 0 (d)
5
GATE(ME,06)
p/3
e
it
Q.48 Assuming i  1 and t is a real number, dt is
0
3 1 3 1
(a) i (b) i
2 2 2 2
1  3 
1
(c)  i
3  i
(d) 2  1  
2 2  2 
GATE(ME,06)
Q.49 By a change of variables x (u,  ) = u  , y(u,  ) =  /u in a double integral, the integrand f(x,y)
changes to f(u , u/) (u,). Then  (u,) is
2
(a) (b) 2u
u
(c)  2 (d) 1
GATE(ME,05)
a
 (sin x  sin 7 x)d x is equal to

6
Q.50
a
a a
(a) 2  sin xd x (b) 2  sin xd x

6 7
0 0
(c) 2  sin x  sin x)d x

6 7
(d) zero
0
GATE(ME,05)
Q.51 Stokes theorem connects
(a) a line integral and a surface integral
(b) a surface integral and a volume integral
(c) a line integral and a volume integral
(d) gradient of a function and its surface integral
GATE(ME,05)
Q.52 The angle between two unit-magnitude coplanar vectors P(0.866, 0.500, 0) and Q (0.259, 0.966, 0)
will be
(a) 0 (b) 30
(c) 45 (d) 60
GATE(ME,04)
Q.53 Laplace transform of the function sin t is
s ω
(a) (b)
s – ω2
2
s + ω2
2
s ω
(c) (d)
s + ω2
2
s – ω2
2
GATE(ME,03)
sin 2 x
Q.54 Lt is equal to
x 0 x
(a) 0 (b) 
(c) 1 (d) –1
GATE(ME,03)
Q.55 What is the derivative of f(x) = x at x = 0?
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) Does not exist
GATE(ME,01)
   
Q.56 The divergence of vector r  xi  y j  zk is
  
(a) i  j  k (b) 3
(c) 0 (d) 1
GATE(ME,01)
x 1
Q.57 The static moment of the area of a half circle of unit radius about y- axis  2xy dx is equal to
0
y
y
1 x
0 x
2 π
(a) (b)
3 8
π π
(c) (d)
2 4
GATE(ME,99)

Q.58 If the velocity vector in a two - dimensional flow field is given by V  2xyiˆ  (2y  x 2 )ˆj then
2

vorticity vector, curl  will be
 
(a) 2y 2 j (b) 2yk

(c) zero (d) 4x k
GATE(ME,99)

Q.59 if V is a differentiable vector function and f is a sufficient differentiable scalar function then curl

(f V ) is equal to
  
(a) (grad f) × ( V ) + (f curl V ) (b) O
 
(c) ( V ) (d) (grade f) × ( V )
GATE(ME,95)
 sin x 
Q.60 The value of is  Lim 
 x x 
(a)  (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
GATE(ME,94)

Q.61 The Fourier Series coefficients, of a periodic signal x(t), expressed as x(t)   k  a ke j2 kt / T are given
by
a -2 = – j1; a -1 = 0.5 + j0.2; a o = j 2; a 1 = 0.5 – j 0.2; a 2 = 2 + j 1; and
ak= 0; for |  | > 2.
(a) x (t) has finite energy because only finitely many coefficients are non-zero
(b) x(t) has zero average value because it is periodic
(c) The imaginary part of x(t) is constant
(d) The real part of x(t) is even
GATE(EE,09)
Q.62 Let x and y be two vectors in a 3 dimensional space and <x, y> denote their dot product. Then the
 x, x   x, y 
determinant det  
 y, x   y, y 
(a) is zero when x and y are linearly independent
(b) is positive when x and y are linearly independent
(c) is non-zero for all non-zero x and y
(d) is zero only when either x or y is zero
GATE(EE,2007)
2
1
2 0
Q.63 The integral sin(t  )cos d  equals
(a) sin t cos t (b) 0

(c) (1/2) cos t (d) (1/2) sin t
GATE(EE,07)
t
Q.64 The running integrator, given by y(t)   x(t ')dt '

(a) has no finite singularities in its double sided Laplace Transform Y(s)
(b) produces a bounded output for every causal bounded input
(c) produces a bounded output for every anticausal bounded input
(d) has no finite zeroes in its double sided Laplace Transform Y(s)
GATE(EE,06)
H
Q.65 The expression V   R 2 (1 –h/H)2 dh for the volume of a cone is equal to
0
R R
(a)  0
R 2 (1  h / H)2 dr (b)  0
R 2 (1  h / H)2 dh
 r
2
R
2rH 1   dr
H
(c)  0
2r H(1 r / R) dh (d)  0  R 
GATE(EE,06)
Q.66 x (t) is a real valued function of a real variable with period T. Its trigonometric Fourier Series
expansion contains no terms of frequency  = 2 (2k)/ T; k = 1, 2, ..... Also, no sine terms are
present. Then x (t) satisfies the equation
(a) x (t) = – x (t –T)
(b) x (t) = x (T – t) = – x (– t)
(c) x (t) = x (T – t) = – x (t – T/2)
(d) x (t) = x (t – T) = x (t – T/2)
GATE(EE,06)
Q.67 The Fourier series for the function
f (x) = sin2x is
(a) sin x + sin 2x (b) 1 – con 2x
(c) sin 2x + cos 2x (d) 0.5 – 0.5 cos 2x
GATE(EE,05)

Q.68 If S   x 3 dx , then S has the value

1
1 1
(a) (b)
3 4
1
(c) (d) 1
2
GATE(EE,05)
   
Q.69   A , which of the following
If a vector field V is related to another vector field A through V  N
is true? Note: C and Sc refer to any closed contour and any surface whose boundary is C.
       
(a)   V.dl   A.dS (b)  A.dl   V.dS
c Sc c Sc
       
(c)   V dl    A.dS (d)   A.dl   V.dS
c Sc c Sc
GATE(EC,09)
Q.70 The Fourier series of a real periodic function has only
P. cosine terms if it is even
Q. sine terms if it is even
R. cosine terms if it is odd
S. sine terms if it is odd
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) P and S (b) P and R
(c) Q and S (d) Q and R
GATE(EC,09)
sin( / 2)
Q.71 lim is
 0 
(a) 0.5 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) not defined
GATE(EC,07)
Q.72 It is given that X1, X2, ----- XM are M non-zero orthogonal vectors. The dimension of the vector
space spanned by the 2M vector X1,X2, ... XM, – X1, – X2, ---- –XM is
(a) 2 M
(b) M + 1
(c) M
(d) dependent on the choice of X1,
X2, --- XM
GATE(EC,07)
Q.73   (  P) · ds, where P is a vector, is equal to
(a)  P·dl (b)      P·dl

(c)    P·dl (d)   ·P dv
GATE(EC,06)

1  x2 
Q.74 The value of the integral I     8  dx is
exp
2 0
(a) 1 (b) 
(c) 2 (d) 2
GATE(EC,05)
Q.75 The dcerivative of the symmetric function drawn in given figure will look like
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
GATE(EC,05)
Q.76 The function x(t) is shown in the figure. Even and odd parts of a unit-step function u(t) are respectively,
x(t)
1
t
0
–1
1 1 1 1
(a) , x(t) (b)  , x(t)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(c) ,  x(t) (d)  ,  x(t)
2 2 2 2
GATE(EC,05)
Q.77 Choose the function f(t) ; –  < t < , for which a Fourier series cannot be defined.
(a) 3 sin (25 t)
(b) 4 cos (20 t + 3) +2 sin (710 t)
(c) exp (–|t|) sin (25 t)
(d) 1
GATE(EC,05)
Q.78 The expression e–1n x for x > 0 is equal to
(a) –x (b) x
(c) x –1 (d) –x –1
GATE(IN,08)
Q.79 The polynomial p(x) = x5 + x + 2 has
(a) all real roots
(b) 3 real and 2 complex roots
(c) 1 real and 4 complex roots
(d) all complex roots
GATE(IN,07)
Q.80 For the set N of natural numbers and a binary operation f : N × N  N, an element z  N is called
an idntity for f, if f (a, z) = a = f(z, a), for all a  N. Which of the following binary operations have a
identity ?
(I) f (x, y) = x + y – 3
(II) f (x, y) = max (x, y)
(III) f(x, y) = xy
(a) I and II only (b) II and III only
(c) I and III only (d) None of these
GATE(IT,06)
Q.81 Let f be a function from a set A to a set B, g a function from B to C, and h a function from A to C,
such that h(a) = g(f(a)) for all a  A. Which of the following statements is always true for all such
f u n c t i o n s
f and g ?
(a) g is onto  h is onto
(b) h is onto  f is onto
(c) h is onto  g is onto
(d) h is onto  f and g are onto
GATE(IT,05)
Q.82 Let A be a set with n elements. Let C be a collection of distinct subsets of A such that for any two
subsets S1 and S2 in C, either S1  S2 or S2  S1. What is the maximum cardinality of C?
(a) n (b) n + 1
n–1
(c) 2 + 1 (d) n!
GATE(IT,05)
Q.83 Given that one root of the equation x3 – 10x2 + 31x – 30 = 0 is 5, the other two roots are
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4 (d) –2 and –3
GATE(CE,07)
Q.84 The limit of the following sequence as n   is x n  n1/ n
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c)  (d) 
GATE(CE,02)
Q.85 Area bounded by the curve y = x2 and lines x = 4 and y = 0 is given by
64
(a) 64 (b)
3
128 128
(c) (d)
3 4
GATE(CE,97)
Q.86 The curve given by the equation x2 + y2 = 3 axy, is
(a) symmetrical about x – axis
(b) symmetrical about y – axis
(c) symmetrical about line y = x
(d) tangential to x = y = a/3
GATE(CE,97)
Q.87 ex is periodic, with period of
(a) 2 (b) 2i
(c)  (d) i
GATE(CE,97)
2
The length of the curve y  x between x = 0 and x = 1 is
3/ 2
Q.88
3
(a) 0.27 (b) 0.67
(c) 1 (d) 1.22
GATE(ME,08)
2
Q.89 The area enclosed between the parabola y = x and the straight line y = x is
(a) 1/8 (b) 1/6
(c) 1/3 (d) 1/2
GATE(ME,03)
Q.90 The function f(x, y) 2x2 + 2xy – y3 has
(a) only one stationary point at (0, 0)
(b) two stationary points at (0, 0) and (1/6, – 1/3)
(c) two stationary points at (0, 0) and (1,–1)
(d) no stationary point
GATE(ME,02)
Q.91 Which of the following functions is not differentiable in the domain [–1, 1]?
(a) f (x) = x2 (b) f (x) = x–1
(c) f (x) = 2 (d) f (x) = maximum (x, –x)
GATE(ME,02)
 x 2 1
Q.92 Lt   is
x 1 x 1  
(a)  (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) 1
GATE(ME,00)


Q.93 For x 
6
, the sum of the series  (cos x)
1
2n
 cos 2 x + cos4x + ........is
(a)  (b) 3
(c)  (d) 1
GATE(ME,98)
Q.94 If y = | x | for x < 0 and y = x for x  0, then
dy
(a) is discontinuous at x = 0
dx
(b) y is discontinous at x = 0
(c) y is not defiend at x = 0
dy
(d) Both y and are discontinuous at x = 0
dx
GATE(ME,97)
1 1 1
Q.95 The sum of the infinite series, 1     ... is
2 3 4
(a)  (b) infinity
2
(c) 4 (d)
4
GATE(ME,97)
Q.96 The function f(x) = |x + 1| on the interval [–2, 0] is
(a) continuous and differentiable
(b) continuous on the interval but not differentiable at all points
(c) neither continuous nor differentiable
(d) differentiable but not continuous
GATE(ME,95)
Q.97 A cubic polynomial with real coefficients
(a) can possibly have no extrema and no zero crossings
(b) may have up to three extrema and upto 2 zero crossings
(c) cannot have more than two extrema and more than three zero crossings
(d) will always have an equal number of extrema and zero crossings
GATE(EE,09)
Q.98 Consider function f (x) = (x2 – 4)2 where x is a real number. Then the function has
(a) only one minimum (b) only two minima
(c) three minima (d) three maxima
GATE(EE,08)
Q.99 A continuous-time system is described by y (t) = e– |x (t)|, where y (t) is the output and x (t) is the input.
y (t) is bounded
(a) only when x (t) is bounded
(b) only when x(t) is non-negative
(c) only for t  0 if x (t) is bounded for t  0
(d) even when x(t) is not bounded
GATE(EE,06)
Q.100 The equation sin (z) = 10 has
(a) no real or complex solution
(b) exactly two distinct complex solutions
(c) a unique solution
(d) an infinite number of complex solutions
GATE(EC,08)
Q.101 Which one of the following function is strictly bounded ?

1
(a) (b) ex
x2
(c) x2 (d) e – x 2
GATE(EC,07)
Q.102 For the function e–x, the linear approximation around x = 2 is
(a) (3 –x) e–2 (b) 1 – x
(c) [3 + 2 2 – (1 + 2 )x]e–2 (d) e –2
GATE(EC,07)
Q.103 for |x| << 1, coth x) can be approximated as
(a) x (b) x2
1 1
(c) (d)
x x2
GATE(EC,07)
Q.104 As x is increased from –  to , the function
ex
f (x) 
1  ex
(a) monotonically increases
(b) monotonically decreases
(c) increases to a maximum value and then decreases
(d) decreases tro a minimum value and then increases
GATE(EC,06)
3 5 7
 x x x
Q.105 Limit of the following series as x approaches is f (x)  x   
2 3! 5! 7!
2 
(a) (b)
3 2

(c) (d) 1
3
GATE(CE,01)
Q.106 The magnitude of the gradient of the function f = xyz3 at (1, 0, 2) is
(a) 0 (b) 3
(c) 8 (d) 
GATE(ME,98)
2 –x
Q.107 for the function f(x) = x e , the maximum occurs when x is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) –1
GATE(EE,05)
Q.108 For real values of x, the minimum value of the function f(x) = exp (x) + exp (–x) is
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 0.5 (d) 0
Answers & Explanations

Q.1 Ans. (c)
y = x2 – 6x + 9
dy
For an extremum value, =0
dx
dy
= 2x – 6 = 0 x = 3
dx
d2 y d2 y
Now = 2,  >0
dx 2 dx 2
x = 3 is a stationary point.
Now we have to determine maximum value of y when x varies from 2 to 5. We will find values of y
at x = 2, 3 and 5
y(2) = 4 – 12 + 9 = 1
y(3) = 9 – 18 + 9 = 0
y(5) = 25 – 30 + 9 = 4
Hence maximum value of y is 4
Q.2 Ans. (b)
y = x2 + 2x + 10
dy
= 2x + 2
dx
dy
At x = 1, = (2 × 1) + 2 = 4
dx
Hence alternative (b) is correct
Q.3 Ans. (c)
sin x
lim
x 0 x
sin 0 0
Putting x = 0, we get =
0 0
Using L Hospital’s rule, differentiate denominator and numerator with respect to x
cosx cos 0 1
 lim = = =1
x 0 1 1 1
Hence alternative (c) is correct
Q.4 Ans (c)
esin x
f (x) = cos x = e(sin x cos x)
e
For an extremum value, f '(x) = 0
 f '(x) = e(sin x – cos x) {cos x + sin x } = 0
 cos x + sin x = 0
3
 x =
4
Now
f ''(x) =e (sin x – cos x) (– sinx)

+ cos x . e(sin x – cos x) (cos x + sin x )
+ e (sin x – cos x ) cos x + sin x . e(sin x – cos x) (cos x + sin x)
3
At x =
4
1 2 1 2
f ''(x) = .e 0 .e 0
2 2
2
=  2e 0
3
Hence x = is a point of maximum
4
 3    3   3  
f  4  = sin    cos   
4   4 
  e
1 1
= 2

2
= e 2
e
Q.5 Ans. (a)
3
f(x) = |x|
f(x)
–x 0 +x
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 but it is not differentiable at x = 0 because there is a sharp change in the
graph at origin.
Note :- If a graph has a sharp change then it is not differentiable theree
Hence alternative (a) is correct
Q.6 Ans (d)
We know that error function is defined as
x
2  t2

erf (x)  e dt
0
erf (0)  0,erf ( )  1
  
2 2 2 2
 e  x e  y dx dy =  e  y dy e x dx

0 0 0 0
 
   y2 2 2 
= 
 e dy  e x dx  
2  0 0 
 
   y2     y2 
= 
2  0 
e dy  erf (  )  =

 e dy 
2  0 


  2 2   
=   e  y dy  =  erf ()  =

2 2   0  4 4
Q.7 Ans. (c)

y = sin  is approximated as y = ,  is in radian.
Take,  = 0.1 radian
sin (0.1) = 0.09983
 0.1  0.09983 
% Error for  = 0.1 rad =    100
 0.1 
= 0.17%
sin (0.2) = 0.19867
 0.2  0.19867 
% Error for  = 0.2 rad =    100
 0.2 
= 0.665 %
Take,  = 0.3 radian.
sin (0.3) = 0.29552
 0.3  0.29552 
% Error for  = 0.3 rad =    100
 0.3 
= 1.5 %
sin (0.4) = 0.38942
 0.4  0.38942 
% Error for  = 0.4 rad =    100
 0.4 
= 2.645 %
So, maximum value of  is 0.3 radian for which error due to the approximation is with in
± 2%.
Q.8 Ans (b)
Clearly
 1 
f (x) = exp  
 x 
Satisfies approximately this curve.
1
 
0
1
At x = 0, f(x) = e = =0

1
 1  1 1
 
 
At x = +, f (x) = e = e = e0 = 1
 f (x) 1
 1  1
 
  
At x = –, f (x) = e = e  = eo = 1
Q.9 Ans. (d)

t
1
 lim f (x) dx
t 0 t 
0
where f(x) is a real valued continuous function.

0
 Apply the limits, It is in the form of .
0
So, apply L hospital rule,
f (x)
 lim
t 0 1
 f (0)
Q.10 Ans (b)
Given that,  = cos3  ........ (1)
y ''
 = 3/ 2 ........ (2)
1  (y ') 2 
 
we know that y’ = tan  ........ (3)
Substituting the value of y’ into equation (2)
Equating (1) = (2)
y ''
cos3 = 3/ 2 ........ (4)
1  (y ') 2 
 
Now placing y´ = tan  in equation (4)
y '' y '' y
cos3  = 2 3/ 2 = =
(1  tan ) 2
(sec ) 3/ 2
sec3 
 cos3  = cos3  y´´
d2 y
 = K(let)
dx 2
y = K1 x2 + K2
Which is an equation of a parabola
Q.11 Ans. (c)

f = ao xn + a1xn – 1y + ..... + an – 1 xyn – 1 + anyn
where ai (i = 0, 1,– n) are constants
f
 x = n aoxx + (n – 1) a1xn – 1y + .... + an – 1xyn–1
x
f
and y = 0 + a1xn – 1y + 2a2xn – 2 y2 + (n – 1) an – 1 xyn – 1 + n anyn
y
f f
 x + y = n [a0 xn + a1xn – 1 y + ..... + an – 1 xyn – 1 + any]
x y
= nf
Short-cut Method :-
f is a homogeneous function of degree n.
i.e. k = f
 By Euler’s equation of homogeneous functions

f f
x + y = kf
x y
f f
 x + y = nf
x y
So alternative (c) is correct.
Q.12 Ans. (a)

Let R(t) = x(t)iˆ  y(t)ˆj  z(t)kˆ

| R(t) | = k (constant)
 x2(t) + y2(t) + z2(t) = constant

 | R(t) |2 = K2
d  
 [R ·R] = 0
dt
 
 dR dR 
 R·  ·R = 0
dt dt

 dR
 2 R· = 0
dt

 dR
 R· = 0
dt
Because dot product gives the magnitude as scalar.
Q.13 Ans (b)
1
f (x) =
x2
1 1
–1 x = 0 1
At x = 0, f(x) is not continuous
1
1
Hence I = x 2
dx does not exist
1
Alternative (b) is correct

Q.14 Ans (d)
 
 sin x 
4 4 1
 1  tan x   cos x  dx
I =    dx =
1  tan x   
sin x 
0 0
 1  
 cos x 

4
 cos x  sin x 
=   cos x  sin x  dx
0
Let cos x + sin x = t

(–sinx + cos x ) dx = dt
Changing the limits
when x = 0, t = 1
 1 1
x = ,t=  = 2
4 2 2
2
dt
I = 1
t
=   n(t)1 =  n
2
 2    n(1)
= n  2  = n (21/2) = 12  n(2)
Alternative (d) is correct
Q.15 Ans. (d)
2
3
I =  (x  ) (sin x) dx
0
Let x– = t
dx = dt

3
 I = t sin(  t) dt


3
I =  t [ sin t]dt

It is an even function.

3
So, I = 2  t sin t dt
0

 2  

I = 2  3t sin t  3 t
0
2
cos t dt 
 0 

 2

I = 2 (0  0)  3  t cos t dt 
 0 

2
I = 6  t cos t dt
0

 

I = 6  (2t cos t)0  2 t sin t dt 
 0 

 
I = 6  (–2  0)  2  t sin t dt 
 0 

I = 12  12  t sin t dt
0
I = 12  12  t sin tdt

0
 
I = 12  12 (sin t)0  (sin t)0 
I = 12 + 12 [(0 – 0) + (0 – 0)]
I = 12
Q.16 Ans. (d)
The prime numbers are 1, 2 , 3, 5, 7, 11 etc.
Let n = 12 = (2)2 × 3  p = 2, q = 3
This two values are fit in p(p – 1) (q – 1) = 2(2 – 1) (3 – 1) = 2(1) (2) = 4
Number which are coprime with 12 are 1, 5, 7, 11
gcd (12, 1) = 1
gcd (12, 5) = 1
gcd (7, 12) = 1
gcd (7, 11) = 1
Hence alternative (d) satisfies all conditions
Q.17 Ans. (a)

Let the 2nd degree polynomial f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
According to the given conditions.
f(x) = 1 at x = 0 c = 1 ........ (1)
f(x) = 4 at x = 1  a + b  c = 4 ........ (2)
f(x) = 15 at x = 2  4a + 2b + c = 15 ........ (3)
By solving equation (1), (2) & (3), we get
a = 4, b = –1, c = 1
 2nd degree polynomial, f(x) = 4x2 – x +1.
2 2
True value of  f (x) dx =  (4x 2  x  1)dx
0 0
2
 4 3 x2 
=  x   x
3 2 
2
32 32
 f (x) dx = 3  2  2 = 3
0
2
Approximate value of  f (x) dx by trapezoidal rule,
0
2
h
 f (x) dx = 2  y0  2y1  y2 
0
1
= 1  (2  4)  15
2
1
 24 = 12
=
2
Error = True value – Approximate value
32 4
=  12 =
3 3
Q.18 Ans. (c)
Apply Green’s theorem,
2
 2  
 ·xydy  y dx =  s  x (xy)  y ( y )  dx dy
c  
(y  2y) dx dy
=  s
where, s is the square cut from first quadrant by the line x = 1 and y = 1.
y=1 (1, 1)
x=1
1 1
2
 (xy dy  y dx) =   3y dx dy
c x 0 y 0
1 1
= 3  dx  y dy
x 0 y 0
1
 y2 
1
= 3 x 0  
 2 0
1 3
= 3  1 =
2 2
Q.19 Ans (b)
 x3  x2  0
f (x) = lim  3 2 ; form
x 0
 2x  7x  0
Using L Hospital’s rule
3x 2  2x 0
= lim ; again form
x 0 6x 2  14x 0
Again using L Hospital’s rule
6x  2 60  2 2
= lim = = 
x 0 12x  14 12  0  14 14
1
= 
7
Q.20 Ans. (b)
According to Fourier Series
2x ao  
1 =   a n cos nx   b n sin n x
 2 n 1 n 1
0 0
1 1  2x 
where ao =
  f (x) dx =
   1 
  
dx
0
1
an =
  f (x)cos nx dx

0
1
bn =
 
 f (x)sin nx dx
Again let
 2x  ao  
1   =   a n cos nx   b n sin nx
   2 n 1 n 1

1
where, ao =  f (x) dx
0

1
an =  f (x) cos nx dx
0

1
f (x)sin nx dx
 0
bn =
Adding all these terms, we get


4
f(x) =  n
n 1
2 2
(1  cos nx)
Q.21 Ans. (a)

The general equation of a plane passing through three points will be
a(x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0
Since it is passing through (0, 0, 0), therefore equation becomes
ax + by + cz = 0 ........ (1)
Again it passes through (1, 3, 4) and (2, 1, –2) therefore
a + 3b + 4c = 0
and 2a + b – 2c = 0
By cross multiplication, we get
a b c
= = = (say)
6  4 8  2 1  6
 a = – 10 
b = + 10 
c = –5
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
– 10x + 10y – 5z = 0
or – 10x + 10y – 5z = 0
or 10x – 10y + 5z = 0
or 2x – 2y + z = 0
Perpendicular distance of this plane from point (3, – 2, –1) will be
6  4 1 9
= = =3
4  4 1 3
Q.22 Ans (c)

2
sin 2x
I =  (1  cos x) dx

2
sin 2x
f (x) =
1  cos x
sin 2( x)  sin 2x

f (–x) = =
1  cos( x) 1  cos x
Clearly f (x) = – f (–x)
Hence f (x) is an odd function
 I = 0 (according to property of definite integral)
Note 
a a
a
 f (x)dx = 2 f (x) dx , If f (x) is an even function

0
= 0 , if f (x) is an odd function.

Q.23 Ans. (d)
2
f(x) = x 5  x
x ·1 ( 2x)
f ´(x) =  5  x2
2 5  x2
(5  2x 2 )
=
5  x2
For minimum point f ´(x) = 0
5
5 – 2x2 = 0  x = 
2
1
f(x) = 5  x 2 ·( 4x)  (5  2x 2 )· ( 2x)
2 5  x2
5
At x = 
2
5  5
f(x) = · 4   0 = – 5 × 2 = –10
2  2 
5
Hence x = is a point of local maxima.
2
5
At x = 
2
f(x) = + 10 > 0
5
Hence x =  is a point of local minima.
2
Alternatice (d) is correct
Q.24 Ans. (c)
1 1
 x n x dx = lim
0
t 0 
x n x dx
t
Integrating by parts we get

1
 x2
1
1 x2 
lim   n x·  · dx 
= t 0
 2 t t x 2 

1 1
 x2 1  x2  
= lim  · n x    
t 0
 2 t
2  2 t 

1 t2 1  1 t2 
= lim  n1  nt     
t 0 2 2 2  2 2 

t2 1  t2 
= lim  nt   becauselim  0 ........ (1)
t 0 2 4  t 0 4

nt
= lim 
t 0 2 / t2
using L-hospital’s rule
1/ t t2
= lim   lim 0
t 0 4 / t 3 t 0 4
From equation (1)
1
1 1
 x n x dx
0
= 0 = 
4 4
Q.25 Ans. (b)

f(x, y) = x2 + y2
 f ˆ f ˆ
grad (f) = f = i j = 2x î + 2y ĵ
x y
At point p (1, 2)

f = 2 î + 4 ĵ

The vector d = 4 î + 3 ĵ
The directional derivative of f in the direction of ĵ

   d
= f ·d = f · 
|d|
(4iˆ  3j)
ˆ 8  12 20
= (2iˆ  4ˆj)· = = =4
16  9 5 5
Q.26 Ans (a)
 
4 4
2 1  cos 2x 
I =  cos
0
x dx =  
0
2
 dx

 
4 4
1 1
I =
20 
dx 
20
cos 2x dx
 
1 4 1  sin 2x  4  1
= (x)     = 
2 0 2  2 0 8 4
Q.27 Ans. (a)

a4
f(x) = 1 
x4
 a4  4
lim f (x) = lim  1  = 1 a = 1 – 0 = 1
x  x 
  
Q.28 Ans. (c)
f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 10
f´(x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36 = 0
 x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) = 0  x = 2, 3
f (x) = 12x – 30
At x = 2 ; f (x) = 12 × 2 – 30 = – 6 < 0
Hence x = 2 is a point of maxima.
At x = 3; f (x) = 12 × 3 – 30 = + 6 > 0
Hence x = 3 is a point of minima.
Alternative (c) is correct
Q.29 Ans. (a)
Given f(x, y, z) = (x2 + y2 + z2)–1/2 ....... (1)
2 2 2
f f f
then   = ?
x 2 y 2 z 2
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. x,
f 1 2 2 2 3/ 2
=  (x  y  z )  2x
x 2
f
= –x (x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2 ........ (2)
x
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t. (x) again, we get
2f 3 2
2 = –x  (x + y2 + z2)–5/2 × 2x – (x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2
x 2
......... (3)
Similarly, we van write
 2f
= 3y2 (x2 + y2 + z2)–5/2 – (x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2 ......... (4)
y 2
 2f
= 3z2 (x2 +y2 + z2)–5/2 – (x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2 ......... (5)
y 2
Add equation (3), (4) & (5), we get
 2f  2f  2f
  = 3(x2 + y2 + z2) (x2 + y2 + z2)–5/2 – 3(x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2
x 2 y 2 z 2
= 3(x2 +y2 + z2)–3/2 – (x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2
= 0
Q.30 Ans. (b)
 a 4    x 3  a 
lim   x dx  = alim   
a 
1 

   3 1 

 1 1  1 1
= alim    1  =   0  1 =
  3 a 3
   3 3
1
Hence the given integral converges to
3
Q.31 Ans. (b)
f(x)
1
– –/2 /2 
 function f(x) have a period of 2 is defined as
0   x   / 2

f(x) = 1  / 2  x   / 2
0 / 2  x  

The fourier series can be given as,

f (x) = a o   a n cos(n o t)  b n sin(n o t)
n 1
where,
1
ao =
TT
 f (t)dt
2
an =
TT
 f (t) cos(n o t) dt
2
bn =
TT
 f (t)sin (n o t) dt
2 2
o = = = 1 Rad/sec.
T 2
Now, calculate
/ 2
1 1 /2
ao =
2
 1dt = 2  t  / 2
 / 2
1 1
ao = [] =
2 2
2 /2
an =  cos(nt) dt
2  / 2
1
an = sin(nt)/ 2/ 2
n
1   n   n   2  n 
an =  sin    sin    = sin  
n   2  2
  n  2 
1
bn = cos(nt)/ 2/ 2

1   n   n  
bn =  cos    cos   
   2   2 
bn = 0
1  2  n 
f (x) =  sin   cos(nx)
2 n 1 n  2 
Q.32 Ans. (a)
(x  a) x
 lim(x  a)(x a) = lim
x a x a (x  a)a
It can be written as,
x
 a
x x 1  
 x
= lim a
x a
 a
x a 1  
 x
Apply binomial expansion and eliminating higher terms, we get
x x 1  a 
= lim
x a  a2 
x a 1  
 x
Now, apply limits of x
a a [1  a]
= =1
a a 1  a 
Q.33 Ans. (a)
 ( n)2
The infinite series 
n 1 2n
After expanding this series, we get

1 ( 2) 2 ( 3)2 ( 4) 2 ( 5) 2 ( 16)2
=       ......
2 4 6 8 10 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
=       ....... 
2 6 20 70 252 924
As the value of the denominator increases as n . So, This series converges as n .
Hence, option (a) is correct.
Q.34 Ans (d)
 n 
lim  
n  2
 n n 
Dividing numerator & denominator by n we get
 
 1  1
lim   = =1
n 
 1 1  1
1
 n  
Q.35 Ans. (c)
A function f(x) is even if f(x) = f(–x)
f(x) = ex, f(–x) = e–x
clearly ex  e–x  f(x) = ex is not even.
A function f(x) is said to be odd if f(x) = – f(–x)
f(x) = ex, f(–x) = e–x
f(x)  – f(–x)
Hence f(x) is not odd.
Alternative (c) is correct.
Q.36 Ans. (d)
Saddle points :- Saddle points are the points at which first derivative of the function is zero. But the
function attains neither minima nor maxima at that point.
So, at saddle point (a, b),
fx (a, b) = 0, fy (a, b) = 0
f xy 2  f xx f yy = 0
where,
fx, fy  first derivative, fxy, fxx, fyy  Second derivative of the function.
Q.37 Ans (a)
 sin m  sin 0 0
Lim   = = form
0    0 0
Using L Hospital’s rule we will differentiate both denominator and numerator with respect to ,
individually
 sin m   m cos m  
 lim   = lim  
 0     0  1 
= m cos 0 = m
Q.38 Ans. (b)
Differential equation
dy
 f (x, y)  g(x, y) = 0
dx
It can be written as,
 f (x, y) dy + g(x, y) dx = 0
By comparing standard exact equation.
Mdx + Ndy = 0
M = g(x, y) N = f (x, y)
The necessary condition for exactness of the equation is :
M N
=
y x
g(x, y) f (x, y)
=
y x
Q.39 Ans (d)
To see which integral is unbounded we have to see that the integrand should not reach infinity in the
interval of integration.

4
(a)
 tan x dx :
0
tan 0 = 0

tan = 1
4
 (a) is bounded

1
(b) x 2
1
dx :
0
At x = 0
1
2 =1
x 1
At x =  it is 0
 (b) is bounded

 xe
x
(c) dx :
0
At x = 0 it is 0
1
At x = , it is
e
 (c) is bounded
1
1
(d)  1 x dx :
0
1
At x = 1, =
1 x
Range is [0, ]
Hence it is unbounded
Q.40 Ans (d)


F = (x  y)i (y  x)j  (x  y  z)k

  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
 = i j k
x y z
  
Divergence ( F ) =  ·F
    
=  î  ˆj  kˆ  ·
 x y z 
(x  y)iˆ  (y  x)ˆj  (x  y  z)kˆ 

  
= (x  y)  (y  x)  (x  y  z)
x y z
= 1+1+1=3
Hence alternative (d) is correct
Q.41 Ans (b)
f(x, y, z) = x2 + 2y2 + z
 f ˆ f ˆ f ˆ
grad (f) =  f = i j k
x y z

 f = 2xiˆ  4yjˆ  kˆ
At point P (1, 1, 2)

 f = 2iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ

Given vector a = 3iˆ  4ˆj  0kˆ
 
The directional derivative of f along the direction of vector a is f ·aˆ

  a ˆ ˆ ˆ
ˆ (3i  4 j  0k)
f ·aˆ = f ·  = (2iˆ  4ˆj  k)·
|a| 9  16
6  16 10
= =  = –2
5 5
Q.42 Ans (b)
 x1/ 3  2  0
lim   = form
x 8
 x  8  0
Using L Hospital’s rule we will differentiate numerator and denominator with respect to x individually.
 1 2 
 x 3 
 x1/ 3  2  2
lim   lim  3  1 3
 = = (8)
x 8
 x 8 
x 8
 1  3
 
 2
1 3  3  1
= (2) =
3 12
Q.43 Ans (b)
 x2 
e x  1  x  
 2
lim 3
x 0 x
x
Expansion of e is given as
x 2 x3 x 4
ex = 1+x+   .....
2 3 4
Using it in the above limit
 x2 x3 x4 x2 
1  x    ...  1  x  
2 6 24 2
lim  3
x 0 x
1 x 
= lim    ...... = 1
x 0
 6 24  6
Q.44 Ans (a)
 2
0
2
 sin x dx
0
Here number of intervals n = 8

f (0) = 0, f (2) = 0
b
ba
 f (x) dx =
a 2n
{f(x0) + 2f(x1) + 2f(x2) + 2f(x3) + 2f(x4) + 2f(x5) + 2f(x6) + 2f(x7) + f(x8)}
ba
xk = a  k · for k = 0, 1, ..... n
n
2
2  0    
 sin x dx = sin(0)  2sin  2sin  ....sin(2) 
0 16  4 2 
= 0 = 0.00000
Q.45 Ans (b)
y
j i+j
i x
Area vector will be perpendicular to plane of this (x, y) plane. It will be along z direction.
Hence in the direction z, k̂ will be unit vector..
1    
(a) (a  b)·(a  c) gives a scalar
2
1    
(b) (a  b)  (a  c). is a vector along direction k̂
2
1   
(c) | a  b  c | is not along z
2
1   
(d) (a  b) · c is a scalar
2
Hence alternative (b) is correct.
Q.46 Ans (b)

y = x2
dy
= 2x = 0  x = 0
dx
x = 0 is a stationary point
dy
 0 for x > 0
dx
Hence y is an increasing function for x > 0
Hence y is an increasing function for x > 0
In the interval [1, 5]
y(1) = 1
y(5) = (5)2 = 25
Hence minimum value is 1.
Q.47 Ans (b)
 2x 2  7x  3  (2x  1)(x  3)
lim  2  = lim
x 3 5x  12x  9 x 3 (5x  3)(x  3)
 
 2x  1  2  3 1 5
= lim   = =
x 3  5x  3  5  3  3 18
Q.48 Ans (a)
 
3
it
 eit  3
0 e dt =  i 0
1  i 3 o 1  i 3 
=  e  e  =  e  1
i  i 
1      3 1
=
i2 cos 3  isin 3  1 = i i 2  2 
   
3 i
= 
2 2
Q.49 Ans (a)
x(u, v) = uv
v
y(u, v) =
u
 u
f(x, y) = f  uv,  (u, v)
 v
x x
= v, =u
u v
y v y 1
=  2 , =
u u v u
x x
v u
u y
(u, v) = = v 1
y y  2
u u
u v
v  v  v v 2v
=  u 2  =  =
u  u  u u u
Q.50 Ans (a)
a
  sin 
6
= x  sin 7 x dx
a
a a
=  sin 6 x dx   sin
7
x dx
a a
a
6

= 2 sin x dx  0
0
a
6

= 2 sin x dx
0
( sin6x is an even function sin7 is an odd function)

Q.51 Ans (a)
Stokes theorem connects a line integral and a surface integral.
  
F.dr  curlF.nˆ ds
s
Q.52 Ans (c)


P = 0.866iˆ  0.500ˆj  0kd
ˆ

Q = 0.259iˆ  0.966ˆj  0kˆ
   
P·Q = P · Q cos 
 
P·Q
cos  =  
P Q
(0.866)(0.259)  (0.500)(0.966)  0
=
(0.866) 2  (0.5) 2 · (0.259)2  (0.966)2
 cos  = 0.707
  = 45°
Q.53 Ans (b)
 eit  e  it 
L[sin t] = L  
 2i 
1 it  it
= L[e ]  L[e ]
2i 
1 1 1 
= 
2i  (S  i) (S  i) 

1  S  i  S  i 
=  
2i  S2  i 2 2 
1  2i  
=  2 2  =
2i  S    S  2
2

Q.54 Ans (a)
 sin 2 x  0
lim
A = x 0   = from
 x  0
Using L Hospital’s rule, we will differentiate both denominator and numerator
2sin x cos x
A = lim = 2 sin 0 cos 0
x 0 1
= 2×0×1=0
Alternative (a) is correct
Q.55 Ans (d)
f (x) = | x |
 f (x) = x ; x  0
= –x;x<0
f(x)
x=0
Since at x = 0
There is a sharp change in the graph of f(x) |x| at x = 0, hence this is continuous but not differentiable
at x = 0
Alternative (d) is corrects
Q.56 Ans (b)
 = ˆ ˆ ˆ
r xi  yj  zk
  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
 = x i  y j  z k
  
Divergence  r  =  ·r
    
 x y z 

=  î  ˆj  kˆ  · xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ 
  
= x x  y y  z z = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3

Q.57 Ans (a)
r = 1
y
y
1
0 x x
r 2
Area of half circle =
2
 ·1 
= =
2 2
4r 2
Moment of area about y axis = Area 
3
 4.1 2
=  =
2 3 3
Q.58 Ans (d)

Given v = 2xyiˆ  (2y 2  x 2 )ˆj
i j kˆ
   
curl v =
x y z
2xy 2y  x 2
2
0
 
ˆ
= i.0  j.0  k x y
2xy 2y  x 2
2
 2 2  
= k̂  (2y  x )  (2xy) 
 x y 
= k̂ 2x  2x = 4xkˆ
Q.59 Ans (d)

Let a differentiable vector function, v

v = (x 2  yz) î (y 2  xz) ˆj  (z 2  xy)kˆ
and a differentiable scalar function, f
f = xyz
î ˆj kˆ
   
Now, curl (f v) =
x y z
xyz(x 2  yz) xyz(y 2  xz) xyz(z 2  xy)
= [ î {xz3 + 2x2yz – xy3 – 2x2zy} – ĵ {yz3 + 2xy2z – x3y

– 2xy2z} + k̂ {y3z + 2xz2y – x3z – 2xyz2}]
= î {xz3 – xy3} + ĵ {yx3 – yz3} + k̂ {zy3 – zx3}

curl (f v) = x î {z3 – y3} + ĵ {x3 – z3} + z k̂ {y3 – x3}
  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
Now grad f = f =  i  j  k  ·(xyz)
 x y z 
f = yz î  xz ˆj  xy kˆ
î ˆj kˆ
 
(f  v) = yz xz xy
x 2  yz y 2  xz z 2  xy
= [ î {xz3 + x2zy – xy3 – x2zy} – ĵ {yz3 + xy2z – x3y – xy2z} + k̂ {zy3 + xyz2 – x3z – xyz2}]
= [ î (xz3 – xy2) – ĵ (x3y – z3y) + k̂ (yz3 – x3z)]
 
(f  v) = x î (z3 – y3) + y ĵ (x3 – z3) + z k̂ (y3 – x3)
So, we can say
 
curl(f v) = (grad f )  v
Hence, option (d) is correct.
Q.60 Ans (d)

 sin x 
lim  
x 
 x 
1  sin x  1
Numerator is finite, let sin x  k, as x  
 sin x  k
lim  = =k×0=0
x 
 x  
Q.61 Ans (a)
x(t) has finite energy because only finitely many coefficient are non-zero.
Q.62 Ans (d)
  x, x   x, y   x.x x.y
det   =
  y, x   y, y   y.x y.y
= 0 if x = 0 or y = 0
So given determinant is zero only when either or y is zero.
Q.63 Ans (d)
2
1
2  sin(t  ) cos  d
0
2
1
=
2   sin t cos   cos t sin   cos  d
0
2 2
1 cos t
=  sin t c os 2  d –
  sin  cos  d
2 0
2 0

1
=  sin(t)  2 c os 2  d – 0

2 0

sin t 1  cos 2 
=
 0

2   d

 
sin t  1 1 
= 
  2 0
d 
20 cos 2 d 


sin t   1  sin 2  
=     
  2 2  2 0 
sin t    1
=   0  = sin t
 2  2
Note : –
We know that a property of definite integral is that
2a a

0
f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx ; if f (2a–x) = f (x)

0
= 0 ; if f (2a –x) = –f (x)
Q.64 Ans (b)
The running integrator
t
y(t) =  x(t) dt

Produces a bounded output for every causal bounded input.

Q.65 Ans (c)
H 2
 h 2
V =  R  1   dh
0  H
3 H
R 2 (H)  h 
V =  1   
3  H   o
R 2 ( H) 1
V = [0  1] = R 2 H
3 3
R
 r
Similarly, Expression  2rH 1   dr is the expression for the volume of a cone.
0  R
R
r2 
V = 2H   r   dr
0 R
R
 r2 r3 
V = 2H   
 2 3R  o
 R 2 R3 
V = 2H   
 2 3R 
 R2 R2  2HR 2 1 2
V = 2H    = = R H
 2 3  6 3
Hence, option (c) is correct.
Q.66 Ans (d)
For every wave symmetry condition x(t) = x(t – T)
Thus there will not exist any sin c component because bn = 0 and by half wave symmetry condition
odd harmonics will exist
 T
x(t) = x  t  
 2
Combining the two conditions, we get
 T
x(t) = x(t – T) = x  t  
 2
Q.67 Ans (d)
f(x) = sin2 x
f(–x) = sin2 x = f(x)
f(x) is an even function, hence Fourier series will not have sine terms
2 2 2
ao =  f (x) dx =  sin x dx = 1
0 0
ao 
 f(x) =   a n cos n x
2 n 1
= 0.5 + cos term
= 0.5 – 0.5 cos 2x(let)
Alternative d is correct
Q.68 Ans (c)
 
3 x 31 
S =
1
xdx =  
 3  1 1

1 1 
S =   2
2  x 1
11  1 1
S =    1 =
2  
 0  1 =
2 2
Q.69 Ans (b)
According to stoke’s theorem,
   
 P·d =   (  P)·ds
c sc
where, c and sc refer to any closed contar and any surface whose boundary is C.
So, we can say
   
 A·d  =   (   A)·ds
c sc
 
But A = V
   
  A·d =   V·ds
c sc
Hence, option (b) is correct.
Q.70 Ans (a)
Fourier series for a periodic function

f(t) = a o   {a n cos not  b n sin no t}

n 1
t1  T
1
Here ao =
T  f (t)dt , b
t1
o
=0
t1  T
2
an =
T  f (t)cos n t dt
t1
o
t1  T
2
bn =
T  f (t)sin n t dt
t1
o
For even function, f(t) = f(–t)

 bn = 0
Hence even function has only cosine terms
For odd function f(t) = – f(–t)
 an = 0
Hence odd function has only sine terms
Q.71 Ans (a)
 
 sin 2  0
lim   = form
 0
   0
 
Using L Hospital’s rule we will differentiate numerator and denominator
1  1 1
cos  
2  2  = cos(0) = = 0.5
lim 2 2
0 1
Q.72 Ans (c)
Since there are M non zero orthogonal vectors, so there is requirement of m dimenson to represent
them.
Hence (c) is correct
Q.73 Ans (a)

  (  P) · ds =  P·dl
Q.74 Ans (a)


1  x2 
I =
2 0 
exp    dx
 8 
x
Let = z  dx = 2 2 dz
2 2

2 2
 exp  z  dz
2
I =
2 0

2
exp   z  dz = erf () = 1
2

=
0
Q.75 Ans (c)
dy
 0 for x < 0
dx
dy
 0 for x > 0
dx

Q.76 Ans (a)
x(t)
1
t
0
–1
Now x(t) = [u(t)  u( t)]

Now u (t) = 0;t <0
 u (t) = 1; t  0
and u(– t) =0 ;t>0
 u (– t) = 1; t  0
[x(t)  x( t)]
Even part xe(t) =
2
[u(t)  u( t)]  [u( t)  u(t)]

=
2
u(t)  u( t)
=
2
1 1
= ; t  0 and ; t > 0
2 2
1
 Even [u (t)] =
2
[x(t)  x( t)]
odd part xo(t) =
2
[u(t)  u( t)]  [u( t)  u(t)]
=
2
 1 
u(t) – u(  t)  2 , t  0
odd [x(t)] = =  
2  1 , t  0
 2 
x(t)
= from figure
2
Q.77 Ans (c)
(a) f(t) = 3sin (25t). This is a periodic function, hence Fourier series can be defined.
(b) f(t) = 4cos (20t + 3) + 2 sin (710 t)
This is also a periodic function, hence Fourier series can be defined.
(c) f(t) = exp |t| sin (25t). Not periodic, hence Fourier series can not be defined.
(d) f(t) = 1 is a constant, hence Fourier series is defined.
Q.78 Ans. (c)
A = e–nx
Taking log both sides, we get
1
nA = – nx (ne) = – nx (1) =  n  
x
Taking antilog both sides, we gwt
1
A= = x–1, Alternative (c) is correct
x
Q.79 Ans. (c)
By Descarte’s Rule of polynomials :-
p(x) = x5 + x + 2
There is no change of signs in its coefficients.
So, no positive real roots.
p(–x) = –x5 – x + 2
There is only one change of sign from – x to + 2.
So, there is one negative real root.
So, the remaining 5 – 1 = 4 roots are complex.
Q.80 Ans. (a)
f:N×NN
f(a, z) = a = f(z, a) for all a & N

f(x, y) = x + y – 3
f(y, x) = y + x – 3 = f(x, y)
f(x, y) = Max (x, y)
f(y, x) = Max (y, x) = f(x, y)
f(x, y) = xy
f(y, x) = yx  f(x, y)
Hence I and I I have an identity
Q.81 Ans. (c)
f : A  B, g : B  C, h : A  C
h(a) = g{f(a)} for all a  A
A B C
f :A B g:BC
If ‘h’ have to be onto, ‘g’ must be onto
Q.82 Ans. (b)
Let A = {1, 2, 3, .....n}
C = [, {1}, {2}]
{1, 2, 3, ..... {1, 2, ....., n – 1}, A}
C has (n + 1) subsets such that it satisfy the given condition.
For n = 3
Let A = {1, 2, 3}
C = {f, {1}, {1, 2}, A}
For n = 3, C
has 3 + 1 = 4 elements.
Hence alternative (b) is correct.
Q.83 Ans. (a)
By Synthetic Division
So, x3 – 10x2 + 31x – 30 = 0
= (x – 5) (x2 – 5x + 6)
2
Now, x – 5x + 6 = 0
 x2 – 3x – 2x + 6 = 0
 x (x – 3) –2 (x – 3) = 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
 x = 2, 3
Q.84 Ans. (b)
1
lim x n = lim (n) n
n  n 
1
Let A = lim (n) n Then taking log on both sides
n 
1  log n 
loge A = nlim   logn
  n   nlim m
 0for all m  0
  n 
loge A = 0
 A = e° = 1
lim x n = 1, Alternative (b) is correct
n 
Q.85 Ans. (b)
2
y=x
(0, 0) y = 0 x = 4
4
4 4  x3 
2 64
Area =  y dx =  x dx =   =
0 0 3
 0 3
Q.86 Ans. (c)
If on interchanging x & y, the equation remains the same then the curve is symmetrical about the
line y = x
Hence (c) is correct.
Q.87 Ans. (b)
f(x) = ex
f(x + T) = ex + T
f(x) is a periodic function if
ex = e(x + T) = ex · eT  eT = 1
where T is the period of ex
Now if T = 2i
 ei(2) = cos (2) + i sin(2) = 1 + 0 = 1
Hence period of ex is 2i
Q.88 Ans (d)
2 3/ 2
y = x
3
2 3 1/ 2
dy = · x dx = x dx
3 2
The length of curve = (dy)2  (dx)2
1 1
2 2
L =  x dx  dx = 
0 0
 x  1 dx 
3 1
2  2
2
= 3 (x  1)  = (2)3/ 2 = 1.22
  0 3
Q.89 Ans (b)
y = x ......... (1)
y = x2 ......... (2)
Point of intersection is given by,
x2 = x  x2 – x = 0
 x(x – 1) = 0  x = 0, x = 1
y=x
y = x2
0 1
1 y x2 1 yx
Area enclosed =   dy dx =  dx  dy
x 0 yx x 0 yx2
1 1 1
x 2
=  [y]x 2 dx =  x dx   x dx
x 0 x 0 x 0
1 1
 x2   x3  1 1 32 1
=     =  = = 
 2 0  3 0 2 3 6 6
Q.90 Ans (b)
f(x, y) = 2x2 + 2xy – y3
f
= 4x + 2y = 0  y = – 2x ......... (1)
x
f
2 2
y = 2x – 3y = 0  2x – 3y = 0 ........ (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) we get

x = 0, y = 0
1 1
x = ,y= 
6 3
Q.91 Ans (a)
(a) f(x) = x2 = |x|2
This is not differentiable at x = 0
(b) f(x) = x – 1 Differentiable
(c) f(x) = 2 Differentiable
(d) f(x) = max (x, –x) Differentiable
Q.92 Ans (c)
 x 2 1  (x 1) (x  1) 
Lim   = Lim  
x 1 
 x 1 
x 1 
 (x  1) 
= Lim
x 1
(x  1) = 1 + 1= 2
Note :- If on substituting the value of limit both the denominator and numerator are zero then differentiate
the denominator and numerator individually and then substitute the limit.
This is called L Hospital’s rule
 x 2 1 0
Example : x 1 
Lim  = on putting x = 1
 x 1  0
Differentiating with respect to x
 2x 
Lim   = 2 × 1 = 2
x 1 
1
Q.93 Ans (b)

 (cos x)2n = cos2 x + cos4 x + .......
1
2n
    2  
x =    cos  = cos  cos4  .......
6 1  6 6 6
3 9 27
=    ......
4 16 64
This is an infinite G.P
3 3
with a = , r=
4 4
3 3
2n
   a
So   cos  = = 4 = 4 =3
1  6  1 r 3 1
1
4 4
Q.94 Ans (a)
dy
y = |x| for x < 0 = –x  =–1
dx
dy
y = x for x  0  = +1
dx
dy dy
dx = –1 dx = +1
x
(0, 0)
dy
Although y is continuous but discontinuous at x = 0
dx
Q.95 Ans (b)
1 1 1
Let S = 1    ......
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
= 1                 ..... 
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 
Consider the series, T = 1                 ..... 
 2   4 4   8 8 8 8   16 
T < S for any finite number of terms
So, S must be infinite.
Q.96 Ans (b)
f(x) = |x + 1|
–2 –1 0
we know that |x| is continuous but not differentiable
at x = 0
|x + 1| is continuous every where but it is not differentiable at x = – 1
So alternative (b) is correct
Q.97 Ans (c)
f(x) = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D
A polynominal of degree 3 has 3 roots real or imaginary.
So there can be maximum three zero crossings.
f ´(x) = 3Ax2 + 2Bx + C
For extremum points f ´(x) = 0
3Ax2 + 2Bx + C = 0 can have 2 roots
So there can be maximum two extrema
Q.98 Ans (b)
f(x) = (x2 – 4)2
f ´(x) = 2 (x2 – 4) · 2x = 4x (x + 2) (x – 2)
The extremum points are obtained by f ´(x) = 0
 x = 0, x = – 2, x = +2
f (x) = 12 x2 – 16
At x = 0, f (x) = 12 × 0 – 16 = – 16
x = 0 is a point of maxima
At x = 2, f (x) = 12 (4) – 16 = – 32
x = 2 is a point of minima
At x = – 2, f (x) = 12(4) – 16 = 32
x = – 2 is a point of minima
Q.99 Ans (d)
y(t) = e–|x(t)|
we knows that e–x, e x 2 are always bounded (convergent) even when x is not bounded.
Thus y(t) is bounded when x(t) is not bounded.
Q.100 Ans (a)
sin (z) = 10
we know that range of sin  is – 1 sin  1
So sin z = 10 is never possible

 This equation has no real or complex solution.
Q.101 Ans (d)
Let y = f(x)
A function is said to be strictly bounded if
0  lim y 
x 0
or 0  lim y 
x 
1
Case (a) f(x) =
x2
 1 
lim  2  = 
x 0  x 
Hence it is not strictly bounded

Case (b) f(x) = ex
lim(e x )  1 but lim | e | = 
x 0 x 
Hence this function is also not strictly bounded
Case (c) f(x) = x2
lim(x 2 ) = 0 but lim (x 2 ) = 
x 0 x 
Hence this function is also not strictly bounded.
Case (d) f(x) = ex
2 2 1 1
lim(e x ) = 1, lim (e  x ) = lim = =0
x 0 x  x  x2 
e
Hence this function is strictly bounded
Q.102 Ans (a)
The expression for linear approximation around a point x = a is written as
(x  a)f (a) (x  a) 2 f (a)
f(x) = f (a)    .....
1 2
For a = 2, we have
f(a) = e–0 = e–2
Now the linear approximation is expressed as
(x  2) (e 2 ) (x  2) 2 (e 2 )
2
f(x) = e    .....
1 2
Neglecting the higher powers of x as (x – 2)2 = 0. The linear approximation around 2 is
= e–2 [3 – x]
Q.103 Ans (c)
cos h x e x  e x
cot h x = = x
sin h x e  e x
we know that
x x 2 x3
ex = 1     .......
1 2 3
x x2 x3
e –x = 1     .......
1 2 3
 x x2 x3   x x 2 x3 
 1     .......   1     ....... 
 1 2 3   1 2 3 
cot h x = 2 3 2 3
 x x x   x x x 
1     .......   1     ....... 
 1 2 3   1 2 3 
 x2 x 4 x6 
2 1     ......
 2 4 6 
= 3 5
x x x 
2    ......
1 3 5 
Since |x| < < 1
x2 < < 1
So we will eliminate (neglect x2, x3 ...... and higher order)
1
 cot h x =
x
Q.104 Ans (a)
ex
f(x) =
1  ex
(1  e x )e x  e x (e x ) e x  e2x  e x
f ´(x) = =
(1  e x ) 2 (1  e x )2
ex
f ´(x) =  0 for all x –  < x < 
(1  e x ) 2
 f(x) monotonically increases
Q.105 Ans. (d)
x3 x5 x7
f(x) = x   
3 5 7
This is expansion of sin x

 lim f (x) = lim sin(x) = sin   = 1
x

2
x
 2
2
Hence (d) is correct

Q.106 Ans (c)
f = xyz3
f f f
= yz3, = xz3, = 3xyz2
x y z
    
grad (f) = f =  î  ˆj  kˆ  f
 x y z 
= yz î  xz ˆj  3xyz kˆ
3 3 2
At point (1, 0, 2)
grad (f) = 0 + 0  8jˆ  0 = 8jˆ
Magnitude of grad (g) = 8jˆ = 8

Hence (c) is correct
Q.107 Ans (a)
f(x) = x2 e–x
f´(x) = –x2 e–x + 2xe–x
f(x) is minimum or maximum for x
where f ´(x) = 0
 xe–x (–x + 2) = 0  x = 0 or x = 2
Now f (x) = –[–x2 e–x + 2xe–x] + [–2xe–x + 2e–x]
= x2e–x – 2xe–x – 2xe–x + 2e–x
At x = 0, f (x) = 0 – 0 – 0 + 2e° = 2
 f (x) > 0, x = 0 is a point of minimum.
At x = 2, f (x) = 4e–2 – 4e–2 – 4e–2 + 2e–2
–2
= – 2e–2 =
e2
At x = 2, f (x) < 0
Hence x = 2 is a point of maximum.
Q.108 Ans (a)
f(x) = ex + e–x
For minimum value
f ´(x) = ex – e–x = 0  ex = e–x
 e2x = 1  x = 0
Now f (x) = ex + e–x
At x = 0, f (x) = e0 + e0 = 2 > 0
Hence x = 0 is a point of minimum. The minimum value of f(x) is
f(0) = e0 + e0 = 1 + 1 = 2

GATE Practice Questions

1. For a vector E, which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE
(a) If . E = 0, E is called solenoidal.
(b) If × E = 0, E is called conservative.
(c) If × E = 0, E is called irrotational.
(d) If . E = 0, E is called irrotational.
GATE(IN/2013/1M)
1. Ans. (d)
Facts about vector operations,
i. If . E = 0, E is called solenoidal.
ii. If × E = 0, E is called conservative.
iii. If × E = 0, E is called irrotational.
Refer Electromagnetic fields and waves by K.D. Prasad, 1st edition, reprint 2012-13,
pg.24(1.11),22(1.10.1) & 67(ex.1.19)
2. The direction of vector A is radially outward from the origin,with A  kr n where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and k
is a constant.The value of n for which  A = 0 is
(a) –2 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
GATE(IN/2012/2M)
2. Ans. (a)
Considering only radial companent of A,  A in spherical co-ordinates can be given as,
1  2
. A = r 2 r 2 (r A r )
Given, . A = 0
1  2 n
 (r .kr ) = 0
r 2 r
2 
 2
(kr n 2 ) = (n  2)r n 1 = 0
r r
 (n + 2) (n + 1) rn = 0
 n = – 2, – 1
3. The maximum value of f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 24x + 5 in the interval[1,6] is

(a) 21 (b) 25
(c) 41 (d) 46
GATE(IN/2012/2M)
3. Ans. (c)
f(x) = x3 –9x2 + 25x +5
f (x) = 3x\2 – 18x + 24
At maxima, f (x) = 0
 x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
 x = 2, x = 4
 f(2) = 25
f(4) = 24
f(1) = 21 & f(6) = 41
Thus we see that in the interval [1,6] f(x) attains maximum value of 41 at x = 6.
 1
4. The series  m
(x  1)2m converges for
m 0 4
(a) –2 < x < 2 (b) –1 < x < 3
(c) –3 < x < 1 (d) x < 3
GATE(IN/2011/2M)
4. Ans. (b)
1
Let, s =  m
(x  1)2m
m 0 4
Expanding this series, we get

2 2 2 3
(x  1) 2   x  1    x  1 
s =1      
4  4   4 
It is a Geometric series of infinite term with a = 1, r =

 x  12
4
1  a 
So, s = 2  s  1  r for an infinite series 
 x  1  
1
4
4 4 4
= 2 = 2 = (x  1) (3  x)
4  (x  1) 4  x  2x 1
So, this converges for, x < 3 & x > –1 = –1 < x < 3
5. The diameters of 10000 ball bearings were measured. The mean diameter and standard deviation were
found to be 10 mm and 0.05 mm respectively. Assuming Gaussian distribution of measurements, it can be
expected that the number of measurements more than 1015 mm will be
(a) 230 (b) 115
(c) 15 (d) 2
GATE(IN/2010/1M)
5. Ans. ()
Given  n = 10000 bell
x3 x5 x7
6. The infinite series f (x)  x    ..... converges to
3! 5! 7!
(a) cos(x) (b) sin(x)
(c) sinh(x) (d) ex
GATE(IN2010/1M)
6. Ans. (b)
x3 x5 x 7
f(x) = x  3 !  5 !  7 ! .......
Given, function is a series of sin (x).
7. The integral   (t – /6) 6 sin (t) dt evaluates to

–
(a) 6 (b) 3
(c) 1.5 (d) 0
GATE(IN2010/1M)
7. Ans. (b)

 
   t   · 6 sin t.dt
  6

By using shifting property of impulse function,
[0] = 1; put t = /6
 1
 6 · sin = 6 = 3
6 2
17. The Fourier series of a real periodic function has only

P. cosine terms if it is even
Q. sine terms if it is even
R. cosine terms if it is odd
S. sine terms if it is odd
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) P and S (b) P and R
(c) Q and S (d) Q and R
GATE(EC/2009/2M)
17. Ans.(a)
Fourier series for a periodic function

f(t) = a o   {a n cos no t  b n sin no t}

n 1
t1  T
1
Here ao =
T  f (t)dt , b
t1
o
=0
t1  T
2
an =
T  f (t)cos n t dt
t1
o
t1  T
2
bn =
T  f (t)sin n t dt
t1
o
For even function,f(t) = f(–t)
 bn = 0
Hence, even function has only cosine terms
For odd function f(t) = – f(–t)
 an = 0
Hence, odd function has only sine terms
Alternative (a) is correct.
    
18. If a vector field V is related to another vector field A through V   A , which of the following is true?
Note: c and sc refer to any closed contour and any surface whose boundary is C.
   
(a)   V.dl   A.dS
c Sc
   
(b) 
 A.dl   V.dS
c Sc
   
(c) 
  V dl    A.dS
c Sc
   
(d) 
  A.dl   V.dS
c Sc
GATE(EC/2009/2M)
18. Ans.(b)
According to stoke’s theorem,
   
 P·d =   (  P)·ds sc
c
where, c and sc refer to any closed contour and any surface whose boundary is C.
So, we can say
   
 A·d  =   (  A)·ds
c sc
 
But A = V
   
  A·d  =   V·ds
c sc
Hence, option (b) is correct.
  
19. If A  xy a x  x 2 a y , then  A  dl over the path shown in the figure is
C
y
x
0
1/3 2/3
2
(a) 0 (b)
3
(c) 1 (d) 2 3
GATE(EC/2007/1M)
19. Ans.(c)
y
3 S R
1
P Q
0 x
1 2
3 3

A = xy aˆ x  x 2aˆ y

Let,  = x·aˆ x  y·aˆ y

d = dx·aˆ x  dy·aˆ y
 
A · d = xy·dx + x2·dy
P-Q : y = 1, dy = 0
2/ 3
Q   1 2 2/ 3 1 4 1 1
 x.1dx = [x ]1/    
 A ·d =
P 1/ 3 2 3
2  3 3 2
2
Q-R : x = , dx = 0
3
2
R  3
 2  4
  =
Q
A·d 1  3  dy = 3 (3  1)
8
=
3
R-S : y = 3, dy = 0
1/ 3 1/ 3
S  3 2
 3x dx = x
 ·d =
R
A
2/ 3 2 2/ 3
31 4 3
=    = 
23 3 2
1
S-P : x = , dx = 0
3
P   1
 1 
2
1
 A ·d =
S
3  3  dy = 3 (1  3)
2
= 
3
Therefore,
  Q  R   S   P  

 A·d =     A·d   A·d   A·d
P
A·d
Q R S
C
1 8 3 2
=    =1
2 3 2 3
20. If e y  x1/ x , then y has a

(a) maximum at x = e (b) minimum at x = e
(c) maximum at x = e–1 (d) minimum at x = e–1
GATE(EC/2010/2M)
20. Ans.(a)
1
Given,  ey = x x
Taking natural log on both sides, we get
1
y = n(x)
x
dy 1
 = 2 [1  nx]
dx x
dy 1
Put = 0  (1  nx) = 0
dx x2
 n x = 1
x = e
Now,
 1 
2 x 2    1   n (x) (2x)
d y  x 
=
dx 2
x4
d2 y  x  2x  2x n  x 
 2 =
dx x4
2xn(x)  3x
=
x4
at x = e,
d2 y 2ene  3e 1
 2 = 4 = 3 <0
dx e e
So, y has a maxima at x = e.

21. Consider a closed surface S surrounding a volume V. If r is the position vector of a point inside

S, with n̂ the unit normal on S, the value of the integral 
 5 r ·nˆ dS is
S
(a) 3 V (b) 5 V
(c) 10 V (d) 15 V
GATE(EC/2012/1M)
21. Ans.(d)
By Gauss divergence theorem,
 

 r ·nˆ ds =  div r dv
S V
 
 
 ·nˆ ds =
S
5r  dv
·5r
V

= 5· ·r dv
V

= 5· 3dv ( ·r  3)
V
= 5 × 3V = 15V

(a) 21 (b) 25
(c) 41 (d) 46
GATE(EC/2012/2M)
22. Ans.(c)
f(x) = x3 –9x2 + 24x +5
f (x) = 3x2 – 18x + 24
 x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
 x = 2, x = 4
 f(2) = 25
f(4) = 24
Also, f(1) = 21 & f(6) = 41
Thus we see that in the interval [1,6] f(x) attains maximum value of 41 at x = 6.
23. The direction of vector A is radially outward from the origin,with A  kr n where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and k is
a constant.The value of n for which  A = 0 is
(a) –2 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
GATE(EC/2012/2M)
23. Ans.(a)
Considering only radial component of A,  A in spherical co-ordinates can be given as,
1  2
. A = r 2 r 2 (r A r )
Given, . A = 0
1  2 n
 (r .kr ) = 0
r 2 r
2 
 2
(kr n 2 ) = (n  2)r n 1 = 0
r r
 (n + 2) (n + 1) rn = 0
 n = – 2, – 1
24. The maximum value of  until which the approximation sin    holds to within 10%
error is
(a) 10º (b) 18º
(c) 50º (d) 90º
GATE(EC/2013/1M)
24. Ans.(b)
sin  holds only if  is in radians. The angle can be converted from degrees to radians by using the
following relation,

 rad =  deg
180o
The error in approximation can be given as,
 rad  sin 
Percentage error =  100
 rad
Case-I : º = 10º ; In radians,

 rad = 0.1745 rad
sin   sin 10º = 0.1736
 rad  sin 
 rad
0.1745  0.1736
=  100
0.1745
= 0.5157 %
Case-II : º = 18º ; In radians,
 rad = 0.3141 rad
sin   sin 18º = 0.3090
 rad  sin 
 rad
0.3141  0.3090
=  100
0.3141
= 1.6236 %
Case-III : º = 50º ; In radians,
 rad = 0.8726 rad
sin   sin 50º = 0.7660
 rad  sin 
 rad
0.8726  0.7660
=  100
0.8726
= 12.2163 %
Case-IV : º = 90º ; In radians,
 rad = 1.5707 rad
sin   sin 90º = 1
 rad  sin 
 rad
1.5707  1
=  100
1.5707
= 36.3341 %
Thus maximum value of  is 18º which gives error within 10% in approximation sin 
Note : As per answer key released by IITB answer is option (c).
12. F(x, y)  (x 2  xy)a x  (y 2  xy)a y . It’s line integral over the straight line from (x, y) = (0, 2) to
(x, y) = (2, 0) evaluates to
(a) – 8 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) 0
GATE(EE/2009/2M)
12. Ans.(d)

F = (x 2  xy)a x  (y 2  xy)a y

dr = dx a x  dy a y
 
Line Integral = F 
 dr
c
(0,2)
y=–x+2
(2,0)
2 0
 
x 2  xy dx  y 
2
=  xy dy
0 2
2 0
 
x 2  x   x  2  dx   y   2  y  y dy
2
=
0 2
2 0
=  (x 2  x 2  2x)dx  (y 2  2y  y 2 )dy

0 2
2 0 2 0
 x2   y2 
=
0

2x dx 
2
2y 
dy 2.
=  
 2 0
 2.  
 2 2
=4–4=0
13. f (x, y) is a continuous function defined over (x, y)  [0, 1] × [0, 1]. Given the two constraints, x > y2 and
y > x2, the volume under f (x, y) is
y 1 x  y y 1 x 1
f ( x, y )dxdy (b)   f ( x, y )dxdy

(a)  
y 0 x  y 2 y  x 2 x  y2
y 1 x 1 y x x y
(c)   f ( x, y )dxdy (d)   f ( x, y )dxdy

y0 x 0 y 0 x 0
GATE(EE/2009/2M)
13. Ans.(a)
Let x = y2 and y = x2
Limit for x : x = y2 to x = y
Limit for y : y = 0 to y =1
2
x =y x= y
(1,1)
2
y =x
y 1 y
 volume =  
y  0 x  y2
f (x, y)dx dy
14. A cubic polynomial with real coefficients

(a) can possibly have no extrema and no zero crossings
(b) may have up to three extrema and upto 2 zero crossings
(c) cannot have more than two extrema and more than three zero crossings
(d) will always have an equal number of extrema and zero crossings
GATE(EE/2009/2M)
14. Ans.(c)
f(x) = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D
A polynominal of degree 3 has 3 roots real or imaginary.
So there can be maximum three zero crossings.
f ´(x) = 3Ax2 + 2Bx + C
For extremum points f ´(x) = 0
3Ax2 + 2Bx + C = 0 can have 2 roots. So there can be maximum two extrema.
Hence alternative (c) is correct.
sin t
15. At t = 0, the function f(t) = has
t
(a) A minimum
(b) A discontinuity
(c) A point of inflection
(d) A maximum
GATE(EE/2010/2M)
15. Ans.(d)
sin t
f(t) =
t
1  t3 t5 t7 
=  t    ...........
t  3! 5! 7! 
t2 t4 t6
 f(t) = 1     .......
3! 5! 7!
df 2 4t 3 6t 5
= f(t) = 0  t  
dt 3! 5! 7!
df
Put = 0  t=0
dt
d 2f 2 12t 2 30t 4
Now, =   
dt 2 3! 5! 7!
at t = 0
d 2f 2 2 1
2 =  =  =  0
dt 3! 3 2 3
Therefore, at t = 0, f(t) has a maximum.

16. Divergence of the three – dimensional radial vector r is
(a) 3 (b) 1/r
(c) î  ˆj  kˆ (d) 3(iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ
GATE(EE/2010/1M)
16. Ans.(a)
Since, r is a three-Dimensional radial,
 =
Let, r dx î  dy ˆj  dz kˆ
     
·r =  î  ˆj  kˆ  · dxiˆ  dyjˆ  dzkˆ 
 x y z   
=1+1+1=3
17. The value of the quantity P, where P   xe x dx , is equal to

0
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) e (d) 1/e
GATE(EE/2010/1M)
17. Ans.(b)
1
x
P =  xe dx
0
(using ILATE)
1
x 1 x
P = x·e 0   1·e ·dx
0
1 1
= x·e x 0  e x 0
1 1
= e –e +1=1
18. The function f(x) = 2x – x2 + 3 has

(a) a maximum at x = 1 and a minima at x = 5
(b) a maxima at x = 1 and a minima at x = – 5
(c) only a maxima at x = 1
(d) only a minima at x = 1
GATE(EE/2011/2M)
18. Ans.(c)
f (x) = 2x – x2 + 3
f(x) = 2 – 2x = 0
 x = 1
f(x) = – 2 < 0
Hence, x = 1 is a point of maxima.
 1 3
19. The two vectors [1, 1, 1] and [1, a, a2], where a    2  j 2  , are
 
(a) orthonormal (b) orthogonal
(c) parallel (d) collinear
GATE(EE/2011/2M)
19. Ans.(b)

Let, A = [1, 1, 1]
 2
B = [1, a, a ]
  2
A·B = 1 + 1.a + 1.a
 1 +  +  = 0 here a = = cube root of unity.
2
= 0
 
Hence, A and B are orthogonal to each other..

(a) 21 (b) 25
(c) 41 (d) 46
GATE(EE/2002/2M)
20. Ans.(c)
f(x) = x3 –9x2 + 25x +5
f (x) = 3x2 – 18x + 24
 x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
 x = 2, x = 4
 f(2) = 25
f(4) = 24
f(1) = 21 & f(6) = 41
Thus we see that in the interval [1, 6], f(x) attains maximum value of 41 at x = 6.
21. The direction of vector A is radially outward from the origin,with A  kr n where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and k is
a constant.The value of n for which
 A = 0 is
(a) –2 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
GATE(EE/2012/2M)
21. Ans.(a)
Considering only radial component of A,  A in spherical co-ordinates can be given as,
1  2
. A = r 2 r 2 (r A r )
Given, . A = 0
1  2 n
 (r .kr ) = 0
r 2 r
2 
 2
(kr n 2 ) = (n  2)r n 1 = 0
r r
 (n + 2) (n + 1) rn = 0
 n = – 2, – 1
dy
22. A function y = 5x2 + 10x is defined over an open interval x = (1,2). At least at one point in this interval, is
dx
exactly
(a) 20 (b) 25
(c) 30 (c) 35
GATE(EE/2013/2M)
22. Ans.(b)
Given, y = 5x2 + 10 x x  (1, 2)
dy
= 10 x + 10
dx
dy
Now = 10 + 10 = 20
dx x 1
dy
and = 10 × 2 + 10 = 30
dx x 2
dy
As the given interval is open interval which means both values i.e. 1 and 2 are excluded so will lie
dx
within 20 and 30 but not equal to these values. Now only 25 lies within this interval.
So, option B gives value in the given interval.
23. The curl of the gradient of the scalar field defined by V = 2x2y + 3y2z + 4z2x is
(a) 4xyax + 6yzay + 8zxaz
(b) 4ax + 6ay + 8az
(c) (4xy + 4z2) ax + (2x2 +6yz) ay + (3y2 + 8zx )az
(d) 0
GATE(EE/2013 | 1 Mark
23. Ans.(d)
Given scalar field,V= 2x2y + 3y2 z + 4z2 x
dV dV dV
Gradient of field, V = ax  ay  ay
dx dy dz
= (4xy + 4z2) ax + (2x2 + 6yz) ay + (3y2 + 8zx) az
Now,
ax ay az
d d d
  (V) = dx dy dz
(4xy  4z2 ) (2x2  6yz) (3y2  8zx)
   (V) = (6y – 6y) ax – (8z – 8z) ay + (4x – 4x) az = 0

Note : According vector identies the curl of gradient of scalar field is always zero.
   V = 0
Given a vector field F = y xaˆ x  yzaˆ y  x aˆ z , the line integral  F.d  evaluated along a segment on the
2 2
24.
x - axis form x = 1 to x = 2 is
(a) –2.33 (b) 0
(c) 2.33 (d) 7
GATE(EE/2013/1M)
24. Ans.(b)
Given vector field,
2 2
F = y xaˆ x  yzaˆ y  x aˆ z
Line integral of vector field F for segment of a line from (x1, y1, z1) to (x2, y2, z2) can be gives as
(x2 ,y2 ,z2 )
 (y2xaˆ x  yzaˆ y  x2az ).(dxaˆ x  dyaˆ y  dzaˆz )

 F.d =
(x1,y1,z1 )
( x 2 ,y 2 ,z 2 )
 (y 2 xdx  yzdy  x 2 dz)

 F.d = (x1 ,y1 ,z1 )
If segment of line lies on x-axis from x = 1 to x = 2, than initial point is x1 = 1, y1 = 0, z1 = 0 and final point
is x2 = 2, y2 = 0, z2 = 0
(2,0,0)
(y 2 xdx  yzdy  x 2 dz)

  F.d =  (1,0,0)
(2,0,0) (2,0,0) (2,0,0)

2
y xdx  yzdy  x 2 dz
  F.d =  (1,0,0)

(1,0,0)

(1,0,0)
(2,0,0) (2,0,0)
y2 x 2 y2 z (2,0,0)
  F.d = 2   x 2z
(1,0,0)
2 (1,0,0) (1,0,0)
(0) 2 (22  12 ) (0) 2 (0)

  F.d =   (22  12 )0
2 2
  F.d = 0
4. A vector is defined as
f  yiˆ  xjˆ  zkˆ
where î, ˆj and kˆ are unit vectors in Cartesian (x,y,z) coordinate system.
The surface integral 

 f .ds over the closed surface S of a cube with vertices having the following
coordinates: (00,0), (1,0,0), (1,1,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1), (1,0,1), (1,1,1), (0,1,1) is
GATE(IN/2014/1M)
4. Ans. 1
28. The volume under the surface z(x, y) = x + y and avove the triangle in the x-y plane defined by {0  y  x
and 0  x  12} is _________
GATE(EC-I/2014/2M)
28. Ans.(862 to 866)
27. For a function g(t), it is given that
 2 t 
 g(t)e  jt dt  e2  for any real value . If y(t) =  g() d , then  y(t) dt is
  
(a) 0 (b) – j
j j
(c)  (d)
2 2
GATE(EC-I/2014/2M)
27. Ans.(b)
x
 1
4. The value of xlim  1   is
  x
(a) ln2 (b) 1.0
(c) e (d) 
GATE(EC-II/2014/1M)
4. Ans (c)
3. For 0  t < , the maximum value of the function f(t) = e–t –2 e–2t occurs at
(a) t = toge 4 (b) t = toge 2
(c) t = 0 (d) t = loge 8
GATE(EC-II/2014/1M)
3. Ans (a)
    
29. If r  za x  ya y  za z and| r | = r, then div (r2 (Inr)) =__________
GATE(EC-II/2014/2M)
29. Ans.(2.9 to 3.1)

45. The value of the integral  sin c 2 (5t) dt is____

GATE(EC-II/2014/2M)
45. Ans.(0.19 to 0.21)
5. If z = xy In (xy), then
z z z z
(a) x x  y y  0 (b) y x  x y
z z z z
(c) x x  y y (d) y x  x y  0
GATE(EC-III/2014/1M)
Ans (c)
1. The maximum value of the function f(x) = In(1 + x) – x (where x > – 1) occurs at x = ______
Ans (–0.01 to0.01)
26. The maximum value of f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12 – 3 in the interval 0  x  is_______
Ans (5.9 to 6.1)
xy
5. The directional derivative fo f(x, y) = (x  y) at (1, 1) in the direction of the unit vector at an angle of
2

with y-axis, is given by_______
4
GATE(EC-IV/2014/1M)
Ans (2.99 to 3.01)
2. The magnitude of the gradient for the function f(x, y, z) = x2 + 3y2 + z3 at the point (1, 1, 1)is_______
GATE(EC-IV/2014/1M)
Ans ()
6.8 to 7.2
29. For a right angled triangle, if the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and a side is kept constant, in order
to have maximum area of the triangle, the angle between the hypotenuse and the side is
(a) 12º (b) 36º
(c) 60º (d) 45º
GATE(EC-IV/2014/2M)
Ans (c)
2. Let f(x) = x e–x. The maximum value of the function in the interval, (0, ) is
(a) e –1 (b) e
–1
(c) 1 – e (d) 1 + e–1
GATE(EE-I/2014/1M)
2. Ans. (a)
28. The line integral of function F = yzi, in the counterclockwise direction, along the circle
x2+y2 = 1 at z = 1 is
(a) –2 (b) – 
(c)  (d) 2
GATE(EE-I/2014/2M)
28. Ans. (b)
3. Minimum of the real valued function f(x) =
(x – 1)2/3 occurs at x equal to
(a) –  (b) 0
(c) 0 (d) 
GATE(EE-II/2014/1M)
3. Ans. (c)
28. The minimum value of the function f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 24x + 100 in the interval [–3, 3] is
(a) 20 (b) 28
(c) 16 (d) 32
GATE(EE-II/2014/2M)
28. Ans. (b)
8  ( y / 2) 1 2x  y 
26. To evaluate the double integral    ( )dx  dy, we make the substitution u = ( 2x  y ) and v =
0 y/2 2  2
y
. The integral will reduce to
2
4 2 4 1
(a)  (
0 0
2 u du) dv (b)  ( 2 u du) dv
0 0
4 1 4 2
(c)  (  u du) dv
0 0
(d)  (
0 0
u du) dv
GATE(EE-II/2014/2M)
26. Ans. (b)
2. A particle, starting from origin at t = 0 s, is traveling along x-axis with velocity
  
V cos  t  m / s
2 2 
At t = 3 s, the difference between the distance covered by the particle and the magnitude of displacement
from the origing is_________
GATE(EE-III/2014/IM)
2. Ans ()
3. Let .(fv) = x2y + y2z + z2x, where f and v are scalar and vector fields respectively. If v = yi + zj + xk, then
v. f is
(a) x2 y + y2 z + z2 x (b) 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

(c) x + y + z (d) 0
GATE(EE-III/2014/IM)
3. Ans ()
14. The magnitude of the directional derivative of the function f (x, y) = x2 + 3y2 in a direction normal to the
circle x2 + y2 = 2, at the point (1, 1), is
(a) 4 2 (b) 5 2
(c) 7 2 (d) 9 2
GATE(IN/2015/1M)
Ans. (a)
a y
13. The double integral   f ( x, y ) dx dy is equivalent to
0 0
x y
(a)   f ( x, y ) dx dy
0 0
a y
(b)   f ( x, y ) dx dy
0 x
a a
(c)   f ( x, y ) dy dx
0 x
a a
(d)   f ( x, y ) dx dy
0 0
GATE(IN/2015/1M)
Ans. (c)
12. A function f (x) = 1 – x2 + x3 is defined in the closed interval [–1, 1]. The value of x, in the open interval
(–1, 1) for which the mean value theorem is satisfied, is
1 1
(a) (b)
2 3
1 1
(c) (d)
3 2
GATE(EC-I/2015/1M)
Ans. (b)
39. The maximum area (in square units) of a rectangle whose vertices lie on the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 1 is ...........
GATE(EC-I/2015/2M)
Ans. 0.95 to 1.05
38. Which one of the following graphs describes the function f (x) = e–x(x2 + x + 1) ?
(a) f(X)
(b) f(X)
( c) f(X)
(d) f(X)
GATE(EC-I/2015/2M)
Ans. (b)
   
37. A vector  3 2 2 2
P is given by P  x y a x  x y a y  x yz az . Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

(a) P is solenoidal, but not irrotational

(b) P is irrotational, but not solenoidal
 
(c) P is neither solenoidal nor irrotational (d) P is both solenoidal and irrotational
GATE(EC-I/2015/2M)
Ans. (a)
37. The value of the integral

sin(4t )
 12 cos(2t )
 4t
dt is ............
GATE(EC-II/2015/2M)
Ans. 3
az  b
13. Let f ( z )  . If f (z1) = f (z2) for all z1 z2, a = 2, b = 4 and c = 5, then d should be equal to .............
cz  d
GATE(EC-II/2015/1M)
Ans. 9.9 to 10.1
14. Consider the function g(t) = e–t sin(2t)u(t) where u(t) is the unit step function. The area under g(t) is
.............
Ans. 0.14 to 0.16
12. The contour on the x-y plane, where the partial derivative of x2 + y2 with respect to y is equal to the partial
derivative of 6y + 4x with respect to x, is
(a) y = 2 (b) x = 2
(c) x + y = 4 (d) x – y = 0
Ans. (a)
39. A vector field D = 2 2 a + z az exists inside a cylindrical region enclosed by the surfaces  = 1, z = 0 and
z = 5. Let S be the surface bounding this cylindrical region. The surface integral of this field on S( 
 D . ds) S
is .............
Ans. 78 to 79
12. If a continuous function f (x) does not have a root in the interval [a, b], then which one of the following
stateemnts is TRUE?
(a) f (a) . f (b) = 0 (b) f (a) . f (b) < 0
f (a)
(c) f (a) . f (b) > 0 (d) 0
f (b)
GATE(EE-I/2015/1M)
Ans. (c)
1 ^ 
^
14. Consider a function f  2
r , where r is the distance from the origin and r is the unit vector in the radial
r
direction. The divergence of this function over a sphere of radius R, which includes the origin, is
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) R
GATE(EE-I/2015/1M)
Ans. (c)
13. Match the following
P. Stokes’s Theorem
Q. Gauss’s Theorem
R. Divergence Theorem
S. Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
1. 
 D . ds  Q
2.  f ( z ) dz  0
3.  ( . A) dv  
 A . ds
4.  (  A) . ds   A . dl
P Q R S
(a) 2 1 4 3
(b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 4 3 1 2
(d) 3 4 2 1
GATE(EE-II/2015/1M)
Ans. (b)
11. Given f (z) = g(z) + h(z), where f, g, h are complex valued functions of a complex variable z. Which one
of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) If f (z) is differentiable at z0, then g(z) and h(z) are also differentiable at z0
(b) If g(z) and h(z) are differentiable at z0, then f (z) is also differentiable at z0
(c) If f (z) is continuous at z0, then it is differentiable at z0
(d) If f (z) is differentiable at z0, then so are its real and imaginary parts.
GATE(EE-II/2015/1M)
Ans. (b)
36. The volume enclosed by the surface f (x, y) = ex over the triangle bounded by the lines x = y; x = 0; y =
1 in the xy plane is ...........
GATE(EE-II/2015/2M)
Ans. 0.70 to 0.76
9. The value of the line integral
2 2
 (2 xy dx  2 x
c
y dy  dz )
along a path joining the origin (0, 0, 0) and the point (1, 1, 1) is
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 6
GATE(EE-II/2016/1M)
27. Ans. :
31. The line integral of the vector field

^ ^ ^
F  5 xz i  (3 x 2  2 y ) j  x 2 z k
along a path from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) parametrized by (t, t2, t) is ............
GATE(EE-II/2016/2M)
Ans. 4.40:4.45

 sin 2t 
29. The value of the integral 2    dt is equal to (a) 0 (b) 0.5
 
t 
(c) 1 (d) 2
GATE(EE-II/2016/2M)
Ans. (d)
1. The maximum value attained by the function f (x) = x(x – 1) (x – 2) in the interval [1, 2] is ..............
GATE(EE-I/2016/1M)
Ans. 0.0:0.0
1
dx
4. The integral 
0 (1  x)
is equal to ...........
Ans. 2.0:2.0
28. A triangle in the xy-plane is bounded by the straight lines 2x = 3y, y = 0 and x = 3. The volume above the
triangle and under the plane x + y + z = 6 is .............
Ans. 10.0:10.0
3. As x varies from –1 to +3, which one of the following describes the behaviour of the function f (x) = x3 –
3x2 + 1 ?
(a) f (x) increases monotonically.
(b) f (x) increases, then decreases and increases again.
(c) f (x) decreases, then increases and decreases again.
(d) f (x) increases and then decreases.
GATE(EC-II/2016/1M)
Ans. (b)
27. Suppose C is the closed curve defined as the circle x2 + y2 = 1 with C oriented anti-clockwise. The value
of 
2 2
 ( xy dx  x y dy ) over the curve C equals ............
GATE(EC-II/2016/2M)
Ans. –0.03:0.03
5. Consider the plot of f (x) versus x as shown below..
x
Suppose F( x)   f ( y ) dy. Which one of the following is a graph of F(x)?
5
f (x ) +2
–5 0 +5 x
–2
(a ) F(x)
–5 0 +5 x
(b ) F(x)
–5 0 +5 x
(c ) F(x)
–5 0 +5 x
(d) F(x)
–5 +5
0 x
GATE(EC-I/2016/1M)
Ans. (c)
4. Which one of the following is a property of the solutions to the Laplace equation: 2 f = 0?
(a) The solutions have neither maxima nor minima anywhere except at the boundaries.
(b) The solutions are not separable in the coordinates.
(c) The solutions are not continuous.
(d) The solutions are not dependent on the boundary conditions
GATE(EC-I/2016/1M)
Ans. (a)
3. Given the following statements about a function f : R  R, select the right option:
P: If f(x) is continuous at x = xo, then it is also differentiable at x = xo.
Q: If f(x) is continuous at x = xo, then it may not be differentiable at x = xo.
R: If f(x) is differentiable at x = xo, then it is also continuous at x = xo.
(a) P is true, Q is false, R is false
(b) P is false, Q is true, R is true
(c) P is false, Q is true, R is false
(d) P is true, Q is false, R is true
GATE(EC-I/2016/1M)
Ans. (b)
1
( x  y  10) dx dy, where D denotes the disc: x2 + y2  4, evaluates to .........
2 
26. The integral
D
GATE(EC-I/2016/2M)
Ans. 18:22
4. The vector that is NOT perpendicular to the vectors (i + j + k) and (i + 2j + 3k) is .........
(a) (i – 2j + k) (b) (–i + 2j – k)
(c) (0i + 0j + 0k) (d) (4i + 3j + 5k)
GATE(IN/2016/1M)
Ans. (d)
2. lim ( n 2  n  n 2  1) is ..........
n 
GATE(IN/2016/1M)
Ans. 0.5 : 0.5
26. Let f : [–1, 1]  R , where f (x) = 2x3 – x4 – 10. The minimum value of f (x) is ..........
GATE(IN/2016/2M)
Ans. –13:–13
28. Let I    2x dx  2y dy  2x dz  where x, y, z are real, and let C be the straight line segment from point
C
A : (0, 2, 1) to point B : (4, 1, –1). The value of I is ________.

GATE(EC-I/2017/2M)
28. Ans. :  11.1 to  10.9
27. A three dimensional region R of finite volume is described by x2 + y2  z3; 0  z  1,
Where x, y, z are real. The volume of R (up to two decimal places) is _________.
GATE(EC-I/2017/2M)
27. Ans. : 0.70 to 0.85
1 2
30. The minimum value of the function f (x)  x(x  3) in the interval –100  x  100 occurs at x =
3
________.
GATE(EC-II/2017/2M)
30. Ans. :  100.01 to  99.99
28. If the vector function

F  aˆ x (3y  k1z)  aˆ y (k 2 x  2z)  aˆ z (k 3 y  z)
is irrotational, then the values of the constants k1, k2 and k3 respectively, are
(A) 0.3, –2.5, 0.5 (B) 0.0, 3.0, 2.0
(C) 0.3, 0.33, 0.5 (D) 4.0, 3.0, 2.0
GATE(EC-II/2017/2M)
28. Ans. : B
26. The values of the integrals
1
1 xy 
0  0 (x  y)3 dy  dx
1 1
 xy 
and    3
dx  dy are
00
(x  y) 
(A) same and equal to 0.5
(B) same and equal to -0.5
(C) 0.5 and – 0.5, respectively
(D) –0.5 and 0.5, respectively
GATE(EC-II/2017/2M)
26. Ans. : C
17. Let I  c  xy 2dxdy , where R is the region shown in the figure and c = 6 × 10–4. The value of I equals
R
_____. (Give the answer up to two decimal places).
y
10
R
2
1 5 x
GATE(EE-II/2017/1M)
17. Ans. : 0.99 to 1.01
26. A function f(x) is defined as
e x , x  1
f(x)   2 ,
ln x  ax  bx x  1
where x  
Which one of the following statement is TRUE?
(A) f(x) is NOT differentiable at x = 1 for any values of a and b.
(B) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 for the unique value of a and b.
(C) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 for all values of a and b such that a+b = e.
(D) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 for all values of a and b
GATE(EE-I/2017/2M)
26. Ans. : B
  
3. The figures show diagramatic representations of vector fields, X , Y and Z , respectively..
Which one of the following choices is true?
x y z
  
(A) .X  0,   Y  0,   Z  0
  
(B) .X  0,   Y  0,   Z  0
  
(C) .X  0,   Y  0,   Z  0
  
(D) .X  0,   Y  0,   Z  0
GATE(EE-II/2017/1M)
3. Ans. : C
  x, x  1
26. Let g(x)   and
 x  1, x  1
1  x, x  1
f (x)   2 and
 x , x 1
g. i.e., (f  g)(x)=f(g(x)). The number of discontinuities in (f  g)(x) present in the interval (–, 0) is:
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 4
GATE(EE-II/2017/2M)
26. Ans. : A
18. Consider a function f(x, y, z) given by f(x, y, z) = (x2 + y2 – 2z2)(y2 + z2) The partial derivative of this
function with respect to x at the point, x = 2, y = 1 and z = 3 is _____.
GATE(EE-II/2017/1M)
18 Ans. : 40
4. Consider two functions f(x) = (x – 2)2 and g(x) = 2x – 1, where x is real. The smallest value of x for which
f(x) = g(x) is _____.
GATE(IN/2018/1M)
1. Ans.(1 to 1)
29. Consider the following equations
V ( x, y )
 px 2  y 2  2 xy
x
V ( x, y )
 x 2  qy 2  2 xy
y
where p and q are constants. V(x, y) that satisfies the above equations is
x3 y3
(a) p  q  2 xy  6
3 3
x3 y3
(b) p q 5
3 3
x3 y3
(c) p  q  x 2 y  xy 2  xy
3 3
x3 y3
(d) p  q  x 2 y  xy 2
3 3
GATE(IN/2018/2M)
29. Ans.(d)
    
26. Given F  ( x 2  2 y )i  4 xz 2 k , the value of the line integral  F  dl along the straight line c from (0,0,0)
C
to (1,1,1) is
(a) 3/16 (b) 0
(c) ƒ{5/12 (d) ƒ{1
GATE(IN/2018/2M)
26. Ans.(d)
11. Let f be a real-valued function of a real variable defined as f(x) = x2 for x  0, and f(x) = –x2 for x < 0.
Which one of the following statements is true?
(a) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
(b) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0 .

(c) f(x) is differentiable but its first derivative is not continuous at x = 0.
(d) f(x) is differentiable but its first derivative is not differentiable at x = 0.
GATE(EE/2018/1M)
11. Ans.(d)
12. The value of the directional derivative of the function (x, y, z) = xy2 + yz2 + zx2 at the point (2, –1, 1) in
the direction of the vector
p = i + 2j + 2k is
(a) 1 (b) 0.95
(c) 0.93 (d) 0.9
GATE(EE/2018/1M)
12. Ans.(a)
18. Let f be a real-valued function of a real variable defined as f(x) = x – [x], where [x] denotes the largest
1.25
integer less than or equal to x. The value of  f (x)dx is _______ (up to 2 decimal places).
0.25
GATE(EE/2018/1M)
18. Ans.(0.49 to 0.51)
42. As shown in the figure, C is the arc from the point (3,0) to the point (0,3) on the circle x2 + y2 = 9. The value
of the integral
 C
(y 2  2yx)dx  (2xy  x 2 )dy
is ________ (up to 2 decimal places).
(0, 3)
C
x
(3, 0)
GATE(EE/2018/2M)
42. Ans.(0.0 to 0.0)
43. Let f(x) = 3x2 – 7x2 + 5x + 6. The maximum value of f(x) over the interval [0, 2] is _______ (up to 1
decimal place).
GATE(EE/2018/2M)
43. Ans.(11.5 to 12.5)
ax 2  by 2 f f
12. Let f (x, y)  , where a and b are constants, If  at x = 1 and y = 2, then the relation
xy x y
between a and b is
b b
(a) a  (b) a 
4 2
(c) a = 2b (d) a = 4b
GATE(EC/2018/1M)
12. Ans.(d)
52. Let r = x2 + y – z and z3 – xy + yz + y3 = 1. Assume that x and y are independent variables. At (x, y, z) =
r
(2, –1, 1) the value (correct to two decimal places) of is _______.
x
GATE(EC/2018/2M)
52. Ans.(2 to 2)
  
1. a.b.c are three orthogonal vectors. Given that a  î  2ˆj  5kˆ and b  î  2ˆj  kˆ , the vector c is parallel
to
(a) î  2ˆj  3kˆ (b) 2ˆj  ˆj
(c) 2ˆj  ˆj (d) 4kˆ
GATE(IN/2019/1M)
1. Ans.(c)

In orthogonal set of three vectors all vectors are prependicular to each other. So vector c is parallel to
  
 
a vector b  a because vectors c is perpendicular to b  a .
Given, b = î  2ˆj  kˆ
â = 1iˆ  2ˆj  5kˆ
î ˆj kˆ
 
b  a = 1 2 1
1 2 5
 
 b  a = î 10  2   ˆj  5  1  kˆ  0  0 

= 12iˆ  6ˆj = 6 2iˆ  ˆj 

From given options it can be concluded that vector c is parallel to vector 2iˆ  ˆj
    
2. The vector function A is given by A  u , where u(x, y) is a scalar function. Then |   A | is
(a) –1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 
GATE(IN/2019/1M)
2. Ans.(b)
 
Given, A = u
   
  A =   u
The curl of gradient of a scalar function is always zero.
   
   A =   u = 0
26. The curve y = f (x) is such that the tangent to the curve at every point (x, y) has a Y-axis
intercept c, given by c = –y. Then, f(x) is
proportional to
(a) x –1 (b) x2
3
(c) x (d) x4
GATE(IN/2019/2M)
26. Ans.(b)
Given y = f(x) .....(i)
Let tangent to y at any point (x, y) is,
y = mx + c
Given, c = –y
 y = mx – y
 2y = mx
The slope of tangent is given by,
dy
m=
dx
dy
 2y = x
dx
dy dx
 =
2y x
Integrating both sides we have
1
 ny = nx  nc
2
where nc is constant of integration..
1
 ny = n xc
2
 ny = 2n xc
 ny = n x 2 c2 .....(ii)
From (i) & (ii), we have,
f(x) = x2 c2
 f(x)  x2
26. Consider a differentiable function f(x) on the set of real numbers such that f(–1) = 0 and |f(x)|  = 2.
Given these conditions, which one of the following inequalities is necessarily true for all x  [–2, 2] ?
1
(a) f (x)  x 1 (b) f(x)  2|x + 1|
2
1
(c) f (x)  x (d) f(x)  2|x|
2
GATE(EC/2019/2M)
26. Ans.(b)
27. Consider the line integral
  xdy  ydx 
C
the integral being taken in a counterclockwise direction over the closed curve C that forms the boundary
of the region R shown in the
figure below. The region R is the area enclosed by the union of a 2 × 3 rectangle and a semi-circle of
radius 1. The line integral evaluates to
y
C
3
2 R
x
1 2 3 4 5
(a) 6 + /2 (b) 8 + 

(c) 12 +  (d) 16 + 2
GATE(EC/2019/2M)
27. Ans.(c)
y
C
3
2 R
x
1 2 3 4 5
Let I =   xdy  ydx 

C
 I =    yiˆ  xjˆ  dxiˆ  dyjˆ 

C
 I =  F  d
C
where F =  yiˆ  xjˆ

According to Stoke’s theorem,
 F  d =    F  ds
S
C
where ds = dx dykˆ
and
î ˆj kˆ
  
F =
x y z
y x 0
 x   y   x y 
= î    ˆj    kˆ   
 z   z   x y 
= 2kˆ
 I=    F  ds   2kˆ  dx dykˆ
S C
 I = 2  dx dy
S
 I = 2 × (area of region ‘R’)

2
  1 
 I = 2  3  1 4  1  
 2 
 
 I = 2  6    12  
 2
  sin x
19. The value of the integral  dx dy, is equal to ________.
0 0 x
GATE(EC/2019/1M)
19. Ans.(1.99 to 2.01)
Let
 
sin x
I=  dxdy
0 y x
The diagram representing limits for above integral can be drawn as under,

y
x=
x
0 
The integration can be simplified by changing the order of integration . For changing the order of integration
from dxdy to dydx we need to change the limit of x and y. Here limits of outer integration are constants
and limits of inner integration of variable.Now x is variable for outer integral and its limit has to be
constant and inner integral will be dy and its limits has to be variable.
From above curve, it is seen when y varies from 0 to , x varies from y to . For the same region on the
curve when x varies from 0 to  y varies from 0 to x. So, the integration in order dydx can be written as
under,
x
sin x
I =  dydx
0 0 x

sin x x
 I =   y0 dx
0
x

sin x
 I =   x dx
0 x


 I =  sin xdx    cos x 
0
0
 I = cos + cos = –(–1) + 1

 I = 2
39. If A = 2xi + 3yj + 4zk and u = x2 + y2 + z2, then div (uA) at (1, 1, 1) is _______.
GATE(EE/2019/2M)
39. Ans.(45 to 45)
Given, A = 2xiˆ  3yjˆ  4zkˆ
and u = x2 + y2 + z2
As per vector indentities,
  (uA) = u  A  u  A .....(i)
u ˆ u ˆ u ˆ
u = i j k
x y z
 u = 2xiˆ  2yjˆ  2zkˆ ...(ii)
 (2x) (3y)  (4z)

 A =  
x y z
= 2+3+4=9 ...(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have,
 
  (uA) = 2xiˆ  2yjˆ  2zkˆ . 2xiˆ  3yjˆ  4zkˆ 
+ 9(x2 + y2 + z2)
   (uA) = 13x2 + 15y2 + 17z2
At point, (1, 1, 1)
  (uA) = 13(1)2 + 15(1)2 + 17(1)2 = 45
18. If f = 2x2 + 3y2 + 4z, the value of line integral  grad f  dr evaluated over contour C formed by the
C
segments (–3, –3, 2)  (2, –3, 2)  (2, 6, 2)  (2, 6, –1) is______.

GATE(EE/2019/1M)
18. Ans.(139 to 139)
Given, f = 2x3 + 3y2 + 4z
Gradient of f is given by,
 ˆ  ˆ f ˆ
f = x f i  kdy f j  z k
 ˆ

3 2

f = x 2x  3y  4z i 


y
 2x3  3y2  4z  ˆj

  2x 3  3y 2  4z  kˆ
z
f = 6x î  6yjˆ  4kˆ
2

Vector dr in cartesian co-ordinates is defined as,

ˆ ˆ ˆ
dr = dx i  dy j  dz k
2
 f  dr = 6x dx + 6ydy + 4dz
Co-ordinates of contour : (–3, –3, 2) to (2, –3, 2) to (2, 6, 2) to (2, 6, –1)
For given contour x varies from –3 to 2, y varies from –3 to 6 and z varies from 2 to –1.
2 6 1
2
 C f  dr =  6x dx   6ydy   4dz
3 3 2
2 6 1
6x 3 6y 2 4z
 C f  dr =  
3 3
2 3 2
= 28  25  336  9  4 1  2
  f  dr
C
= 139
Calculus ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS [148]
2.
Which of the following is true for all possible non-zero choices of integers
m, n; m ≠ n,.or all possible non-zero choices of real numbers p, q ;
p ≠ q, as applicable?
1 π
π ∫0
(a) sin mθ sin nθdθ =0
1 π/ 2
2π ∫– π / 2
(b) sin pθ sin qθdθ =0
1 π
2π ∫−π
(c) sin pθ cos qθdθ =0
1 α
α→∞ 2α ∫−α
lim
(d) sin pθ sin qθdθ =0
GATE(EE/2020/1M)
2. Ans(d)
26. The real numbers, x and y with y = 3x2 + 3x + 1, the maximum and minimum value of y for x∈[–2, 0] are
respectively ________ .
(a) 7 and 1/4 (b) 7 and 1
(c) – and –1/2 (d) 1 and 1/4
GATE(EE/2020/2M)
26. Ans(a)
44. Let ax and ay be unit vectors along x and y directions, respectively. A vector function is given by
F = ax y – ay x
The line integral of the above function
∫ F ⋅ dl C
along the curve C, which follows the parabola

y = x . as shown below is _______ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
2
y
4
–1 4 x
GATE(EE/2020/2M)
44. Ans(–3.05 to –2.95)
31. Consider the function f(x, y) = x2 + y2. The minimum value of the function attains on the line x + y = 1
(rounded off to two decimal places) is ________.
GATE(IN/2020/2M)
31. Ans.(0.5 to 0.5)

2. For a vector field A , which one of the following if FALSE ?
Calculus ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS [149]
 
A is solenoidal if ∇ ⋅ A = 0 .
(a)

∇ × A is another vector field.
(b)
 
A is irrotational if ∇ 2 A =
(c) 0.
  
( )
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇ ∇ ⋅ A − ∇2 A
(d) ( )
GATE(EC/2020/1M)
2. Ans(c)
3. The partial derivative of the function
(
−1 1+ y 2 )
f(x, y, z) = e1–x cos y + xze
with respect to x at the point (1, 0, e) is
(a) –1 (b) 0
1
(c) 1 (d)
e
GATE(EC/2020/1M)
3. Ans(b)
1. If v1, v2, ...., v6 are six vectors in 4, which one of the following statements is False?
(a) It is not necessary that these vectors span 4.
(b) These vectors are not linearly independent.
(c) Any four of these vectors form a basis for 4.
(d) If {v1, v3, v5, v6} spans 4, then it forms a basis for 4.
GATE(EC/2020/1M)
1. Ans(c)
51. For the solid S show below, the value of ∫∫∫ xdxdydz (rounded off to two decimal places) is _______.
S
0 1
y
r
GATE(EC/2020/2M)
51. Ans(2.25 to 2.25)

Calculus

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2

Another form :- (b = a + h, c = a + h)

f´(c) f (e)  f (1)

(a – h) & (a + h) are small neighbourhoods of a.

(a – h) & (a + h) are small neighbourhoods of a.

(from left to right)

3. If f´(x) = 0, f´´(x) = 0 at x = a, then

For extreme values,

Let x and y be the sides of a rectangle.

Let v = volume = x (2 – 2x) (6 – 2x)

 v =  x[(h – x) tan ]2 From (1)

(–0.1,0) (0,0) (0.1,0)

f(A, B) = –cos A · cos B · cos (A + B)

= 3(x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2 – 3 (x2 + y2 + z2)–3/2

2u 2u  x 2  y2  2f (r) x 2  y 2

2u 2u 2f (r) f (r)

2u 2u f (r)

Adding equation (2) & (3), we get,

u is not homogeneous 

u is not homogeneous function 

2u 2u 2u  f  

u u 2u 2u 2u

(a) 13.5 (b) 27.0

I  f (x, y)dy dx . What is q?

(a) 4y (b) 16y2

On compering (1) and (2) we get

we know that sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

 (sin x cos y  cos x sin y) dx dy

 2x dxdy over the triangle is

(a) 1.0 (b) 2.5

Let cos  = t – sin d = dt

which is a equation of circle with radius a.

 (0, 0) (4a, 4a) are points of intersection.

Let volume V =   (4  y) dydx

The value of the integral is

(c)   f ( x, y )dxdy (d)   f ( x, y )dxdy

2.7 Vector Operator

ˆ  F3  F2   ˆj  F3  F1   kˆ  F2  F1 

[a × (b × c) = (a·c) b – (a·b) c].

{3(1) 2  3(2)}iˆ  {3(4)  3(1)}jˆ  {3(2)}kˆ

 f  3iˆ  9ˆj  6kˆ

3iˆ  9ˆj  6kˆ 3iˆ  9ˆj  6kˆ

Now, directional derivative

= ˆi[3x  3x]  ˆj[3y  3y]  k[

2.8 **Line Integral

  dR is also a line integral function.

 F(R)·dR =  (F1dx  F2 dy  F3dz)

 F·dR = [(32 – 16 + 64 – 48) – (1 – 2 + 1 – 3)]

 =  (2y  3)dx  (xz) dy  (yz  x) dz

where, N is unit outward normal drawn at any point of surface, S.

  F  dA represents also a surface integral.

  F·NdS represents the flux of F passing through the surface S.

  F·NdS =  S [F1 cos   F2 cos   F3 cos  ]dS

  F·NdS =  S [F1 dy dz  F2 dx dz  F3 dx dy]

S2 : PQRS parallel to xy plane, z = a, N = K̂

S4 : QABR parallel to yz-plane, x = a, N = î

F.N = 4xz = 4az, y = 0 to a, z = 0 to a,

S6 : RBCS parallel to xz-plane, y = a, N = ĵ

= (a 2 ) (x)0a (z)0a

Intersection of both the curves,

where F1, F2, F3 are the functions of x, y, z.

+ 2y + z = 4 where F = (2x2 –3z) î – 2xy ĵ – 4x k̂ .

  × F = î [0 – 0] + ĵ [–3 + 4] + k̂ [–2y] = ĵ –2y k̂