5.

8 Hyperbolic Functions 383

5.8 Hyperbolic Functions

Develop properties of hyperbolic functions.
Differentiate and integrate hyperbolic functions.
Develop properties of inverse hyperbolic functions.
Differentiate and integrate functions involving inverse hyperbolic functions.

Hyperbolic Functions
In this section, you will look briefly at a special class of exponential functions called
hyperbolic functions. The name hyperbolic function arose from comparison of the area
of a semicircular region, as shown in Figure 5.29, with the area of a region under a
hyperbola, as shown in Figure 5.30.

y y

y= 1 + x2
2 2

y= 1 − x2

x x
JOHANN HEINRICH LAMBERT −1 1 −1 1
(1728–1777)
The first person to publish a Circle: x2  y 2  1 Hyperbola: x2  y 2  1
comprehensive study on hyperbolic Figure 5.29 Figure 5.30
functions was Johann Heinrich
Lambert, a Swiss-German mathe-
The integral for the semicircular region involves an inverse trigonometric (circular)
matician and colleague of Euler.
See LarsonCalculus.com to read function:
more of this biography.
冕 1
1
冪1  x 2 dx 
1
2 冤
x冪1  x 2  arcsin x 冥 1
1


2
⬇ 1.571.

The integral for the hyperbolic region involves an inverse hyperbolic function:

冕 1
1
冪1  x 2 dx 
1
2 冤
x冪1  x 2  sinh1x 冥
1

1
⬇ 2.296.

This is only one of many ways in which the hyperbolic functions are similar to the
trigonometric functions.

Definitions of the Hyperbolic Functions

REMARK The notation e x  ex 1
sinh x  csch x  , x0
sinh x is read as “the hyperbolic 2 sinh x
sine of x,” cosh x as “the e  ex
x 1
hyperbolic cosine of x,” and cosh x  sech x 
2 cosh x
so on.
sinh x 1
tanh x  coth x  , x0
cosh x tanh x

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION For more information on the development of

hyperbolic functions, see the article “An Introduction to Hyperbolic Functions in Elementary
Calculus” by Jerome Rosenthal in Mathematics Teacher. To view this article, go to MathArticles.com.
American Institute of Physics (AIP) (use Emilio Serge Visual Archive)

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
384 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

The graphs of the six hyperbolic functions and their domains and ranges are shown
in Figure 5.31. Note that the graph of sinh x can be obtained by adding the corresponding
y-coordinates of the exponential functions f 共x兲  12e x and g 共x兲   12ex. Likewise, the
graph of cosh x can be obtained by adding the corresponding y-coordinates of the
exponential functions f 共x兲  12 e x and h共x兲  12ex.

y y y
y = cosh x
2 2 2
x
y = tanh x
f(x) = e 1 −x x 1
2 y = sinh x f(x) = e
h(x) = e 2
2
x x x
−2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2
−1 −x −1 −1
g(x) = − e
2
−2 −2 −2

Domain: 共 , 兲 Domain: 共 , 兲 Domain: 共 , 兲

Range: 共 , 兲 Range: 关1, 兲 Range: 共1, 1兲

y y y
y = csch x = 1
2 sinh x 2 1
y = sech x = 1 y = coth x =
cosh x tanh x
1 1

x x x
−1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2
−1 −1 −1

−2

Domain: 共 , 0兲 傼 共0, 兲 Domain: 共 , 兲 Domain: 共 , 0兲 傼 共0, 兲

Range: 共 , 0兲 傼 共0, 兲 Range: 共0, 1兴 Range: 共 , 1兲 傼 共1, 兲
Figure 5.31

Many of the trigonometric identities have corresponding hyperbolic identities. For

instance,
2
ex  ex 2
 ex
冢e 冣 冢 冣
x
cosh2 x  sinh2 x  
2 2
e 2e
2x 2x e  2  e2x
2x
 
4 4
4

4
 1.

HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION cosh2 x  sinh2 x  1 sinh共x  y兲  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
To understand geometrically the tanh2 x  sech2 x  1 sinh共x  y兲  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
relationship between the hyperbolic coth2 x  csch2 x  1 cosh共x  y兲  cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
and exponential functions, see the
cosh共x  y兲  cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
article “A Short Proof Linking
the Hyperbolic and Exponential 1  cosh 2x 1  cosh 2x
sinh2 x  cosh2 x 
Functions” by Michael J. Seery 2 2
in The AMATYC Review. sinh 2x  2 sinh x cosh x cosh 2x  cosh2 x  sinh2 x

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 5.8 Hyperbolic Functions 385

Differentiation and Integration of Hyperbolic Functions

Because the hyperbolic functions are written in terms of e x and e x, you can easily
derive rules for their derivatives. The next theorem lists these derivatives with the
corresponding integration rules.

THEOREM 5.18 Derivatives and Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions

Let u be a differentiable function of x.
d
dx
关sinh u兴  共cosh u兲u 冕 cosh u du  sinh u  C

d
dx
关cosh u兴  共sinh u兲u 冕 sinh u du  cosh u  C

d
dx
关tanh u兴  共sech2 u兲u 冕 sech2 u du  tanh u  C

d
dx
关coth u兴   共csch2 u兲u 冕 csch2 u du  coth u  C

d
dx
关sech u兴   共sech u tanh u兲u 冕 sech u tanh u du  sech u  C

d
dx
关csch u兴   共csch u coth u兲u 冕 csch u coth u du  csch u  C

Proof Here is a proof of two of the differentiation rules. (You are asked to prove some
of the other differentiation rules in Exercises 103–105.)
d e x  ex
冤 冥
d
关sinh x兴 
dx dx 2
e e
x x

2
 cosh x
d sinh x
冤 冥
d
关tanh x兴 
dx dx cosh x
cosh x共cosh x兲  sinh x 共sinh x兲

cosh2 x
1

cosh2 x
 sech2 x
See LarsonCalculus.com for Bruce Edwards’s video of this proof.

Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

d
a. 关sinh共x 2  3兲兴  2x cosh共x 2  3兲
dx
d sinh x
b. 关ln共cosh x兲兴   tanh x
dx cosh x
d
c. 关x sinh x  cosh x兴  x cosh x  sinh x  sinh x  x cosh x
dx
d
d. 关共x  1兲 cosh x  sin x兴  共x  1兲 sinh x  cosh x  cosh x  共x  1兲 sinh x
dx

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
386 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Finding Relative Extrema

f (x) = (x − 1) cosh x − sinh x Find the relative extrema of

y f 共x兲  共x  1兲 cosh x  sinh x.

1 Solution Using the result of Example 1(d), set the first derivative of f equal to 0.
x 共x  1兲 sinh x  0
−2 −1 1 3
(0, − 1) So, the critical numbers are x  1 and x  0. Using the Second Derivative Test, you
(1, −sinh 1) can verify that the point 共0, 1兲 yields a relative maximum and the point 共1, sinh 1兲
−2
yields a relative minimum, as shown in Figure 5.32. Try using a graphing utility to
−3 confirm this result. If your graphing utility does not have hyperbolic functions, you can
use exponential functions, as shown.
f 共0兲 < 0, so 共0, 1兲 is a relative
maximum. f 共1兲 > 0, so 共1, sinh 1兲
is a relative minimum.
f 共x兲  共x  1兲 冢12冣共e x 1
 ex兲  共e x  ex兲
2
Figure 5.32 1
 共xe x  xex  e x  ex  e x  ex兲
2
1
 共xe x  xex  2e x兲
2

When a uniform flexible cable, such as a telephone wire, is suspended from two
points, it takes the shape of a catenary, as discussed in Example 3.

Hanging Power Cables

See LarsonCalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.

Power cables are suspended between two towers, forming the catenary shown in
y Figure 5.33. The equation for this catenary is
x
y = a cosh x
a
y  a cosh .
a
a The distance between the two towers is 2b. Find the slope of the catenary at the point
where the cable meets the right-hand tower.
Solution Differentiating produces

−b b
x y  a 冢1a冣 sinh ax  sinh ax .
b
At the point 共b, a cosh共b兾a兲兲, the slope (from the left) is m  sinh .
a
Catenary
Figure 5.33
Integrating a Hyperbolic Function
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
In Example 3, the cable is a Find 冕 cosh 2x sinh2 2x dx.
catenary between two supports at
the same height. To learn about the Solution
shape of a cable hanging between
supports of different heights,
see the article “Reexamining
冕 cosh 2x sinh2 2x dx 
1
2 冕
共sinh 2x兲2共2 cosh 2x兲 dx u  sinh 2x

1 共sinh 2x兲3
the Catenary” by Paul Cella in
The College Mathematics Journal.

2 冤
3
C 冥
To view this article, go to sinh3 2x
 C
MathArticles.com. 6

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 5.8 Hyperbolic Functions 387

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Unlike trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions are not periodic. In fact, by
looking back at Figure 5.31, you can see that four of the six hyperbolic functions are
actually one-to-one (the hyperbolic sine, tangent, cosecant, and cotangent). So, you can
apply Theorem 5.7 to conclude that these four functions have inverse functions. The
other two (the hyperbolic cosine and secant) are one-to-one when their domains are
restricted to the positive real numbers, and for this restricted domain they also
have inverse functions. Because the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of
exponential functions, it is not surprising to find that the inverse hyperbolic functions
can be written in terms of logarithmic functions, as shown in Theorem 5.19.

THEOREM 5.19 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Function Domain
sinh1 x  ln共x  冪x 2  1 兲 共 , 兲
cosh1 x  ln共x  冪x 2  1 兲 关1, 兲
1 1x
tanh1 x  ln 共1, 1兲
2 1x
1 x1
coth1 x  ln 共 , 1兲 傼 共1, 兲
2 x1
1  冪1  x 2
sech1 x  ln 共0, 1兴
x

csch1 x  ln 
1 冪1  x 2
x x 冢
共 , 0兲 傼 共0, 兲
ⱍⱍ 冣
Proof The proof of this theorem is a straightforward application of the properties of
the exponential and logarithmic functions. For example, for
ex  ex
f 共x兲  sinh x 
2
and
g共x兲  ln共x  冪x2  1兲
you can show that
f 共g共x兲兲  x and g共 f 共x兲兲  x
which implies that g is the inverse function of f.
See LarsonCalculus.com for Bruce Edwards’s video of this proof.

2 TECHNOLOGY You can use a graphing utility to confirm graphically the results
y3 = y4 of Theorem 5.19. For instance, graph the following functions.
y1  tanh x Hyperbolic tangent
−3 3
ex  ex
y2  x Definition of hyperbolic tangent
e  ex
y1 = y2
y3  tanh1 x Inverse hyperbolic tangent
−2
1 1x
Graphs of the hyperbolic tangent y4  ln Definition of inverse hyperbolic tangent
2 1x
function and the inverse hyperbolic
tangent function The resulting display is shown in Figure 5.34. As you watch the graphs being traced
Figure 5.34 out, notice that y1  y2 and y3  y4. Also notice that the graph of y1 is the reflection
of the graph of y3 in the line y  x.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
388 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

The graphs of the inverse hyperbolic functions are shown in Figure 5.35.

y y y

3 y = sinh −1 x 3 y = cosh −1 x 3

2 2 2

1 1 1
x x x
−3 −2 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 − 1 1 2 3
−1 −1

−2 −2 y = tanh −1 x −2

−3 −3 −3

Domain: 共 , 兲 Domain: 关1, 兲 Domain: 共1, 1兲

Range: 共 , 兲 Range: 关0, 兲 Range: 共 , 兲

y y y

3 3 3
y = csch −1 x y = sech −1 x
2 2 2 y = coth −1 x

1 1 1
x x x
−1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 1 2 3
−1 −1

−2 −2

−3 −3 −3

Domain: 共 , 0兲 傼 共0, 兲 Domain: 共0, 1兴 Domain: 共 , 1兲 傼 共1, 兲

Range: 共 , 0兲 傼 共0, 兲 Range: 关0, 兲 Range: 共 , 0兲 傼 共0, 兲
Figure 5.35

The inverse hyperbolic secant can be used to define a curve called a tractrix or
pursuit curve, as discussed in Example 5.

A Tractrix
A person is holding a rope that is tied to a boat, as shown in Figure 5.36. As the
y person walks along the dock, the boat travels along a tractrix, given by the equation
(0, y1)
x
y  a sech1  冪a 2  x 2
Person

a
where a is the length of the rope. For a  20 feet, find the distance the person must
20 2 − x 2

20 walk to bring the boat to a position 5 feet from the dock.

(x, y)
Solution In Figure 5.36, notice that the distance the person has walked is
y1  y  冪202  x 2
x
冢
 20 sech1
x
20
 冪202  x2  冪202  x2 冣
x x
10 20  20 sech1 .
20
y = 20 sech −1 x − 20 2 − x 2 When x  5, this distance is
20
5 1  冪1  共1兾4兲2
A person must walk about 41.27 feet to y1  20 sech1  20 ln  20 ln 共4  冪15兲 ⬇ 41.27 feet.
bring the boat to a position 5 feet from 20 1兾4
the dock. So, the person must walk about 41.27 feet to bring the boat to a position 5 feet from the
Figure 5.36 dock.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 5.8 Hyperbolic Functions 389

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions: Differentiation and

Integration
The derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions, which resemble the derivatives of the
inverse trigonometric functions, are listed in Theorem 5.20 with the corresponding inte-
gration formulas (in logarithmic form). You can verify each of these formulas by applying
the logarithmic definitions of the inverse hyperbolic functions. (See Exercises 106–108.)

THEOREM 5.20 Differentiation and Integration Involving

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Let u be a differentiable function of x.
d u d u
关sinh1 u兴  关cosh1 u兴 
dx 冪u2  1 dx 冪u2  1
d u d u
关tanh1 u兴  关coth1 u兴 
dx 1  u2 dx 1  u2
d u d u
关sech1 u兴  关csch1 u兴 
dx u冪1  u2 dx u 冪1  u2 ⱍⱍ
冕 冪u2 ± a2
du
 ln 共u  冪u2 ± a2 兲  C

冕 a2
du
u 2 
1
ln
au
2a a  u
C
ⱍ ⱍ
冕 du
2
u冪a ± u 2
1 a  冪a2 ± u2
  ln
a u
C
ⱍⱍ

Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

d 2
a. 关sinh1共2x兲兴 
dx 冪共2x兲2  1
2

冪4x 2  1
d 3x2
b. 关tanh1共x 3兲兴 
dx 1  共x3兲2
3x 2

1  x6

Integration Using Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

REMARK Let a  2 and

a. 冕 x冪4  9x 2
dx
 冕 3 dx
共3x兲冪4  9x 2
冕 du
u冪a2  u2

u  3x. 1 2  冪4  9x 2 1 a  冪a2  u2
  ln C  ln C
2 3x ⱍ ⱍ a u ⱍⱍ
b. 冕 dx

5  4x2 2
1
冕共 冪5
2 dx
兲2  共2x兲2 冕 du
a2  u2

ⱍ ⱍ冣
REMARK Let a  冪5
and u  2x. 
1 1
冢ln
冪5  2x
2 2冪5 冪5  2x
C
1
ln
au
2a a  uⱍ ⱍ
C


4冪5
1
ln
ⱍ 冪5  2x
冪5  2x ⱍ C

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
390 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

5.8 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Evaluating a Function In Exercises 1–6, evaluate the Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line In Exercises
function. If the value is not a rational number, round your 33–36, find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the
answer to three decimal places. function at the given point.

1. (a) sinh 3 2. (a) cosh 0 33. y  sinh共1  x2兲, 共1, 0)

(b) tanh共2兲 (b) sech 1 34. y  x cosh x, 共1, 1)
3. (a) csch共ln 2兲 4. (a) sinh1 0 35. y  共cosh x  sinh x兲2, 共0, 1)
(b) coth共ln 5兲 (b) tanh1 0 36. y  e sinh x, 共0, 1)
5. (a) cosh1 2 6. (a) csch1 2
2
Finding Relative Extrema In Exercises 37–40, find any
(b) sech1 3 (b) coth1 3 relative extrema of the function. Use a graphing utility to
confirm your result.
Verifying an Identity In Exercises 7–14, verify the identity.
7. tanh2 x  sech2 x  1 37. f 共x兲  sin x sinh x  cos x cosh x, 4
x
4

8. coth2 x  csch2 x  1 38. f 共x兲  x sinh共x  1兲  cosh共x  1兲

1  cosh 2x 39. g共x兲  x sech x

9. cosh2 x 
2 40. h共x兲  2 tanh x  x
1  cosh 2x
10. sinh2 x  Catenary In Exercises 41 and 42, a model for a power cable
2
suspended between two towers is given. (a) Graph the model,
11. sinh 2x  2 sinh x cosh x (b) find the heights of the cable at the towers and at the
12. e2x  sinh 2x  cosh 2x midpoint between the towers, and (c) find the slope of the
model at the point where the cable meets the right-hand tower.
13. sinh 共x  y兲  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
xy xy x
14. cosh x  cosh y  2 cosh cosh 41. y  10  15 cosh , 15
x
15
2 2 15
x
Finding Values of Hyperbolic Functions In Exercises 15 42. y  18  25 cosh , 25
x
25
25
and 16, use the value of the given hyperbolic function to find
the values of the other hyperbolic functions at x. Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 43–54, find
the indefinite integral.
3 1

冕 冕
15. sinh x  16. tanh x 
2 2
43. cosh 2x dx 44. sech2共3x兲 dx

冕 冕
Finding a Limit In Exercises 17–22, find the limit.
cosh 冪x
45. sinh共1  2x兲 dx 46. dx
17. lim sinh x 18. lim tanh x 冪x

冕 冕
x→  x→

19. lim sech x lim csch x sinh x

20. 47. cosh2共x  1兲 sinh共x  1兲 dx 48. dx
x→  x→ 1  sinh2 x
21. lim
x→0
sinh x
x
22. lim coth x
x→0 49. 冕 cosh x
sinh x
dx 50. 冕 sech2共2x  1兲 dx

Finding a Derivative In Exercises 23–32, find the derivative

of the function.
51. 冕 x csch2
x2
2
dx 52. 冕 sech3 x tanh x dx

23. f 共x兲  sinh 3x 24. f 共x兲  cosh共8x  1兲 53. 冕 csch共1兾x兲 coth共1兾x兲

x2
dx 54. 冕 cosh x
冪9  sinh2 x
dx
25. y  sech共5x2兲 26. f 共x兲  tanh共4x2  3x兲
Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 55 –60,
27. f 共x兲  ln共sinh x兲 28. y  ln tanh 冢 x
2 冣 evaluate the integral.

29. h共x兲 
1
4
sinh 2x 
x
2
55. 冕 0
ln 2
tanh x dx 56. 冕 0
1
cosh2 x dx

30. y  x cosh x  sinh x

31. f 共t兲  arctan共sinh t兲
57. 冕 0
4
1
25  x 2
dx 58. 冕 0
4
1
冪25  x2
dx

冕 冕
冪2兾4 ln 2
32. g共x兲  sech2 3x 2
59. dx 60. 2ex cosh x dx
0 冪1  4x2 0

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 5.8 Hyperbolic Functions 391

Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 83– 86,

WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS evaluate the definite integral using the formulas from
61. Comparing Functions Discuss several ways in which Theorem 5.20.

冕 冕
the hyperbolic functions are similar to the trigonometric 7 3
functions. 1 1
83. dx 84. dx
3 冪x  4  x2
2
1 x冪4

冕 冕
62. Hyperbolic Functions Which hyperbolic functions 1 1
take on only positive values? Which hyperbolic functions 1 1
85. dx 86. dx
are increasing on their domains? 1 16  9x2 0 冪25x2  1

63. Comparing Derivative Formulas Which Differential Equation In Exercises 87–90, solve the
hyperbolic derivative formulas differ from their differential equation.
trigonometric counterparts by a minus sign?
dy 1
87. 
dx 冪80  8x  16x 2
dy 1
88. 
64. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graphs of f dx 共x  1兲冪4x2  8x  1
and g shown in the figures to answer the following. dy x3  21x
89. 
y y dx 5  4x  x 2
dy 1  2x
3 2 90. 
g(x) = tanh x dx 4x  x 2
2 1
Area In Exercises 91–94, find the area of the region.
x
f(x) = cosh x −2 −1 1 2 x
x −1 91. y  sech 92. y  tanh 2x
−2 −1 1 2
2
−1 −2 y y

1.4 3
(a) Identify the open interval(s) on which the graphs of f 1.2
2
and g are increasing or decreasing. 1
(b) Identify the open interval(s) on which the graphs of f 0.6 x
and g are concave upward or concave downward. 0.4 − 3 −2 −1 1 2 3
0.2
x −2
− 4 −3 − 2 −1 1 2 3 4 −3
Finding a Derivative In Exercises 65–74, find the derivative
of the function.
5x 6
93. y  94. y 
65. y  cosh1 共3x兲 冪x 4  1 冪x2  4
x y y
66. y  tanh1
2 4 8
3
67. y  tanh 1冪
x 68. f 共x兲  coth 共x 兲 1 2
6
2
69. y  sinh 共tan x兲 1
70. y  tanh 共sin 2x兲 1 1 4
x
71. y  共csch1 x兲 2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 2
72. y  sech1共cos 2x兲, 0 < x < 兾4 x
−4 −2 2 4
73. y  2x sinh1 共2x兲  冪1  4x2 −4 −2
74. y  x tanh1 x  ln冪1  x 2
95. Chemical Reactions Chemicals A and B combine in a
Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 75–82, find 3-to-1 ratio to form a compound. The amount of compound x
the indefinite integral using the formulas from Theorem 5.20. being produced at any time t is proportional to the unchanged

冕 冕
amounts of A and B remaining in the solution. So, when
1 1
75. dx 76. dx 3 kilograms of A is mixed with 2 kilograms of B, you have
3  9x2 2x冪1  4x2

77. 冕 1
冪1  e2x
dx 78. 冕 x
9  x4
dx
dx
dt
k 3
3x
4 冢 冣冢2  4x 冣  163k 共x 2
 12x  32兲.

79. 冕 1
冪x冪1  x
dx 80. 冕 冪x
冪1  x3
dx
One kilogram of the compound is formed after 10 minutes.
Find the amount formed after 20 minutes by solving the equation

81. 冕 1
4x  x 2
dx 82. 冕 dx
共x  2兲冪x2  4x  8 冕 3k
16
dt  冕 dx
x 2  12x  32
.

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
392 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

96. Vertical Motion An object is dropped from a height of Verifying a Differentiation Rule In Exercises 106–108,
400 feet. verify the differentiation formula.
(a) Find the velocity of the object as a function of time d 1
(neglect air resistance on the object). 106. 关cosh1 x兴 
dx 冪x 2  1
(b) Use the result in part (a) to find the position function. d 1
107. 关sinh1 x兴 
(c) If the air resistance is proportional to the square of the dx 冪x 2  1
velocity, then dv兾dt  32  kv 2, where 32 feet per d 1
second per second is the acceleration due to gravity and k 108. 关sech1 x兴 
dx x冪1  x2
is a constant. Show that the velocity v as a function of
time is v共t兲   冪32兾k tanh共冪32k t兲 by performing
兰 dv兾共32  kv2兲  兰 dt and simplifying the result. PUTNAM EXAM CHALLENGE
(d) Use the result of part (c) to find lim v共t兲 and give its 109. From the vertex 共0, c兲 of the catenary y  c cosh共x兾c兲 a
t→  line L is drawn perpendicular to the tangent to the catenary
interpretation.
at point P. Prove that the length of L intercepted by the
(e) Integrate the velocity function in part (c) and find the axes is equal to the ordinate y of the point P.
position s of the object as a function of t. Use a graphing
utility to graph the position function when k  0.01 and 110. Prove or disprove: there is at least one straight line
the position function in part (b) in the same viewing normal to the graph of y  cosh x at a point 共a, cosh a兲 and
window. Estimate the additional time required for the also normal to the graph of y  sinh x at a point 共c, sinh c兲.
object to reach ground level when air resistance is not 关At a point on a graph, the normal line is the perpendicular
neglected. to the tangent at that point. Also, cosh x  共ex  ex兲兾2
(f) Give a written description of what you believe would and sinh x  共ex  ex兲兾2.兴
happen if k were increased. Then test your assertion with These problems were composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
© The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.
a particular value of k.

97. Tractrix Consider the equation of the tractrix

y ⴝ a sech ⴚ1冇x/a冈 ⴚ 冪a2 ⴚ x2, a > 0.

(a) Find dy兾dx. St. Louis Arch
(b) Let L be the tangent line to the tractrix at the point P. The Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri, was constructed using
When L intersects the y-axis at the point Q, show that the the hyperbolic cosine function. The equation used for construction
distance between P and Q is a. was
98. Tractrix Show that the boat in Example 5 is always y  693.8597  68.7672 cosh 0.0100333x,
pointing toward the person.
299.2239
x
299.2239
99. Proof Prove that
where x and y are measured in feet. Cross sections of the arch are
1x
tanh1 x 
1
2
ln 冢
1x 冣
, 1 < x < 1. equilateral triangles, and 共x, y兲 traces the path of the centers of mass
of the cross-sectional triangles. For each value of x, the area of the
cross-sectional triangle is
100. Proof Prove that
A  125.1406 cosh 0.0100333x.
sinh1 t  ln共t  冪t2  1 兲.
(Source: Owner’s Manual for the Gateway Arch, Saint Louis, MO,
101. Using a Right Triangle Show that
by William Thayer)
arctan共sinh x兲  arcsin共tanh x兲. (a) How high above
102. Integration Let x > 0 and b > 0. Show that the ground is the
center of the highest

冕 b

b
xt
e dt 
2 sinh bx
x
.
triangle? (At ground
level, y  0.)
(b) What is the height
Proof In Exercises 103–105, prove the differentiation formula. of the arch? (Hint:
For an equilateral
d
103. 关cosh x兴  sinh x triangle, A  冪3c 2,
dx
where c is one-half the base of the triangle, and the center of
d mass of the triangle is located at two-thirds the height of the
104. 关coth x兴  csch2 x
dx triangle.)
d (c) How wide is the arch at ground level?
105. 关sech x兴  sech x tanh x
dx
Ken Nyborg/Shutterstock.com

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A49
y y
73. 75. 43. 2冪et  3  2冪3 arctan共冪et  3兾冪3兲  C 45. 兾6
π
( −1,
2
π ( 47. a and b 49. a, b, and c
π π 51. No. This integral does not correspond to any of the basic
2 ) )
2,
2
(1, 0)
x π
integration rules.
−1
π
1 2 3 2
53. y  arcsin共x兾2兲  
−
2 )0, − π2 ) ( 12 , 0(
x 55. (a) y 2 x
(b) y  arctan  2
−π −2 −1 1 2
4
3 3
5


Maximum: 2,
2 冢 冣 Maximum:  , 
1
2 冢 冣 x

冢 冣 1
冢 冣
4
Minimum: 0,  Minimum: ,0 −4
2 2 4

 −1
Point of inflection: 共1, 0兲 Asymptote: y  −4
2
77. y  2 x兾共  8兲  1   2兾共2  16兲 57. 4 59. 3

79. y  x  冪2
−6 12
81. If the domains were not restricted, then the trigonometric
functions would have no inverses, because they would not be −3 3

one-to-one.
−8 −1
83. (a) arcsin共arcsin 0.5兲 ⬇ 0.551
arcsin共arcsin 1兲 does not exist. 61. 兾3 63. 兾8 65. 3兾2
(b) sin共1兲  x  sin共1兲 67. (a) y
(b) 0.5708
85. False. The range of arccos is 关0, 兴. (c) 共  2兲兾2
2
87. True 89. True
91. (a)  arccot共x兾5兲
1
(b) x  10: 16 rad兾h; x  3: 58.824 rad兾h
93. (a) h共t兲  16t 2  256; t  4 sec
x
(b) t  1: 0.0520 rad兾sec; t  2: 0.1116 rad兾sec 1 2

95. 50冪2 ⬇ 70.71 ft 97. (a) and (b) Proofs

99. (a) y
69. (a) F共x兲 represents the average value of f 共x兲 over the interval
(b) The graph is a horizontal 关x, x  2兴. Maximum at x  1
2
 (b) Maximum at x  1

1
line at .
(c) Proof
2 71. False. 冕dx
3x冪9x 2  16 12

1
arcsec
3x
4
C
ⱍ ⱍ
73. True 75–77. Proofs
−1 1
x
79. (a)
0
1

1 冕

1
x2
dx (b) About 0.7847
101. c  2 103. Proof
(c) Because
1 1
0 1  x
2 冕 
dx  , you can use the Trapezoidal
4
Section 5.7 (page 380) 
Rule to approximate . Multiplying the result by 4 gives
4
x an estimation of .
1. arcsin
3
C 3. arcsec 2x  C ⱍ ⱍ
5. arcsin共x  1兲  C 7. 12 arcsin t 2  C Section 5.8 (page 390)
2
1 t 1 1. (a) 10.018 (b) 0.964 3. (a) 43 (b) 13
9. arctan  C 11. arctan 共e 2x兾2兲  C 12
10 5 4 5. (a) 1.317 (b) 0.962 7–13. Proofs
13. arcsin
tan x
5 冢 C 冣
15. 2 arcsin冪x  C 15. cosh x  冪13兾2; tanh x  3冪13兾13; csch x  2兾3;
sech x  2冪13兾13; coth x  冪13兾3
1
2 ln共x  1兲  3 arctan x  C
17. 2
17.  19. 0 21. 1 23. 3 cosh 3x
19. 8 arcsin关共x  3兲兾3兴  冪6x  x 2  C 21. 兾6 25. 10x关sech共5x2兲 tanh共5x2兲兴 27. coth x 29. sinh2 x
23. 兾6 25. 15 arctan 35 ⬇ 0.108 31. sech t 33. y  2x  2 35. y  1  2x
1 2
27. arctan 5  兾4 ⬇ 0.588 29. 兾4 31. 32  ⬇ 0.308 37. Relative maxima: 共± , cosh 兲; Relative minimum: 共0, 1兲
33. 兾2 ⱍ
35. ln x 2  6x  13  3 arctan关共x  3兲兾2兴  C ⱍ 39. Relative maximum: 共1.20, 0.66兲;
37. arcsin关共x  2兲兾2兴  C 39. 4  2冪3  16  ⬇ 1.059 Relative minimum: 共1.20, 0.66兲
41. 12 arctan共x2  1兲  C

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A50 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

41. (a) y

(b) 33.146 units; 25 units

30
(c) m  sinh共1兲 ⬇ 1.175
20

10

x
−10 10 20

43. 12 sinh 2x  C 45.  12 cosh共1  2x兲  C

1
47. 3 cosh3共x  1兲  C 49. ln sinh x  C ⱍ ⱍ
51. coth共x 2兾2兲  C 53. csch共1兾x兲  C 55. ln共5兾4兲
57. 15 ln 3 59. 兾4 61. Answers will vary.
1
63. cosh x, sech x 65. 3兾冪9x 2  1 67.
2 x 共1  x兲
冪
2 csch1 x
ⱍ
69. sec x ⱍ
71.
x 冪1  x2
73. 2 sinh 共2x兲
ⱍⱍ
1

75.
冪3
18
ln
1  冪3x
1  冪3xⱍ C
ⱍ
77. ln共冪e2x  1  1兲  x  C

79. 2 sinh1冪x  C  2 ln共冪x  冪1  x兲  C

81.
1
4
ln
ⱍ ⱍ
x4
x
C
4x  1
83. ln
3  冪5
2
85.
ln 7
12 冢 冣
1
87. arcsin
4 9 冢
C 冣
x2
89.   4x 
2
10 x  5
3
ln
x1
91. 8 arctan共e 兲  2 ⬇ 5.207
2
C
ⱍ ⱍ
93. 52 ln共冪17  4兲 ⬇ 5.237
52
95. 31 kg 97. (a)  冪a 2  x 2兾x (b) Proof
99–107. Proofs 109. Putnam Problem 8, 1939