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VOLUME,. 27 No. 1& 2 2007

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MATHEMATICAL SCIEI\CES
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VOLUME. 27 ' "NU:.l.$'!::i a00?

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TheNepaliMath. Sci. RePort.
Y o L 2 7 , N o .I & 2 , 2 0 0 7 . r l
t

CONTENTS
Page
l. Finite rangemodel to describethe distributionof infant deathby age
- T i k a R a m A r y a. l ""';""' t1I
Uniform versionof Wiener-Tatbcrianthcorcmfor Wieneralgebra
- ChetRaj Bhana.. [ 11 ]

J. scries
On doubleN0rlundsummabilityof Fourier-Jacobi
- SatishChandra 1171

The (41) (Cl) summabilityof the conjugatcscriesof a Fourierseries

- Binod PrasadDhakal [31]
A Associtedpolynomialsto DirichletandFejerkemels
J.,andtipez-Bonilla . . '
- M. Galaz.Larios,R. Garcia-Olivo, I3sl
Transientanalysisof MIM|M machinerepairmodclwith mixedspares
- Madhu Jain and RekhaKumari t43l

7 . K0the-Toeplitzduals
Kumar Mishra and ShankarRaj Pant
- GeetaBhakta Joshi,Shailendra [57]

Remarkson fixed pointtheoremunderimplicit relations

- SantoshKumarandK. Jha . [611

On APST Riemannianmanifoldwith secondordergeneralised

structure
- S. B. Mishra-Pravin Kumar MathurandMohit Saxena. t6el
tu. Mathematical statebum damagedueto hot temperature
estimationof unsteady
- V. P. Saxen4 P. R. Adhikary and D. B' Gurung. t75l

1 1 . A noteon the upperradialof S (pt + p, ) of hemirings

- MuhmmadZulifiqar [85]

'
ComputerTypesettingat UNIONCOMPUTERS
Wotu35, Ward No.24, Tadhanbahal, Ph: 9803196931,4252281
Kathmandu.
Printedat TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITYPRESS
Kirtipur,Kathmandu,Ph: 4331320,4331321
 ...: ..

The Nepali Math. Sc. Report

Yol.27. No.l & 2.2007.

Finite range model to describethe

distribution of infant death by age
TIKA RAM ARYAL*
Postdoctoral ResearchFellow
. Instituteof EconomicResearch,
HitotsubashiUniversity,Tokyo,Japan.
E-mail:traryal@ediffrnail.com& traryal@ier.hit-u.acjp

Abstract:ThispaperproposestheFiniterangemodelto describe thedistributionofinfant deathby

age.NepalDemographic andHealthSurveys datawereutilizedfor thispurpose.
Finiterangemodel
wasfoundto be an appropriate
modelfor theapproximation of thedishibutionof infantdeathsby
agein months.Misreporteddeathcaseswerefoundto be0.46and1.56percentrespectively for the
surveysof 1996and2001data.It is believedthatthefindingofthis papermayhelpplannersand
policy-makers properpolicyin reducingtheinfantandchildmortalityof a country.
for designing

l. Introduction

The level of infant and child mortalityreflectsthe level of socio-economic developmentand

healthstatusof a country[]. Despitethe fact that infantmortalityhasreducedto a very low
level amongwell-off and industrializedcountriesbut developingcounties still experienced a
very high level of early childhoodmortality [2]. The consistencyof mortality estimatesis
entirely dependson the extentand natureof datato which dateof birth and age at deathare
accurately reportedandrecorded,andalongwith the completeness of suchdata[3, 4].
In'most of the developingcountries,the vital registation systemincluding births and
deathssuffers from the problemsof omission,over or under counts the events[5]. The
omissionsand misreportingof the dataaremore often appearedin the retrospectivesurveys,
whicheithermay be dueto memorylapseor may be dueto digit preferenceof the respondents
[6]. Generally,eventsare over-reportedat somepreferredageslike 3 months,6 months,9
months,etc.,particularlyin the developingcountries[,7], which affectsthe estimationof
infantmortalityrateandchild mortalityrateof a country.
Theile [8] proposeda seven-parnmeter model to study the age pattern of mortality;
however,HeligmanandPollard[9] introducedan eight-parameter model in orderto improve
the fitting of mortality daa. Mita and Denny [0] proposeda model to graduatemortality
patternafterthe ageof30 years.A numberofresearchers haddevelopedand/orgraduatedthe
survivalfunctionfor the studyof mortalitypatern at earlyagesusinghlperbolic, logarithmic
andWeibulldistibutionsI I,l2]. KrishnanandJin [3] appliedParetodistributionto describe
the agepatternof earlychildhoodmortality.Chauhan[7] usedfinite rangemodelto describe
theagepatternofinfant death.

* PostdoctoralResearchFellow at the institute ofEconomic Researclr,Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan

& Associatedwith Cenhal Departnent of Statistics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu. Nepal.
Itl TIKA RAM ARYAL
t&l

InNepal,theinfantmortalityratewas.l82.in|964,156in1974113in1984,79in|996,
64 in 2001and it came;;il;51 per 1000live birthsin2006 [], 14, 15, 16].under-five
to I l8 in 1996to 9l in 2001to 5l per
;";;li yrate declinedfrim297 in 1960to2o2n 1986
rqteha; declinedfrom 6'3 in l97l to
1000live births in 2000'iil,JOt. Hor""u.r, total fertility-
4.1 in 2001to 3.1 per *;;; in zoootl4; 16l.Theseirguresshowadecliningtrend-u'ttry
iiis still very.highlevel of-infantand
childhoodmortality -a f"ttiiity in a country.Though,
Asiandevelopingcounties[l]'
child mortalityandfertility in a countryascomparedlo
On this Ua.t gro*J'oii'tigft ."ttfrty and fertility in a.count', a thoroughstudyon the
-deaths
distributionof infantandchild is importantfor achievingto thereductionin fertility and
earlymortality as well ;i; ittp;"e the iuality of healthof ttrepeople'No doubta concise
modeldescriptionof pastmortaiityPatterns ptouid.t thebasisfor projections[17]' It hasbeen
haveevolvedrapidly in current
realizedthat the;ttrroty-anJp*"ti.t of forecastingmortality
decades [18, 19,20,21). hasnot intensivelybeencanied
Adequatework on thedistibutionof infantdeathsby age
perhapsbe du9 to the lack of reliable dataor the lack of interest
out yet in Nepal.This may-il.i.for.,
the main aim of this article is to proposea Finite range
amongthe researcherr.
modeltodescribethedistributionofinfantdeathbyage.Thepqq.t.Iinvo|vedofthemodel
methods'The dataaretakenfrom
havebeenestimatedthroughthe leastsquareand-iteration
theNepalFamilyrr"aiis.u*vo.rrrrs.rqso1996andtheNepalDemographicandHealth
Survey(NDHS 200l) ;ili-d, ra1 1L both ihe surveys,eachwomanwas askedaboutthe
andthenumberwho haddied'andthe
numberof sonsanooaugil#rivini witrrher,elsewhere
alongw11hth:r.rname'sex'age(if alive)
numberof pregnancie,fiiuf Oianot-endin a live birth
in MOH [4' l4]'
aeattriif OeaO,ri.. fn" detailsaboutthe surveysarefound
", "L, "
2. Finite RangeModel
of infant deathsby age'
Finite range model has beenproposedto study the distibution
in nature and having lessnumb,erof
This model has been.ito-..n u".uirseof its simplicity Mukherjee-and.lslam
proposed by
Darameters involvedin the model.Finiterangemodel-was
ttriffi:ffi;;il;liq/. A brief
itto
ai;""h- [7]i-nroduced graduate theinfantdeaths.
iescripion of the modelis givenbelow' ^ .
probabilitydensityfunctionof
Let x be the agein toitftt at deathof the infant,thenthe
x ls,

(l) f ( x ) = + ( ; ) ' ;o < ' < o : o > o a nod< P < |

whered andp arescaleandshapeparameters of thedistributionrespectively'
function
distribution
cumulative
The corresponding is givenby

(2) F(x<o =(;)' ;0<r<g;0 >0and0<P<l

Themean,medianandvarianceofttreFiniterangemodelaregivenasbelow'

Mean= ^ = (#) = M6
o, Median =fr+li
I, J
L -

= otr=l
andVariance
**W)r
 M.IITE RANGE MODELTO DESCRIBETHE DISTRIBUTIONoF INFANT DEATHBY AGE

3. Estimation of Parameters
Leastsquaretechniquehas beenproposedto estimatethe parametersof the model.The
paramete$arealsoestimatedby usingiterationmethod,andthencomparedit with leastsquare
method.It is hypothesizethatthe leastsquaretechniquemay providebetterestimatethanthat
of iterationmethodbecausein iterationmethodthe scaleparameteris takenasfixed.
Iteration Method: The estimatedvalue of shapeparameter,p, canbe obtainedby fxing the
scaleparameter O.LetD and Do arethetotalnumberof infantdeaths(deathsup to t2 months;
andneonataldeaths(deathsup to 30 days)respectively.Thenthe proportionofneonataldeaths
is givenas,
(3) n=&
Thustheproportion upa m nl, rnonthof ageby fixing0 =t2, isgiven
of infantdeaths as,

(4) -\n)
F6 <x)=[L\P
On solvingequations
(3) and(4), we get,

(5) ^ = (1)o
\t2t
By solving equation(5), we get the estimatedvalueof shapeparameter,
p, as

(6) hBR
'i = Log(rlrz)
Using estimatedvaluep given by expression(6), the correspondingcumulativeproportionof
deathup to ageof lst month,2ndmonth,3d month,4th. . ., 12trmonthcanbe calculatedby
using equation(4). The proportionof deathsduring particularmonthsof age can also be
calculatedby subtactingthe successivevaluesof cumulativeproportionof deaths.
Symbolically,proportionof deathsduringmonthr is expressed as
(7) F(Xcx+ t)-F(X<x); forx> I
andthe proportionof deathsduring ln monthis F(X< l).
Thusthe expecteddeathscanbe obtainedas

(8) EIDr)= DF (xcx ), for.r=1,2,3, . . .lz-

Least-SquareMethod: It is quitedifticult to fix thescaleparameterdof thedistributionand
sometimesit would lead mis-interpretationsof the parameters.Thus the leastsquaremethod
canbe usedto estimateboththe parameteninvolvedin the model.By takingtog'bothsidesin
equation(2), we getthe following linearequatio.n.
(e) log.F(x)= -plog0 + plogx
(9) canbere-wrinenas,
Theequation
(10) Y=A+pX
where,logF(x) : Y,- p log0 = A and logx=X
 TIKA RAM ARYAL
t4l

Tr
(10) a
F(x) is thesamplecumulativedistributionfunctionof ager. Since,expression is in
linearform. Sothat using leastsquareprinciple,both the parametersPmd 0 caneasilybe Ag
estimated. (in

4. Applicationof the Model

Table I showsthe observedand expecteddistributionof infantdeathsby agein months
(deathsduring0-4 yearsprior to the surveydate)for NFHS 1996data'The parameters.of the
iteration as well as least squaremethods'The estimated
model are eltimatea by using
of freedomare also presentedin the same
farameters,chi-squarevatuesha their degees
table.The sunrmarymeasures like mean,mediattandvarianceof themodelarealsocomputed
andarepresented in the sametablefor boththedarasets'
(NFHS 1996)
Table I ObservedAnd ExpectedNumber of Infant DeathsBy Age

F\X <x) dea:hs

ExPected

352 0.6629 3s2.00 0.65087 352.69

0-1 42.64
t-z 32 0.7435 42.77 0.7296
JU 0.7950 27.39 0.7799 27.29
z-J
15 0.8338 20.58 0.8178 20.50
3-4
19 0.8652 16.65 0.8484 16.58
4-5
12 0.8917 14.06 0.8742 14-01
J-O
12.23 0.8967 12.17 ;
6-7 14 0.9147
Me
I 0.9351 10.85 0.9166 10.80
7-8 Var
12 0.9535 9.76 0.9346 9.72
8-9
12 0.9703 8.90 0.9509 8.86
9-10
10 0.9857 8.19 0.9660 8.15
1 0 - 11
't4 1.0000 7.58 0.99997 7.55
(dea
11-12
and
whe
0.16545 01u7
b Para
13.57
e 12.00 The
data
x2 13.48
metl
d.f. 9
The
Mean 1.70 1.83 and
Median 0.18 0.20
4.36 5.56
Variance mon
I 99(
methodwhereasit was bya
The shapeparameter, P, was found to be 0.1655for iteration
m#od, which is almost identical for the NFHS data'It is to be noted be0
01647 for least-square
fixed in iteration method whereas it wasestimated 0(=
thatthe scaleparameter,0 (=12),waskept
square method provides the estimated value of scale it we
in the least squaremethod.Least
than thatof the iteration method' The chi-square value
parameter of d=13.58,whichis higher
moiel fitted well to the data of NFHS 1996' The fitting of the 24n
!ug!.rt.A that the Finiterange
that of iteration method' sha
distributionwas found very"closeby the leastsquaremethodthan
estimated '',"* ug" oi inAnt deathi provided by the model wasfoundto be l '8 resp
Moreover,the
with a variance of 5'6 months' I r.9
monthswhile medianageof infit deathswasaround6 days
 FINITE RANGE MODELTO DESCRJBETIIE DISTruBUNON OF INFANT DEATHBY AGE t5]

Table 2 Observed And ExpectedNumber Of Infant DeathsBy Age (NDHS 2001)

Age at deaths Observed Iteration method Leastsquaremethod

(in months) Deaths
F(X<x) Expecteddeaths F(X<x) Expecteddeaths

0-1 264 0.6168 2U.00 0.6242 267.166

1-2 38 0.7058 38.09 0.7119 37.53
2-3 19 o.7637 24.78 0.7688 24.35
3-4 26 0.8077 18.81 0.8119 18.45
4-5 10 0.8435 15.33 0.8470 15.02
5-6 9 0.8739 13.03 0.8768 12.75
6-7 11 0.9005 11.38 0.9028 11 . 1 3
7-8 I 0.9242 10.14 0.9260 9.91
8-9 13 0.9456 9.16 0.9469 8.95
9-10 11 0.9652 8.38 0.9660 8.18
10-11 I 0.9832 7.73 0.9836 7.il
11-12 10 1.0000 7.18 0.9998 7.01
Total 428 428.00 428.ffi

P 0.1944 0.1896
0 12.0O 12.97

x2 12.41 11.13
d.f. 9 o
Mean 1.95 2.O7
Median 0.34 0.34
Variance 4.87 5.59

Table2 presentsthe observed andexpecteddistributionof infantdeathsby agein months

(deathsduring04 yearspriorto the surveydate)for NDHS 2001data.The shapeparameter, p,
and the scaleparameter,d, was foundto be 0.1944and 12 respectivelyby iterationmethod
whereasit was respectively0.1896 and 12.97by least-square method.The value of scale
parameter wasfoundto be slightlyhigherby leastsquaremethodthanthat of iterationmethod.
The insignificantchi-squarevaluealsosuggested that the Finiterangemodelfitted well to the
data of NDHS 2001. Here too, the small value of chi-squareproducedby the leastsquare
methodconfrms the betterfits to thedataof infantdeathsby agethanthat of iterationmethod.
The estimatedmeanage of infantdeathsprovidedby the modelwas found to be 2.1 months
andmedianageof infantdeathwas l0 dayswith varianceof 5.6months.
Further,Finite rangemodelhasbeenproposedto graduatethe deathpatternsup to 24
months.The suitabilityof thisgraduated modelhasalsobeentestedby the samedataof NFHS
1996andNDHS 2001.Table3 displaysthe observed andexpecteddistributionof infantdeaths
5 by ageup to 24 monthsfor NFHS 1996data.The estimatedshapeparameter, p, wasfoundto
be 0.1673and0.1805for iterationandleast-square methodrespectively. The scaleparameter,
1
J
0(=24),waskept fixed in iterationmethodwhereasit wasestimatedin leastsquaremethodand
it wasfoundto be lower@=23.36\thanthatof theiterationmethod.
Similarly,Table4 displaysthe observed andexpectedvaluesof infantdeathsby ageup to
24 months(deathsduring 04 yearsprior to the surveydate)for the NDHS 2001 data.The
t. shapeparameter, p, was foundto be 0.1881and 0.1970for iterationand least-square method
8 respectively.The scaleparameter,0 (=24),waskept fxed in iterationmethodwhereasit was
21.98obtainedby leastsquaremethod,which is quite lowerthanthat of the iterationmethod.
a

t6l TIKA RAM ARYAL

n
The least squaremethod was found to be more appropriatetechniqueto estimatethe 0
parametersof the model than iteration methodand that confirms by fining the distributions
(TablesI to 4). d
Table 3 EstimationOf Extent Of MisreportingOf Infant Deaths(NFHS 1996) S
d
Age at deaths Observed Iteration method kast souare method n
(in months) Deaths ir
F(X<x) Expecteddeaths F(Xs x) Expecteddeaths r
i
0-1 352 0.5876 352.00 0.5662 337.50 v
1-2 32 0.6599 43.27 0.6417 44.98
2-3 30 0.7062 27.74 0.6904 29.M
3-4 15 0.7410 20.85 0.7272 21.94
4-5 19 o.7692 16.88 0.7571 17.81
't5.10
5-6 12 0.7930 14.27 0.7824
o-/ 14 0.8137 12.41 0.8045 13.'t6
7-8 9 0.8321 11.01 0.8241 11.69
8-9 12 0.8487 9.92 0.8418 10.51
9-10 12 0.8638 9.(X 0.8580 9.63
tu-t I 10 0.8777 8.32 0.8729 8.87
11-12 14 0.8905 7.71 0.8867 8.23
12-13 15 0.9025 7.19 0.8996 7.69
13-14 7 0.9138 6.74 0.9117 7,22
14-15 6 0.924r'. 6.35 0.9231 6.81
15-16 7 0.9344 6.01 0.9339 6.44
16-17 6 0.9439 5.71 0.9442 6.12
17-18 4 0.9s30 5.43 0.9540 5.83
18-19 10 0.9617 5.19 0.9634 5.57
19-20 2 0.9699 4.96 0.9723 5.34
20-21 3 0.9779 4.76 0.9809 5.12
21-22 2 0.9856 4.57 0.9892 4.93
22-23 2 0.9929 4.40 0.9972 4.75
23-24 4 1.0000 4.25 0.9999 4.58

Total 599 599.00 599.00

0.16728 0.1805
P
e 24.OO ZJ.JO

z2 22.82 21.01
d.f. 15 15
Reportedinfant deaths 531.00 531.00
Calculatedinfant deaths 533.42 531.13
No. of deathsunderreported 2.42 0.13
Percentunderreported 0.46 0.03

Thus, the values of chi-squareindicate that the graduatedmodel fitted reasonablywell to

the data of Nepal for describing the distribution of infant deathsby age up to 24 months. So
this model may be utitized to estimatethe extent of misreporting of infant deathsby age during
the infancy.
It has been observedthat the death patternsduring infancy usually biased either under-
reporting or over-reporting of death events. It is also noted that the infant mortality rate is
apparenily aflected by such biased reporting during the ages of 12 months [l]. The extent of
 FINITE RANGE MODELTO DESCRIBETHE DISTRIBUTIONOF INFANT DEATHBY AGE T7]

misreporting of infant deathsmay be estimatedby taking the expected deaths from the
*tTff#oi,l;
* (the last row) showthe extent of misreporting at t2months, when ageat
deathis graduatedupto24 months.Sincethe modelwasfitted reasonably well to bottrthe data
sets.Hencethe correctedvaluesofinfant deathscanbe obtainedby takingthe sumofexpected
deathsup to 12 monthsfrom graduatedmodel. This may provide the natureand extent of
misreporteddeathsat the infancy.The differencesbetweenthe distributionsof the fittings of
infantdeathby ageup to 12 monthsand up to 24 monthsmay be attributedthe extentof mis-
reportingof the events.It wasfoundthat around0.46per centinfant deathswere misreported
i.e.,under-reportedfor thedataof NFHS 1996(Table3). Similarly,the extentof misreporting
wasfoundto be 1.56per centfor thedataof NDHS 2001(Table4).
Table 4 ['.stimationOf Extent Of Misreporting Of Infant Deaths(NDHS 2001)

Age at deaths Observed Iteration method Leastsouaremethod

(in months) Deaths
F(X <x) Expecteddeaths F(X < x) Expecteddeaths

0-1 264 0.5500 264.00 0.5346 256.63

1-2 38 0.6266 36.77 0.6129 37.55
2-3 19 0.6763 23.84 0.6639 24.47
34 26 0.7139 18.05 0.7026 18.58
4-5 10 0.7445 14.69 0.7341 15 . 1 6
$-o 9 0.7704 12.47 0.7610 12.89
6-7 11 0.7931 10.88 0.7845 11.26
7-8 8 0.8133 9.68 0.6054 10.04
8-9 13 0.8315 8.75 0.8243 9.08
9-10 11 0.8482 7.99 0.8416 8.30
1 0 - 11 I 0.8635 7.37 0.8575 /.oo
11-12 10 0.8778 6.84 0.8723 I. tz

12-13 I 0.8911 6.39 0.8862

13-14 11 0.9036 6.00 0.8992 o.zo
5.67 0.9116 601
14-15 rt 0.9154
5.37 0.9232 AAN
15-16 2 0.9266
16-17 2 0.9372 5.10 0.9343 3.52
4 0.9473 4.86 0.9449 rna
17-18
18-19 10 0.9570 4.65 0.9550 4.86
19-20 7 0.9663 4.45 0.9647 4.66
20-21 I 0.9752 4.28 0.9740 4.47
21-22 0 0.9838 4.11 0.9830 4.30
22-23 0 0.9920 3.97 0.9916 4.15
1.0000 3.83 n oooo 4.01
23-24 I

Total 480 480.00 480.00

0.1881 0.1970
b
e 24.OO 21.98

x2 21.68 20.51
l2
d.f. 13

Reportedinfant deaths 428.00 428.00

Calculatedinfant deaths 421.32 418.73
No. ofdeaths underrePorted 6.68 9.27
Percentof underreported 1.56 2.17
t8l TIKA RAM ARYAL

Hence,the model also confirmsthat the infant deathsunder-reportedin the surveys.This tej
result is consistentwith the other findings [,21]. These figures clearly indicatethat the
misreportingof infantdeathsby agewashigherfor theNDHS 2001datathanthatof tre NFHS ll0
1996 data. Similar fashion has been adoptedfor computing probablebias occurredin
successive monthsduringinfancy.
tlll
Finding suggeststhat infant mortality.ratedirectly affectsby the reportingof deaths
during infancy.Thereforedue attentionshouldbe paid by consideringdeathsundeneported tt l. t- lt
during infancywhile computingthe infant moralfty rates.This study further suggeststhat
Finiterangemodelmaygraduatethe numberof deathsat differentagesduringearlychildhood
for thedevelopingcountrylike Nepal.
tl3
5. Conclusions
lt4
This study suggeststhat Finite range model may be an appropriatemodel for the
approximation of the distributionof infantdeathsby agein monthsin thedevelopingcountries lls
like Nepal.With the helpof this model,theextentof misreportingof ageat deathscanalsobe tl 6
estimated.The descriptivestatisticsare alsocomputedwith the help of the frttedmodel.The
estimatedprobablebiasedvaluewasfoundto be0.46per centfor theNFHS 1996datawhile it ll T
was 1.56per centfor theNDHS 2001data.Findingsmay help policy-makers andplannersfor
designingproperpolicy to reduceinfantandchild mortalityandto inprove mother'shealthof t ls
a country.
tl el
Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledgeProfessorSatoruKanoh, Institute of EconomicResearch, t20

HitotsubashiUniversity,Tokyo, Japan,for his inspiring guidanceand encouragements in
preparingthis article.I amthankfulto the JapanSocietyfor the Promotion
of Science,
Tokyo, [2t]
Japan,for offeringPostdoctoralFellowshipto me.
l 1 1 j)
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[13]Krishnan, P. andY. Jin.l statisticqlmodelforinfantmortality.Paper presented at the
IUSSPMeetings, Montreal,Canada, August,25-September I, 1993.
I a] MOH./iepal DemographicandH ealthSurvey200l : Report,Ministryof Health,
Kathmandu, Nepal,200l.
[5]CBS. Statistical YearBook.Cental Bureauof Statistic,Kathmandu, Nepal 1987.
[6]MOH. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2006: Preliminary Report.Ministry of
Health,Kathmandu, Nepal,2006.
ITJBongaarts,J. Long-rangetrendsin adultmortality:modelsandprojectionmethods.
WorkingPaperNo. 192,Population Research Division,Population Council,2004.
[ | 8]Keyfita N. Experimentin theprojectionof mortality.CanadianStudiesin Population,
vol.l8(2):l-17, 1991.
I I 9]Lee,R. Probabilisticapproaches to populationforecasting. PopulationandDevelopment
Review, (Supplement-Frontiers of Population forecasting)vol.24:156-190,1998.
[20]Tabeau, E., A. Jeths,andC. Heathcote. ForecastingMortality in DevelopedCountries.
Dordrecht, TheNetherlands: KluwerAcademic Publishers,2001.
I
[2 ]Aryal, T. R. Soze mathematical
models in demograplry and their applications.Occasional
PaperApplicationof Mathematics, Cental Department of Mathematics, Tribhuvan
University,Kathmandu, Nepal,v ol. 2; | -12, 20A4.
[22]Mukharjee,S. P. andA. Islam.A Finiterangedistributionof failuretime.NavalResearch
LogisticQuarterly,vol. 30:487-491,1983.
The Nepali Math. Sc. Report
Yol.T7.No.l & 2.2007'

Uniform versionof Wiener-Tauberiantheorem

for Wiener algebra
CHET RAJ BHATTA
CenfialDepartmentof Mathematics,
TribhuvanUniversiry,
Kirtipur, Kathmandu,NePal.
Email:crbhatta@Yahoo.com
theorem
Abstract:TheWiener-Tauberian for IRsaysthattheclosedtranslation subspace
invariant
by f e.C(n) it I (n) if a'lOonlyif theFouriertransform/
generated of / In this
vanishes'
never
of thisrcsultin Wieneralgebra"
paperweprovea uniformversion
theorem,locallycompactabeliangroup,translationinvariant
Keywords:Wiener-Tauberian
Wieneralgebra.
subspace,

l.Introduction:
locallycompactabeliangoup with left Haar_1e1ure2. Let K be a
Let G be a separable
nonemptycompactsubsetof G wlich is theclosureof its interior.If / is measurable
function
on G, we define

f' :G -+[0,o] bY
fn( r)=llf€*xll*
Let .frbethe setof Measurable functions g on G for whichg* e Lr. 4 is a Banachspace

with norm ll ,f ll l= ll "fo llr. ln fafj!.fi, is a BanachalgebraunderConvolution'

TheWieneralgebra,/(G) is defmedasfollows:
W(G)= lf e 4; / is continuous)
on G' For p e n
tet fr, be thesetof all Radonmeasures we define

P o: G - > [ 0 , o ] b Y
p# (x) =ll €xxtr ll = | / | (.xK)

alsop" =l pl* €rt

w(G)*= {p e & ; pn e r-} withthenormll p ll =,1p' ll-

(f ,vA=v@).f = a a , " fe t t t ( G ) ; p e I r ( G ) *
[of
Il2l C. R: BHATTA

Fori e fr, ao:C + l1G1by

@ 1 ( x ) =r h , x e G

Let Sf'(c) and S[tcr' * theunitballof W(C)nd WIG)|reryectively. It

U = { Ce r K ? ) ; f opr e & , , g * p = 0 * p = 0 1
li
For f e Coo(G)

(l.l) ll(,f)rll,=Io K*n*@)ld1(0

=
Ioll*ftsxll-du(a)
=
I" *t lf@)l€o1sG)dt(a)
=
I" 1g,fG)t€yxe-tz)du(s)
=
Io 1g,fe)tCx@-tx-tz)dtr(s)
=
I" *t If @t{*(s-'z)di(s) a
=
J" *t If@lloxQ)d1(v) - l.{

=
I" ::t If€oxz)tdu(c)
= ll f€sxll*du(v)
lo
= ll"f ll*<at
sinceC*(G) is densen W(q,
ro ll,"f llw<ot=llfllw.raforall/e w(G).
Let h e Coo(G),

-
ll ttllv<at lliu ll, - loln'u>tdx(x)
ls
I" t:gllh€"rll.ailx) iln
ri(
I t:g'h€*xtu)vr,)
?
l'a,
J" ;:B Ih(il | €,x(u)d)'(x) T
 IJNIFORMVERSIONOF WIENER.TATJBERIANTHEOREMFOR WIENER ALGEBRA tl 3l

= 'l[ ruolfitvll4*xfu)dt(x)
*o
= | fro = llfillr<ct
Io e) | dr.@)
Let ustake,h e C*(G)

r.3. I nl4pu6yatt')=
? !

t Io^@)€u(odl*liv\dx(x)
? l
= h(x)f*(xasu)dl pl(y)dt(x)
)o Jo
t l
=
JoJoh(x){s-t(ux)dl
pl(s)dx(x)

= ? ?
pl(s)dt(x)
JoJo€*t@)h(v-'x)dl
= ? ?

lo lo h(sax)(6@-\as.14al
pl(v)
= I

Jo (h *(s)@-t)dlp l(u)
- (€*r* fi,lpl)
andhenceito e L*.

1.4. Forf e W(G) andp e W (q*

p*f(x) =
[of{au*)dp(a)
I
=
lof@a-t)dp(s)
- ?

lo*t (su)dp(y)
l -
=
Jo*t @)dp(v-t)
I
=
lo*t Q)dP(a)
= v@)(r"f)

1.5. Theorem: Let G be a separablelocallycompactabeliangroup.Let,/f c IV(G) besuch

that thefanily l@1,:h e,ff| is uniftrmty equicontinuous.
Suppose
there acistfr e ,% with
.forall he,/0 & t e G.
lh(t)lslfr1t11anailhilw<ctsllfillwnu

LetgeU befxedand'llc Sftcr. Suppose drrxp*g(r)+0asx-+ouniformly

forp in
'l,Cthenh p(x)-+0 as.,r-+o uniformlyfor hn,%and pnLe .
a
 C. R. BHATTA
ll4l

in G
proof: Assumeto thecontrary.Sothereexistsd > 0 suchthatfor everycompactsetK
thereexistsxxeG - k,hye,/( nd hx e ltxe ?Csatisffing:

l(hx*px\Qr)l>d.
an increasing
andlocallycompactso G is o-compact'Thusthereexists
SinceG is separable
I
if F is anycompactsetin G
sequencesay{Kr}r.pq of compactsetswith Kn c Int Kn*1and By t
thusthereexistsnowith F . Kno'Wewrite
a oo
hx,= h, Pxn- Fn nd \Kr= xn'

of functionson 6 bY
Definea sequence
An(x) = ,,(hn* F)(x)

supl,s,(x)| = suB| ,,(hn*P")(x)|

= suql(4*a)Q,il
.reG
rhu
= SuP
lv@,1(r,rthl)
'
xeG'

< llv Qt^)llw r'1*ll',' hnllwP7

= llit,llw*llhrllwlc'1 ir-
= llitn#ll-llfrllwrct
< l
sofor givene > 0 thereexistsa nbd u. of
Since{o1 : n enr\ is uniformlyequicontinuous,
=
e in G s.t.for I e U., for x e G, U tr we have

l l ' a -r a lvl G \ < e '

F o r y = & ,l e U . .
=
I ,s,(r)- an@)l l r,tT*pr)(x)-v"(h*tt^)(01
- *
| (h * P)@nx) (h P)(x'g) |
=lvGD(,,'(h))-vG)("rthl)l u/b
=lvG)(*,'(ft,))-',s(h)l Ye
rd
=lv@,)t',('(',)-v(,,,)))l Fo
sllvtdllw(cr
ll-('(r,)-s(r',))ll'"(c) 12
 I.JNIFORMVERSIONOF WENER-TAUBERJANTHEOREMFOR WIENER ALGEBM tI5]

= l'i,,I,w_
ll,tt,l_rtt;X*rot
=lliill-ll,r4r-
v(h)llw,)
<ll 'thl- n{r',tll*ro,
< €

By Ascoli's theorem [5] there exists a pointwise Convergentsubsequence

{,5r- } convergingto

a continuousfunction A on G.Thus for a fixed r and t in G.

'5o@t-t7 -> ,5(xt-t),./ -+ 6

= tstrlt
la,6r'1s(r)lld,6t-''11
sllA ,ill* lg(r )1.
slg(r)l
Thusby Lebesgue
dominatedConvergence
theorem

g(r)dx(t)+ I a@r'1so d).(t)

I o An,('r-') o
i.e. Ani* g(x)+ s*g(x) Vx e G

Now, .!n,*g(x)=
!oon,erg1-t)du(t')
=
lo *,/4,* P, )(xt)s(t-t1a.e'g1
=
I o t'r,. Fn)(xn,xt'tg1-t)d)'(t)
= ({nn,*
an)* s)@n,*)
= ({t,,*@n,*s))@n
x1
= (ltr,* g\ * hn,Utn,x)

=
loui,{Ddt(u)
wtrereUi0)= hni(a)(pni*g)(y-txn.,x)
. Sincep * g vanishes
atinfinityuniformly
for
p e'Itr.Wehave
foranyn e Nthereisacompact
rct f?, s.t ll* Se)l.yrfor z eG - ko
andp e'll'.
=gknx-twhichiscompactsothereexistsTf,Usuchthat
Forye G,let Lf;,a Lf;,acKlfor
i > i i'v andasxr.e K' wehave,
 I.JNIFORMVERSIONOF WIENER-TAI.TBERJAN
THEOREMFOR WIENER ALGEBM tls]

- ll:- ll ll rr r /r .ll

< ll.r4l-a&)llw')
,
I
< €
G
By Ascoli'stheorem[5] thereexistsa poinnliseConvergent
subsequence
{ 6r- } converging
to
a continuousfunction,5on G. Thusfor a fixedx andt in G.

.5n@tt)+ A(xt-t),j +q
l
=l t . l

lAn@r')s(,)| lan@t-')| ls(r)|

3llA nill - ls(r )l.
slg(t)l
Thusby Lebesgue
dominatedConvergence
flreorem

I o A,,(rr-r)s(r)dx(t)-+ I o.s6r's s@d2(t)

i.e. An1*g(x)-+ s*g(x) Vx e G

Now, ,5r,* g(x) = or,(xt)g(t-t) d\(t)

Io
= xn,(4,+pn )@t)s(t-t1al61
)o
'of _
= l xt'tg1-t ) d 1(t)
Jo @,I ltr,)(xr,
= ({hn,*
ttn) * s) @n,x1
= | . . .\ _
x)
\(hn,*Utn,'g))Q"
= (ltn,r,g)* Ih,Utr,x)

=
[oui o aual
wirereUi0)=hni(a)(pni*g)(g-txr,x).sincep*gvanishesatinfinityuniformlyfor

pe'|,t . WehaveforanyneNthereis acompact

seti{n s.t lp* SG)l<NforzeG- kn
a n dp e U .
Forge G,let Lf;,v=gknx-twhichiscompactsothereexistsTf'gsuchthat
Ltrv cKifor
i > i;'v andasx, e K' we have,
tt6l C. R, BHATTA

t , t
g11g-'rr,")lt
/n
l$^,*
luni @)| s Ii(0 | ttn,* s(g-txo x1
< l6ell/,, i>il'a
= U f . ( y ) - + 0 a si + @

theorem
convergence
dominated
Thusby Lebesgue + 0 asjt -> @
loui @ail.U)

i.e.,!n,*g(r)+0 i.e.6*g(x)+0
> 6 = 0 s i n c eg e U '
But,5 (e)= (hn* p)(x)so | 4 (e)l> d
= | A(e) | > d. Which is contradiction'
Thiscompletes theproof.
I
Let S- be theunit ball of lf(q* and S, be theunit ball of IF(G)nd
,
U = { 8 : G + C m e a s u r a bg l ee ,W ( q ; f o r a e B n C , a * g = 0 a a o 0 } '
WhereB andC aresetsof boundedandcontinuous firnctionsrespectively. Thefollowing 1
theroemmayalsoholds. I

1.6. Theorem:Let'lLcS*besuchthatthefamilyl0r:pe'lllisuniftrmlyequicontinuous.
teSl s.t lr(t)ls li(t\lforatt heJ0andatl
LetJ0cW(G),supposethatthereexrst
teG.IfgeS,nlJandp#*gvanishesatinfinityunrformlyforpe'lt,thenp#*hvanishesat
in/inity uniformlyfor everyp eU andk e#A

REFERENCES
lheorem,Joumal
A.Kumar,C. R. Bhatta(2003),A unifu,rmversionof liliener-Tauberian
ltl
of Mathematical SciencesVol.2, 63-71.
theoremforreal line,The
t2l Bhatta,C. R., (2004),Uniformversionof Wiener-Tauberian
NepaliMathematicalSciences Report,Vol. 23 Q\,9-16.
t3l Bhitta, C. R., (2006),UniformVersionofl(iener-Tauberiantheoremforequicontinuous
subsetsoof subspace of Lt(x, p),The NepaliMathematical report,Vol.26(l &2),
Sciences
t
t9-26.
t4l Hewitt,E. &, K. A. Ross,(1963,1970), AbstractHarmonicanalysisI & II, Springer T

Verlag.
t5l Kelly, J. L. (1961),Generaltopology,D. VanNostrandCompany,Inc'
t6l Widber,D. V., (1971), An introduitionto Laplacetransformtheory,Academicpress,New
York.
TlrcNepaliMath' Sc'RePot
Yol.Tl.No.l & 2.2007'

On double Niirlund summabilifY of

Fourier{acobi series
SATISH CHANDRA
Department of Mathematics
College
S. M. Post-Graduate
CHANDAUSI-2o24I2
(rNDrA)

Abstracf In thispaperwe haveproveda theoremon doubleN0rlundsummabilityof Furier-

variousknownresults.Howeverour theoremis asfollows:
Jacobiseries,whichgeneralizes
non-
Theorem:Let (N,pn,qo) be a doubleN|rlund methoddefinedby a real non-negative,
sequence
non-decreasing
increasingsequenctp^\ anda real-non-negative, {q, } .

monotonicincreasingfunctionsof /, suchthat
Let v(r) Nd ^(t)be non-negative

v@)logn=Oll(P")|
drlognl
QnPn=ol(P*

i ='l
( {n* t)t;' l
'"'*.*
k=2 pQa+r)t26rp 1
as n-+ o, where c is a parameterwith the resfiiction ttrat 0 S c S l' If

.t ( tQ"*2),v(l\
\
4 ( t ) =J ol r ( / ) ld 0= 0 1 . ^ |
l. 2(P') )

:rst + o,wheret = | ll t] thentheFourier-Jabobi (N ,pr,q r) atthepoint

is summable
series
x = * I to thesuml, provided thatthecondition
-ll2 s a< ll2, P > -l/ 2
and the antipolecondition

l'l l 0*
'
1f@)ldr<*
r.f0o_r)rz

aresatisfied,whereb is fixed.
tt8l SATISH CHANDRA

Definitions and Notations: Let /(x) bea functiondefinedon tte interval -l S x 5 I such 2. 1
thattheintegral. sur
we
(1.1)
f, tr-')"0 +x\Pf(x)*
hav
for q,> -1, P > -l . TheFourier-Jacobi
existsin the senseof Lebesgue to
seriescorresponding
the function/(x) is givenby Thr
@

(1.2) f (x)-l a, el''P){x)

,td)

where
wlx
-')"0 +xf l"'/t 1i f @)e
(1.3) dn=8n
J',o
with 4t)
a +I + l \ 1 ? + D l ( t * a + f + r ) (2.2
oon_ Q n +
2a*F+tl1n+a+l)ftn+p+l) (2.3
.nd
andff'|\ ps)aretheJacobi
polynomials bythegenerating
defined function.
(:..1
t2 - r + - zil + f t 2ln + r + (l - 2xt+ t21tt2y I
z"*P(l - 2xt+ t2'1-t 1t 1t )t u

( 1.5) =i ry'n<or drc!

n=0 pao
Letuswrite
I *t
F (il = { f (cosil - Al (sini | 2)2"*t(cos6 | 212

I beinga fixed constant. (l-5

Let{sn}bethesequenceofpartialsumsof agiveninfiniteseries!a'Let{p*}and bnlbe t! |

of constants
anytwo sequences andlet
with P, nd Q, astheir partialsumsrespectively Gg
n n
s s rfol
(1.6) lP *iln = L Pr-* 4*= L Pr Qn-r
k=0 ,t=0
1n
tendsto infinity asn-+ @
If the sequence-to sequencetransformationdefinedby TL.
l 3 lO1

(r.7) f;a =- L pn-t Trsr

lP * q)" r=o
( 3 .l
{s, } or the seriesI a, is saidto be
tendsto a fxed limit s asnl @,thenthesequence
summable by doubleN0rlundmethod(N,P^,4r) to s, Bonvein[2]' :t'
 ON DOUBLE NORLUND SUMMABILITY OF FOURIER-JACOBISERJES tlel

2. Introduction: The study of summabilityof Fourier-Jacobiseriesby ordinaryNdrlund

summabilitymethodhasbeenmadeby severalworkers([],[5],[9],[6]). In the presentpaper
we studythe summabilityof Fourier-Jacobi
seriesby doubleNdrlundsummabilitymethod.
Dealingwith the N0rlundsummabilityof Fourier-Jacobi
series,Prasadand Saxena[0]
haveestablishedthe follwing :

TheoremA : If

( ,r()t2"*')
4(r)= lol rW>td0
=o I as t--r0
[ o(Pn) )
where
F(il={/(cos/) - Al(sinfl\2"*t (cos{/2)2p*t,

y,(t)and flt) arenon-negative functionsof r suchthat

monotonicincreasing

(2.2) ry(n)logn=O(O(P)) as /, -+ @
(2.3) n?a+t\tz = o(P) as n -+ oo
and
Pn
(2.4) i
Pk
=o( l*r**
k=2 p(2a+t)t2
6rp I nQa+l\|2 )

(N, p) at thepointx = +1, to suml,

series(1.2)is summable
thenthe Fourier-Jacobi
providedthatthecondition
-l/2<a <l/2, p > -l/2. andtheantipole
condition
o
P-t),
(2.s) f, e * iQ | "f(r)ldx< *
are satisfied, where 6 is fixed and (N, p) is regular Ndrlund method defined by the real non-
negativeand non-increasingsequence{pn} suchthat pnl * tls /t -) @.
The object of this paper is to generalizethe above theorem to a more general classof
double N0rlund summability of Fourier-Jacobiseries.

2. We establishour result in the form of the following theorem.

Theorem: Let (N, p^,q) be a double N0rlund method defned by a real non-negative,non-
increasing sequence{p^} and a real non-negative,non decreasingsequenc{qnl.

Let V(l) and )" (t) be non-negativemonotonic increasingfunctions of t such that

(31
.) y(n)logn = Oll(P")j
(32) 7nPn=O[(p* Q)nlognl
 SATISHCFIANDM

!
L
n Pk ( @* q)t;' )
( - ? . 3 ) t " = o l " " " I .
f-':2.
kQa+r)rz
torr I o, n**tr'' 1

with the resfiction that0 < c S l.

asz+ bo,wherec is a parameter
I
?t ( t@*2lvftl\
(3.4) I f f i 0 ) = l l F ( i l l d i = o| - |
"u l. 1(P') )
as/ -> 0, wherer= [ l/ t ] thentheFourier-Jacobi
series(1..2)is summable
(]/, p^,Qn) atthe l/
=
pointx + I to the suml, providedthatthe condition t
-l/2-a<1t2, p>-ll2
andtheantipolecondition
(3.5) fo.{t*t7</,-o-'t'' lf(r)l&<- L
-l

aresatisfied,whereD is fixed.

4. Thefollowinglemmasareneededfor the proof of our theorem

I
Lemma I : ([5] p. 167& 196): For d) -1, p > -l

O(no), when0 S'QSl/n

O ( n F ) ,w h e na . - l l n s Q < r
tl
I
I
(sin/ /21-Qa+t)rzrcos
Q/2112fl+r)t2
p(a,f)Gss61
= (nn)"'

o(t)
* [ . o ,{ Q n + a + 9 + D
d-ea.,yl i* ]
I t 2 4) nsinf)
whenl/rn3d 3n -l/n

Lemma 2 : Theantipolecondition

2 <o
!0,o " *lrP-a-t)/ 1f@)l &
is equivalent
to
h
If e)- Al&<o
I1 o* rlrP-"-t)tz t
which is furttrer
rDll @os(t 2)-e-P-tdO< a,0 < n < tr .
!' I
 ON DOUBLE NORLUNDSUMMABILITYOF FOURIER-JACOBISERIES t2I]

Lemma3. [7]. If {frr} is a non-negative,

non-increasing
sequence
thenfor lwge n, uniformly
i n 0 < 0 < n , 0 <a < b 1 n ,

rz = O
- yl (n- k'SQa+r)
k + p)iQ t2
f,, o "o, {(n' | (rtt"*'l p (tt il)
k=a I
where
a + p +2 (2a +3)n
p=-:-, / =J, A>-l/2

Lemmaa, [7lz lf {fr} is a non-negative,

non-increasing
and {Onl is a non-negative,
non-
decreasing
sequence then
n-l
- 2 = o ((p,r z,
L po qn-o@ k)Qa-t)/ Q)n nQa+r)t
k=0
Lemma 5: Let
1a+p+l n-l
'
Nn(d)= p::[t'P)1cos/)
Z po qn-o6n-k
(P*4)n *=o
where
2 - a - P - t l 1 n + a + p + Z ) 2-a-P-l
5n= 2 -, na+l

R r + r ) l @ + p + r ) l-(n+ t)
Thenfor-ll2sa<ll2,P>-ll2 and{p^},{qn} satis&ingtheconditionsofthetheorem,
we have

O(n2o*2),when0 <Q sl/n (4.1)

whenn -l/n3QS n
O{n2a+9*t',, (4.2)

( - -Qa+t)t2 )
Nn@) = olT GinQ/21-Qa*3)/26os|/21-Q0+D/2
^ | fa.:l
[ (p*s)n )
+ O[nQa-r)/2
6in6t2y-Qa+5)/2 /2y-Qf+tlrz;1
Tcos4
whenlln< 6<n-lln

Proof: UsingLemma1 for 0 s 0<l/2 togetherwith Lemma4, therequiredestimate in (a.l)

follows.Forthe estimatein (4.2),we useLemmaI for n -l / n < Q< tt togetherwith Lemma4.

For llnSd3x -l/n, we havefromLemmal.

122) sATlsH cttANDRA

'E' Co
Nn(o)=+ - plea*r)rz
ooQ.--*1@
\p*q), k=o (5

x (sinQI Z)nz"*t)t2 Tcos 0+rtr2 th

Q/ 27-Q

( o(r) )
x I c o sl ( n - k + p ) f - r l + - |
\. tn- k)sinQ)

we candealwith the first term of the right by ftrst

Sincefor fixed n,{qr_1r}is non-increasing,
usingthesecondmeanvaluetheoremandthenapplyingLemma3 to dealwith the secondterm
on theright,we applythe resultof Lemma4 andthe requiredestimatefollows.

Lemma6. Thecondition
= o(p * ilt-'
Qnn(2a+t112
(1
For 0 S c < I underthehypothesis
of thetheorem.

Proof: The expressionon the left of (3.3) is increasingand hencegreaterthan or equalto a !

Hence(3.4)impliesthatfor somepositiveconstant
positiveconstant. ,{. }t
to t* (t-
$ =+
f-=z{2a+t)t26UO 7--apQa*t)6rf "Fo
wherea > 2 (1
(notethat k p* S p* > p* 2 k pr, by theconditionon {pr})
I

i Pt 4n-*

ii- Qr*rpQa+3'tt2
6tO
It

(P* r)n

4n n(2a+t)tz

, @i.ilt?',.
{ . . . ( p *i l n > @ * q 1 t ; cf o r o S c < l }
tz
4' n(2a+l)

Fromwheretheresultin Lemma6 follows.

5. Proof of the theorem: FollowingObrechkoff([8, p. 99.andRaoI I ] thenth partialsum (a

of theseries( I .2)at thepointx = I is givenby

s,,(l) = 2a+p+ra, t 212"-tlcos1/ 2y2f+t. f@os4) p@*1,!)6os4)d0

ff tti"O
 ox pogrr, l|0nirtn@-"dmiffiffi$ :iJF6ufrER*JAcoB!'sEp.Gs

Cmsequentty, ,r' r.

(5.1) So0)-l -2a+p+r.* :1,,J0*

l,"rnOl p'<a+\fipog)d0

Using(1.7), the(N, k; qn)mea;ot#ls*f*f l 9) is givenby

'
: ' i . ', 1 4
ri -;ri I €.
, .::, i{,0'_A =;. :_ 2 ,pOQra{Sr_2(l)_A\
(P'4)n *a

= [i ,<!,N,(ildo
= /, say

( illa rn rt-lln ?t \
=lt +t'+l +F l -F ( i l N n @ ) d 0
\ lO Jll't J4 tn-lln )

(52) t f ' q- A = I r + I r + I r + I o

rry, ufrere4 is a suiUbleconstant

suchthat0 64< n.
Nov in orderto proveourtheorcrqwena*ve
tOffow ttrat
(53) I =0(l), asn+€
O provethat
Fcwtrich we,ne€d
(5.O ! .=0 (l), asn-+ o
fa.l= 1,2,3,4,...
lrtus firstconsidcrlr,wehave

/, ='o( lut'"l rtlll ifi ,@)l do)

=o(n2e+2) bv(a.l)of Lemma

5.
[::' lF(illd,'

=o1r*ur.of"n'n-'"-'
I ,,o.o,
,1 A(pn\ , )
=nf-Lloro.u
\ loen )
(55) /r =o(I)'asn-+o
-

t24l SATISH CHANDRA

F
Considering/2,we have

( q^n@$t2
I z = o= i d a,rrlrt 1r!=r,
i F l J t , ,)f ftrrn
1n o,
1\ (P * e)n
|. ) 6Qa+3)tz

+ 0 61Q, ,a.- r ) t 2, 1 lh' r n l F ( O l o) r0

@
using(4.3)of Lemma
5. U
(5.6) 12= I2.t+ Ir.r, saY

Givene > O let 4 bechosensotha1.

'oYl-r 5o'o
t4(/)tt , o3Q3q
6@pr6y)
Then

Kqnn(2a+t)t2
KQ,n\o*-,t,o
no IF(Q)I4vat x
l/z.rr< rf,-tffi
rtn
o,
* (P q)n 6Qa+3\t2

']l
fftrroll Pr,,ol)o tq
Kqnn(2a+t)r' .( Porot
(P*q), \, ')
lt oQ )rn
I
(5.7) l/z.r| = I2r.t+Iz.t.zGay)

whre K is an absoluteconstant,not necessarilysameat eachoccurence.lt K(fldenotes a

constantdependingon % we seethat,forfixed 4

qn n(b+r)tz ( 8, pnv@) )
lrz:l=K(il
tl
"*.oI
( r ) (!
= K(q) o --
| l+ o(l)
l. (P*il"n )
q
(5.S) llzt:l = o(l), as n+@
(!
by usingLemma6, Q.4),(3.I ) and(3.2).

I
 :
oN Dq.JBl.E liffi}H$'8ffMs*ifr*lff.OF KIIR|ffi-JACOBI SERIES {3s1

Furdr€r

'z.rz-
K € gn n(2e+r)12 ,rr'Q4*'v$,t)
|,|, "r,e ll
rtta
(P * g)n l?rra\ | \6tza+ttrz
)l
, . :' , ; . . , . 1 . "' . .
'
Y e Qn'Qa+l\t2 -1a-2
? n n r '

(p * q)o
Ii,-' t q. B t a l\,t'Qe+3)t21
:
Using (3.1)
t.''i -

Y e Qnn@a+l)12

( P*il,

K s 8n i(b+t)tI

(P * t),

Now,
n ..h
1 = T
7-2 PQa+r)t2
5r1

(' P- L )|
L = O lt
l. f;t Ylua+3)t2we*
)
and

Y"'
M<$ r1,Jl" *
(r-r P* )
=olf " !
\7=t {2"*tvz'ek )
Hence
Ke
(s.e) llz.nlS-=o(l),asn-)@
.(p.+.q,):r.
byusing(3.3)from(5.O,(5,8)and(5.9)it follurs ftat

(5.r0) / 2 . 1= o ( l ) ' a s n + @
t26l SATISHCTIANDRA

Next,considering./t.t, we have

46
lrz.zl< Kned-tvz[!,,trv>16-Qa+s)t2

= r(Za-t\t2{,.fntOl 6-\b+s)t21!,
n* K a6][
[!,,r{Ol O-tza+t)tz

(5.11) I lz.zl= Iz.z.t+I2.z-2,

oY
Hence
I lz.z:l = K (tl) nQalrY2* o11'1

(5.r2) llz.z:l = o(l), ali n-+ io

and

q{2a+2)V6,,,q-Qorr),,
l lz.z.zl< K e r?a-t)t2Ii , d0
^(\v61)

: YrnQa-r)t2
!:,,rylog.r *

(s.l3 ) llz.z.zl<K e ; sncea< lD.

and(5.13),
from(5.1l),(5.12)
Hence ftat
it follows

(5.l4) I z . z = o ( l ) ,a s n + @

Thusfrom (5.6),(5.10)and(5.14),we have

(5.l 5) /z=o(l)' a!;n+co

/3, we have
Considering

( p * q)n'Qo*r) r z f+t) t 2
t,' = s( " I F (O)| gin( | 2)4b*3t t 2 gns( t 21-Q d0
I ;"-t' \u ol 1
i. (p*q)n )ln (
I
+ glrQa+r),\
[: lF@)l(sn1t2)1b+s)t2 pos(t2y-Qa+3)t2
46

(5.16) It = I;.t + It.r, saY

Since(sin//2;Qa+3)t2is boundedfor4< Q<narrdsincePpl,l isboundedand

-p -ll2> -P -a -1,, we have
 ON DOUBLE NORLIJND SUMMABILITY OF FOURIER-JACOBI
SERIES l27l

1",
J'r
= 0 ( on"'"*'"' l do
[^t'" rF(/)r(cos!/2)-d-P-t
(r*e),
| )Jq

r""u'''
= o( n, 2.
I * remma
[ (r*e), )
t
=oI I *temma6.
\ @ . i l r ^)
( 5 .l 7 ) /t.t = o(l)' as n -+ @'

Again

(5.l 8) r 3 z= o 6 Q a - r ) r(zl :r' . I ; ' ' ' ) , sav

Given e'> 0, we can choose4'so that

I F@)ld0< e' -
fi t.orQtzl-a-P-r
-lln) is
Thecontributionof 13.2of the range(4',r

46
s ynea-t)t, I;-r lF(O)I@os|t21-Qf+3)t2

^
a ynQa-t)t2 | F(O)l@osQ t 2)-Qa-t)/246
| 2)-d-0-tG,osQ
I;:t'
(5.1e) 3 Ke';

Since,in therangeconsidered,

( c o s S / 2 1 - Q a^- +
t )l= o f
\ nQa-r)lz1

arbitrarilysmall by suitable
Thusthe lim sup of the contributionof this rangecan be made
contributionin the range(r'1,4')is
choiceof e,.Thusit is enoughto provethat for fixed 4" the
zero.Forfixed r7',

l'' t 2 pos I 21-QF+3)r 2 4 6

!, I r @)| (sinQt 21-Qa+5) Q

sothatthe contibution
is a constant,
t28l SATISH CHANDRA

= Oln?q-t)tzf 9:

(5.20) = o(l), as z,+ co for s< ll2

From (5.18),(5.19)and(5.20),it is obtainedthat

(5.21) 13.2= o(l), as n--+@'

that
Hencefrom (5.I 6), (5.I 7) and(5.21),it is obtained

(5.22) /r = o(l), as n -) @'

t'
Finally,consideringIo,we seethat
::
ro = o (na+f+t1
I)_r,,1
F(o)le, r!-

bY(.2) of Lemma5.

But ,a+P+t=ol(cos|/2)-"-9-rl

that
uniformlyin n -l l n < Q3 n; whenceby theuseof Lemma2, it followsimmediately
(5.23) & =o(l), as n+co'
which,in
Collecting(5.5),(5.15),(5.22)and(5.23)therequiredresultin (5.4)is established,
turn,provesthe resultin (5.3).
the proof of thetheorem.
This completes

REFERENCES

ll] Beohar., B. K, andSharma., K. G.,"On Norlundsummability of Jacobiseries".Indian

Jour.of pureandapp.Math.,I l(l l) (1980)'1475-1481'
t2] Borwein.,D.,"On productsof sequences." Journalof theLondonMathematical Society,
Vol.33(1958),352-35'l .
t3] Chandra., S.,"On absolute summabilityfields of infiniteseries."Ph' D. Thesis,
Rohilkhand (
University, I 984).
t4] Chandra.,5.,"A criterionfor generalized NArlundsummabilityof doubleFourier
Series)'ActaCiencia Indica Vol. XXVII M, No.3(2001),365-368.
t5] Choudhary,R. S.,"On N1rlund summability of Jacobi-serieC'.Rend.Ace.Naz.Lincei'
Ser,52(1970),644452.
t61 Hardy,G.H.,"Divergentseries",Oxford(1949).
*(N,p,q)summabilityof Jacobiseries."IndianJour,of
ill Khare,s. P., andTriphathi,S. K.,
pureandapp.Math.,l9(4) (1988),353-368.
tS] Obrechkoff,N."Formules asymototiques paur lespolynomesdeJacobiet surlesseries
suivantlesmemes polynomes". (Russian) Ann-uni.sofia Foc.Phys.Math.,32(1936),
39-r 35.
 ON DOTJBLENORLI.'ND SUMMABILITY OF FOURIER-JACOBISERIES l2el

t9] Pandey,G. S.,andBeoher,B.K.,uOn NdrlundsummabilityofJacobiserles."lndian

Jour.of PureandAppl.Math.,5(1978),501-509.
[10] PrasadR. andSaxen4A.,"On theNiirlundsummabilityof Fourier-Jacobiseries,lndian
Jour.of PureandAppl.Math.,10(10)(1979),1303-13ll.
Il I ] Rao.H.,"Oberdie Lebesgueschen Konstantander ReihenewicktungennachJacobischen
p olynomei' .J.Reine.angew.Math, I 6 I ( I 929),237-254.
[12] Singh,G. P.,Lal, S.and Singh,S. B. "On (N,p,,Q,) summability of a doubleFourier
series".Bull. Cal.Math.Soc,87_(1995), 15l-156.
[13] Singh H, and Sharma.N, "On (N,pI) summabilityfactortheoremsof infiniteseries".
Bull.Cal.Math.Soc.92 (l) (2000),25-38.
[14] Sinha,R.,andChandra, 5.,"(N,p,q)summability of JacobiandLaguerre series"Tamkang
Jour.of Mathematics Vol. 16.No. I (1985),83-90.
[15] Szeg0,G.,"Orthogonal Polynomials". AmerMath.Soc.Colloq.Publ.New York,(1959)
[ 6] Thorpe, B.,"N1rlund summability of Jacobi andLaguerreseries".JoumalFiir die reine
undangewandte Mathematik.J. RMAA 8 ; Band276 (1975),137-141.
Thc NcpoliMath.Sc.R+sr
Vd.27. No.t & 2.200?.

The (E,l)(C,l) summabilityof the conjugate

, , seriesoJa Fourrer serres
BINOD PMSAD DHAKAL
Dryartnent of Mattrematics

TrubhuvanUniversity,MPAL.

STIYAM LAL
Departnentof Mathematics
BanarasHinduUniversity,
Varanasi-22l005INDIA.
E-mail : stryam_hl@ediffinail.com

Abstract: In thispaper,a nerrtheoremon (4 l), (C, /) summabilityof ttreconjugateseriesof

a Fourierserieshasbeenproved.

Key words and phrases:(E,l) (C,1)summabilitymeans,Fourierseries,Conjugateseriesof a

Fourierseries,periodicfunction,nlhparthl sum.

l. Definitionsand Notations

Let f (t) be 2z periodicfunctionandft'rttgrabfeoier (-E rl in the senseof Lebesgue.Thenits

'Fourier series"is givenby
i

l - : . l . -
(l.l) fO = :a ao+>
-
(a, cosnt+ brsinzf) = ^ *L
: nr(,)
z n=l z n=l

Theseries

-L
(1.2)
"in=t{*ttt-&,cosat)= ,,u,
is calledthe"conjugateseries"ofthe Foufierlleries(l .I ),
where ; '
l r r
-.on= -.t | ,t(t\dt
., frno

Subjectclassification42805,428OS.
[32) BN6D PRASADDHAKAL"AND SIIYAM LA[,

and
I f't 'l -

" = , , l : r r , r c o s ni t, d=t, 2
, ,3,... d
br=- dt
L, f(t)sinnt )
, . 11 : : ; ; :;:' u :':tl'
- ". 6
fL
Let I zumis givenby Sn= Z u,,
anbetheinfuriter-ericsirytpseudrndticl
I
n=0 i=0
h
We write
l n
o,=I I to = CesAromeans(C,l)ofsequence
{'sr}'
n+ | k=O
If
o, ->S, as n +@.
Ir
j r, is saidto be
whereS is a fnite number,thensequence {Sr} or the infinite,..i.,
n=0 (lJl
summableby Cesiro meansme&od (C, l) to S. It is denotedby
(|rq
a" +,9(Cl), asn -) o (I{ardY,1913).

I i l , ,
$t
E, = (;) s1= Eulermeans
(4 l) of sequances
{'s,}'
; I t l
If
, 'E|+S asrr-+@' r
-
d
then sequence{,S,} or infinite ,.ri., j 14is saidto be sunmableby Eulermeansmethod c,l
' mo
(8, l) to S. lt is denotedby r
El +S(4 l) asn+co (Hardy,l9t9,p.180). TI
. :.
TheE| tsnsformationof {an}r'denotedby tR'"r , is definedby
e{
'F"'=*E
(;)"- t
-+a(;l_-,*" I
fi{
rt
.
i, , .. :

If t|''c'-1, as n-+@.
!(
 THE ('"I)(gI) A FOURIERSERIES
SERIESOF
SUMMABILITYOF THE CONJUGATE t33]

then sequence{^Sr}or infinite series 2",is saidto be summableby (E, I (C, l) means
n=0
methodto S. It is denotedbv

tE"c'- s (.8,1)(c, l) as n-+@.

Thus,if(E, l) transform is superimposed on (C l) transformofsequence

{Sr} , a new
rransformation (E, l) (C, l) is obtained
Here

S,,+ S + or(Sr) -+ ^S,

asn + a since(C l) methodis regular.

+ A!@)-+ S, asn + @ since(E, l) methodis regular.

+ (E,1)(C, l) methodis regular.

Weusefotlowingnotations

r1.3) r y ( t ) =f ( x + t ) - f ( x - t )
ft
r1.4) v(r)= lry(u)ld u
Jo
,.E..c... Strl I l+cos(r+*)r
(1.5) Nn"""'(t)=
r*S h\r) *, A *-
2. Introduction

Quitea goodamountof worksareknownon Summability of a Fourierseriesandits allied

(1959)hasdicussed
Versaney
series. (H,l)Cr summability
on sequence of theFourier
Naturally,we haveto consider
coefficient. otherproduct
summability method of theform(E,l)
(c.l).
Recently,Dhakal &Lal (2007)haveproveda theoremon (41) (C,l) summabilityof a
Fourierseriesin the following form.

TheoremA: lf

i:.1) o ( / ) = ll;1 ( u ) t d u = " I g qals,/ - ) + o .

I t"e]J
functionof I suchthu, 1f
decreasing O increases
provided((t)isaprositivemonotonic
loc+
nonotonically as/ -+ + o, thentheFourierseries(l,l) is summable
by (8,1) (C,1)methodto
'(-r)at/ =.r.

J. Theorem: Thepurposeofthis paper is to studythe conjugateseriesofthe Fourierseries

:.r (E,l) (C,1)summability
method.Infact, weprovefollowingtheorem:
 t34l giKh'fRAsAD DHAKAL AND sHyAM LAL''

Theorem:
trf bo
'1 -:.

(3.1) I ir lt

the4&e coqjugateseriesofthefdiriler Sri€s(1t) is silmmableby(4t) (C,l) methodat

t=s, tO
t . l t x :

;_ l" v<tlcottdt,
2tt tv

providedthisintegnlexistin senseof Lebesgue.

4. Proofofthetheorem !
FollowingLal (1997)andusingRoemann-Lebesgue estm, zthprtid sumS (r) of
conjugate
series at! = r is givenby
(l.2) ofFourierseries

- c'-v..
o s ( n + l l r - -'z'6
I ar
.Sn(x)=-'u
li W<rl ?r' c c 4
Ztt tini

- I ?r cos(a+l)r
Sn(x)= - f; y(t)---\ zt dt- I- l-
ot
y(t)atfdt
t0 "' ro
2r cin! 2x

(Cl) transfuinof ,f(.r)i.e.a(r) '

( t ?r , .\ | er
lo , t@t-0
"^r)-l-- !ov0*i*)= z1r*r7, i*'b*.i)t o,
smi

(4 l) transform i.e.,|rEuc,
of &o1x1

=
ff w<,>NI,,qG)dt
t'c dt+ v<,1
( Il, u,t r 1t) dt+!ov<,1r4"''t l at)
Ior uf"'' Q0
(4.1) = (11+12+\).

--'
 THE (E.I)(C,I) SUMMABILTTYOF THE CONJUCATESERIESOFA FOURIERSERIES

Sirce conjugatefunctionexist,therefore

l r *ss'VQ) cotldt = o(l) asn +@'

2,

(4.2) = o , , ,a s n + €
*Z .1- l f "k0, * r ( * !!rocotL,dt)

I
Wehave,for0<t<-
n

I $/,\ t $cos('+*)r-cosf
2n*trfu=n\kl
tl ?-n sinf

=_ I $fr\ t $sin(r+l)fsinf
2noff,o\kl
t+tH sinf

=-2 'n o $rrtr

* + t ' r f2,^^,
=o
ft*\kl m=r

=, r r r t r i i ,
-
2'tt fi\kl k*l 'r=s6=0

r' ti "
=z'or i r r+r
ftr\kl 1=o
=#n}r
n
4n
(4.3) = o(n)

Using(1.5),(3.1),(4.2)and(a3) we have

l4 | = f lv@llfiE,cr(t)ldt

=f'<,tl*l_(iln
,f.
cos('+*)r
l, -
r=0
'
slni
a I

I
[36] EXNOPPRASAD DHAKAL'AND STIYAM I..AL

=[ltrt'tr I * / r \ t $ c o s ( r + 1 ) r - c o s i l ,
n{i\kt k+th a t*
I ' r-r I &
,*
* !!tvrt>rn; (;)_-l; cot!dt

t | (t \
=fltr(,lto(n\dt* $/'\ $,,',
ro ,,o|ft)-*rl; l o v { t ) c o t i)a t

= o ( n ) Yr ll-)l + o ( l )
\n)
g@
= o ( n )o ( )* o0)
\nlogrl
(
= o l -t tnl\ l + o ( l )
\lognl
(4.4)1.1. = 0 (1),by thehyperthesis
oftheTheorem
I
A l s o ,f o r- < t < 6
n
I $/,\ r $cos(r+i)r
2'*to f-*\kl t +t ft sinf
I sin(r+l)r
= */r\
2n+2o f--4\kl (/r+ l)sin2f

I
-. $/r\ lsin(r+l)rl
o f:6\kl (t + l) | sin2; I
2n+2

= I $/,t I
z'*2n f-=o\kl (t + l) | sin2; I

= o $l'rl t
2 n + 2 1{ 2- ^ \ f l 6 + l

,t |.z'*t-t)
= - l - l
2 n + 2 1[ 2n + r J
 THE (41)(C,l) SUlr4,lABtLtTY'OFTHE CONJUCATESERI€SOFA FOURIERSERIES

= ry -[t--J-']
2(n+t) t2 \ z*r )

=# '
(45) =or+l
\nt- /

Using(3.1)and(4.5),we have

1 5 ' . . 1 : - F t ' . . 1 -
I rzl=l+ llz(r)t I P"v"r(t)ldt

=,|,1lf t4* 'ft

\n/ t-

-,ffry.)
(;)[(y);
(t
|
=of ll l,lI llil- | 1.,[( tf ,.. rd\
'.,
til,
rl

dtll
/

\',/ r'rog]
L [ [ r r " e ] ) 1 , Jl . ' * ))

sof l) f,fgLl *o('€(n)).,f

tog,
lJ,Ll
( ntogn) ffi.)
\r/ | [abg],/ [ /

Meanvaluetheroem
by Second for integral
calculas.

="( t(*).l ."fr(,) I *,[t 6-rJ,)]

2nztogn)
Inaug]J \ t o g n , /
= o(l)+o(1)+o(l) asn-+@.
(4.6) = o (l), asr?-+ oo.

theoremandtheregularityconditionsof (E,1),(C,l)
kstly, By the Riemann-Lebesgue
srmmabiliry,we have

t4| = lrtvultllvfr,P,lolat
t38l BINOD PMSAD DHAKAL AND SHYAM LAL

Lt
=h[orr,t_q,{;)ffi- tll

(4.7) = o(l) a s 1 1- + @ .

Collecting(4.1),(4.4),(4.6)and(4.7),we have

(4.8) it;t,-* as ,?-+@

lrvttlc*!dt=o(l)

theproofof thetheorem
This completes

Remark It is remarkable
thatour theoremis analogous
to theoremDhakal& Lal (2007)for a
Fourierseries.

Aclmowlegement:
5
Authorswishto expresstheir gratitudeto the hof. B. Rai.,Head,Departmentof Mathematics, rgr
Allahabad,for suggestingthis problemand to Prof. L.M. Tripattri,Ex-Head,Departmentof
Mathematics,BanarasHindu University,Varanasifor aking painto seethe manuscriptof'this H
paper.
bt
REFERENCCES -l

[] Dhakal,BinodPrasadandLal, shyam:The(41), (C,l) sunmabilityof theFourier series, (n.

SouthEastJournalof Mathematics andMathematicalscience,Vol. 5, No. 2, 2007(To be
appeared).
t2l Hardy,G.H., DivergentSeries,TheUniversityPress,Oxford,1949. ri
t3I Hardy,G.H., On thesummabilityof Fourier"sties, Proc.LandonMath,Soc.2,365-3j2,
19t3. CD
t4l Lal, Shyam,On K2 - summabilityof conjugateseriesof Fourier series,Bull,Call.Math. dr
Soc.,89,97-104,1997.
t5l Vershney,O.P.,On a sequenceof FouriercoeJficient,
Proc.Am. Soc.,10,790-795,1995.
O
--

fll

br
-br

rd

O
Tb Ncpali Math. Sc. Report
vd"n. hb.t& 2.2007.'

Associatedpolynomials'toDirichlet and
Fei6r.lrernels
M. GALAZ-LARIOS, R. GARCIA_OLIVO,J., LoPEZ-BONILLA,
SEfl -EStlv[E-Zacatenco
InstitutoPolitecnicoNacional
Edif.Z4,3er, Piso,Col.LindaviitaCP07738,MCxico
DF
E-mailjlopezb@ipn.mx

Abstract: We showthattre Fejdrkernelgenerates

th6 fifth-kind Chebyshev
polynomials.
Key words: Kemelsin Fourierseries;Chebyshev
polyromials
lntroduction
In theoriginalapproach to Fourierseries,it is eocweniBnt
to csnsiderthe followingpartial
sumsfor the interval[-n,n ]:

(t) fn9) = lan + arcos/+ ..., * oncos(ny)+

+D,sin(y)+ .. .. +bnsin(ny),
assumingfor a,brthe values:

(2) %=+ [!, f<r>oot

(mt)dt,b,=+
I:,/(r) sin(rt)dt,
andinvestigate
whathappensif n increases
to infinity.From(l) and(2) we obtain:

(3) ( - y) dt,
fny)= [!, t<,1K_n
witr theDirichletkernel[-3]:

(4)
D 2n -'-lt-Y\
t'nI
z /
Then we hope that with r increasfutg
to infihity, f.n(y) approaches/(y) with an error which
canbe madearbirarily small.This reqpiresa very stong focusingpowerof Kr(t - y),that is,

we wouldlike to havethestrictproperty:

(t :" lim-(,(r- ylu6Q:yl,

n+a D
{401 M. GALAZ_I^ARIOS,R. GARCTA-OUVO,J. AND LCPEZ-BONILLA

convergence: -ap.ur9
however,(4) simulatesa Dirac deltaonly until certainapproximation'thenthe
(6) lim f"(Y)= f(Y) Cfcblrfct
u-+@
.:'g,:
smoothto ctrt
hasto be restrictedto a definiteclassof functions/(y) which areconveniently 1rr rlfQ 1
- on f O)
restrictions
counteractthe insufficientfocusingpowerofKn(l y); the corresponding '*-€arj{
,
lir '-15 ii 5l
Fourierseries'
aretheknownDirichletconditions[1-3] for infiniteconvergent
it for d e [ 0,n ]:
From(4) we seethat Kr(o)is anevenfunction,thenherewe consider l:c-. r
D

1 sin(z+ j)d .a r_
(7)
f"rtr=Gqf,
thus ::-c=g dr
I 0),
(s ) Ko @) ==, K1(0)= | {t * z e'), K2@)'= r-, + 2 cos0 + 4 cos2
./. "o" * :
D

h(e) =l t-t - 4cos0+4cos2

d +8cos39), etc'
:lu.t.3 tae
D z E 'llr r: .'---i \C

then it is naturalto introducethe polynomials:

(9) Wn(x)=l\(cos0)=2rKn(0), re[-l'l]

Therefore,
whichwerenamed"fourth-kindchebyshevpolynomials"by Gautschi[4,5]'
seeFig.l: r1.r;: f:5 !a':

-l' #;-_ , -

W g ( x ' 1 = 1W, t @ ) = 2 x * l ' W 2 Q ) = 4 x 2+ 2 x

(10) \:'r -: :-t
a - 4 x - 1 , l t a Q ) = l 6 . x a+ 8 . r 3- 1 2 x 2- 4 x + 1 , e t c .
h(x)=gx- +4x2
3

:}lr 5

W(x\

tar r :t -.!

li lt er {t o o? o{ 06 o.t
"or '-L:-l
x:j r':
polynomials
Fig. I -Somefourth-kindChebyshev
 ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS TO DIRICHLET AND FEJERKERNELS [4r1

polynomialsto Fejdrkernel[-3]
In thenext Sectionwe exhibit,asetof associated

Chebyshev- Fej6r polynomials

Fejer [5] inventeda new method.of summingthe Fourier seriesby which he greatlyextended
dre validity of the series.Using the arithmeticmeansof the partialsums(l), insteadof the
/,(_r,)themselves, he could sumserieswhich weredivergent.The only conditionthe function
srill hasto satisff is thenaturalrestrictionthai fO) shallbe absolutelyintegrable.

Then,in the Fejdrapproachwe constuctthe sequence:

(l l) st(y)= fo'), sz';={111otr)+

fr'\l,cacy)=+tc60)+ f{y't+fz0)1,...,
s"0) = ![Uo9)+rtO)+...+fn-1(t)7,
(l) and(2), therefore,
acceptingthe expressions

(r2) sn(y)=t",fox,Q-y)dt,

thus we seethat FejCrresultscome aboutby the fact that his mettrodis relatedwith the
followingkernel[-3]:

. I sin2[f;(r-y)]
(l3) tt n1t
-
.l/ )
'F s ' Z n n' ' . I - fz

whichpossesses a stong focusingpower,thatis, it satisfies(5), thena /(y) absolutely

integrablein [-n, n] guarantees
theconvergence of gr(.y) towards/(y).
Now we considerthe Fej6rkernel:

, ,i"t(r{)
( l4) Kn(o)=-*r;f' oefo,nf
' sln- -

that is
l l
Ko(O)=0, K1(0)= -, K2@)= +cosd),
F F 2 n ;(l
(l5)
I
K.(e) =:11 + 4 cosd+ 4 cos20), etc.
F- 67t

thenit is naturalthe intoductionof the functions:

(l6) =
fr,g1= frngoso) K*t(o),x e [ -1,1]
#
polynomials",whicharenot explicitlyin the literature.
rhatwe name"fifth-kind Chebyshev
 'ff.'8,4t{z:q{fuu6,s:
*,'t}'itrctii-or-rvo,J. ANDL6PEZ-BoNILLA
[421

Therefore:

(t7)

l - : : : - : . . : : , i . ' , i . : i : l i : ' ,

Thur Z,(/) = l, seethefollowingFigne:

F,t*l

polpomials
Fig 2' Sornefifth'kindChebyshev
differentialequation:
whicharesolutionsof thenon-homogeneous

(18) (l - x)[(l - 12) wi - Qx + z\ tt] + @+t\2fin1+xtrn = r.

In otherpdperwewill studytopicsasrecurence,Ro&iguesformula,interpolation properties,

generating
ortfrogoriufity, fun tiolt, etc.,for fifrt-kind Chebyshw in
introduced
polynomials
thiswork.
'R'EFERENCES
r:
[] C.Lanczo s,Appliedanalprs, DoverN'Y., (1988)'
iZl n. noatigu.rael Rio and E. Zuanzua, Cubo Mat.Bduc.g N9.2(20.03)185'224.
on Foarteriqier; Ollver'& Boyd"Edinbureh(1966).
iii C. L.nr"i s, Disoowse
J.
iaj W. Gau*chi, Comp, Appl.Mattr.43- (1992) 19-35.
,tSi l. C..f"fu*n andD. ti. ttandscomb, Che@shev polyondcls,Chapman & Hall-CRCPress
QAOD.
fhc Nepali Math. Sc. Report
Yol.27. No.l & 2.2007.

Transient analvsisof MIMIR machine

repair modelwith mixedspares
MADHU JAIN AND REKHA KUMARI
Deparunentof Mathematics,
Instituteof BasicScience
Khandari, Agra-282002

Abstract: In this papermarkovmodelis considered for the analysisof machinerepairproblem

consisting of M operating machines underthe careof two typesof repairmenand mixedspares.
Thereis provisionof I'cold standbys andS warmstandbys to replacethe failedunits.Whenall
sparesarebeingused,thefailureof unitsoccurin degraded mode.To copeup with the increased
loadof failedunits,thereis facilityof additionalrepairmen. Thepurpose of ourstudyis to establish
variousperformance me.$uresin termsof transientprobabilities. The expressions for system
rcliability,availabitityand mean time to system failure are facilitated in terms of transient
probabilities.Computation scheme basedon matrixtechniqueis facilitatedto obtainthe numerical
rvhicharedisplayed
results, graphically andin tabularform.

Key Words: Transientanalysis, Queuesize,Additional

Machinerepair,Mixed spares,
Matrix technique.
repairmen,

l. Introduction
In many fast growing industries,the operationof the machiningsystemmay be inte-
rrupteddue to failureof machinesinvolvedin the system.The servicefacility thereforeis to
be so adjustedsuchthat the failed machinesare sentfor repair instantlyandthe operationof
rhe systemis continuedby using proper combinationof sparepart support,without much
delay. The failed machineswait for repair until the repair of other failed machinesis
completed.In caseof severalrepairmen,if the machinesfail, repairmenrepair thesefailed
machinesand the excessnumberof failed machinesbeyondthe numberof repairmenwait
until at leastonerepairmanis available.This affectstheproductionandresultsinto production
loss.
In the presentinvestigationwe developa model for the machinerepair problemwith
mixedsparesin which cold sparesare frst usedto replacethe failed units and whenall cold
sparesareexhausted, the warmsparesareused.Sincethe repairoffailed unitsplaysa central
role in any machining system,the provision of repair facility consistingof permanentand
dditional removablerepairmen hasbeenmade'
The provisionof additionalrepairmenmay be helpful to ensurethe desirablereliability
with a limitednumberof sparesat reasonable cost of failed unis in caseof heavywork load.
144) ivriDHU .lAiN l^dt' ll-!,.'iH.rr liui"{ARI

Sivazlian and Wang (1989) gave economic analysisof the M/M/R machinerepair problem
-t-
with warm standby. Analysis of an IWM/R queue with servers vacations was developed by
Kau and Naryana (1991). Wang (1994) provided profit analysisof machinerepair problem
with a single service station subject to breakdown. Jain and Premlata (1994) considered :-
MIMIR machinerepair problem with renegingand spares.Hsieh and Wang (1995) discussed
reliability of a repairable system with sparesand a removable repairman.Wang and Wu
(1995) discussedcost analysisof the M/M/R machine repair problem with sparesand two ; r

modes of failure. M/M/R machine repair problem with sparesand additional serverswzrs
analyzedby Jain (1998). The cost analysis of the M/M/R machine repair problem with
balking, reneging and server breakdown was done by Ke and Wang (1999). Wang et al.
(2002) examined profit analysis of M/1r4/R machine problem with balking, reneging and
. -.fr
standby switching failures. Jain et al. (2003) discussedMIMIR machine interferencemodel - r"i
with balking, reneging,sparesand two modesof failure.
A repairable system with spares, state dependent rates and additional repairman was
explored by Jain and Baghel (2003).The analysis of R out of /y' systemswith several
repairmen,exponentia!life times and phasetype repair times using an algorithmic approach
was given by Banon et al. (2005), Rafael and Delia (2006) considereda multiple warm
standbysystemwith operationand repair times following phaserype distributions.Wang et al.
(2007) have done profit analysisof the M/M/R machinerepair problemwith balking,reneging
and standbyswitchingfailure.
In this paper,we have performedtransientanalysisof M,M/R machinerepairmodel with
mixed spares.The organizationof the rest of the paper is as follows. In section2, we develop -i TLc I
model for M/M/R machinerepair problem with sparepan supportand maintainedby a pool of
repairmen. The transient analysis using matrix method is given in section 3. Some .r I Tlc
performanceindicesare calculatedin section4. A sensitivityanalysisis facilitatedin section5
',a
to validate the analytical results. We conclude our investigationsin final section 6 by ..',!:3

highlighting the scopeof the work done.

2. Model Descriptions

Considera machinerepair model consistingof K = M (operating)+f (cold standby)+S(w36n

standby) units under the care of R permanentand r additional repairmen.The operatingand
warm standbyunits fail in Poissonfashionwith failure rate Aand a(0 < a S 2), respectively.
Here the failure of units refersto anival of machinesto get repair from the servicefacility on a
FCFS basis.The model is developedby making the following assumptions:

* When a sparemoves into an operatingstateits failure characteristics will be that of

operatingunit.
* The operatingmachineas well as spareunits fail independently.
* The life time and repair time of operatingand warm units are assumedto be exponentially
distributed.
* For normal operation of system,M operatng units are required but systemmay work in
short mode also with at leastnr units (m < M.
* Whenever an operating units or a warrn spareunit fails it is immediately sentto service
faciliry where it is repairedaccordingto the first come first served(FCFS)discipline.
.:. The switchover times from standbystateto operating stateor from repair to standby state
are instantaneous.
* Each repairmancan repair only one failed unit a time.
 TRANSIENTANALYSIS OF M/IV!/RMACHINE REPAIR MODEL WITH MDGD SPARES t4sl

+ Ifan operatingunit fails, the failed unit at one goesfor repair anda spare(frst cold, then
warm)if available,is put into operation.
* Oncean unit is repaired,it is asgoodasnewone.Therepairunit goesto standbyor
operatingstatedependinguponwhethersomestandbysareleft or all areexhausted.
model.
Thefollowingnotationsareusedto formuiatethemathematical
I Failurera:eof operatingunits.
S Numberof warmspareunitsin thesystern
Y Numberof cold spareunitsin the system.
a Failurerateof warmsandbYunis'
sparesafe beingused.
4 Degradedfailure rateof operatingunit whenall
R Numberof permanent repairmen in the system.
r Numberof additionalremovablerepairmenin the system.
T Thresholdincrementvalue of the queuelength,to turn on additional
repairmen,one by one.
tr Repairrateof permanentrepairmen'
=
tti Repairrateof ./rttadditionalrepairman,i l, 2,' . ., /'
Pn(r) Probabilitythattherearen failedunitsin the systemat time t'

3. The Transient AnalYsis

3.1. The StateTransition Rates

The statedependentfailure and repair ratesofthe unie are given by

M),+ Sa, 03n<Y

M ) . + ( Y+ S - n ) a , Y S n < Y+ S
4= (M+Y+S-n)).a, f + S S n < K = M + Y + S + 1 .
0, Othenrise

Themeanrepairrateis givenbY

nF, l<n<R
Rp Rcn<T
J

Fn= np+lui, j T < n S ( i + l ) 7 , i = 1 , 2 " ' . , -r l

i=l

np+ltti, rT<nSK
i=l
 MADHU JAIN AND REKTIAKTJMARI
t46l

3.2.Governing Equations (t3)

givenby
The differential-differenceequationsgoverningthe model are

Case-I: For .R5 Y. ( t4)

(1) r'01t1=-lU l+ sa I Po(4 + pPt(t),

(2) r)g1= -lu I + sa + npl PnQ) +fu t"+ safr,-r(t1+[(n+ t;p] r,*t1r1, | 3 n < R
(3) r)1ty= -lu l+ sa + npjr,gl+lu )' + saf Pn-1Q)+ RPP,+t(t), R<n<Y
-
(4) r)g1= - I u l+ (/ + S- n)a+ Rplr,,61+lu l, +(l/+ s r + | a\rn-t?I+ (l5)
+ Rp PnaQ), Y < n < Y +S
-r +ru'dPn-tQ)+
(s) PnQ)=-l{u+f + S -n)L'a+ nplr,Ql+(M +Y +s
+Rp Pr,6Q), Y+S<<n<T
(t5)
(6) r^g1=-lr, .Y +s +nl4 +^o .ri* +(M+Y+s - r +tfi' Pn-1
PnQ) +
]
Crsc-
P n * t ( ti)r,< n < ( i + r ) ?rr=' t ' 2 (17)
f*r.t-]
(tb)
(7) =-lr, .lr +s - m+1- n)).a+Rp+ir,),,u, *
y'ng1
(te)

* | ^, . i o,'lP,+t(t)' r T< n < K

+ ( M +tr+ s - m+ | - n+ t))'P,-1Ql
L , = l J

f r l
(s) Pn(t)=-lnp+lat lP*(t)*AdPK-tQ)
l i = t J
et)
Case-II:For ycR< y+.S.

(e) -lU t+ sa ] ro(r)+ p4Q),

r'01t1=
(10) r',1t1 + [ (r + l)r ] Pn*tn'
= -I U l+ sa + np I r,g7+l u )"+ sa I P,-1111
1<n3Y

(ll) r,Q)=-lu t+(r/+s- n)a+,^*r::r:iilrr.*,ri,+t)a)Pn-1Q)

Y<n<R

(12) -lu l+ (I + S * n)a + Rp]r,tr)* [ M )'+ (Y+ S - n + l)a lP,aQ)

P',1t1=
+ Rp PulQ), Rcn<l/+S
 TRANSIENTANALYSB OF lffvf/R MACHINE.REPAIRMODEL wlTH MrXED SPARES t471

(13) p nQ)
=- [(u + r + s - n)ta + npf rngl+[(u + r + s - n+ t)A]p,-r(r)
+ Rp Pr*1(t), F+,S<N<f
I i I
(14) ,;t! = -l(, +IZ+,s- 4 to*nr,*f,n +l(M+I +,s- n+\ )"1
r,-,g1
l\,@
-[* - h r , f p , n ( ) , i r < n s ( 7 + r ) r ,r = r , 2 . . . r - l

.
y',1t1=-l(Mf ' l
( ls) +Y- S+ n))"a+ Rp+l4i lr,g!+ftu + I/+.S-n+ t))"lr^-r1t1+
l i = l J
' l
l '
* L o r - I r , j P n + t ( t ) r, T < n <M + Y + s - m + l
f r ' l
pitrl = - np +lai p*-r(t)
(16)
| lr*1t1+).4
L r = l l

Case-III:For Y+,S< T

(r7) (r)=-lU l+ Salrolr)+ttP{t),I

P,6
(18) rlgl=-lu t +sa+npfr,gy+lut"+salr,_,1r;+l@+Dalpn*lr),
| <nSy
(le) rlgl=-Iu t+ (r +S-n)a+ nplr,14+lul+1y
+s -n+r)alpn-r1)
+ l { n + t ) a l P r * r ( t ) , Y < n s Y+s
(20) pnQ)= -I(M +r +.S- n))"a+npl r,gy+l{M+y +s - n+r)}"41 p,-r(t)+

l@+1)a]P,*r(r), 1+^S<n<R

(21) pn1)=-I<u
*r+s- n)).a
+ np)r,g+l{u+r +s-n+r)).]p,-r(r)
- )

(22) r',g1=-l <u* r +s,i nlAar,f,ii+L pt Ir,py* 1tu+r +s - n+r\ tlrn-rg)

tsY . L i = l J
f i l
r<R * L ^ r . E o , ) p n + t ( t ) , i r < n s ( i + l ) r , J =t , 2 . . . r - l

t+,S
 MADHU JAIN AND REKHAKUMARJ
Us

f ' Rtt *El',1l r'Al*[tM +Y+s - n+\lolP^-t(t1+

(23) =-l tt * Y+s - nfi"a+
Pn1t1
L ' =
l r l whr
* .Er,lPn*t(t), rT <n<M +Y+S-m+l
L^o the
vec
f r I -
(24) r*{t1= -lna +La,l t*,n* 74P*-t(t) Ir i:
lfr

A(
3.3. Matrix Method
Pu
AftertakingLaplacetansformationofabovesetofequationsineachcase,wefindmanix
as
.q*l* i""tt"i,s of Laplacetransformof probabilities

z(s)F(s)= P(o) Th
where obt
crc
-(s+4) 4
A -(s+4+A\1l
pz -6+4+p) 4

,^ -U +XP+Pil ln
Qs)
A(s) =
-(s + lir + PY) lir t:
,,,

f'- 1,* Lr +F,il 4r

p6-$+ttr)

: .,17
""P rr'(s)' "'' rr(t)]
F t" l=[ ro (r), ...,Fv( s) ,"',Fv*,(s)'"''F*{')'"''F;r(s)'
0]r
or ,4(s)P(s)= 7' where/ = [l'0'0' " "

order(K +1) x (K +l )'

HereA(s) is the coeffrcientmatrixof
 TRANSIENTANALYSIS OF IWMIR MACHINE REPAIR MODEL WnH MIXED SPARES t49l

asfollows:
UsingCramer'srule P(s) canbe determined

; ' r'( sl ;)*=t rf tflil , n =0 ,1 , 2 , . K

P ..,

wherell(s)l is the determinant of coefficientmatrixl(s) and ;lr*r(s)l (n: 0, 1, . . . , K) is

the determinant of thematrixobtainedby replacing(n+ l)ff columnof matrixl(s) with initial
vector/ - [,0,0,...,0]r.
It is noteds = 0 is a roof of I l(s)l= g
f f wetakes = (-Q),then we get
A(- il= A- 01, where.fis theidentitymatrixandI = l(0) is (K+l) x (/( +l) matrix.
(25),we get
Puningthevalueof A(- Q)in equation

A(-ilF1';=(A- aDFG)=
P(o)
Thedistincteigenvalues0r(0n+0 wheren=0,1,2,. . ., K) of thematrixA= 01, canbe
obtainedby equatingits determinantequalsto zero.Now we assumethat the other K real
by (h,02, . . . ,0il thenIl(s) | canbe writtenas
eigenvaluesincluding0, aredenoted

K
ll(s)l=5)i(.s+/i)
j=l

P,(s)=-j
Iz,*'(")I
and
sl t s + { )
j=l

(26) = o , ,*,i 4 , n =o ,r , 2.,. . , K

s fis+Qi
An*t(0)
where Qo.n= -
l x I
I llai I
Lr=t I

oj,n=
lA,*tFQ)l I j=1,2,..',K
rK- -I l
t
(-ii)l il @t-Q1)|
II 'r=t
i+i
II

a1,nU:1,2,..., K) areallrealnumbers.
whereao,rand
.$.1,, .\-r

MADHI.' JAIN AND REKHAKUMARI

a3
TheinverseLaplacetransformofequation(26)isgivenby.
be
K
=0' l' 2' " n 11
. Pn(t)= oo,r*fiq,n e4tt, n "
Q7) j=l I
{
|{
Indices
4. SomePerformance ll
performan"tT-::T:"?:robabilities' -
In thissection,weprovidesomemeasuresof rts
whichcanbeoetermin"a-usingmarixmethoddiscussedinprevioussectlon. t
numberof spareunitsin thesystemattimet' CI
F Expected
Y r+s
E{S0)}= sI Pn(t)+ + s - n)P',(t) .3 1

. n=l
;,,t
rr=Y+l an
-
F Expectednumberof operatingunits in the
systernat time n
K . " ' '' ' : ' I
Elo(t)\=M- t (n-r+s)Pn(t) ' -
n=l/+S+l
'' at,
ii fha system
in at time
the Nctem eT TlmE t'l- rt
P Expectednumberof idle repairmenservers "
j,
R-l
EtI(t\I=l {n-n)r'(t) iF
n4
Jt
in the systemat time t'
P Expectednumberof busypermanentservem -
a
= R-EU(r)}
E{B(t)} n
I
per machineat time / is
)' Machineavailabilityi'e' rateof production ;l

E{o(t\l e,(
A(t) = I --
M+Y+S bl
-
in the systemat time l'
) Expectednumberof busyadditionalrepairmen J
K-
q
=E "A,.rtPno)
7-1 fi+l)I
EtBRo)) +,,4 J
*rr"r,, H
J
at time t -
F Expectednumberof failed unitsin the system
K
E{N(t)}=lnr^Q)
tel
 TRANSENT ANALYSIS OF lvl/tv1/RMACHINE REPAIR I{ODEL WITH MDGD SPARES tsu

5. Sensitivity Analysis

In this section,we obtain numericalresultsby takingan illustrationfor defaultparameters

M =10, )' =5,'S- 3, T - 8, R : 2, r = 2, )=1, h= 1.8,p = 7,n = l, pz = 1. For computation
purpose,we developprogramin MATLAB software.Thenumericalresultsaresummarized in
tablesl-2. The graphicalrepresentation of numericalresultshas also beendone in figures
l-4. In table l, we presentnumericalresultsfor the expectednumberof spareunitsE(,S)and
expectednumberof permanentidle repairmenE(I) by varyingthe failure ratesof operating
units().) and warm standby(cr).We note that for a particularvalueof r, both E(^9)andE(I)
decrease as 1. increases. Table 2 summarizes resultsfor E(O) and E(B). We noticethat for
fixed valueof t E(O) decreases but E(B) increases by increasingfailure spare(a) and arrival
rate(1").As expectedE(.t, A(4 decrease but E(B) increases astime grows.
Figurel-4 displaythe expectedaveragenumberof failedunit E(nf vs time t. In figure 1,
we illustrate the effect of failure rate 2vof the operatingunits on the averagequeuelenglh
E(M).We seefrom graphthat the queuelengthincreasesinitially sharplythen after becomes
almostconstantwhen t increasesfor different value of ,t As expected,E(i[) increasesas
failure rate .1 increases.Figure 2 depictsthe effect of degaded failure ratehon E(.N);the
queuelengthfirst increases sharplythengraduallybecomesconstant,on increasingtime t. We
alsonoticethatEOD)increases on increasing,la.
The effectof repairratep of permanent repairmenon tle averagenumberof failedunits
E(M) is displayedin figure3. We observedthat the averagenumberof failed units decreases
asp increases. The increasingtrendof E(M)with respectto time I is alsoseen.It is clearfrom
fig. 4 that E(ff) increaseson increasingthe failure rateof warm standbyscr,.
Finally,we concludethat the expectednumberof spares,idle permanentrepairmenand
operatingunitsdecrease while that ofbusy serversincreaseon increasingeitherthe failurerate
of operatingunits o the failure rate of warm standbyunis. The expectednumberof spares,
idle permanentrepairmen,operatingunits,andbusyserversdecrease on increasingtime t for
differentvaluesof f, anda. The averagenumberof failed units increaseswith the increasein
failure rate of operatingunits, degradedfailure rate, failure rate of warm standbyunits and
time while it decrease on increasingthe service rate and with the increasein time r. This is as
perour expectation.

6. Conclusion

In this paper,we havestudiedthe transientanalysisof MIMIR machinerepairproblemwith

mixed standby.To avoid heavy workland of failed machines,the repair crew consistsof
additionalremovablerepairmenand permanentrepairmen.The thresholdpolicy developed
may be advantageous for large complex systemswherein only sparepart supportis not
The cost analysismay be
sufficientto achievedesiredefficiencyand reliability/availability.
helpful in determiningthe optimal combinationof cold/warmstandbysand the numberof
additionalrepairmen.The provisionof mixed standbysin a machiningsystemhas additional
advantages from theeconomicpoint of view.
 ' . .,.ii'
. . . . 7 r
"
ts2l MADHIJ'AIN, AND REKHAKUMARI

8.00
?"00
6.00
' $.00 *,**l$"$

I {.00
-.x*llsl

&00 --*1s1.$

zffi
1.00
0.m

Fig. 1: Averagenumberof failedunitsE(n0by varyingtime t for differentvaluesof 1..

g.s
9.00
I 7;00
s.00
g s"* -ta-"Adt.5
rl *.oo --+-ldgl
3.{lll r --+t* id:t1.5

2.n
r.m
0,00 I { .
0.00 {.00 am $.00 4.00 $.00
t

F'ig 2: Average'numberof failed units E(.M)by varying time I for differentvaluis of 47 .

 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF tvIA/t/R MACHINE REPAIR MODEL WITH MIXED SPARES t53l

10.oCI
g.m
8.00
7.00
6.00
& --4*-ilsS
ut 5.00 -il-*lF6
4.00 ,
3.00 *6-,11*|

2.00 "
1.00 "
0.00 i . l

0.00 1.00 2.m 3.00 4.@ 5.00

t
Fig.3 : Averagenumberof failedunitsE(N) vs t for differentvaluesof 1,.

&o
?fit

0m
5,4
,-*-c",s
i
*r.m.
u
j-{-{el
I
3'mi i*qtnt.sl
i
2.00 i

1.0

nfll t
0,m 1.00 400 c& g,m
I

Fig. 4 : Average number of failed units E(N) vs t for different values of c.

[54] MADHU JAIN AND REKHAKUMARI

ttl B
J(

t E(^v) EU) Q)
f'l
^:.5 )=1 )=1.5 ):.5 ^=1 .\=1.5 L.l Ia
sI
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 2.84 1.95 1.16 1.02
t3l Ja
0.51 0.20 Ir
2 2.81 1.76 0.86 1.00 0.44 0j2
t4) Ja
3 2.80 1.71 0.78 1.00 0.42 0.10 wi
4 2.80 1.69 0.76 1.00 0.40 0.09 p
q
2.80 1.68 0.76 1.00 0.40 0.09 I5t Ja
L")

t a=.5 a=1 a=1.5 q=.5 q:1 q.=1.5 dr

0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 l{
1 2.21 1.95 1.70 0.65 0.51 0.40 i6l Ja
fllt
z 2.07 1.76 1.48 0.59 0.44 0.32
Nr
3 2.O3 1.71 1.41 0.57 0.42 0.29
4 2.O2 1.69 1.39 0.56 0.40 0.28 I7l Ki
va
4 2.01 1.68 1.38 0.55 0.40 0.28
t8l Kr
re
Table 1: Expectednumberof sparesandexpected numberof idle permanent
repairmanin the tel Nc
systemfor differentvaluesof l" anda. A1
[10] Ra
an
t E(0) E(B\ pp
.\=.5 .\=1 .\=1.5 .\=.5 )=1 )=1.5 t l l l Si
re
0 10.00 10.00 10.00 2.O0 2.00 2.00
'l pp
9.98 9.59 8.25 0.98 1.49 1.80
2 9.96 9.15 6.98 1.00 1.55 1.87 U2) Sh
gr)
3 9.95 8.99 6.63 1.00 1.57 1.89
Nc
4 9.95 8.94 6.54 1.00 1.58 1.89
ll3l Sh
50 9.95 8.92 6.52 1.00 1.58 1.89
brr
a=.5 a= 1 cr=.1.5 c=.5 a= 1 q:1.5
l l 4 l W:
0 10.00 10.00 10.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 wi
1 9.78 9.59 9.35 1.35 1.49 1.60 t l 5 l Wz
2 9.50 9.15 8.72 1.41 1.55 1.67 prc
3 9.40 8.99 8.s0 1.42 1.57 1.69 Vo
4 9.38 8.94 8.43 1.43 1.58 't.70 I r 6 ]Wa
5 9.35 8.92 8.40 1.43 1.58 1.70 ser
I l 7 l Wz
pr(
Table 2: Expectednumbersofoperatingunitsandexpectednumberofbusy serversin the
Vo
systemfor differentvaluesl. andq.
 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF MA4/R MACHINE REPAIR MODEL WITH MIXED SPARES
i55l

REFERENCES

t I I Barron,Y. ; Frostig,E. andLevikson,B. (2005): Analysisof R out on N systemswith

severalrepairmen,exponential lift timesandphasetyperepair times;An algorithmic
approach, Euro.J. Oper.Res,Vol. 36,pp. I 16-138.
t2l Jain,M. andPremLata,(1994): M/MlR Machinerepairproblemwith renegingand
spares, J. Engg.App.Sci.,Vol. 13,No.2, pp. 133-145.
l3l Jain(1998):/:M/MlRMachinerepairproblemwithsparesandadditionalrepairmen,
Ind.J. PureAppl.Math.,Vol.29,No. 5, pp.S17-524.
l4l Jain,M., Sharma, G. c., andSingh,M., (2003):on: MIMrRmachineinterference model
with balking,reneging,sparesandtwo modesoffailure, opSEARCH.vol. 40, No. I.
pp. 24-41
t5l Jain,M., Baghel,K.P.s.,andJadowa, M., (2003):A repairabre systemwith spares, state
dependent ratesandadditional repairman, J. Raj.Acad.phy. sci.,vor.2, No. 3, pp.
l8l-190.
i6l Jain,M., Sharma, G. c., andsingh,M., (2003):on : MIMIRmachineinterference
modelwithbalking,reneging,spqresandtwo modesoffailare, opSEARCH,vol. 40,
N o .l , p p . 2 4 - 4 1
t1l Kau, E. P. c., andNaryana, K. s. (1991): Analysisof anMIMlRqueuewithservers,
vacations, Euro.J. Oper.Res.,Vol. 54, pp.256-266.
t8l Ke andWang(1999):Costanalysisof theMIMIRmachinerepairproblemwith batking,
renegingandserverbreakdowns, J. Oper.Res.Soc.,Vol, 50, pp.275-2g2.
tgl Neuts, M. F. (1981): Matrix-geometric Solutionsin stochasticModels;an Algorithmic
Approach,theeJohansHopkinsUniversitypress,Baltimore& London.
il 01Rafael,P. o. And Delia,M. c. (2006):A multiplewarmstandbysystemwith operation
andrepairtimesfollowingphasetypedistributions, Euro.J. oper.Res.,vol. 169,No. l,
pp.178-188.
I l] Sivazlian, B. D., andwang,K. H. (1989): Economic analysisof theMIM/Rmachine
repairproblemwirhwarmstandby spare,Microelechon, Reliab.,No.29,Vot. l,
pp.25-35.
I2l Shun,Y. S.,Levitin,G.,andwang,X., (2007):optimaltoskpartionand distributioyin
grid servicesystem with contnton causefailures, ArticleFut.Gen.Comp.Syst.,Vol. 23.,
No.2,pp.209-218.
[13] Shogan, A.W., (1979):A singleserverqueuewitharrivalrqtesdependent on sen)er
breakdown, Naval.Res.Log.Quart.,Vol. 26, pp.487-497.
[14] Wang,K. H. andWu.,J. D. ( 1995):Costanalysisof thettI/A,I/R machinerepairproblem
withsparesandtwomodesoffailures,j. Oper.Res.Soc.,Vol. 46, pp. 7g3-7g0.
[15] Wang,K. H., Ke, J. B., andKe,J. C.,(2002): proft analysisof nI/]uI/Rmachine
problem with balking,renegingandstandbyswitchingfailule.s, computer.oper. Res.,
Vol.34, No.3, pp.835-847.
l6l wang,K. H., (1994): Profitanalysis of r'l/wR machineRepairproblemwith a single
servicestotionsubjectto breakdown, J. oper.Res.Soc.,vol.45, No. 5, pp.539-549.
I l7] wang,K. H., Ke, J. B. andKe,J. c. (2007):profit analysis of IvI/tul/R
machinerepair
problemwilh balking,renegingandstandbyswitchingfailures,comput.oper. Res.,
Vol. 34,No. 3, pp.835-847.
The Nepali Math. Sc. Reoort
YoL27. No.l & 2. 2002.

Ktithe-Toeplitz duals
GEETABHAKTA JOSHI
Department of Mathematics,
PulchowkCampus,
TribhuvanUniversity,Lalitpur,Nepal.
Instituteof Engineering,

SHAILENDRAKUMAR MISHRA
Department PulchowkCampus,
of Mathematics,
TribhuvanUniversrty,Lalitpur,Nepal.
Instituteof Engineering,

SHANKAR RAJ PANT

CentralDeparfiientof Mathematics,
Ex-Chairman,
TribhuvanUniversity,Kathmandu,Nepal.

space({ (p))r.Wealsoestablish
Abstract:Wedefinesequence Dualsof (/ (p)),.
Kdthe-Toeplitz

1. Introduction.

Thefollowingdefinitions
andnotations { n = thespaceof
will be usefulin our discussion:
x = (x*) with absolutely
sequences p-summable (l < p < oo).lf p = (p*) is a bounded
series
of stictly positiverealnumbers,then
sequence

r - - I
t ( p ) = j. r = ( x o ) ' fl .r " l o * . - |
I k-'^' )

Lett = (rr ) be anyfixed sequence

of non-zerocomplexnumberssatisfoing
t/
lim inf (tx)'* = f (0 < f < o) and let

f s l
\ i l = 1 x = ( x r ) :) . l 4 ( x ) l P.*o o I
L k_:,i J
k
. s -
where/, (x) = ) x;. thenwe define
L/

( t @ ) ) , ={ ' = ( x * ): ( t 1 x)^. M l
 GEETA BTIAKTA JOSHTSI{AILENDM KIjMAR MISHRA AND STIANKAR RAJ PANT

2. Topological properties of (4il)r. Hence

x e(Z)
Theorem2.1. (((il)t paranormedspace.
is a complete
(Z)=
Proof : As (0) e (Td)r, tt@nr* 0,it is easyto verifythd it is a linearspace.
And alsoit is
3. K6fl
'n
clearthatthe firnctiondefinedby d (r) = g(fx) whereg is theparanorm t(p) satis$ing
thatl(0)=0, d(x)=d(-x) nd g!(x+y)<d(x)+d(y). Clearly,4+ L nC and Definiti

d (x" - x) + 0 as r?+co implythatgl (\xn - ),x)-+ 0 as(z-ro) where

=(rf)=(x!,x!,x!,...,xft,...)andx=(xt),henceg*isaparanormin (A-p)r.To show (i)
""
in (@j;, where
tnat 1@j;, is complete,let(rn) be a Cauchysequence
(iD
P =( x l , x ! , 4 , . . . , 4 , . . . t) @
. l,
Then(rxn)=((r*r[),0*ri).. ) isacauchy in lfr.es z(p)iscomptete,
sequence
(iiD
to (21)(say).LetzI - t1r\ sothatxp = fil zt. Then (txn ) converges
so it converges to
(4.rr) el(p).Hence,g(tj.rf-4xr) =g(t(x" -"))+0(n +o) impliesthat
Then X
g* (xn - x) + 0 as n -+ o. Therefore.xnis convergenlana 1@-y, is a complete
paranormed space. hasesta

for(13 p < o), normedby

Corollary 2.1. Vo is a Banachspace Theore

(i)
il'l=[i,o*,,,
)]
(ii)
by s llx ll,= l1(rrrr) ll. So# rs alsoa Banach
Herethenormin (<nl), is defmed space.

innerproduct(x,-y)= i
Corollary2.2.72isa Hilbertspacewith t-trl t;,frl Proof: (i
k=l
Herethe innerproductin (Vr1, is definedby(x,.y),= ((trxr),(tryp)) Henceit is a Hilbert
space, Weshow

- lt
Theorem2.2.If z be a closedsubset
of 6, of, (l(p))r,
thrnz, is a closedsubset -..-\\

Proof. Sincez c G(;)), E c 66) t (obvious).Now let .r e ({ ) wherez, standsfor the

closureof z,,thenthereexistsa sequence(.rn)cztsuchthat (.xn)converges tox. This
impliesthatg*(xa -x)= g*{(trrf )-(rrxr)}-+0(n+o) in z,.Thus,

s* {(rrx[) - (rr+)] + o (r +a) in z- Since ( t1

 KOTHE-TOEPLITZDUALS t5el

Hence(/r4) is the limit of a sequence

ofpoints in z and (rpxs.)e (i) whichyields
x e(Z)1. Conversely, if x e(i), thenxe (zr), sincez,is closed,ttratis i = z. Therefore
(Z) = (Z) t = zt,hencez, is closedin tr@))r.

3. Kdthe-ToeplitzDualsot 1t1p1'1r.

Definition: LetX be a sequence

space.WedeJine:

f ' l
(i) x" = l a =( a r) 'l lor rrlco fo r attxe XI
r T )
f l

(iD XP =l a=(ar),llo**rlconvergesforallxeX
I
L K )
'l
( ln |
(iiD X , = l a = ( a * ) ' rlul p o * * * l . o f o r a* t. lx l
I tFi I J
ThenXo ,XP ,Xv arecalledthe a' ,p' and 7-dual spaces
ofXrespectively.
In [3] theauthor
hasestablishe
dtheF dualof @ .n"r"we establishthea- , B- and 7- dualsof g1p11r.

Theorem3.1,Let),= a,p ,y. Then

)'={, =,"rr'(t).
((,,",), /ro)=({,,r)'),
}
(iD ((*),)* = = @p)
:(tpx). ((rro))"
{' ), }

!brrt
I

41...
I
k=l
-ttJck
ty
=
S r ,

)_ lapxylca
k=l

(or\ -\a
Since( tyxy) e \pl itfollows that l - l e / ("p' )1l i m p l i e s t h a t a e D .
\tr )
 GEETABHAKTA JOSHI.SHAILENDRAKUMAR:M|SHRA AND SHANKAR RAJ PANT
The
Vol.

tt-.. \4 /-\ 'gl

e Dan dxelt{p))r ,*.n ,
Ir. n.. ,((zr)) ,1 -*D.'Co ri'o'e*ely,ffa . (4;;1"
\,
Iro,

f n*l'*
( o o

and( r1x6). W) sothat, =

I l++ I I
ktl tt*l

it follows
since,x.(r,or),, q e(t,rrf . HenceD.((r(r)),)"
rhat

=((,tr)f
t*,, ((rrrr),)" ),,
Simifarresultshold for ).= p or 1 aswell.

(ii) Letl. = crandrct (fi1)'" exist.Then

(('to,) =[1t-t,[]"
,1""
f7,-
r),]=(-r),
L[(<ot
Abd
rtff
fus
atl
For2= 0'or y,thepnrofis same.
2m
REFERENCES
Y.c
ind
tll Chaudhary,B, and Nanda, S., FunctionalAnalysii with applications,Wilel' Eastern
t. It
Ltd.,1989.
tzl Chaudhary,B. and Mishra,S. K., On K0the-Toeplitz dualsof certainsequence spaces Scs
andtheirmatrixtansformations,IndianJ. Purb appl.Mah.24 (5) (1993),
291-301. 6co
t3l Chaudhary,B. and Mishra, S. K., A noteon K0the-Toeplitz dualsof certainsequence p.ir
spacesand their matrix transformations,International Journal of Mathematia and d(s
Mathematical Sciencesl8 (4) (195), 681-688. . but
t4l Lascarides,C. G., and Maddox, I. J., Matrix transformafionsbetweensomeclassof c(xr
Proeeedings
sequences, of CombridgePhilosophicalSociety68 ( I 970),99-104. self
t5l Maddox, I. J., Continuousand K0the-Toeplitz duals of certain sequencespaces, lim
Proceedingsof CambridgePhilosophicalSociety65 (1967),431435.
t6l Sirnons,S., The seguencespaces/(pr)and m(p).Proc. of London Math.Sob.1S coin
(1965),422436. poir
The

com

suit
coil
 The Nepali Math. Sc. Report
Y ol. 27. No.I & 2. 200?.

Remarkson fixed point theorem under

implicit relations
SANTOSH KUMAR
Departrnent
of Mathematics,Inderprastha
Engineeringcoilege,63, site IV,
SuryaNagarFlyoverRoad,ShahibaUaO, CtraziaUad.
U!. lnala.
E-mail: senegar
I @rediffrnail.com

K. JHA
Deparhnent
of Naturarscience(Mathematics),Schoolof Science,
KathmanduUniversity,p.O. Box No. 6250,Kathmandu,Nepal.
E-mail:jhaknh@yahoo.co.in/ jhakn@ku.edu.np
Abstract:In thispaper,a common fixedpointtheorem satisfoing
animplicitrelation,is established
by
removing thereciprocalcontinuity,.relaxing
thecompatibilitv
pai-tly*irepiu.ing thecompleteness
thespacewitha setof fouralternative of
natuialconditions.
Somirelatedresu'its andillustrative
examples
arealsodiscussed.

2000AMS Mathematics
SubjectClassification:
54 H25,47 H t0.
Key words and Phrases:Fixedpoint,completemetricspace,weaklycompatible
maps,and
implicitrelation.

l. Introduction
Sessa[15] initiatedthetadition.of improvingcommutativiryconditionsin fixedpoint
theorems_by introducingthenotionof,weakly commutingmappings,which asserts thata
naggf ryff-mappings (,s,/).ofa metricspace(x, d) is sail tobi wiakry commutingif,
1 6lx,lSx) S d (Ix,Sx)for all x in x. It is noted'that-ev_erycommutingpiir is weakly"commuting
butnotconversely asshown_in sessa[15].Jungck[6] alsoenlargedthis classof weakly
commutingmappingsby defining'compatiblemappings'whicliassertsthata pair
of
self-mappings (.S,0is saidto becompatlble if, lim,-- d(SIxn,ISx,)= 0 whenever
litrln,- Sx, = limr-* Ixn=t eX,
Recently,JungckandRhoades[7] (arsoDhage termeda pair of self-mappings
[2]) to be
; ' '-c'Jentallycommuting (or weaklycompatiblefifiheymerelycommuteat theircoincidence
3: 'mr }.6 nay notethatthisdefrritionniver needsto involve-metricof the
underlyingset.
lk trh,-.:g one-wayimplicationis obviouslytrue
but not conversely.
c&a&cg maps- weakly commutingmaps:+ compatibreMaps
+ coincidentally
c!nrr|,E5
trr *rs" Poeat l r. 12, 13,l4l provedinterestingfixed point theorems
satisf ing
-rh-{x Forprovingsuchresurts,popa consideiso to bethesetof ail
e h r .?'r' -+ R satisging
thefollowingconditions:
. Fi F is non-increasing in lt andro' d(Sx,Ty
2 0 with
Fz: thereexistsh e (0, l) suchthat for z'v it d(Sx,lx
F(u, Y,v, lt,z + v, 0) < 0 or
F24o1: d(Sx,TY
F(u,v' 7t,v'Q,7 + v) S 0
F2p1: If either(a) (
impliesthatu<ln. (r) (f,4 are
Fr andF7 apper in PopaU I ' l2l ' .r'haveuniqu
The following examplesof suchfunctionsF satisfing Recentl
theoremvia i
E x a m p l e l . l ' t 1 2F1( t 1 , t 2 ' t 3 ' t a ' t s ' rtor )- =
at(t+f)l@+to)-a't'-at(t'+tu)wherea120
=
(i 7,-2,3) with at least orl0 4r ilott zero and a1*a2t 2a3< l'
Theoreml.l
20 and
= - (c ht4 + btst6\lQ3+ t4\- atz wherea' b' c completem
Examplel.2,ll2l F(t1,t2,t7,ta,ts,to) tr
l<c+2a<2.
+ tt - a(f + f, + h t5t6)/Gtr+ i)
4,t5,t) = t + tzz
withd(*,h
Example1.3.[12]F (t1,t
y, t3,t
wherea e(0, l).
lbcn' If(S,l
Here,wegivesomenanrralexamplesofimpticitconditiorr&irnctionssatisffingthe
tr," iig,in"uttce of errrployingimplicit functions andJhncl
conditionsFr andrr, *rri.n nrtrro st ength"n Tbc I
u, it i*prou"s a classof contactiveconditions'
rc$hs rd i
withalpositiveand
Example1.4,F(t1,t2,t3Ja,t5Ja)=tt-(a{tt4)!Q?+t)-a't'-a3(t5+t6) iro&rcd t
af2a2+ 4a3<2' implics tcq
with at leastoneai (i = l,Z' i; is not zerosatisrying
cdirriY t
Then,
codtb d
F1: Obvious solrir.
(a1u vl (z + v) - azr- a3(u + v) < 0' then
F2: For v > 0 andF(u, v, v,.u,u Iv' 0) : u.-
- + u'
u (u + v) - ar rv- azv(u+ v) 4 (u vf S 2.I-I
t: a2- d3twhere t = z/v' Then'since
If we set,f(0 = (t- a3)tz +(l-- ar- o-?ot) existsapositive root'fr'of tle rbrl
, -fr:?:! ,i,'ii o';there p{X4
.f(0)=- d2- aslo *i /trll 0for0<rsft.Thus,wehaveu</rvwhich
equation/(r)=0with i"r'(o,ri.rrren/(of
F44. rn*r. i )-6,'iu
;;;"; ;27". sinilarly,onecanalsoestablishesF216;' Gt s(
establishes
+ t)tz lQ3+ t1)-
= tr - ar(ts
and
ro) withaipositive Frl
Example1.5.F(t1,t2,t3,t4,ts,to) lz.@+
a1* 2a2< | ' A
withat leastonea,(i = l,i, il i. nonzerosatisging
{
Then, : rr{
F;: Obvious Htl
Fz:Forv>0andF(u,v,v,u,lt*^Y'0)=z-df)-a2(z+v)S0'
<
then (1 - a)u - (a1 + a2)v 0'
H. I'
gl
r1r/v,.{::,:T::,{l?l I 1,.',i\i,tnTf
rfweset./(r)=(l - a) t -(a1+a),.wherg
;l;'='Tj;',;;1i;;Jil'::lii:*::*X.l::Ji3,YiT.ffi ;'d,l'i::'
F216v
estabrishes
(r)
:#;Jr;.";;?;":'fi:;I;,'iaL ir''arry, onecanarso If dbbs
provedin [12' l3] succesfil
The following fixed pointtheoremsare
r(
Theoreml.l.tslLetS,T,I,Jbesetfmappingsofacompletemetricspace(X'$setisfyw
i'tll i-tW )iaXn cI(x) andfoeachx'vinx'either
 REMARKS ON FDTEDPOINT THEOREMI,JNDERMPLICIT RELATIONS t63l

d(sx,Ty)s a Ud(sx,Ix)yz+ {d(Ty,Jy)l' 1/| d(sx, Ix)+ d(Ty,-tDJ+ p d (tx, Jy)

if, d(Sx,lx)+d(Ty,Jy)+0,q P>0 6d 61+B<1 or
d(Sx,Ty)= 0 if, d (,Sr,Ix)+ d (Ty,D) = 0.
If either(a) (S,4 arecompatible, and(?",J) areweaklycompatibleor
S or / is continuous
(b) (T,J) arecompatible,TorJis continuous and(S,.1)areweaklycompatible,thenS, T,l and
.r'haveuniquefixedpoint.
Recently,in an attemptto improveTheoreml.l, Popaprovedthefollowingfixed point
theoremvia implicitrelations.

Theorem1.2.1131 Let (S,I) and(T,J) beaweaHycompatiblepair of self-mappings

of a
completemetricspace(X, d) satisfyingS (E c J (,X)and T (X) c I (X) andfor eachx, y in X,
< 0,
F (d(Sx,Ty),d (Ix, E), d (Ix, Sx),d (Jy,Ty),d (Ix, Ty),d (Jy,,S.r))
with d (Sx,Ix)+ d (Ty, Jy)* 0,whereF e (b,or
d (Sx,Ty)= 0 if, d (&, Ix)+ d (Ty,Jy) = 0.
Then,If ($ I) or (7,"I) is a compatible
pairsof reciprocallycontinuous
mappings,thenS, ?,1
and"/haveuniquefxed point.
The main purposeof this paperis to improveTheorem1.2 besidesdiscussingrelated
resultsandillustrativeexamplesto demonstatethe utility of the resultsasremarks.Pant[10]
introducedthe conceptof reciprocalcontinuity and it is important to note that continuity
impliesreciprocalcontinuitybut not conversely.So, in this theorem,we relax the reciprocal
continuityand compatibilityconditionsof the mapscompletely,weakenthe completeness
conditionof the spaceto four alternativenaturalconditionsand alsodeducesomeimportant
corollaries.

2. Main Results
pair of self-mappings
Theorem2.1.Let (S,l) and(7,) be aweaklycompatible of a metric
space(X, d) suchthat
(D S(x) c J(X)andT(X)cI(X)and
(iD F(d(Sr, Ty),d(Ix, Jy), d (Ix, Sx),d (Jy, Ty),{Ix, Ty),d(Jy,'Sr) S 0 ,
for each'x,yinX,withd(Ix,Sx)+ d(Jy,Ty)*0,whereF e Q, or
d (Sx,Ty)= 0 if, d Qx, Sx)+ d (Jy, Ty)= 0.
of X, then^S,Z,/ and"/haveunique
, IV), I (n nd J (X) is a completesubspace
If oneof S(,Y)
ired point.

FrmC Lerro be an arbitrarypoint in X, thensince(i) holds,so we can inductivelydeJine

lc*s tx.l and {y,l by
(tl l1,"=&zr=Jxzn+tllznrt=Txzn*t=lxz*zforn=0,1,2,....
lf {D> $})' d.-h;-1. Txv*) + 0 for n = 0, 1,2,..., t}en usinginequaltty
(iD,we have
sro*"
tfA. !b.r-,.r,! ( Ix:,.Jrz*), d (lx2n,Sxy),d (,Ix2n*r,Txz*r),d (Ix2n,Txz,*r),
4t-" $r.tt S 0
 [64] SANTOSH KTJMAR AND K. JHA

That is, F (d (Sx2r,Tx2,*r),d (Tx2n*1,Sx2), d (Txvo-r,Srzr), d (&2,, Txu*r), tru

Ihi
d (Tx2u*1,Sx2r*1)* d (Sxz,orr,
T*t"nr),0) S O.
Pro
By (F,), we have d (Sxv,, Txu*) < h d (Sx2n,Txznr). 2.1
Similarly,if d(lx2n,Sx2o)+d(Jx2n*1,Txzn*r) *0, for n=0, l,2,...,thenby(F), con
we have d (Sx2n,Tx2r-) < hd (Sxv,-2,Txu-r) bofl
The
and so d(Sx2,, T*z*t) < hb d (Sxs,Tx).
coII
By a routine calculation, it follows that {y"}is a Cauchy sequence.
Now, suppose-(X) is a complete subspaceofX, then the subsequenceJxv,*1= ^Sr2,is contained we
in J(S and hencethere exists a limit u. Let v e J-t u, then ./v = u. AIso, the subsequence
Convergesto /. We prove that Tv = u.
Ixzn+z=7nx2na1
Supposeon the confrary that d(u, Tv) > 0. Then setting-r = x2ndnd!: v in (ii), we get
F(d(Sxz,, Tv), d (lx2n Jv), d Qxv,, Sxz), d (Jv, Tv), d (lx2n, Tv), d (Jv, Srz")) < 0,
which, on letting n 1 @,reducesto F(d (u, Iv), 0, 0, d (u, Tv), d (u, Tv),0) < 0. This implies
that d (u, fv) S 0. Thus, we have u = ?nv.Hence,J and ?"havea point of coincidence.Since
-|
T(X) c I (X), Tv = z implies that u e I (X). Let w e I u, then /w : u. Now, using the same Sim
argument,we can prove that,Sw= z. Thus,S andt havea point of coincidence.If one assumes
that 1(X) is complete,then analogousargumentsestablishthe earlierconclusions.
IfS(X)iscompletethenby(i),wehaveueS(,Y)cJ(n.Similarly,if,f(niscomplete,
then tt eT(X) c I (n.Since the pairs (.S,0 and (I, -f are weakly compatibleand so
coincidentally commuting at w and u and therefore,we have
u = Tv : Jv = ^Sw: Iw ; Su = SIw = ISw = Iu and Tu = TJv : JTv = Ju.
If Tu + rr, then d (Tu, u) > 0 and hence,
F (d (Sw, Tu), d (lw, Ju), d (lw, Sw), d (Ju, Tu), d (Iw, Tu), d (Ju, Sw)) = F(d (u, Tu), d (u, Tu),
0, 0, d (u, Tu), d (Tu, u)) > 0, which is a contadiction (ii) and henced (u, ?"a): 0, that is
u = Tu. Similarly, we can prove that Sz = a. Therefore,u is a common fixed point of E ?r,1
and J. The uniquenessof the common fixed point is obviousdue to implicit condition(ii).
This completesthe prove of Theorem2.1.
As an applicationof this Theorem2.l,we havethe following commonfixed point
theorem for four families of mappings.
Theorem 2.2. Let {Sr,Sz,...J.}, {TvTz, ...,Tn|,llv Iz,...Jp\, and Ur, Ju ...Jql be four
=
families of self-mappingsof a metric space(X, d) with S S1^S2 ... S', ?n=TtTz ...7,, Cor
=
I Il2 ... Io, and J: Nz ... J, satisfying thefollowing conditions:
(iii) S(,Y)c J(n and 7\,X) c I(X) and the
(iv) f(d(Sr, Ty), d(lx, Jy), d(lx, Sx), d(Jy, Ty), d(Ix, Ty), {Jy, Sx)) S O ,
for each x, y in X.
If one of S(,$, T\n, I(E nd J(X) is a completespaceofX, then (S, I) or (7,4 have a point of
coincidence.
Moreover, if S, Sl = S, S, ; 1r \ = \ h', T, T, = T, T, I J, J, : Ju J, i$ /r = /r $ ;
Iy T,: T, Ip I T,Jr: J, T, i SiJr= Jr Si;S' f': I"S, and Jr Ir= Irl,
f o r a l il , 7e 1 r : { 1 , 2 , . . . , m ) , k , l eL = { 1 , 2 , . . . , P, |r , s e 1 3 : { 1 , 2 , . . . , n 1 , a n d
 REMARKS ON FDGD POINT THEOREMTJNDERIMPLICIT RELATIONS 165I

t,u e Ia: {l,2,...,ql,then, for alli e 11,k€12,r€ ^I3and

t e la,themappings
S;,11,T,and
Jrhave a cornmonfixedpoint.
Proof: Sincethemappings$ ?i "/ andl satisfyall therequiredrelevantconditionsof Theorem
2.1,sothepair (E 4 or (214 havea pointof coincidence. Also, appealingto component wise
commutativityof variouspain, we canprovethatS1= IS andTJ = JT andhenceobviously
both the pairs(S,I) Md (7, J) ile coincidentallycommuting.Moreover,all the conditionsof
Theorem2.I (for mappingsS, T, I andJ ) aresatisfiedensuringthe existenceof unique
conrmonfxed pointe.
Now, we needto showthatz remainsthefixedpointof all component mappings.For this,
we consider
S($ z) = (Sr & . ..S.) S,)z
=(Sr&... S.-r)(,S.S)z)= (Sr52... S.-r)($S,21
= (SrSz...,S^t ( S^r S (S. z )) = (Sr52 ... S,+) ( S;^S.*1(,S,
z ))
=(Sr&... S.+)(S,+ S (,S,z)) = ... = (S,Sr& ... ,S.)z
=Si (Sz)= S;2.
Similarly,we canprove

S (Irz)= IdSz)=Irz i
I (Ipz)= IdIz)= Ilz; S (T,z) * T,{Sz)= T,z; S Ua) = J,(Sz)= Jp ;
I (T,z) ='T{Iz) = T,z i I (J1z)= J{Iz) = J,z; (Ss)*S{Tz)=Siz;
T\T,z)= TlTz) =T,z; T (I1z)= IATz)= Irz; I\J,z)=J{Tz)=Jp;
J (&z) = SdJz)= S;z; J (T,z)* TlJz) = Tp; J(Ip)=IdJz)=lp;
J (Jz) - J1(Jz)= lz; and1(^9iz)= sr(/z)= &z )
This showsthat (for all i, r, t andl), Siz, T7z, Ilz and,J1z areotherfixed points of ,S,I, T andJ.
Now, appealingto theuniqueness of commonfixedpointsofs, ?i I,andJ, we have, for all
i,r, kandt,
z = Siz= Trz = Ilz = {2,
which showsthatz is a commonfixed point of S;,I^ h dndJt for all r, r, k andt.
theproofof theorem2.2.
This completes
We now havethe following corollariesrelatedto abovetheorems.
Corolbry 2.1.By choostng S, T,I andJ suitablyandmodifyingtheremaininghypotheses
wdingly, the derivedconclusionsofTheoremZ.l remainnue ffor all x,y inX andF e @,
tl- nplicit condition(ii) is replacedby any oneof thefalla+,ingconditions:
(A) F({sr. Sy),Nx, D),&Jx, sx),&Jy, Sy),{Ix, Sy),d(Jy,Sr))< 0 ,
(derivedby settingS = 7)
(B) f,ll5t Ty\ {lx,Iy), Nx,Sx), d(1y,Ty),{Ix, U\ dQy,Sr))< 0 ,
(&hrcd by setting1=
"|
(C) ft{t *I ab- ly\4h,.Sr), ftly,Sy),{Ix,Sy),d(/y, Sk))< 0,
r-ttd I scningS = Iand /= 4
:;il l l
l

SANTS$I{ KdJMARAND K. IHA

166l

fu' Sy)'dg' Sr))SO

(D) F(4r$t,3v),d{&}4'd(x,&)j{v, SvJ'
(doivedbysettngS = T andI = J = ot ide*ity nap\
(E), F(a(Sr,79,4x, y\' fu,Sr), 4y, Ty),il{' Ty\'dJ'Sr)) S O' Similarly,
(derirrc4by seaing'J*J= anidentigmap)
Also,bysettingm=n *P*-gwtdfot,alll,r,tandf'considerS;= !:,=lr=J'=F(say)'
drarwehavefheblbww o aVriant of Bryart'sThecern[l]' Abo.fc:
"o*rr'uoy
a

Corcllary2.2.1||LetFbe.aself-mappingof,ametricsprce(Jcl)nrchthatthqeacistssome
n e N satisfYing
ql FU)' dy' Fnx))3Q'
F(d{Fox,Fny), ftx,y), d',r'l' ilg'Fr)' Hence, a
tD,If Fn(n is a completentbspae of X thenF hasa uniqueftxed subspac
for all x, y in X and F e eventhe
point.
spaceis t
ExamPles the usua
fl
WenowgivethefollowingexamplestoillustraEtheabovetheorerns. Remarlc
s'tlJand "Ion x
ffire self-mappingp Rhoade
Exampte3.1. considerx= [0,5]with tre usualmetric. for six n
as (D) and
resuls o
TO=0, lY=3i,for0<x36 to coroll
/0-0, h = 5 , f o r 0< x < 6 ' I6= l'
J0=0, J6=l'
and "/r=6,'for0<r(6'
eveirat their Ttq."" commonfixed point at
Thenall four niapaS, li / andJ aredisCoirtimrous,*o
lll v-
atr y1ic1 is lel.common point of 1a
r = 0. Also, thepairs(s, 0 and(r,./) commute
,ooiscidonee.Clearl"-56f 4q"fii4Or;U.61**(Xlsd{X)
= {0, 3}c (X)+'{0''3' 5}' If [2] B- t
'+ R by
Ix
;;;rf*. . *ntinuous firnctionF: (RT l,t
t3l
F(t1,t2,t1J+,r5,f6)=4-'tmaxfi2'f3't4L'$5+t6)t2l'wherefte(0'l)andFsatisfies tl
F1,F2.Also, F satisfiesthe implicit contractivecondition
(ii) for f = *" l.l r
r
Moreover,ttrepairs(S,4and(r,J)areweaklycornmrrtingtts]aBdh€ncecompatible[12]
because,
trlc
= I
=
' l r : l e - t r| a llr-s It o lro-Se| -whereas
lsro-rso m rlc
= l 3 - 6 1' l r - : l * ' [ 1 6 - 1 6 l '
14G
beametricspacewiththeusualrnetic h
Example3.2.LetX: {0,1,y2,1n2,1n3,"''"'}
=
a$, yi = I - y I for allx, y in X. Forn 0, l,
E' I : X + X by
2, 3, "'' defme'rnappings trl s
" t
' 's -
s (Q = 1722, (tPn) ll 2o*.2.' [e] s
I (O\=Yz, I (ll2)='' *-" T
Tsprsttvely r().). ll0l R
= / = J Then,glgarlyffi = {l f22'lf2t' "'l c {l 12'1122,lD3,,..)=
S
Also,weset I and 2
functionF: (R)6 + R bY
;;d" a continuous lru\
-'
F (tpt 2't3'ta't5J e)= t? - o 4 b(8 + rf + l)'
with a = % andb = Yo'thenF satisfi
es s
lr2l\
l
Fr andF;. Furttrermore'

L
 RELATIONS [67]
REMARKS ON FIXED POINT THEOREM TJNDER IMPLICIT

sl), d(10,n), d(10,s0),

F(d(so, d(/0,s1),d(/1's0))
d(/1,,s1),
= F(0,0,Y+,Yo,'/0,'/o)= -ll 72<0'
Similarly, we can show that
s0)) < 0'
F(d(s0, sll2), d(lo, Ill2), d(10,ffi), Nllz, $n), d(10,sl/2)' d(Il/2'
r(d(s0,s1/4)d(10,1|/4),d(10,s0),d(I|14,5114),d(Io,S|14),d(II/4,50))0,andsoon'
A l s o , f o r r= ! D ' a n d y = l n ' , f o r n , m = 0 , 1 , 2 , " ' a n dn + m ' w e h a Y e
F(d(slD^, sl}'), d(Il!2" Ill2'), d(lllT'' sllz'), d(Illz'' sll2')'
d(ll12" sll2'), d(Il12^,sl/2)) s o.
the completeness of the
Hence, all the conditionsof Theorem2.1 are satisfiedexcept and
of coincidence'
subspaces S(X) and nlO. N"t. that th9 TaplTgt S and I lraven9 ryPt the
that the completeness of
eventhey arenot continuousat the origin. thiJexample shows X is completewith
point, as the space
spaceis not sufficientfor tlt; existence-ofcoincidence
theusualmetric.

Remarks:Theorem2.2 is the applicationof Theorem2.1' Also,the mainresultof Jeongand

andKhan [3], which-isestablished
Rhoades[5] is a particuiarcas" of tt.or.rn dueto Imdad
point theorems conesponding to imp-licitconditiors
for six mappings.sincea variantof fxed
(D)and(E)appearinpopu,soollresu]ts.extendstheresultsofPopa[I2,13],improvesthe
resulrsof S. Kumartgt &'Popa[14],andalsogeneralizes theresultof Bryant[1] with respect
to corollary3'2.
REFERENCES

tllV.W.Bryant,Aremarkonfixedpointforiteratedmappings'Amer'Math'Monthly'
75(I 968),399-400.
|2]B.C.Dhage,oncommonfixedpointsofcoincidentallycommutingmappingsin
D-metricJpu..r, IndianJ. PureAppl' Math'' 30@)(1999)'395406'
q.H. ri,*, six mappingssatissinga rationalinequality,Rad.Mat.,
t3l lur.i.oua ino
9(1999),251-260.
t4]M.Imdad,s.KumarandM.S.Khan,Remarksonsomefxedpointtheoremsatisfling
implicit relations,Rad.Mat., ll(2002), I 35-143'
t5]G.S.JeongandB'E.Rhoades,someremarksforimprovingfixedpointtheoremsforI177-1196'
morethatr*o tuppingt, IndianJ' PureAppl' Math'' 28(9)(1987)'
common fixed points, J. Math.Math. sci',
Internat.
t6l G. Jungck,co*plfiuiir"ppings and
9(4X1986), 771-779.
c JungckandB.E.Rhoades, Fixedpointsfor set-valuedfunctionswithoutcontinuity'
8),227-238'
':.;:t n-J. Pur e AppI' Math., 29(3)(199
-{::iar continuify,
! : andM. imdad,A geneialcommonfixedpointtheoremwithout
-; :n .t : ad. Math., 27 i2)(2005), 215-229'
Univ. Sci' Engg
! > l.j:.r, 3.e:.narks on .ertlain setecteAfixed point theorems ll, J. Kath.
cr. rrl-rl-). l-4.
Butt.cal. Math.soc.,90(1998)'
^. i, I r r!. --:-jlon fixedpointsfor fourmappings,
ff,.L
tl:: i t3 t"rr rrt' $€oremsfor implicit contractivemappings,StudiiSi Cercetari
* brrr;"; *r :; rBacau),7(1997),127-133'
mappings an implicit
satisfying
' ' Y bh
n3t h trG *eoremsfor compatible
-hrrrr rcrq -llt lxl999), 157-163'
 SANIOSH'KUMAR: AND K. JHA

[ 3] V. Popa,Some'fixodpointtheoroms for wo*ly compatible

mappings,RodMat., TheI
10(2001),245-252. Vol.
[ 4] V. Popa"A generalization
of Meir-Keeleitypecornmonfixedpointtheoremfor fournon-
continuousrnappings,
SaraJanJ. Math,,1(I 3X2005),135-142.
[5] S. Sessa,Ona weakconmnaniviryoonditionin fixedpointconsiderations,
PubL InsL
Math,(Beograd),32(46Nt982), I 46-153.

.b

lr

FA
a{ a

tr-

(r:
(tJ
(tr
(tJ
(t.6
(1.

ther
bec
The Nepali Math. Sc. Report
Yol.27. No.l & 2.2007.

On APSTRiemannianmanifoldwith secondorder
generalised
structure
S.B. MISHRA
Deparbnentof Mathematics,
Dr. RML, Awadh.University,
Faizabad,India.

PRAVEEN KUMAR MATHUR

Departrnentof Mathematics,
NorthernIndia EngineeringCollege,Lucknow,India,
Email: mathurmathsclinic@yahoo.com

MOHIT SAXENA
Deparfrnentof Mathematics,
NorthemIndia EngineeringCollege,Lucknow,India.
Email:samohit@yahoo.co.in

In this presentpaper,we havestudiedsomepropertiesof a differentiablemanifoldand

alsostudiedtheAlmostparasasakiantype(APST)-Riemannian manifold.

Introduction :

Let an n-dimensional
Riemannian manifoldMn, on whichtherearedefineda tensorfield
Fof type(l,l) atensorfield 7n, for arbitraryvector
a l-forml andmetrictensorg'satisrying
field X, Y,Z anda is anycomplexnumber(non-zero).

(l.l) F2x =o2x-A6)r

rl.l) rt=FV)
t l , . ' A(T) = - a2

(1.{} A@n=0
(1.5, FQ)=O
(t.6) c(r..Y)=A(n
(1.7) s F.t.Fl) : -o2 g(X,Y) + A(n A(n
then snlcrrc t"F ? t t' s called almost para contact metric structure and manifold Mn will
be callcd .l- f:r ert meric Riemannianmanifold.
 S. B. MISHRA,PMVIN KUMAR MATHUR AND MOHIT SAXENA

Thcr
Let us call sUcha struCturea generalizedalmostcontactmetric structure
Let us define
'F (X
eo
(1.8) ,Y) = g(FX ,Y)
AndbaningXin(1.8)wehave ttr
' F ( F , n = g 1 F 2X ' Y )
(1.9)
Whichbyvirtueof (l.l) Yields CLT
'F(X,Y'S= a2g(X,Y)- A(n AV) ^i
(1.10)
Now barringI in (1.8)we have
'F(X,Y)=g(FX'FY)
(1.11)
Thiswith thehelPof (1.7)becomes
'F(x,f) = -
(1.12) lazc(x,Y)- A(x)A(Y)I
Thusfromtherelation(1.10)and(1.12)we have
'F(X,Y)='F(X,Y) Now
(1.13)
(1.18)andmakinguseof (l'5)' we obtain-
ReplacingXbyIin equation (2.e
'F(?", = o
(1.r4) D
(1'12)andmakinguseof (l'l) and(l'la) we get
BaningXinequation Ir{*
'F(F,Y)=
- t F1x,r1
(1.l s) Crt
equation,we obtain r?l
Now baning rin (1.?)andmakinguseof (1.4)and(1.5) in theresulting
g(FX,Y)=- g(X,F,n (1!l
(l.l6)
(1.8)and(1.16)'we have }'tl
Thusfromtheequation
'F(FX,Y)=-'F(Y,X)
(1.17) t:
'
I
2, NijenhuisTensor
Tensoris givenbY
Nijenhuis
d
(2.1) =6 ,V1+1fr1-l7,Yl-lx
N(x,Y) ,Yl
E
Makinguseof (l.l) in (2.1)'we get-

(2.2) N(X,Y)=1I,?1+a2SX,Y1-A(lx,Yl)T-lx,vl-v '71 crl

Now let us Put l{or

(2.3) P (X,Y=6
) ,1 1-lX ,Y l
(2.4) Q6,Y)=lx,Yf-lx,Y)
(2.5) a'1X,Y1
H (X,Y)=1x,71+ Q.
 ON IPST ruEMANNIANMANIFOLDWITH SECONDORDERCENEMLISED STRUCTURE I7I]

Theorem(2.1'1The
NijenkristensorandP(X, Y) are related as-

Q-6) a2P1x,Y1-
Pq,7)=a2N(x,Y)-A(n-[f ,n+a2.t1v11x,r1
+ A(Y)A(lX,TI)T
Proof : Baning f in e3) andusing(l.l), we obtain-

Q.7) pv,l)= az[i,y],+4qf-x,fl- o'T,v]- evltx,fl

Againbaningtheaboveequationandmakinguseof (l.l)
....- .-
p(x,-y)=o'lf ,Y7*A(Y)W,n- a21a2 AIX,Ylr\- {a2
1x,Y1- l(y\lx ,rj
{V)A{X,rDrl.
(2.8) pll,l!=o'ffi\+ A(Y)ffi\-ootx,Y)+azfx,r)T
a2't'1r1lx'Tl+ A(Y)A([x 'TDT
(2.3)and(2,8),weoutuin
Nowfromtheequation
- pfx,vl = o' [ft,f)- o'tx,y]* aa1x,Y1-A(Y)W:rl
(2.g) a2P1x,Y1
- a2t11x,r11r+ a2,egy1x,Tf- A(y)Aqx,TDr
Makinguseof (2.2)in (2.9)we gettheresult.

Coroflary Q.\: In a diferentiablemanifoldMn .

We have
(2.10) o2P1x,T1=
azN(x,T)* o'lT,rl- aa1x,71-aze11x,r17r
Proof: Putting7nfor I in (2.6)andusing(l .S)and(1.3),we getthe result.

Theorem(2.2):In a diferentiablemanifoldMn,
Wehhave , _
(2.1l) a2g1X,Y7 Q 6,Y) = a2N (x,Y) - A(x)[r,V]+ ao,t1x71r,Y1
-

+ A(X)A([T,Y])T
Proot BaningXinQ.q andmakinguseof (1.1),we get

e(f ,n=o'[x,ll*A(ntr,v]-o'1f,y1+,qT)tfrl
lir bmry thewholeequation useof (1.1),weget-
(2.12)andmaking
-:- -----= ...-
g$ n = o'lx .yl+ A(x)[T,yJ-az{az[x,yj- A([x,y])r] + A(x){a2e,y)
- A([T,Y)T\
-
(Zl$ fil-fi. r'[r. i1 + A(x)tT,y]- a4lx,yf + a2.t11X,y1)T
+ azA(x)[T,y]
-A(x)A(T,Y)T
[721 S. B. MISHRA.PRAVIN KUMAR MATHUR AND MOItrT SA)(ENA

(2;
Now from (24) and(2.13)we get
Pn
Q.t4) 6,11-o'fr.- "'{fi1+ aa1x'Y1
azglx,v'1-gtx'yl=i (z
1X 1lr, Y| - A(X ) A(lr'Yl) T'
) lr,l 1- a4'a
* a2A([X,Y})T- A'(X

ThusfromQ.2\ and(2.la)weobtaintherequiredresult'
M"
contactmetricmanifulds
almost wehave
Corollary Q.2)z In a genetglized
(z
(2.l5) q2y:g'p*{ oofrl- a' lr'Yf =- a2A11T'Y177
a2217,r1= *)
"r;'r*itn*'
we gettre equation(2'15)
Proof: Replacingxby r in @:t[and using(1.3)and(1.5),
manifoldMn
Theorem Q.3). In a generalizedalmostcontactmetric stuclue (2.
(2.16) '41r - etntr ll
a'H1x,Y)- n IT,n= a2N1x,Y1-azl'17x
Proof: BaningX in (2.5)andmakinguseof (l 'l) (2

Q.ll) o' lx,Vl+A(X)lr 'Yl-o'(i 'r)

n 1V,r1= Us
l' l)
Now baningthewholeequationQ.l7) ndmaking useof'(
(2
(2.18) n tx,vl=o'lfi F n6 lwi * o=i^,' I Fo
(2'16)
Thuswith thehelpof (2.2),(2.5)and(2'18)we get
n
Corollary Q.3)z Theequation(2'16)ts equivalentto a

(2.re) a2H (T,Y)= azNtr,Yl- a' l'1g,47 + o'1T,i1 n

Proof:ReplacingXbylin(2.16)andusingtheequation(1.3)and(1.5),wegettheresult. h
almostcontactmetricstrucfite manifoldMn ,we have
Theorem Q.4)z In a generalized
e
Q.20) H (T,Y\- QlT,Yi= a217,Y1

Proof:Equation(2'20)fo|lowsdirectlywihthehelpofequation(2.15)and(2.19)
4
Mn ,we hmte
Theorem Q.S)z In a generalizedalmostcontactmetricmanifuld
c2
( 2 . 2 r )a zH1 x , Y 1n-f i , v l = 1 aP21 x , Y 1P-' { V l +e g ) f f i 1 -a z' q 1 ) l 'xr j
-A(Y)A1o^,T)T\- a2r11X,r1\r - A(n)fr)
(2.16)
Proof: Prooffollowswitlr thehelpof equation(2.6)and
metric manifoldby completely
Theorem Q.6)zIn order that a generalizedalmostcontact
that'''-
integrableit is necessary
 oN ,4PSrrREMANNT.ANMANTFOLDWITH SECONDORDER GENEMUSED STRUCTURE [731

Q.22) AfX,YlT=0
Proof: BarringX in (2.2)andwith the helpof equation( I . I ), we get

Q.23) N(i,Y)=o'(x,V)-A(nIr,VJ+o'1fr,Y1-A(ti,yl)T
.-
-IX ,Yl- e21X,Y1+A(x)[T,yl
Now barringthewholeequationandusing(l.l), we obtain
.-
Q.24) N1x,r1=
a21x,/1-A(x)lT,fl+a21f,4- a21E,l1+A(,i,fl)r - a41x,y7
+ azt11x,y1yr+ a2l,1x1lr,yj+
A(x) Aqr,yl)T
Fromthe equationQ.2) and(2.24),we have
.-
(2.25) N1x,4+a2N1x,Y1=-A(x)(r,iD+
l1I,l7r +az,n611r,r1
+.a(fiA([T,Y])T
(2.26) A(f ,Yl)f -lfi)
N (T,Y)= azlT,Y|+
Using(2.26)lrt.Q.25)we obtain
=-
(2.27) | NIX,YJ+a2N1X,4=A(X)N(T,y)+A([X,y])T

For completelyintegrablemanifoldequationQ.27)reducesto equation(2.22)

Theorem Q.7) In a completelyintegrablegeneralizedalmostcontactmetric structure

manifoldMn,we havethefollowingresult.

Q.zs) A(n{tr,V)-fr,yll+,eqi,Tyr= tt(y{lI,TI-W,rl*A{x,71)r

Proof: BarringXin equationQ.2) andmakinguseof (1.1),we get

(2.2g) o217,n-A(f ,yl)T-txll

N(f ,n=o'(X,?)-A(x)tT,?J+
-o21fr+Aq)tm
AgainbarringI in equationQ.2) ndmaking useof (l.l), we get

(2-30) N(x,V)=o'II,y)*,E(n[ft,rJ+
o'1x,f1+
A(x,fl)T
- o21f;f1+
A(n)iErJ
l{c tG thcsetwo equation(2.29)and(2.30)andusing/f (X, /), we havethe requiredresult
c5
t74l S, B. MISHRA,PRAVIN KI.JMARMATI{I.'R AND MOHTTSAXENA

The Nepali l
REFERENCES Vol.27. No

tll M. D. Upadhyayand K. K Dube(1976')-Almostcontactltyperbolic(f, g, q, €>structure

Acta MathematicsScince,HungericaTome28, l -2, pp 14.
I2l Yano, K., and Ishihara"5,, Tangentand Contangentbtrndles,Marcel-DekkerInc., New
York, 1973.
13lDuggal,K. L., On dffirentab,lestructtfredefinedby algebraicequationI, Nijenhuis
tensor,Tensor,N. S.,Vol. 22Q),pp.238-242,1971.
t4l Mishra, R. S.,Strzclzre on a diferentablemanifoldandtheir applications,Chandrama
Prakashan,'50 A, BalrampurHouse,Allahbad,India, l9M.

,b'

Abstract: (
eg.imarcon
tcrnpcfalurc
ard consn
tcmPcranrc
brc bcca fr

l&trttdr
9fiu Cfr

l.l*rot
Lr qFt
t'a, t
d
5h,
r-
Ip
e
E
tHr
-*ir
tr--
drffil
dqB rf
drqch

(t)
 The Nepali Math. Sc. Rrpqr
Yol.27. No.t & 2- 2fl1?.

Mathematicalestimationof unsteadystate
burn damagedueto hot temperature
V. P. SAXENA
AdvisorResearch& Development

,,ffii,?,i#jiill#b:?[:',*ruii,ih]il'i",
P. R. ADHIKARY AND D. B. GURUNG
Deparfinent of NaturalScience(Mathematics)
Schoolof Science,KathmanduUniversity- 6250,Nepal

Abstract: Considering threenaturallayersof humandermalparts,an attempthasbeenmadeto

estimateone dimensionalunsteadystateburn damagein the region due to high surrounding
temperature.
Weconsider two samplesof skinandsubcutaneous tissue(SST)of various
thicknesses
and constructed a mathematical model.Solvingthe samenumericallywe haveobtainedthe
temperaturedistribution
thatcausesburnin theouterla)'erto innerlayers.Thetemperature
profiles
havebeent'urtherusedto estimate
thedamage in theregion.
Key words: variationalfinite elementmethod,damagefunction,humanskin.2000Mathematical
SubjectClassification:
92.

l. Introduction

Burn injury in humandermalpartsdue to high environmentaltemperatures resultsin a clinical

problem. Burns cause a r.rnge of physiologicalderangementsincluding denaturationof
macromolecular sructures,leakageof cell membranes, activationof cytokines,andcessation of
blood flow. This leadsultimatelyto tissue damageand circulatory disruptionin skin and
subcutaneous tissue.Thevariousdegreesof burnmeasurethe extentand volumeof the damage.
This paper attemptsto estimatethe effect of outer high temperaturesand consequently the
disrurbance in thethermalbalance.
Thermalburns occur as a consequence of the elevationof tissuetemperatureabovea
thresholdvalue.Guyton[6] mentionedthat humandermalparts attain the thresholdvalue if
orlcr skin surfacetemperature reaches450C.It is assumedthat the resultinginjury is govemed
\ 6c chemicalrateprocesses in termsof standardArrheniusfunctionasproposedby Henriques
d l{rrz [7]. Thisdamageratefunctiondescribes the rateof tissuedamage.By integratingthe
dq rc function,we find non-dimensional number Q called the damasefunction.This
dry a-d-o canbe expressed as

' n f - l , r l
(t) e=Alexpl_l/1
d L RQ+273) )
t76l V. P.SAXENAP.R. ADHIKARY AND D. B, GURUNG

wherel, M, ft, and ?nare respectively,the frequencyfactor,activationenergy,universalgas

constantandtissuetemperature in degreeCelsius.
The valueof O equalto 0.53, l, and 104representinjury thresholdfor first, secondand
third degreebums respictively.To a limited extentthe experimental resultscanbe compared
with thetheoreticalestimation.
Human dermal parts consistof three distinct natiral layers - epidermis,dermis and
:- --!

subcutaneous tissue.The epidermisis a complexmultiple layeredmembranehavingno blood

vessels;hencethereis no blood flow and metabolicactivity. However,thereare someblood
vesselsand metabolicactivity at the junction of epidermisand dermis.lhe densityof blood
vesselsincreasesfrom this junction toward the junction of dermisand subcutaneous tissue.
Unlike in dermisthebloodvesselsareuniformlydistibuted in subcutaneous tissue.
HenriquesandMoritz [7] demonstrated thattime andtemperature is responsible to produce
a specifiedievelof burn injury. Buetnner[] have studiedthe effectsof extreme heat and cold
on humanskin. So<ena and Yadav [5] studied steadystate case for burn injury due to hot
atmospherictemperatures. Dennis et al. [4] studied heat injury to cells in perfused system.
Saxenaet al. [il] used variationalfinite element approachto estimateburn damagein
-The case.
steadystate
numericalcomputationhasbeencaniedout usingMATLAB programandthe results
arediscussednumericallyandgraphically.

2. MathematicalModel
The partialdifferentialequationfor heattransferin peripherallayersofhumanbodydueto Perl
[e]is
-
(2) e r# = div<KgradT)+ pncr(OATAO"T,)+ S aon\

where
p = Tissuedensity(dcm3)
c = Tissuespecificheat(caVgoC)
.-<
K = Tissuethermalconductivity(caVcm-min0C) ',-:s,
p, = Blood density(g/cm3)
c6 = Blood specificheat(caVgoC)
:lr.C.
/,a= Tissueperfusiondueto arterialblood( /min)
/u = Tissueperfusiondueto venousblood( /min)
(0C)
Tn= Arterialbloodtemperature
lno= Venousbloodtemperature(0C)
:
S Metabolicheatgeneration rate(callcm3-min)

Thereis no significantdifferencein the valuesof Quand/u in micro level,so Qn=Qu' Also

?"vis dominatedby tissuetemperature 7. HenceTv o T. Soequation(2) canrewriteas

(3) P r + = d i v ( Kg r a d r ) + M ( 4 - r ) + s
At
andM = m6c6.
wherem6= PtQ.q=Blood massflow rate(g/cm3-min),
 MATHEMATICAL ESTIMATION OF IJNSTEADY STATE BI,JRNDAMAGE DUE TO HOT
l77j

The terms on the right side of equation(3) denoterespectively,Fourier's laws of

conduction, Fick's perfusionprincipleandthe ratesof metabolicheatgeneration.
The thicknessof epidermis,dermis,and subcutaneous tissue have been consideredas
a,b - a, and c - 6 respectively,and 7b,Ty T2,aurdTs= Tuarerespectivelythe nodaltemperatures
at distances.r = 0, r = o, x = b, andx = c (Figure- l). The body core temperaturelnais almost
370C.

Body Core
. Figure - I Schematic
diagramof SkinandSubcutaneous
tissue
In this model it is assumed
that heattransferto the outerskin swfacetakesplacedue to
convection,radiationandsweatevaporation. Consequently at theskin surfacewe have

(4) -rhl",,=o
=h(r-r)+LE
whereft, To,L, and,E arerespectivelyheattansfer coefficient,aunospherictemperature,latent
heat,andrateofsweatevaporation.
Thebiologicalstructureof humandermalpartsmakesit reasonable to considerMand.S
zerosin epidermis.As a whole, the assumptions and conditionscan be summedup in the
followingforms

(D For epidermis(0 <x < a)

, _To
T=ft)= T6+fx;

M = Mr= 0; S = 51= 0i Te= TtQ)= 0;

K= K1(constant);
(u) At interface- I (x = a)
T = t't) = t'z)= Tt;K = Kr = KziM = Mr = Mz =0; ^S= 51=,Sz: 0;
I.=0;

C-f Fa &gris (a < x < b)

brt - aT= -',
t- ta . *', * ; K = Kz(constant)
b-a b-a
 v. P.SAXEIIA'Prn.nril+lKARv

(
-M.=Mz =l/ *x - a \ /x-a\ /.\ (x-a\
' lal; S - Sz
' =l - ls; Tn=f|'t
^ =l - -
14 skinsri
\a-a) \b-a) \ a- a ) bodycu
(iv)' Aiinterface:t1(x"-D) - r',"1'' i

T - T $ = ? € ) =T z ;K = K z * K s ; M =M z = M r ; S = & : S r ;
T1* T9i
-r
t
(v) tissue(b <x < c)
Forsubcutaneous rrhJ
cTz-bT3
T= 13)= +Tt-7, * ,
c*b c-b
= s; Tt= TtQ)= Tt;
M= M= rz ; S=^S3
K= Kz(constant);
(vi) At innerbdundary(x- c)
T- Ts= Ts;Ke'K3:,:16+ ml,'$o s; Tt= Tti
I

3. Solutionof theProblem
integralformof (3) in one-dimensional
ThevariEtional unsteady
statecasetogether
with utcrcl.
conditior(4) iqgiyenby [81
outerskinboundary d phyd
I
r'nf (dr\2 ., ar2f |r.. ., -.r otcd
(5) l=: I I K l = | + M ( r n - T J ' - Z S t +p c : lol*:l h(r-r)'+zLEr) of-t
2(,1_\dx) at J 2"

provided for thethrgelayers,

Werewrite.Iseparately i.e.,
o)
I / is optimized. *C
J

(6) T=ZT,
i=l
where
{
-2qr(')
,,-: t (*)' *u(,rlD-r*r)2
"r,ry)* f!
li
.!
*|ln{r<'t- ro)2
+z mr()f

,,=; -re))'
*u(r1,t -zszre).,";f*
!l-,(#)'
:
,,=: . -rtr))'-2.s3r(3)
+u(r)3) . r,Tf*
![ t+)

,i
li
if
 MATHEMATICALESTIMATTON
OF LNSTEADYSTATEBIJRN DAMAGEDUETO HOT ... l79l

Generallyundernormalconditionthe temperature decreasesfrom body coretowards

skin surface.Hencewe considerthe initial conditionfor 76,Ty TzandTsin linearordertowards
bodycore.Thuswe assume the followinginitial conditionfor theproblem

(x,0) =To+lF
where?q= 22.870C andq is a constantto be determined.
We substitutethe expressions
andvalues(i) to (vi) from theprevioussectionto compute
Iy 12and13.We thenget

Ir= 4+ BrTo+
DrTrz+ Er\, + FrTrTr+f: 4(ro, *rr, +To7r)
z d t

Iz=4+ BrTr+CrTr+
Dz1,+ErT]+ Fr\Tr.ry:r(rr, +r] +7rrr)

d
Is=4+BrTr+CrTr+DrT| +ErT| +FrTrTr*pc(c--b) Q; +r; +TrTr)
2 dt"
where11,8,, Dh Ei, F, (l s i s 3) andCj (2 s j 3 3) areall constants
depending
uponthephysical
andphysiologicalparameters andaredefned in Appendix.
As a nextstepof finite elementmethod,wi minimize/ by differentiatingit with respect
to thenodaltemperatures Ts,Tb and4. SinceTs= Tt (thebodycoretemperature) is known,we
obtainthe followirigsystemof equations

(7) C T + P T= l l
where

lr" a o I q 4 o l t2
c=l a 2(a+P) P 4 2(E,+ Dr) Fz
p | " = l l;
L0 z ( f + p ) J L o F z z(tr+or)l
i

dro
dt
[ - - 842 I; a
ilr l-41
w=l | T=
dt
; r=lr,l
L -(t, + a, + Frr) ) Lrr)
dr2
dt
wttn

pca ^ pc(b - a) pc(c - b)

i=-s p=-, p=-
2 2 2

To solvethe systernof ordinarydifferentialequations(7) we useCrank-Nicolson

method.
Accordingto this method,thesystemof equations (7) canbe writtenas
[80] V. P.SAXENA P.R. ADHIKARY AND D. B. CURI'JNG

( Lt \ .... ( N \ ..
(8) .; r = -;, antr
t" )7(i+r) l" )7$)
where Af is the time intervalandfo) is the 3xlmatrix for initialnodaltemperaares.

4. Numerical Results
values
To solve the systemof equations(8) coupledwith damagefunction(l) the following
'havebeentaken[[3], [1U, [15]1.

Kr = 0.030ca{cm-minoC
'irii 3; i,l .. 's'r#,r ' '-
"'
Kz= 0.045caVcm-minoc
Kg=0.060caUcm-minoC
ilt= Mroo=0.0315caVc#-minoC
J = SLo = 0.018caUcrn3-min
L = 579caUg
/r = 0.18caYcrnz-minoC
E = 0.0096gic#-min
M=6.3 x 108J/Kgmol
R = 8.3136x 103J/Kgmol K
A = 18x lOe /min
p= l'05 glcm3
c = 0.83caVg
asshownin Table- l'
We considerthe followingtwo setsof sampleSSTof differentthicknesses
Table- I
SampleSkin a (cm) b (cm) c (cm)
0.10 0.35 0.50
Set-l
0.10 0.50 0.75
Set- II

of heatsourceis assumed to be of 1000C.It is alsoassumed that skin

The temperature
The system of equations (8) is then
surfaceis exposedto this sourcefor a time of 60 seconds.
time intervals of 3 seconds'
r"f".A by subdividing this time of exposurein different
eccordingty,we getthi valuesof hodaltemperatures at thesetime intervalsfor Set-IandSet-II
as shownin Table-2.frre gr;phsfor thesenodaltemperatures for Set-IandSet'll areplottedas
the Table-2, we fitted the cubicsplinesfor fol ?ld
shownin Figures-2unOi ,tpu.tively. Using
to obtainthe damage function at differenttimeswithin
then thesecubic splinesfor io areuied
the total time of exposureof tire skin.The corresponding valuesof damagefunctionat different
-
timesfor Set I andSet - II are plottedin Figure-4'
 MATHEMATICALESTIMATIONOF I,JNSTEADY
STATE BURN DAMAGEDUE TO HOT t8ll

Table- 2
Nodaltemp. SetI SetII
Times To+ T1 T2 To T1 T2
(Seconds)

/o=0
J
22.87 25.70 32.76 22.87 24,75 32.29
h=3 34.15 25iA 33.07 33.79 24.27 32.50
tz=6 38.22 26.77 32.72 37.86 25.40 32.23
tz=9 40.49 28.67 32.51 39.91 26.86 31.92
t a , =1 2 42.15 30.43 32.51 41.30 28.32 31.68
t<=15 43.51 32.01 32.67 42.42 29.69 31.52
lr = 18 44.68 33.43 32.95 43.41 30.97 31.46
tt =27 45.71 34.72 33.29 44.30 32.',t4 31.46
te,=24 46.63 35.89 33.68 45.11 33.23 31.51
ts=27 47.45 36.97 34.08 45.86 34.24 31.62
4o=30 48.20 37.96 34.48 46.55 35.1I 31.76
t r r= 3 3 48.89 38.88 34.88 47.19 36.05 31.93
ln=36 49.52 39.73 35.27 47.79 36.88 32.13
t r .= 3 9 50.10 40.52 35.65 48.35 37.65 32.34
tta,=42 50.65 4',1.26 36.01 48.87 38.38 32.57
trs= 45 51.15 41.95 36.35 49.36 39.06 32.82
t r c =4 8 51.62 42.60 36.68 49.82 39.71 33.07
tn=51 52.06 43.20 36.98 50.25 40.33 33.32
trc,=54 52.46 43.77 37.27 s0.66 40.92 33.58
t t s= 5 7 52.85 44.29 37.54 51.05 41.47 33.84
t'tn= 60 53.21 44.79 37.80 51.42 42.00 34.10

4. Discussion

FromTable- 2, we observethat Set- I attainsabout460Cfor ?na in 2l seconds.So,the thermal

disturbance in Set- I startsat about20 seconds. But the sameprocessin caseof Set- II startsat
about24 seconds.
FromFigureJ, we find thatgraphsof damagefunctionfor bothsetsincreaseexponentially
astime ofexposureofthe skin to the sourcetemperature increases.Thesegraphsrepresentthat
bothsecondandthird degreeburnfor Set- I occurearlierttranSet- II.
The graphof Figure- 2 arerisingfasterthanthe graphsof Figure- 3 in first few minutes
and then attainingttre linesparallelto t-axis earlierthan the graphsof Figure* 3. So, Set- I
reachesis steadystatecaseearlierthanSet- IL
Abovediscussionis only an examplethat how the mathematical modelcanhelp in many
clinical casesof burn injury. This approachcan in fact give comprehensive approachof damage
estimationbasedon individualcharacteristics, climaticconditionsandinternalbodymechanism.

APPENDIX

ma m ( a 2+ a b + b 2 ) m ( a + b ) ( a z+ b 2 )
X, =-- ) Xs= s ..L
- -
t
2(b- a)z 6(b - 472 4(b- a1z
s m m(b+ c) m(bz+ bc+ c2)
x.' - --; _. =-J-------
I',
- ; Ii- =-.
(b-a) 2(c- b) 2(c -b) 6(c- b)
[82] V. P. SAXENAP.R. ADHIKARY AND D. B. GURTJNG

K.
4 =-i;
a

4 =Tlazxr+3Tla2Xr-3Tlaxs
+Tlxn;
Bz =2Tfbxt +ZToa(Zb + a)X, -zTbQ +2a)X, +ZToxn+@ -l)(a - b)xr;
Cz = 4\ dzX t - 6Tp2X z + 67,d{, - zTbXr + @ - l)(a - b\X t ;
v
D,' = 4 + b2x, + (bz+ 2ab)x,- (2b+ a)x, + x o;
2(b-a)

E,' = 4 x, - 3a,\ + x 4;
+ azx, + 3a2
z(b-a)
K"
F)' - -z - 2abx,- 2a(2b+ a)X, + (4a+ 2b'1xt-2x 4 ;
(b-a)
l4 =rf @-bl2\;
s(c-D)
- Uvr'
-2\c(c - b)Y,- T6@
4 = i
;
ttt=
C, =2T6b(c- b)\+76k - b\Y2- ,
2"
D t - r 2 Y+ c Y 2 + Y 3 + V ;
E s = b 2 Y r + b Y r + Y; r + V
Ft = lbcYr -(b+ c)Yr-2\ -2v

50
c'
€,
'o
46
o,
I
E m I
tL t
E
€ ? E | ,''
6 t,'
It
c
=30

*r
ro* 4 5 6 7 10
Time 1{Mlnutes}
for Set- I.
Figure- 2 NodalTemperatures
 STATE BURN DAMAGEDUE TO HOT . . .
MATHEMATICALESTIMATIONOF TJNSTEADY

65

6u

55
o
g- tn
o
(l,
l
t
/'
E a sI
(!
/
t ;

Frct l l a

Ess; /
z
30 )I

25

20
15
Time t (Minutes)
Figure - 3 NodalTemperaturesfor Set - II.

Tlme VS Damage Functlon

tz
O Set-l
* Set-ll
10
o
e E
c o
g
c
l5 E! o
E

o
E o
G'
E 4
G'
o +
+
2 o +

oo
?::*****
OU

Time {Seconds}

Figure- 4 DamageFunctionfor differentvaluesof time whenx = 0.

t84l V.P. SAXENA P.R.ADHIKARY AND D. B. GURTJNG

REFERENCES

[1] Buetnrer ,K., Effectsof u,tremeheatandcoldon humanskin,J.Appl.Physio.,Vol.3

(1951),69r-702.
tzJ Chao,K.N., Eisley,J.G.,andYang,W.J.,Ileat andutatq migrationin theregionalskin
andsubcataneous tissue,Bio.Mech.Sympo.ASME (1973),69-72.
13] Cooper, T.E, and Trezek, G.J.,A probe techniquefor determiningthe thermalconductivity
of tissue,J. HeatTransfer, ASME,,VoI.94 (1972a),133-140.
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N.Y.Aead.Sci.,Vol.l066(2005),106-l I 8.
t5l Diller, K.R., andHayes,LJ., AJinite modelof burn njury in bloodperfusedslia ASME
J.Bio.Mech.Engg., Vol. 105(1983),300-307.
16] Guyton, A.C., Taet bookof medicalphysiologt,W.B.Saunders Company(1976).
I7l Henriques, F.C.,and Moritz,A.R., Studies of thermal injury I. Theconductionof heatto
ond throughskin and the temperatureattainedtherin.A theoreticaland on uperimental
investigationTheAmericanJournalof Pathology.,Vol. 23 (1947),531-549.
t81 Myers,G.E., Analyticmethodsin conductionheattransfer,Book,Co.Inc.,New York,
Mc.GRawHill, (1971)320{,62.
t9] Perl, W., Heat and matterdistribution in body tissuesand the determinationof tissueblood
flow by localclearance method, J. Theor.Bio.,Yol.2(1962),201-235.
[0] Saxena,Y.P.,Temperanredistributionin humanskinandsubcataneous tissues,
J.Theor.Biology, Vol. I 02(1983),277-286.
[1l] Saxena,V. P.,Adhikary,P.RandGurung,D.8., Variationalfinite elementapproachto
estimateburn injury dqnage,TheNepaliMath.Sc.ReporlVol. 25(2)Q005),59-68.
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generation,lnd.J.Pure.Appl.Math. vol. I 5 ( I X I 984),3 142.
[3] Saxena,V. P.,Juneja,A., andYadav,A.5., Heatandwatertransportin thermallydamaged
skin, Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.India,Vol 74(A)II(2004),| 45-175.
[14] Saxena,V.P.,andSingh,R,Unsteadystateradialheatflowintheouterlayersofspherical
regionson humanor animalbody,Jnanbh4Vol.34(2004) , 47-54.
[5] Saxena"V. P.,andYadav,A.5., Tenperaturedistributionin humanskinandsubcutqneous
tissuewith burn injury dueto hot climate- steadystatecase,Bio-Science Research
Bulletin,VoLla(2) (1998),5l-58.
The NepaliMath.Sc. Report
Y o L 2 7 .N o . t & 2 . 2 0 0 7 .

A note on the upper radical of S(A+ pz)

of hemirings
MUHAMMAD ZULFIQAR
Departrnent
of Mathematics,
GovernmentDegreeCollege,
Hafizzbad,(Pakistan).

Abstract:In thispaper,wegeneralizea fewresultsof [4] for theupperradicalclassesof ringsfor

radicalclasses
of hemirings,
by usingtheconstructionfortheupperradicalclasses of hemirings.

1. Introduction and Preliminaries

The notion of radical classesof hemiringswas intoduced by D. M. Olson and
T. L. Jenkins[7], asan extension of radicalclasses of rings(see[4]). The theorywasfurrher
enrichedby manyauthors(see[7, 8]).
Y. Lee andR. E. Propes[4] introducedthe conceptof the sumof two radicalclasses of
rings.Theyhaveshownthat 'sum' is not a radicalclassin general.In the presentpaper,we
extendthenotionof sumof two radicalclasses of hemiringsandgeneralize a few resultsof [4]
in the frameworkof hemirings.The sum of two radicalclasses was investigate by [4] for
radicalclassesof rings.Here we are interestingto generalizea few resultsof [4] in the
frameworkof hemiringwhich is quite different from ring theoreticalapproachdiscussedin
[4]. In thefollowingwe shallbe workingwithintheclassof all hemirings.
A semiring(A,+, . ) is calleda hemiringif (i) '+' is commutative (ii) thereexistsan
element0 e I suchthat0 is the identityof (A, +, ) andthezeroelementof (A, .).
i.e. 0a= a0=0,YaeA
Lower radicalclassesfor hemiringscan be consffucted
similarto the construction
of
for rings(see[3, 6, 8]).
lowerradicals
If I is a hemiringthenHA,K1(l) denote thesetof all homomorphicimagesof I andthe
setof all k-semi-ideals
of I respectively.
If / is an k-semi-ideals
ofl, thenwe denote1 S l.
Firstrveincludenecessary
preliminary,let rrlbe the universalclassof all hemirings.By
usingring theoretical
approach
discussedin [6], let fuLbe aregularclassof hemiring,define

U$vt:lAea:HAafoL=0\
b1 ',ne
thenthe classUfuIis a radicalclassandis calledtheupperradicalclassdetermined
classfu{.For undefined
termsof hemiringswe mayrefer(see[1, 2, 5, 6]).
t86l MUHAMMAD zuLIFIQAR

2. Radical and SemisimPleClasses

We extendthe result of [a] by using the aboveconsruction of upperradical for hemiring
which is indeedprovidesan excellentaud different approachto handlethe manyresultsof [4]
in the frameworkof hemiring
The followigg defuritionis takenfrom S. M. Yusuf and M. Shabir[8]. The semisimple
classSp of a radical classp b defineds tlre,classof all hemiringshaving z-eropradical-
This canbe rephrasesin the following form.
Definition 2.1 tSl. Iet S g a, S is sdtito bd a semisimpleclass,if thefotlowingtwoarioms
are satisfied:
Sr) I e S*/{/nS+0,V(0 *I)eK1(A)
Sz)
-' LetAe atsuchth6tHl^S+0, V (I*0)I €A. thenAeS.
Arub.lursofhemiringsosatisffingtheconditiol(Sr) iscalledaregularclass.

Delinition 2,2 tiltl.Let p be a rdical ctassof hemirings.Thenwedefinea classsp os

follaws:, ,,
Sp={Aea:p(A)=0\.

Theorem2.3. Everyhereditaryclassis regular-

Theorem2.4, Sp is hereditary.
Theorem2,5. Let p be aradical classmdSp= {A e w: p(A)=0l.Then Sp is a
semisirnplectrass.

Proof: By Theorem2.3 md Tlporem2.4, Sp is regular classie.(Sr) is sattsfied-

S:) LetAE asuchthatHI nSp * 0, V (/* 0); A,we claimthatA e Sp.
p(A)*0.Now (p(l);c 0) s*A,letI =p(A).I,et
on confieryl 'e 34 therofore
Assume
I lJ a HI nSp= H (p(A)) n Sp. Thisimpliesthetp(A) lJ e Sp.Sincepisaradicalclass,
thereforep is homornorphically closedandp(A)e p,thereforep(A) I J e p andwe have
p@(A) | J)=p(Al J . As p(A'11J eSp.Thttsp(p(A) lO=0' ThisimpliesthatpU) I J= 0
=
andp (A) g J. This impliesttnt p (A) = J (.'. "f s p @)) nd henceI I J = p (A) | J 0. As I / J
isanarbifaryelernent of HInSp suCh,that//J=0,thereforeweha',1eHInS=0nforsome
k-semi-ideal I =p(l+\ * 0. This conmdics thefactHI nSp;t 0,V (I *0) s A. Consequently,
p(A)= 0 andhenceI eSp and(S2)issatisffed'

Definition 2.6. Let p1,fu beradical classes of hemirings'thenwedefinetheirsum

A + p z = { A e a ; A ( A ) + p 2 ( A ) =A \ .
Wewrite(er+ p;1e1= pr(A)+ P2(A)fortllAe ot.

Definition 2.7.Let A + pz beradical classesof hemirings.Then

S(n + n) = {A e cD: Qq+ P)(A) = 01.
conditionsunderwhichp, + p, will be a radicalclass.
We now investigate
 A NOrE ON THE UppER RADTCALOFs(pr + p2) OF HEMTRTNGS [87]

In the caseof hemiringsone can easilyprove all the standardresult concemingradical

classes,sumof two radicalclasses,
k-semi-idealandsemisimpleclasses.Herewe mentiononly
few of them,whichcanbe obtainedon the line of ringstheoreticarapproach.
Theorem2.8.If pr, h, areradical classesof hemirings,then
S(A + P2)=SP.aSP,
Theorem 2.9, if p, andp, are radical classesof hemirings,then
(Ot+Pr)nS(Pr+P)=g .

Theorem2.10.If p, andp, areradical classes,

thenpr(A) + pz\) is thelargestpr + pz
semi-idealof thehemiringsA.
Theorem2,11.Let pr, p2 be radical classes
of hemiringsand I S A, then
(A + p)(I) c (4 + pr)(A) a I.
Theorem2.12.Let pr, p2 beradical classesof hemirings,thens(q + pr) is a semi-simple
classof hemiring.

Proof: Let Ae S(A + p2) = Spl nSp, (by Theorem2.9).This impliesthat A eSp, and
AeSp, andhence h(A)=0aul,dpr(A)=0.LetISA, thenbyhereditaryof Sp, and
Spz, I e Sp,andI e Spz. Thisimplies1 e Sp, n Sp, andhence.fe S (p: +p, ). Thus
S(A+ p) is hereditary.Thisimpliesthatif A e S (p,+ pr) and/ is a non-zerok-semi-ideal
of
l, thenits non-zero homomorphic imageins(p, +pr)is/itself. Therefore(s,) of the
def,urition
2.1 is satisfied.Supposeeverynon-zerok-semi-idealof a hemiringI hasa non-zero
homomorphic imagein s (p1+ pz) = Sp, n Spr. Thismeanseverynon-zerok-semi-ideal of a
hemiringA hasa non-zerohomomorphicimagein sp, andalsoin sp, . This implies A e sp,
and A e Sp, because
SA,Spz aresemisimple
classes.
Consequently,we have
-
AeSpt 6SPz S(q+ p). Thisshowsthat (.Sr)ofthedefinition2.1 is alsosatisfied.

Theorem2.13.Let fi, p2 be radical classesof hemirings.Thenp, + p, is hereditoryif and

onlyif ( p, + p)U) = ( p, + p)(A) a I,VA e ot,VI S A.

Proof: Letpr+ p, be hereditaryandI S A. Now (p, +p, )(A) e pr+ p, and

@r+ pr1g1 o I 3 (pr+ pr) (A). By hereditary

of pr+ pr, we have(p, + p) U) a I e pr+pr.
es (pr +p)(A)^I S1, therefore,wehave
(er+ pr114n1c(01+ prlltl.AIsowehave
(A+ p)(I)e(pr+ p)(A)nl (bytheorem 2.12).Consequently,
we have
( o r + p r 1 1 ' t 1 a=
l (A+ p)(t).
C o n v e r s e l y , a s s u m e t h apt (. p
, )rU+) = ( p r + p ) ( A ) n l , y A e at,yl < A.Let
A e pr+p, and1 S l, then(A+p)(A)= l. Thus(A+p)(I) =(A+p)(A) n I : A a I = L
This showsthat 1e A+p2 andhencep, + p, is hereditary.
 MUHAMMAD ZULIFIQAR
[88]

of hemirings.Thenthe class
Corollary 2.14. Let p, andp, be hereditaryradical classes
pr + Pz is hereditary if and onlYif
Aeco'VI3A'
^A(A)+Inpr(A)=ln(A(A)+Pz(A)),V I

3. The upper radical of S(Pr+Pr)

The notionof upperradicalclassesor upperradicalswasoriginallyinFoducedby F' A. Szasz

([5, see[6]) for rings.
lower
In the caseof hemiringsonecaneasilyproveall the standardresultconcerning
radicals,upperradicalsandregularclasses. Herewe mentiononly few of which
them, canbe
obtainedon the line ofrings theoreticalapproach'
=
Theorem3.1, Let futbe a regglar classof hemirings,defne U*L {A e ot: HA n M- 0l
by the
thenthe classUfu!.is a radical classand is calledthe upperradical classdetermined
classfuL
Theorem3.2. If Tvtis regular classof hemiringssuchthat fuLg S(A + pr),then
(p,+ pr)Euful..

Theorem5.3. If Prand p, are radical clqssesof hemirings,then

u S ( p ,+ p ) = { A e a : H A n S P , + S P ,= O } .
Proof: Since S(p, + pr) is a semisimpleclass,so by definition,we hwe
u S ( p ,+ p ) = { A e a t : H A ^ S ( P r + P ) = 0 } .
we have
SinceS(p, + Pz)= Sp, n Sp, (by Theorem2'9)' Therefore
US(A + P) = {A e o : HAnSPI + SP2= 0}'
of hemirings'Then
Theorem3.4.Let p, andp, be radical classes
S(Z(a+ P))=S(P,+ P)'

Proof: LetAes(r(a + P)),wewillShowthatl€S(A+p2). Assumeoncontrarythat I

=
AeS(n+ p)butAeS(I(n +p2)) impliesthat[Z(p1+ p)JU) 0' SinceAeS(pr+ pr) |
= Sp n Sp, thereforeI € Sp, n Sp2.This impliesthatA ASpl or I e Sp, . Now I e Spt' This
=
impliesthatAU)* 0.As 0 + pt(A) e AC Av Pz= L(Av pz) L(A+ p). Since
AeS(L(pr+pr))andS(L(A+P))isheriditary,wehavep,(A)eS(I(p1+p2))andhence
p(A)+O) eS(L(pr+pr))a(L(pr+pr). We havea contradiption that [I(pt+ p)]n
S(L(p1+pr))=0.ThisprovesthatI e S(pt+p2)'Nowwe haveAeS(L(g+pr)) impliesthat
A eS(p1+pr).Thisshowsthat S(L(g+pr)) c S(L(pt+pr))'
Forreverse inclusion, We shallshowthatAeS(n+p).Assume
letAeS(L(p1+p2)).
on contrarythatAeS(n+p)but Aes(L(pl+pr)) impliesthat[L(pt+p)] (l) * 0' Let
say,?n'Now
p,,+pr'sub'hemiring,
I =[L(pr+ pr)](l). ThenI hasa nonzeroaccessible
 A NOTEON THEr.rppER
RADTCALOF
S(pr +p) oF HEMrRrNcs

A e S (pr+ pr) = S4 n Sp, and 1 < l. By the

heridiqry of S (p, +pr), I e S (p, +p2).
Now Z
is anaccessible sub.hemiringof/and so ?ne S(4+A).This impliesthat(pr+pr)(I)
= 0.
since z e A +pz, therefore(n + (T)= z
m) andhence T = ,,which contradicts that r * 0.
ThusS(p,+p2) g S(Z(4+p2)). Consequently,
wehaveS(I(p1+p))=S(A+pr). This
completes the proof.
Corollary 3.5.If pr, p, areradical classes
of hemirings,then
L(Aw pr)= U[S(p,+pr)]

Acknowledgement:
TheauthorthanksprofessorDr. M. Aramfor
manyusefurdiscussions.

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TheNePaliMath' Sci.RePort'
Vol. 27.No. I & 2,2007'

CONTENTS
Page
l.Finircrangcmodeltodescribcthedisributionofinfantdeathbyage
- Tika RamArYal t1]

2. Uniform vercionof wierrr-Tauberian theor€mfor wiener algebra

- ChetRaj Bhattra.
. t11l

3. On doubleN0rlund summabilityof Fourier-Jacobiseries

-SatishChandn t17l

4. The (41) (C,l) summabilityof tlre corfugarcseriesof a Fourierseries

-BinodhasadDhalol. [31]

5. Associbd polynomialsto Dirichlet andFejcr kernels

- M. Gals-Lsioc R Gucirolivo, I', urd L6'pez-Bonilla ' ' ' ' [391

6.TrarrsientanalysisofM|MtMtltthinercpairmodclwithmixedspares
-Madhu Jain md ReldEKtrnri I43l

7. I$tlr-TocpliEduals
-croctaBh&a loshi,shaiicndraKumarMishra and shankarRajPant t57l

8. Rema*s on fnrcd point thootltn undcr implicit relations

-Ssnbsh ltumrmdKths.'.
I

9. on .{PSI Riemalurimmanifold with secondordergeneralisedstructut€ i

- S. B. Mishrq Pravin Kumar MathurandMohit Saxena
II
to hot tcmpcra$r€
10. Mattremuicalcstimationof unstcadystatcbum damagedue
- V. P. Sa*ena,P. R. Adhikary and D' B' Glrung' f/51

I l. A no0eon thc upperradial of S (pt+ p, ) of hemirings

- Muhmnud Zulifiqar . t85l
i
ComF0otTygosdngat UNIONCOMPUTERS 125212E1
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