Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

MODULE - VIII
Calculus
28

DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL Notes

AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

We are aware that population generally grows but in some cases decay also. There are many
other areas where growth and decay are continuous in nature. Examples from the fields of
Economics, Agriculture and Business can be cited, where growth and decay are continuous.
Let us consider an example of bacteria growth. If there are 10,00,000 bacteria at present and
say they are doubled in number after 10 hours, we are interested in knowing as to after how
much time these bacteria will be 30,00,000 in number and so on.
Answers to the growth problem does not come from addition (repeated or otherwise), or
multiplication by a fixed number. In fact Mathematics has a tool known as exponential function
that helps us to find growth and decay in such cases. Exponential function is inverse of logarithmic
function. We shall also study about Rolle's Theorem and Mean Value Theorems and their
applications. In this lesson, we propose to work with this tool and find the rules governing their
derivatives.

OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
l define and find the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions;
l find the derivatives of functions expressed as a combination of algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential and logarithmic functions; and
l find second order derivative of a function.
l state Rolle's Theorem and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem; and
l test the validity of the above theorems and apply them to solve problems.

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

l Application of the following standard limits :

ex  1 a x 1
(i) lim 1 (ii) lim  loge a
x 0 x x 0 x

 eh  1
(iii) lim 1
h 0 h

MATHEMATICS 239
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII l Definition of derivative and rules for finding derivatives of functions.
Calculus
28.1 DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Let y  e x be an exponential function. .....(i)

y  y  e
x x  (Corresponding small increments) .....(ii)
Notes

From (i) and (ii), we have

 y  e x x  e x
Dividing both sides by x and taking the limit as x  0

y ex  1
 lim  lim e x
 x 0  x  x 0 x

dy
  e x .1  e x
dx
d x
Thus, we have
dx
 
e  ex .

d x d
Working rule :
dx
 
e  ex   x   ex
dx
Next, let y  e ax  b .

Then y   y  ea(x x) b

[ x and y are corresponding small increments]
 x  x  b
  y  ea  eax  b

 eax  b ea x  1
 
ea x  1
y ax  b  
 e
x x

ea  x  1
 a  e ax b [Multiply and divide by a]
ax
Taking limit as x  0 , we have

y ea  x  1
lim  a  eax  b  lim
 x 0 x  x 0 a  x

dy  ex 1 
or  a  eax  b 1  lim  1 ax b
dx  x 0 x   ae

240 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Working rule :
MODULE - VIII
Calculus
d  ax  b  ax b d
e e   ax  b   eax  b  a
dx dx
d  ax  b 
 e  aeax  b
dx
Notes
Example 28.1 Find the derivative of each of the follwoing functions :
3x
ax 
5x 2
(i) e (ii) e (iii) e

Soution : (i) Let y  e5x .

Then y  e t where 5 x = t

dy dt
  et and 5 
dt dx

We know that, dy  dy  dt  et  5  5e5x

dx dt dx

d 5x d
Alternatively
dx
e  
 e5x   5x   e5x  5  5e
dx
5x

(ii) Let y  eax 

Then y  e t when t = ax

dy dt
  e t and a
dt dx

dy dy dt
We know that,    et  a
dx dt dx

dy
Thus,  a  eax
dx
3x
(iii) Let ye 2
3
dy x d  3 
e 2  x
 
dt dx  2 
3x
dy 3
Thus,  e 2
dt 2

Example 28.2 Find the derivative of each of the following :

x2 5
(i) y  e x  2cos x (ii) y  e  2sin x  e x  2e
3

MATHEMATICS 241
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII Solution : (i) y  e x  2cos x
Calculus
dy d  x  d
  e 2  cos x   ex  2sin x
dx dx dx
2 5
(ii) y  e x  2sin x  e x  2e
3
Notes 2 d
dy 5

dx
 ex
dx
 
x 2  2 cos x  e x  0 [Since e is constant]
3
2 5
 2xe x  2cos x  e x
3
dy
Example 28.3 Find , when
dx
1 x
1
(i) ye x cos x (ii) y  ex (iii) ye 1 x
x
Solution : (i) y  e x cos x
dy d
  e x cos x  x cos x 
dx dx
dy  d d 
  e x cos x  x dx cos x  cos x dx (x) 
dx  
 e x cos x   x sin x  cos x 
1 x
(ii) y e
x
dy d 1 1 d x
 dx
 ex  
dx  x  x dx
e   [Using product rule]

1 1 x
 ex  e
2 x
x
ex ex
 [ 1  x]  [x  1]
x2 x2
1x
(iii) y  e1 x
1x
dy d 1 x 
 e1 x  
dx dx  1  x 
1 x
 1.(1  x)  (1  x).1 
 e1 x  
 (1  x) 2 
1 x 1 x
 2  2
 e1 x  2
 e1 x
 (1  x)  (1  x)2

242 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example 28.4 Find the derivative of each of the following functions : MODULE - VIII
Calculus
(i) esin x  sin ex (ii) eax  cos  bx  c 

Solution : y  esin x  sin e x

dy d d

dx
 esin x 
dx
 
sin e x  sin e x esin x
dx Notes

d x d
 esin x  cos e x 
dx
 
e  sin e x  esin x
dx
sin x 
 esin x  cos ex  ex  sin e x  esin x  cos x
 esin x [e x  cos e x  sin e x  cos x]
(ii) y  eax cos(bx  c)
dy d d
  eax  cos(bx  c)  cos  bx  c  eax
dx dx dx
d d
 e ax  [ sin(bx  c)] (bx  c)  cos(bx  c)e ax (ax)
dx dx
 eax sin(bx  c)  b  cos(bx  c)eax .a

 e ax [ bsin(bx  c)  a cos(bx  c)]

dy eax
Example 28.5 Find , if y 
dx sin(bx  c)

d ax d
sin(bx  c) e  eax [sin(bx  c)]
dy dx dx
Solution : 
dx sin 2 (bx  c)

sin(bx  c).eax .a  eax cos(bx  c).b


sin 2 (bx  c)

eax [a sin(bx  c)  b cos(bx  c)]


sin 2 (bx  c)

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.1

1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

7
x 2  2x
(a) e5x (b) e 7x  4
(c) e 2x (d) e 2 (e) e x

dy
2. Find , if
dx

MATHEMATICS 243
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII 1
x 1 x
(a) y  e  5e (b) y  tan x  2sin x  3cos x  e
Calculus 3 2
(c) y  5sin x  2e x (d) y  e x  e  x

3. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

(a) f (x)  e x 1 (b) f (x)  e cot x
Notes
2x 2x
(c) f (x)  e x sin (d) f (x)  e x sec

4. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

(a) f (x)  (x  1)e x (b) f (x)  e 2x sin 2 x
dy
5. Find , if
dx

e2x e2x  cos x

(a) y  (b) y 
x2 1 x sin x

28.2 DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

We first consider logarithmic function
Let y  log x .....(i)
 y   y  log  x   x  .....(ii)
(  x and  y are corresponding small increments in x and y)
From (i) and (ii), we get
 y  log  x   x   log x
x  x
 log
x

y 1  x 
  log 1  
x x  x 

1 x  x 
  log 1   [Multiply and divide by x]
x x  x 

x
1  x   x
 log 1  
x  x
Taking limits of both sides, as  x  0 , we get

x
y 1   x  x
lim  lim log 1  
 x 0  x x  x 0  x

244 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
x  MODULE - VIII

dy 1   x  x  Calculus
  log  lim 1   
dx x x 0  x  
 
 x 
1  lim   x  x 
 log e 1    e 
x  x 0 Notes
 x  
1

x
d 1
Thus, (log x) 
dx x
Next, we consider logarithmic function
y  log (ax  b) ...(i)
 y  y  log[a(x  x)  b] ...(ii)
[ x and y are corresponding small increments]
From (i) and (ii), we get
y  log[a(x  x)  b]  log (ax  b)
a(x  x)  b
 log
ax  b
(ax  b)  ax
 log
ax  b
 ax 
 log 1 
 ax  b 
y 1  ax 
  log 1 
x x  ax  b 

a ax  b  ax   a 
  log 1   Multiply and divide by ax+b 
ax  b ax  ax  b 
ax  b
a  ax  ax
 log 1 
ax  b  ax  b 

Taking limits on both sides as x  0

ax  b
y a  ax  a x
 lim  lim log 1 
x  0 x ax  b x  0  ax  b 
 1 
dy a  x 
or  log e
dx ax  b  lim 1  x   e 
 x 0 
dy a
or, 
dx ax  b

MATHEMATICS 245
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII Working rule :
Calculus d 1 d
log(ax  b)  (ax  b)
dx ax  b dx
1 a
 a 
ax  b ax  b
Notes Example 28.6 Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :
(i) y  log x 5 (ii) y  log x (iii) y   log x 3

Solution : (i) y  log x 5 = 5 log x

dy 1 5
  5 
dx x x
1 1
(ii) y  log x  log x 2 or y  log x
2

dy 1 1 1
   
dx 2 x 2x
3
(iii) y   log x 

 y  t3, when t  log x

dy dt 1
  3t 2 and 
dt dx x

dy dy dt 1
We know that,    3t 2 
dx dt dx x

dy 1
  3(log x) 2 
dx x

dy 3
  (log x) 2
dx x

dy
Example 28.7 Find, if
dx
(i) y  x 3 log x (ii) y  e x log x
Solution :
(i) y  x 3 log x
dy d d
  log x (x 3 )  x 3 (log x) [Using Product rule]
dx dx dx
1
 3x 2 log x  x 3 
x

246 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
 x 2  3log x  1 Calculus
(ii) y  e x log x
dy d d
  ex (log x)  log x  e x
dx dx dx
1 Notes
 ex   e x  log x
x
1 
 e x   log x 
x 

Example 28.8 Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

(i) log tan x (ii) log [cos (log x )]
Solution : (i) Let y = log tan x
dy 1 d
   (tan x)
dx tan x dx
1
  sec 2 x
tan x
cos x 1
 
sin x cos 2 x
= cosec x.sec x
(ii) Let y = log [cos (log x)]
dy 1 d
   [cos(log x)]
dx cos(log x) dx

1  d 
    sin log x  log x 
cos  log x   dx 

 sin(log x) 1
 
cos(log x) x

1
  tan(log x)
x

dy
Example 28.9 Find , if y = log(sec x + tan x)
dx
Solution : y = log (sec x + tax x )
dy 1 d
    sec x  tan x 
dx sec x  tan x dx
1
  sec x tan x  sec2 x 
sec x  tan x  

MATHEMATICS 247
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII 1
  sec x sec x  tan x 
Calculus sec x  tan x
sec x(tan x  sec x)

sec x  tan x
= sec x
Notes
dy
Example 28.10 Find , if
dx
1
2 2 2
(4x  1)(1  x )
y 3
3
x (x  7) 4

Solution : Although, you can find the derivative directly using quotient rule (and product rule)
but if you take logarithm on both sides, the product changes to addition and division changes to
subtraction. This simplifies the process:
1
2 2 2
(4x  1)(1  x )
y 3
3
x (x  7) 4

Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

 1 

log y  log 

 4x 2  1 1  x 2   2 

 3 

 x3  x  7  4 
 

1 3
or   
log y  log 4x 2  1  log 1  x 2  3log x  log(x  7)
2 4

[ Using log properties]
Now, taking derivative on both sides, we get
d 1 1 3 3  1 
(log y)  2  8x  2
 2x     
dx 4x  1 2(1  x ) x 4 x7

1 dy 8x x 3 3
   2  2
 
y dx 4x  1 1  x x 4  x  7

dy  8x x 3 3 
  y    
dx 2 2 x 4(x  7) 
 4x  1 1  x

(4x 2  1) 1  x 2  8x x 3 3 
  2    
3 2 x 4(x  7) 
3
 4x  1 1  x
x (x  7) 4

248 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.2 Calculus
1. Find the derivative of each the functions given below:
(a) f (x) = 5 sin x 2 log x (b) f (x) = log cos x
dy
2. Find , if Notes
dx
x 2
(b) y  e
2
(a) y  ex log x
log x

3. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

  x
(a) y = log ( sin log x ) (b) y = log tan   
4 2

 a  b tan x 
(c) y  log  (d) y = log (log x )
 a  b tan x 
dy
4. Find , if
dx
3
1 2 1

3 x (1  2x) 2
y
(a) y  (1  x) (2  x) 3 (x 2
2 7
 5) (x  9) 2 (b) 5 1
(3  4x) 4 (3  7x 2 ) 4

28.3 DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (CONTINUED)

We know that derivative of the function x n w.r.t. x is n x n 1 , where n is a constant. This rule is
not applicable, when exponent is a variable. In such cases we take logarithm of the function and
then find its derivative.
Therefore, this process is useful, when the given function is of the type f  x g  x  . For example,

a x , x x etc.

Note : Here f(x) may be constant.

Derivative of ax w.r.t. x
Let y  ax , a>0

Taking log on both sides, we get

log y  log a x  x log a [ log m n  n log m]

d d 1 dy d
  log y   (x log a) or   log a   x 
dx dx y dx dx

dy
or  y log a
dx
MATHEMATICS 249
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
 a x log a
Calculus
d x
Thus, a  a x log a , a>0
dx
Example 28.11 Find the derivative of each of the following functions :
Notes (i) y  x x (ii) y  x sin x

Solution : (i) y  x x

Taking logrithms on both sides, we get

log y  x log x
Taking derivative on both sides, we get
1 dy d d
  log x (x)  x (log x) [Using product rule]
y dx dx dx

1 dy 1
  1  log x  x 
y dx x
= log x + 1
dy
  y[log x  1]
dx

dy
Thus,  x x (log x  1)
dx

(ii) y  x sin x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y = sin x log x
1 dy d
   (sin x log x)
y dx dx

1 dy 1
or   cos x.log x  sin x 
y dx x

dy  sin x 
or  y cos x log x 
dx  x 

dy  sin x 
Thus,  x sin x cos x log x 
dx  x 

Example 28.12 Find the derivative, if

sin x
x

y   log x   sin 1 x 

250 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Solution : Here taking logarithm on both sides will not help us as we cannot put MODULE - VIII
Calculus
(log x) x  (sin 1 x)sin x in simpler form. So we put

u  (log x) x and v  (sin 1 x)sin x

Then, yuv
dy du dv Notes
   ......(i)
dx dx dx
Now u  (log x) x
Taking log on both sides, we have
log u  log(log x) x

 log u  x log(log x)  log m n  n log m 

 
Now, finding the derivative on both sides, we get
1 du 1 1
  1  log (log x)  x 
u dx log x x

du  1 
Thus,  u  log(log x)  
dx  log x 

du  1 
Thus,  (log x) x log(log x)   .....(ii)
dx  log x 

Also, v  (sin 1 x)sin x

 log v  sin x log(sin 1 x)

Taking derivative on both sides, we have
d d
(log v)  [sin x log(sin 1 x)]
dx dx
1 dv 1 1
 sin x  1   cos x  log  sin 1 x 
v dx sin x 1  x 2

dv  sin x 
or,  v  cos x  logsin 1 x 
dx 1
 sin x 1  x
2

sin x  sin x 
  sin 1 x   1  cos x log sin 1 x   ....(iii)
2
 sin x 1  x 
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
dy x 1   1 sin x  sin x 
  log x  log  log x     sin x   cos xlogsin1 x 
dx  log x  1
 sin x 1  x
2


Example 28.13 If x y  e x  y , prove that

MATHEMATICS 251
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII dy log x

Calculus dx 1  log x 2

Solution : It is given that x y  e x y ...(i)

Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
y log x  (x  y)log e
Notes
 (x  y)
or y(1  log x)  x  log e  1
x
or y (ii)
1  log x
Taking derivative with respect to x on both sides of (ii), we get
1
dy
1  log x  1  x  
 x
dx 1  log x 2
1  log x  1 log x
 2

1  log x  1  log x 2

dy
Example 28.14 Find , if
dx
e x log y  sin  1 x  sin 1 y
Solution : We are given that
e x log y  sin  1 x  sin 1 y
Taking derivative with respect to x of both sides, we get
 1 dy  x 1 1 dy
ex    e log y  
 y dx  1 x2 1  y 2 dx

 ex 1  dy 1
     e x log y
or
 y 1  y 2  dx 1 x 2

dy y 1  y 1  e 1  x log y 
2 x 2
or 
dx e x 1  y 2  y  1  x 2
 

dy cos x ......
Example 28.15 Find , if y   cos x  cos x 
dx
Solution : We are given that

252 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
cos x  cos x ...... Calculus
y   cos x 
y
  cos x 
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y  y log cos x
Differentiating (i) w.r.t.x, we get Notes
1 dy 1 dy
 y   sin x   log cos x  
y dx cos x dx

1  dy
or  y  log  cos x  dx   y tan x
 
dy
or 1  y log  cos x    y 2 tan x
dx

dy  y 2 tan x
or 
dx 1  y log  cos x 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.3

1. Find the derivative with respect to x of each the following functions :
(a) y  5x (b) y  3x  4 x (c) y  sin(5x )
dy
2. Find , if
dx
(a) y  x 2x (b) y  (cos x) log x (c) y  (log x)sin x
2 2 sin x)
(d) y  (tan x) x (e) y  (1  x 2 ) x
(f) y  x (x
3. Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :
1 x
(a) y  (tan x)cot x  (cot x) x (b) y  x log x  (sin x)sin
2
(c) y  x tan x  (sin x)cos x (d) y  (x) x  (log x)log x

sin x sin x ...... , show that

4. If y   sin x 

dy y 2 cot x

dx 1  y log  sin x 

5. If y  log x  log x  log x  ...... , show that

dy 1

dx x  2x  1

MATHEMATICS 253
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII 28.4 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES
Calculus
In the previous lesson we found the derivatives of second order of trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions by using the formulae for the derivatives of trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions, various laws of derivatives, including chain rule, and power rule discussed
earlier in lesson 21. In a similar manner, we will discuss second order derivative of exponential
and logarithmic functions :
Notes
Example 28.16 Find the second order derivative of each of the following :
x
(i) e (ii) cos (logx) (iii) x x

Solution : (i) Let y  e x

dy
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides, we get  ex
dx

d2y d x
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides, we get  (e )  e x
2 dx
dx

d2y
  ex
dx 2
(ii) Let y = cos (log x)
Taking derivative w.r.t x on both sides, we get
dy 1  sin  log x 
  sin  log x   
dx x x
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides, we get
d2 y d  sin  log x  
2
  
dx dx  x 
1
x  cos  log x    sin  log x 
or  x
x2
d2 y sin  log x   cos  log x 
 2

dx x2
(iii) Let y  x x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
log y = x log x ....(i)
Taking derivative w.r.t. x of both sides, we get
1 dy 1
  x   log x  1  log x
y dx x

dy
or  y(1  log x) ....(ii)
dx

254 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Taking derivative w.r.t. x on both sides we get MODULE - VIII
d2y d Calculus
  y(1  log x) 
dx 2 dx
1 dy
= y   (1  log x) ...(iii)
x dx
Notes
y
  (1  log x)y(1  log x)
x
y
  (1  log x) 2 y (Using (ii))
x
1 
 y   (1  log x) 2 
 x 

d2 y 1 2
  x x   1  log x  
2
dx x 
1 x
Example 28.17 If y  ea cos , show that

d2 y dy
1 x2  dx 2  x dx  a2y  0 .

1 x
Solution : We have, y  ea cos .....(i)

dy 1 a
 ea cos x 
 dx 1 x2

ay
 Using (i)
1  x2

2
 dy  a 2 y2
or   
 dx  1  x 2

2
 dy 

2 2 2

  1 x  a y  0
 dx 
 .....(ii)

Taking derivative of both sides of (ii), we get

2
 dy  dy d 2 y dy
   2x   2 1  x 2
   2  a 2  2y  0
 dx  dx dx dx
2
d y dy dy
or 1  x 2  dx 2
x
dx
 a2y  0 [Dividing through out by 2 
dx
]

MATHEMATICS 255
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
Calculus CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.4
1. Find the second order derivative of each of the following :
log x
(b) tan  e 
4 5x 5x
(a) x e (c)
x
Notes
2. If y  a cos  log x   b sin  log x  , show that

d2 y dy
x2 2
x y0
dx dx
1 x
3. If y  e tan , prove that

d2y dy
1 x2  dx 2   2x 1 dx 0

28.5 DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Sometimes x and y are two variables such that both are explicitly expressed in terms of a
third variable, say t, i.e. if x = f(t) and y = g(t), then such functions are called parametric
functions and the third variable is called the parameter.
In order to find the derivative of a function in parametric form, we use chain rule.
dy dy dx
= .
dt dx dt
dy
dy dt dx
or = dx , provided 0
dx dt
dt
dy
Example 28.18 Find , when x = a sin t, y = a cos t
dx
Differentiating w.r. to ‘t’, we get
dx dy
= a cos t and   a sin t
dt dt
dy dy / dt  a sin t
Hence, =    tan t
dx dx / dt a cos t
dy
Example 28.19 Find , if x  2at 2 and y  2at .
dx
Solution : Given x  2at 2 and y  2at .
Differentiating w.r. to ‘t’, we get

256 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
dx dy MODULE - VIII
= 4at and  2a
dt dt Calculus
dy dy / dt 2a 1
Hence =  
dx dx / dt 4at 2t
dy
Example 28.20 Find , If x  a (  sin ) and y  a (1  cos )
dx Notes
Solution : Given x = a(  sin ) and

y = a(1  cos )
Differentiating both w.r. to ‘’, we get

dx dy
= a(1  cos ) and  a(  sin )
d d

dy dy / d   a sin 
Hence =    cot 
dx dx / d  a (1  cos ) 2

dy
Example 28.21 Find , if x = a cos3t and y = a sin3t
dx
Solution : Given x = a cos3t and y = a sin3t
Differentiating both w.r. to ‘t’, we get
dx 2 d 2
= 3a cos t (cos t )  3a cos t sin t
dt dt

dy 2 d 2
and = 3a sin t (sin t )  3a sin t cos t
dt dt

dy dy / dt 3a sin 2 t cos t
Hence =    tan t
dx dx / dt 3a cos2 t sin t

dy 1 t 2 2bt
Example 28.22 Find , If x  a 2 and y = .
dx 1 t 1 t 2

1 t 2 2bt
Solution : Given x  a and y =
1 t 2
1 t 2
Differentiating both w.r. to ‘t’, we get

dx  (1  t 2 ).(0  2t )  (1  t 2 )(0  2t )  4at

a
=   
dt  (1  t 2 )2 2 2
 (1  t )

dy  (1  t 2 ).(1)  t.(0  2t )  2b(1  t 2 )

and = 2b  
dt  (1  t 2 )2 2 2
 (1  t )
MATHEMATICS 257
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
Calculus dy dy / dt 2b(1  t 2 ) (1  t 2 ) 2 b(1  t 2 )
Hence =   
dx dx / dt (1  t 2 )2 4at 2at

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.5

Notes
dy
Find , when :
dx
1. x = 2at3 and y = at4
2. x = a cos  and y = a sin 
4
3. x = 4t and y =
t
4. x = b sin 2  and y  a cos 2 

5. x  cos   cos 2 and y  sin   sin 2

6. x  a sec  and y  b tan 

3at 3at 2
7. x and y 
1 t 2 1 t2
8. x  sin 2t and y  cos 2t

28.6 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

If two parametric functions x = f(t) and y = g(t) are given then

dy dy / dt
=  h(t ) (let here dx  0 )
dx dx / dt dt
d2y d dt
Hence 2 = dt
 (h(t ) 
dx dx

d2y
Example 28.23 Find , if x = at2 and y = 2at
dx 2
Solution : Differentiating both w.r. to ‘t’, we get
dx dy
= 2at and  2a
dt dt
dy dy / dt 2a 1
 =  
dx dx / dt 2at t
Differentiating both sides w.r. to x, we get

258 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
d2y d  1 d  1 dt Calculus
 
2 = dx 
 t  dt  t  dx
dx
d2y 1 1 1
 =    
dx 2 t 2 2at 2at 3
d2y Notes
Example 28.24 Find , if x = a sin3  and y = b cos3 
dx 2

Solution : Given x = a sin3  and y = b cos3 

Differentiating both w.r. to ‘’, we get

dx dy
= 3 a sin 2  cos  and  3b cos 2 ( sin )
d d

dy dy / d  3b cos2  sin  b

 =    cot 
dx dx / d  3a sin 2  cos  a
Differentiating both sides w.r. to ‘x’, we get

d2y b d b d d
= (cot  )  (cot  ) 
dx 2 a dx a d dx

d2y b 2 1
 = (  cosec  ) 
dx 2 a 3a sin 2  cos 

d2y b
 2 = 2
cosec4 sec 
dx 3a

d2y 
Example 28.25 If x  a sin t and y  b cos t , find 2 at t 
dx 4

Solution : Given x  a sin t and y  b cos t

Differentiating both w.r. to ‘t’, we get

dx dy
= a cos t and  b sin t
dt dt

dy dy / dt b sin t  b
 =   tan t
dx dx / dt a cos t a
Differentiating both sides w.r. to ‘x’, we get

MATHEMATICS 259
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII d2y b d dt b 1
2
Calculus = (tan t )   sec t 
dx 2 a dt dx a a cos t

d2y b 3
 = sec t
dx 2 a2
Notes
 d2 y  b 3  b 2 2b
 2  at t  4 = 2 sec  2 ( 2)3 
dx a 4 a a2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.6

d2y
Find , when
dx 2
1. x = 2at and y = at2
2. x  a (t  sin t ) and y  a (1  cos t )
3. x  10(  sin ) and y  12(1  cos )
4. x  a sin t and y  b cos 2t
5. x  a  cos 2t and y  b  sin 2t
C

1A
% +
LET US SUM UP

d x d x
l (i) (e )  e x (ii) (a )  a x log a ; a  0
dx dx
l If  is a derivable function of x, then
dx
(i) log a  ;a  0
dx
d ax  b
(iii) (e )  eax  b  a  aeax  b
dx
d 1 d 1 d
l (i) (log x)  (ii) (log x)   , if  is a derivable function of x.
dx x dx x dx
d 1 a
l (iii) log(ax  b)  a 
dx ax  b ax  b

l If x = f(t) and y = g(t),

dy dy / dt dx
then  ,. provided 0
dx dx / dt dt

260 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
l If
dy dy / dt
  h(t ) , Calculus
dx dx / dt

d2y d dt
then 2
 [h(t )] 
dx dt dx
Notes

SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

http://www.themathpage.com/acalc/exponential.htm
http://www.math.brown.edu/utra/explog.html
http://www.freemathhelp.com/derivative-log-exponent.html

TERMINAL EXERCISE

1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

 xx 
x x
(a) (x ) (b) x
dy
2. Find , if
dx
cos 1 x
(a) y  a x log sin x (b) y  (sin x)

 3
x2
 1  x  x  4 4 
(c) y  1   (d) y  log e  
 x  x4 
 

3. Find the derivative of each of the functions given below :

2
(a) f (x)  cos x log(x)e x x x (b) f (x)  (sin  1 x)2  x sin x  e 2x

4. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :

(a) y  (tan x)log x  (cos x)sin x (b) y  x tan x  (sin x)cos x

dy x4 x  6 e x  ex
5. Find , if (a) If y  (b) If y 
dx (3x  5) 2 (e x  e x )
dy 2  2x
6. Find , if (a) If y  a x  x a (b) y  7x
dx

MATHEMATICS 261
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII 7. Find the derivative of each of the following functions :
Calculus
2 2x
2x cot x
(a) y  x e cos 3x (b) y 
x
x.......
xx dy y2
8. If y  x , prove that x 
Notes dx 1  y log x

Find derivative of each of the following function

cos x
9.  sin x 
log x
10.  log x 

 x  1 x  2 
11.
 x  3 x  4 
x 1
 1 x
12.  x   x x
 x 
 t
13. x  a  cos t  log  and y  a sin t
2
14. x  a (cos    sin ) and y  a (sin    cos )

15. x  et (sin t  cos t ) and y  et (sin t  cos t )

16. x  ecos 2t and y  esin 2t

 1  1
17. x  a  t   and y  a  t  
t t
dy 
18. If x  a (  sin ) and y  a (1  cos ) , find at  
dx 3
2bt a (1  t 2 ) dy
19. If x  and y  , find at t = 2.
1 t 2 1 t2 dx

sin 3 t cos3 t dy
20. If x  and y  , prove that   cot 3t
cos 2t cos 2t dx
dy  3 
21. If x  2cos   cos 2 and y  2 sin   sin 2 , prove that  tan  
dx  2
dy 1 2
22. If x = cos t and y = sin t, prove that  at t 
dx 3 3

d2y
23. If x  a (cos t  t sin t ) and y  a (sin t  t cos t ) , find
dx 2
262 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
d2y  Calculus
24. If x  a (  sin ) and y  a (1  cos ) , find 2
at  
dx 2
d2y
25. If x  a sin pt and y  b cos pt , find the value of at t = 0
dx 2
1 d2y Notes
26. If x  log t and y  , find
t dx 2
d2y 
27. If x  a(1  cos t ) and y  a (t  sin t ) , find 2 at
t
dx 2
2
d y
28. If x  at 2 and y  2at , find .
dx 2

MATHEMATICS 263
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
Calculus ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.1
7
7  x 2
Notes
1. (a) 5e 5x (b) 7e 7x  4 (c) 2e 2x (d)  e 2 (e) 2  x  1 e x  2x
2
1
x 2 1 x
2. (a) e (b) sec x  2 cos x  3 sin x  e (c) 5cos x  2e x (d) ex  e x
3 2

e x 1
cot x
  cos ec 2 x 
3. (a) (b) e  
2 x 1  2 cot x 
2x 2
(c) e x sin [sin x  2x cos x] sin x (d) e x sec x sec2 x  2x sec 2 x tan x 
4. (a) xex (b) 2e 2x sin x(sin x  cos x)

2x 2  x  2 e2x [(2x  1) cot x  x cos ec 2 x]

5. (a) e 2x (b)
(x 2  1)3 / 2 x2
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.2
2
1. (a) 5cos x  (b)  tan x
x

2x 2 log x  1 2
2. (a) e x2  1
(b) .e x
 2x log x  x  x(log x) 2

cot(log x) 2absec 2 x 1
3. (a) (b) sec x (c) (d) x log x
x a 2  b 2 tan 2 x

1 2 1 3  1 2 2x 3 
4. (a) (1  x) 2 (2  x) 3 (x 2  5) 7 (x  9)  2   2(1  x)  3(2  x)   
 7(x 2  5) 2(x  9) 

3
x (1  2x) 2 1 3 5 7x 
(b) 5 1     
4 2 4  2x 1  2x 3  4x 2(3  7x 2 ) 
(3  4x) (3  7x )

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.3

1. (a) 5x log5 (b) 3x log 3  4 x log 4 (c) cos5x 5x log 5

log x  log cos x 

2. (a) 2x 2x (1  log x) (b) (cos x)   tan x log x 
 x 

sin x  sin x 
(c)  log x  cos x log  log x   x log x 
 
264 MATHEMATICS
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
x  x  x2
 x3 
(d)  tan x  log tan x  sin x cos x  (e) (1  x) 2
 2x log(1  x )  2  Calculus
   1  x 2 

2 sin x)  x 2  sin x 
(f) x (x   (2x  cos x)log x 
 x 
Notes
3. (a) cosec 2 x 1  log tan x   tan x cot x   log cot x  xcosec 2 x tan x   cot x x
1 x  log sin x 
(b) 2x  log x 1 log x   sin x sin 1
cot x sin x  
 1  x2 

tan x  tan x  cos x

(c) x   sec 2 x log x    sin x  cos x cot x  sin x log sin x 
 x 

x 2 log x 1  log  log x 

 
(d)  x   x 1  2 log x    log x   
 x 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.4

1. (a) e
5x

25x 4  40x 3  12x 2  5x 2 x
(b) 25e sec e  
1  2e5x tan e5x 
2 log x  3
(c)
x3

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.5

2t 1 a cos   2 cos 2
1. 2.  cot  3.  2 4.  5.
3 t b 2sin 2  sin 
b 2t
6. cosec  7. 8.  tan 2t
a 1 t 2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 28.6

1 sec 4 t / 2 3 4b
1. 2. 3. cosec4  4. 5. cosec3 2t
2a 4a 100 2 a2
TERMINAL EXERCISEs to Terminal uestions
x
1. (a) (x x ) x [x  2x log x] (b) x (x) [x x 1  log x(log x  1)x x ]

2. (a) a x log sin x [log sin x  x cot x]log a

cos 1 x  1 log sin x 

(b)  sin x  cos x cot x 
2 

 1 x 

MATHEMATICS 265
 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
MODULE - VIII
Calculus x2



1  1 1 
(c) 1    2x log  x     (d) 1  3

3
 x   x  1 1  4(x  4) 4(x  4)
 x 

2
(a) cos x log(x)e x  x x   tan x  1 
Notes
3.  2x  1  log x 
 x log x 

 2 sin x 
(b) (sin 1 x) 2 .x sin x e 2x   cos x log x   2
 1  x 2 sin 1 x x 

1
4. (a) (tan x)log x  2cos ec 2 x log x  log tan x 
 x 

 (cos x)sin x [  sin x tan x  cos x log(cos x)]

tan x
(b) x tan x  
 sec 2 x log x  + (sin x) cos x [cot x cos x  sin x log sin x)]
 x 

x4 x  6  4 1 6  4e 2x
5. (a)  
2  x 2(x  6) (3x  5)  (b)
(3x  5)   (e 2x  1)2
2  2x
6. (a) a x .x a 1[a  x log e a] (b) 7x (2x  2)log e 7

2  2 x cot x  1 
7. (a) x 2 e 2x cos 3x   2  3tan 3x  (b)  log 2  2cos ec2x  
 x  x  2x 
cos x
9.  sin x    sin x log sin x  cos x.cot x 
log x  log  log x   1 
10.  log x   
 x 

 x  1 x  2   1  1  1  1 
11.
 x  3 x  4   x  1 x  2 x  3 x  4 
x 1
 1   1  x 2  1 2
x  x  1
x
x 2  1
12. x  log
  x      x  2 log x  
 x   x  x 2  1  x x2 

 y log x x
13. tan t 14. tan  15. tan t 16. 17. 18.  3
x log y y

4a sec3  1 b 1 1
19. 20. 21. 22. 2 23. 24.
3b a a a t a
1 1 1
25. 3 26. 27. 2 28.
2at t t

266 MATHEMATICS