Session 02 Course Teacher: Md.

Yousuf Ali (YA)

Course Title: Engineering Mathematics Lecturer, Department of GED.
Course Code: MAT211 Email: yousufkumath@gmail.com
Credits: 3 Mobile: 01766906098

Solution of first order and first degree ODE

(Variable separation method)
Solution of ODE:

Let F  x, y, y1 , y2 ,... yn   0 … … … (1)

be an nth order ordinary differential equation.

i. A solution of (1) containing n independent arbitrary constants is called a general solution.
ii. A solution of (1) obtained from a general solution of (1) by giving particular values to one
or more of the n independent arbitrary constants is called a particular solution of (1).
iii. A solution of (1) which cannot be obtained from any general solution of (1) by any choice
of the n independent arbitrary constants is called a singular solution of (1).
Equation of first order and first degree:

There are two standard forms of differential equations of first order and first degree,

dy
i.  f  x, y 
dx
ii. M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0

There are many kinds of solutions of first order and first degree equations, such as

i. Separation variables
ii. Homogeneous equations
iii. Linear differential equation
iv. Exact differential equation
The following procedures will help in this respect,

Separation of variables:
If in an equation, it is possible to get all the functions of x and dx to one side and all the functions
of y and dy to the other, the variables are said to be separable.
Working Rules:
dy
Step 1: Let  f1  x  f 2  y  … … … (1)
dx
be given equation f1  x  is a function of x alone and f 2  y  is a function of y alone.

1
Step 2: From (1), separating variables dy  f1  x  dx … … … (2)
f2  y 

Step 3: Integrating both sides of (2), we have

 1 
  f  y   dy   f  x  dx  c
1 … … … (3)
 2 
where c is constant of integration, is the required solution.
[Note:
1. In all solutions (3), an arbitrary constant c must be added in any one side only. If c is not
added, then the solution obtained will not be a general solution of (1).
2. To simplify the solution (3), the constant of integration can be chosen in any suitable form so
as to get the final solution in a form as simple as possible. Accordingly, we write log c, tan–1
c, sin c, ec, (1/2) × c, (– 1/3) × c etc. in place of c in some solutions.]
Some important formula:
Logarithmic Formula Integral Formula Integral Formula
 log xy  log x  log y   1dx  x  c x n1
n
  x dx   c ; n  1
x n 1
 log  log x  log y   adx  ax  c
y f  x
x x   dx  ln f  x   c
 n log x  log x n
  e dx  e c f  x

e
log f  x 
 f  x
  sin xdx   cos x  c  2
 cos ec xdx   cot x  c
 log e x  ln x   cos xdx  sin x  c   sec x tan xdx  sec x  c
 ln e  1 1
  x dx  ln x  c   cos ecx cot xdx   cos ecx  c
Trigonometric Formula
1 1 x
x y ax  a dx  tan 1  c
 tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   a x dx  c 2
x 2
a a
1  xy ln a
1
2   1 x dx  tan 1 x  c
 tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1
x y   sec xdx  tan x  c 2

1  xy
d 
  uvdx  u  vdx    dx  u   vdx dx
dy
Problem 01: Solve the DE  2 xy by using Separation of variables method.
dx
Solution:
dy
Given that  2 xy … … … (1)
dx
Step 1: Let,
dy
  2 x  y   f1  x  f 2  y  … … … (2)
dx
Where, f1  x    2 x  ; f 2  y    y  .

Step 2: By separating the variables, we get,

dy
 2 xdx … … … (2)
y
Step 3: By integrating on both sides, we get,
dy
  2 xdx
y 
 1
  dy  2 xdx
y
x2
 ln y  2  ln c
2
 ln y  x 2  ln c
2
 ln y  ln e x  ln c
2
 ln y  ln ce x
2
 y  ce x
Which is the required general solution of the DE.
Problem 02: Solve the following DE by using Separation of variables method.
dy 1  y 2 dy  dy 
(a)  (c) y  x  a  y2  
dx 1  x2 dx  dx 
(b) sec 2 x tan ydx  sec 2 y tan xdy  0 (d)  e y  1 cos xdx  e y sin xdy  0

Solution:
(a)
dy 1  y 2
Given that  … … … (1)
dx 1  x 2
By separating variables, we get
dy dx
2

1 y 1 x2
dy dx
 2
 [Taking integration]
1 y 1  x2
1 1
 2
dy   dx
1 y 1 x2
 tan 1 y  tan 1 x  tan 1 c
 tan 1 y  tan 1 x  tan 1 c
yx
 tan 1  tan 1 c
1  xy
yx
 c
1  xy
 y  x  c 1  xy 

Which is the required general solution of the DE.

(b)
Given that sec 2 x tan ydx  sec 2 y tan xdy  0 … … … (1)
By separating variables, we get
sec 2 x tan ydx   sec2 y tan xdy
sec 2 x sec 2 y
 dx   dy
tan x tan y
 ln  tan x    ln  tan y   ln c
 ln  tan x   ln  tan y   ln c
 ln  tan x tan y   ln c
 tan x tan y  c
Which is the required general solution of the DE.
(c)
dy  dy 
Given that yx  a  y 2   … … … (1)
dx  dx 
dy dy
 yx  ay 2  a
dx dx
dy dy
 y  ay 2  x  a
dx dx
dy
 y 1  ay    x  a 
dx
By separating variables, we get
dx dy

 x  a  y 1  ay 
dx 1 a 
   dy  Using Coverup rule
 x  a   y 1  ay 
dx 1 a 
    dy Taking integration 
 x  a   y 1  ay 
 ln( x  a)  ln C  ln y  ln(1  ay )
y
 ln C ( x  a )  ln
(1  ay )
y
 C ( x  a) 
(1  ay )
 y  C ( x  a )(1  ay )
Which is the required general solution of the DE.
d)
Given that e y
 1 cos xdx  e y sin xdy  0

  e y  1 cos xdx  e y sin xdy … … … (1)

By separating variables, we get

cos x ey
dx   y dy
sin x e 1
cos x ey
 dx    y dy  Taking integration 
sin x e 1
 ln sin x   ln(e y  1)  ln C
C
 ln sin x  ln y
e 1
C
 sin x  y
e 1
Which is the required general solution of the DE.
Equations Reducible to the form in which variables are separable:
Transformation of some equations in the form in which variables are separable Equations of the
form,
dy dy
 f  ax  by  c  or  f  ax  by 
dx dx
can be reduced to an equation in which variables can be separated.
For this purpose, we use the substitution
ax  by  c  v ax  by  v
dy dv dy dv
 ab  or  ab 
dx dx dx dx
dy 1  dv  dy 1  dv 
   a    a
dx b  dx  dx b  dx 
dy 2
Problem-01: Solve the DE   4 x  y  1 .
dx
Solution: Given that,
dy 2
  4 x  y  1 … … … (1)
dx
Let,
 dy dv dy dv
4x  y 1  v  4      4 … … … (2)
dx dx dx dx
Now substituting the value of equation (2) in equation (1), we get,
dy 2
  4 x  y  1
dx
dv
  4  v2
dx
dv
  v2  4
dx
dv
 2  dx Separating Variables
v 4
1
 2 dv   dx  Taking Integration 
v  22
1 v
 tan 1  x  C
2 2
Which is the required general solution of the DE.
2 dy
Problem-02: Solve the DE  x  y   a2 .
dx
Solution: Given that,
2 dy
 x  y  a 2 … … … (1)
dx
Let,
dy dv dy dv
x  y  v  1    1 … … … (2)
dx dx dx dx
Now substituting the value of equation (2) in equation (1), we get,
dy2
 x  y  a2
dx
 dv 
 v 2 1    a 2
 dx 
dv a2
  1 2
dx v
dv
  dx Separating Variables
a2
1 2
v
 dv
  dx
v  a2
2

v2
v2 dv
  dx
v2  a2
v2
 dv   dx  Taking Integration 
v2  a2
v 2  a 2  a2
 dv   dx
v 2  a2
 v2  a 2 a2 
  2 2
 2 2 
dv   dx
 v a v a 
 a2 
  1  2 2 
dv   dx
 v a 
1 va
 v  a2 ln  xC
2a v  a
a x ya
 x  y  ln  xC
2 x ya
a x ya
 ln yC
2 x ya
Which is the required general solution of the DE.
Exercise
Problem Answer
2 dy a x  y a
  x  y  a2  ln  y C
dx 2 x ya

 cos ydy  sec 2 xdx  sin y  tan x  C

 e y
 1 cos xdx  e y  sin x  1 dy  0  1  sin x  1  e y   C

 5 cos 2 ydx  sin 2 xdy  0  5cot x  tan y  C

 x sin ydx   x 2  1 cos ydy  1  x 2  C sin y

dy 7 xe2 y  3e 2 y  7 ln  3 x 2  5  C
 
dx 5  3 x 2
dy e5 x
  1  y 2  sin 2 xe5 x  tan 1 y   5sin 2 x  2cos 2 x   C
dx 29

dy
 e2 x2 y  e2 x  e2 y  C
dx


dy
 ex y e y  ex  C
dx