MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – continuity differentiability

Continuous and discontinuous functions

(a) f x  is a continuous at x = a if and only if

lim f x   lim f x   f a  lim f ( x)  f (a)
xa xa x a

(b) If f x  and x  are continuous at x = a, then

(i) f x   x 
(ii) f x . x 
f x 
(iii) , where x   0 are also continuous functions at x = a
x 
(c) If f x  be a continuous function in the closed interval [a, b] with f a and f b
having opposite signs, then f x  is zero for at least one value of x lying
between a and b.
(d) A function which is not continuous at x = a is said to be discontinuous at x = a.

Differentiation
Definition
The differential coefficient or the derivative f x  of f x  at the point x is defined by
f x  h  f x 
f x   lim
h0 h
dy y
If y is a function of x, then  lim , where y is the increment in y corresponding
dx x 0 x
to a small increment x in x.
(a) The function f x  is said to be differentiable at the point x if f x  exists as a
unique finite limit.
(b) A function which is differentiable at a point ‘a’ is continuous at a, but a function
may be continuous at ‘a’ and yet not be differentiable at a.

Some general theorems on differentiation

(a) Function Derivative
C (constant) 0
du
Cu, where u is a function of x C
dx
du dv
u  v , where u and v are functions of x 
dx dx
du dv
u v – do– 
dx dx

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MATHONGO – CHEAT SHEETS – continuity differentiability
dv du
uv – do– u v
dx dx
du dv
v u
u dx dx
– do–
v v2

du du dt
(b) Function of a function  . , where t is a variable
dx dt dx
dy 1
(c) 
dx dx
dy
dy dy dt
(d) If x and y are expressed in terms of third variable t, 
dx dx dt
(e) Logarithmic differentiation
To differentiate y  uvw......,and y  u v take logarithms and then differentiate.

(f) Derivatives of some well known functions:

Function Derivative
x n (n is a rational number) nxn1
ex ex
ax a x ln a
1
log x
x
1
loga x
x log a
sinx cosx
cosx  sinx
tan x sec2 x
cosecx  cosec xcot x
sec x sec xtan x
cot x  cosec2 x
1
sin1 x
1 x 2
1
cos1 x –
1 x 2
1
tan1 x
1 x 2

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