CHAPTER 7: INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Integral Calculus 1 For Mixed Functions
Integration is the process of finding the Use Integration by Parts
function whose derivative or differential is
given.
udv uv vdu
The indefinite integral is
To determine which part is u , use the
f x dx F x C mnemonic LEATI which means Logarithm,
Exponential, Algebraic, Trigonometric,
Inverse.
where = the integrand, F(x) + C =
f x
value of the indefinite integral and C is the Technique:
constant of integration which can have any
In solving indefinite integral, substitute
value.
value of x to f(x). Then differentiate the
Integration Formulas choices using the same value of x. The
correct choice will yield the same result. If
For Algebraic, Exponential, and Logarithmic ever math error will occur, analyze the f(x)
Functions and substitute the appropriate value x to
yield a real number. Common value of x
af x dx a f x dx used is 0.5.
Note: If f(x) involves trigonometric
u v dx udx vdx function, the calculator must be set to
RADIAN mode.
u n 1
u n du
n 1
C
Problem
1
u du ln u C x3 5 x 2 4
x 2 dx
Evaluate
au
eu du eu C
,
au du
ln a
C
Problem
ln udu u ln u u C
ln xdx
For Trigonometric Functions Evaluate x .
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Fundamental Theorem of Integral
sin udu cos u C Calculus
cos udu sin u C If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval
[a, b], and if F(x) is the indefinite integral
tan udu ln sec u C of f(x), then
b
a
f x dx F b F a
z2 y2 x2
Technique: Use your calculator when
z1 y1 x1
f x, y , z dxdydz
evaluating definite integral.
Technique:
Properties of Definite Integral
If limits of integration are constants and
b b f(x, y, z) is variable separable which can
1. ∫ cf ( x ) dx=c ∫ f ( x ) dx presented as g(x)h(y)i(z), then the integral
a a can be evaluated as
2.
x2 y2 z2
b b b
x1
g x dx
y1
h y dy
z1
i z dz
∫ ( f ( x )+ g ( x ) ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx+∫ g ( x ) dx
using your calculator.
a a a
3. Problem
b c b /2 1 2
Evaluate 0 0 0
zr 2 sin dzdrd
∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx,
a a c Problem
given a< c< b . 10 3
x 3x y dydx
2
b a
Evaluate 5 0
4. ∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx Problem
a b
x
Problem x
2
sin xy dydx
Evaluate 0 0
3x 1 Problem
0 x dx 1 1 x 2 x
Evaluate e
Evaluate 0 0 0
xyz dz dy dx
Problem Average Value of a Function
8 Average Value of a Function on a closed
Evaluate:
0
xy dx
subject to the functional
interval [a, b].
relation x = t3 and y = t2.
y f x
Problem
ave
Let f ( x )= cosx for x< 0 . Evaluate
{
1−x for x ≥0
xa xb
1
1 b
∫ f ( x ) dx .
−π
average value =
ba a
f x dx
2
Problem
Multiple Integral Compute the average value of the function
Given f ( x )=sec 2 ( x ) on [-1, 4].
Area under the Curve
If the area is bounded by the curve and the 1. Solve the intersections of two curves.
x-axis, The coordinates of intersection will be
used as limits in the integration.
2. Draw the curve using the points. This
y f x
will help you identify which strip to
use.
Vertical Strip ONLY:
xa x b
dx
b a, c
A
a
y dx, use absolute in calculator
Where a and b are x-intercepts of the curve y2 , x
or x=a and x = b are also boundaries.
Problem
y1, x
Determine the area of the region bounded b, d
b
by the curve y = x2 - 2x and the x-axis,
from x =-1 to x=3.
A
a
y2 y1 dx
If the area is bounded by the curve and the Horizontal strip ONLY:
y-axis,
b, d
a, c
d
A
c
x dy , use absolute in calculator
A
d
x2 x1 dy
c
Where c and d are y-intercepts of the curve
or y=c and y = d are also boundaries. Problem
Problem Find the area bounded by the parabolas
Find the area enclosed by the y-axis, the y=6x - x2 and
lines y =1 and y = 4 and the part of the
y= x2 – 2x.
2
curve y 1 x for which x is positive.
Problem
Area bounded by two curves
Find the area bounded by the parabola y2 =
STRATEGY: 4x and line y= 2x – 4.
AREA IN POLAR COORDINATES t2 2 2 2
dx dy dz
s
t1
dt
dt dt dt
2 Problem
d Determine the length of the curve
r 1 3/ 2
g x 4 x
3 between
0 x 0 and x 4.
.
1 2
A
2
r d
Problem
Find the length of an arch of the cycloid
NOTE: Memorize the areas of some
x sin , y 1 cos
Polar curves in your formula book. between
0 and 2 .
Problem
Determine the area bounded by the
cardioid r = 2(1+cosꝊ)
Problem SURFACE AREA
Find the area inside both the circle First Proposition of Pappus: “If an arc is
r 3 sin and cardioid r 1 sin . rotated about an axis, it will generate a
surface area equal to the product of the
Length of an Arc circumference of the circle described
by its centroid and the length of the
arc.”
x2 , y2
ds
x1, y1 dx
dy
x, y
Formula:
ds dx 2 dy 2 Formula:
2 AS 2 RS
x2 dy
s
1 dx
dx
x2 2
dy
x1
, AS 2 Rds 2 R 1 dx
dx
2 x1
y2 dx
s
y1
1 dy
dy Note: The centroid of ds is the point (x, y).
If curve is in parametric equation: Problem
Determine the surface area generated by R
Where = distance of centroid of dA to axis of
1 3/2
g x 4 x revolution
rotating the curve 3 dA = differential area
x 0 and x 4. Centroid of differential area:
between about
a. y-axis
b. x-axis
c. x=4
y1 y 2 x 2 x1
x, , y
2 2
Problem
Find the volume (in cubic units) of the solid
x2 y2
1
formed by revolving the ellipse 9 4
about the line
4x 3y 20 0 .
Solids of Revolution
Problem
Second Proposition of Pappus
Find the volume generated if the area bounded
“If an area is rotated about an axis, it will
by the parabola
generate a volume equal to the product of the
(x – 5)2 = - (y – 9) and the line y = x – 2 is
circumference of the circle described by its
revolve about:
centroid and its area.”
A. y-axis
B. X = -10
C. x-axis
D. y = 15
R
Problem
Find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving the region between the x axis and the
parabola y = 4x − x2 about the line y = 6.
dA
Slicing Method
If the cross section area of the solid along the x-
axis is describe by A(x), then the volume of the
solid is
FORMULA:
A x
V 2RA
V 2 R dA
x
0
dx
x, y
A
xc
yc
xc ,yc
Formula:
V A x dx
Problem
A solid has a circular base of radius 4 units. Find FORMULA:
the volume of the solid if every plane section
perpendicular to a particular fixed diameter is an
equilateral triangle.
My Ax
x dA c
Mx
Ay y dA c
Problem
A solid has a base in the form of an ellipse with
major axis 10 and minor axis 8. Find its volume if For solving the centroid of Area:
every section perpendicular to the major axis is
an isosceles triangle with altitude 6.
x
x dA ,
c
y
y dA
c
A A
NOTE: Memorized the formulas for centroids of
common shapes from page 196-209.
For solving the centroid of solid of
MOMENT OF AREA
revolution:
If an Area A is located at a distance r (measured
form centroid) from the fixed point, line, or The axis of rotation contains the centroid of the
plane, the product A x r is called the moment of solid, thus one coordinate is already known. To
area A with respect to the point, line or plane. solve the other coordinate:
y x
x dV ,
c
y
y dV
c
r1 V V
A
For solving the centroid of curve:
r2
x
x dS ,
c
y
y dS
c
x S S
Problem
FORMULA: Find the moment about the x-axis and y-
My Ar1 coordinate of the center of gravity of the area
between the curve y = 9 – x2 and the x-axis on
Mx Ar2 the interval [0, 3].
MOMENT OF PLANE AREA
Problem
Find the centroid of the area bounded by the
parabola
(x – 5)2 = - (y – 9) and the line
y = x - 2.
Problem Horizontal strip:
Find the location of the centroid of a hemisphere If dA is parallel with the axis:
formed in the first and second quadrant whose
radius is 10 and center (0, 0).
y dA
2
Ix
Problem If dA is perpendicuar with the axis:
Find the centroid of the curve y = x2 from x = 0,
1
to x =2. Iy x 23 x13 dy
3
Problem
Sections ABCD is a quadrilateral having the given
coordinates A (2, 3), B (8, 9), C (11, 3) and D Problem
(11, 0). Compute the coordinates of the centroid Find the moment of inertia of the area bounded
of the quadrilateral by the curve x2 = 4y, the line y = 1 and the y -
axis on the first quadrant with respect to the y -
MOMENT OF INERTIA axis.
If an Area A is located at a distance r from the
fixed line the product A x r2 is called the moment Physical Applications
of Inertia with respect to the line.
1. Force of Fluid Pressure
2. Work
Force of Fluid pressure
F Pcentroid A
Where:
Pcentroid pressure of fluid at the centroid of Area
=pgh
h
A Area
p density of fluid
= specific weight or weight per volume
g=acceleration due to gravity
h=distance from surface to centroid
Vertical strip:
The common liquid encountered in this
If dA is parallel with the axis:
application is water.
x dA
2
Iy
Properties of water:
If dA is perpendicuar with the axis: lb kN
H2O 62.5 3 9.81 3
1
Ix y 23 y13 dx ft m
3
pH2O 1000 kg/m3
Problem
A plate in the form of an isosceles triangle of
base 6 ft and altitude 4 ft is submerged vertically
in water. Find the force on one side of the plate
x 2 x1
, y
2
if the base is parallel to and 3 ft below the
surface.
WORK
Work is equal to force times distance travelled in
the direction of the force.
For pumping all or part of the liquid in a
container:
Work Fweight d
Where
Fweight weight the liquid being pumped
=yL V
d distance from centroid of pumped liquid to
to pumping point
Problem
A cylindrical tank, 10m deep and radius 4
meters, is filled with water to a depth of 5 m.
The tank is emptied by pumping the water over
the top edge. Find the work done in the process.
Problem
A tank in the shape of an inverted cone has a
height of 15 meters and a base radius of 4
meters and is filled with water to a depth of 12
meters. Determine the amount of work needed
to pump half of the water to the top of the tank.
Problem
If a force of 50lb stretches a 12-in spring to 14
in. Find the work done in stretching the spring
from 15 to 17 in.
Problem
We have a cable that weighs 2 lbs/ft attached to
a bucket filled with coal that weighs 800 lbs.
The bucket is initially at the bottom of a 500 ft
mine shaft. Answer each of the following about
this.
(a) Determine the amount of work
required to lift the bucket to the
midpoint of the shaft.
(b) Determine the amount of work
required to lift the bucket from the
midpoint of the shaft to the top of the
shaft.
(c) Determine the amount of work
required to lift the bucket all the way
up the shaft.
