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National High School STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE IN MATHEMATICS 10

Quarter II, Week 1

Lesson 1: Graphs of Polynomial Functions

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

M10AL-IIa-1: The learner illustrates polynomial functions.

M10AL-IIa-b-1: The learner determines and interprets gra
functions.
In this set of activities, you should:
1. illustrate polynomial functions; and
2. determine and interpret graphs of polynomial functions.

WHAT YOU NEED TO REMEMBER?

Hello Math-linian! How are you today? I hope you are doing great!
Have you ever been to the Enchanted Kingdom and rode a roller coaster? Or have
you experienced having a splash of water while riding the Jungle Jam? Do you know that
those rides can illustrate graphs of polynomial functions? And that will be our first lesson
for the Second Quarter.
Are you excited to learn? Then, let’s begin!
The Polynomial Functions:
n n-1
The function defined by the equation y = anx + an-1x +
n-2
an-2x +...+ a1x + a0, where n is a non-negative integer and the coefficients an, an-1, an-2…,
a1, a0 are real numbers and an ≠ 0, is called a polynomial function.
From the definition, the following are implied.
a. Each exponent is a whole number.
b. Denominators contain no variable.
c. No variable under the radical sign
Examples. Identify which among the items below are polynomial functions.
a. f (x) = 8 + 5x2 – 3x + 7x3
b. h (x) = x 2 + 5x4 + 1 – 8x-3
c. d (x) = √ ❑ - x + 18

Solutions: To identify the polynomial functions, use its definition.

a. f (x) can be written as f (x) = 8 + 5x2 – 3x + 7x3 is a polynomial function.
b. h (x) is not a polynomial function because the exponent of the fourth term is negative.
c. d (x) is a polynomial function since the variable x is not under the radical sign.

The study of functions begins by looking at two simpler classes of polynomial functions - the linear and the
quadratic functions.

● A linear function is a polynomial function defined by an equation of degree 1, f(x) = ax + b, where a

≠ 0.
2
● A quadratic function is a polynomial function defined by an equation of degree 2, f(x) = ax + bx + c,
where a ≠ 0.
Let us look at the graphs of the two functions below.
A. B.
 C.

In the graphs of the functions shown above, graph A is a polynomial function, graph B is a linear function and graph
C is a quadratic function.
Graphs of polynomial functions of degree greater than 2:
Polynomial functions of degree 2 or more have graphs that do not have sharp corners; recall that these types of
graphs are called smooth curves. Polynomial functions also display graphs that have no breaks. Curves with no breaks
are called continuous. (Figure) shows a graph that represents a polynomial function and a graph that represents a function
that is not a polynomial.

Example 1. Sketch the graph of the polynomial function f(x) = (x – 1)(x + 2) 2.

Solution: The zeros of the polynomial function are 1 and -2, respectively, on which the graph touches the x-
axis. Since (x – 1) is a linear factor of the polynomial, then the graph must cross the x-axis at 1. Moreover, since (x + 2) 2
is a squared factor of the polynomial, then the graph must be tangent to the x-axis at x = -2. The y-intercept is (-1)(2) 2= -
4.

Illustration:

The graph crosses

The graph is tangent
the x-axis at 1.
at x = -2.

The graph crosses

the y-intercept -4.

Example 2. Sketch the graph of the polynomial function f(x) = (x + 2)(x - 1) 3.

Solution: The zeros of the polynomial function are -2 and 1, respectively, on which the graph touches the
x-axis. Since (x + 2) is a linear factor of the polynomial, then the graph must cross the x-axis at -2. Moreover, since
(x – 1)3 is a cubed factor of the polynomial, then the graph crosses and flattens out on the x-axis at 1. The y-intercept is
(2)(-1)3 = -2.
Illustration:

The graph crosses and

flattens out on the x-
The graph
axis at 1.
crosses the x-
axis at -2.

The graph crosses the y-

intercept -2.
End behaviors of the graphs of polynomial functions with degree greater than 2:

The end behavior of a polynomial function is the behavior of the graph of f(x) as x approaches positive infinity or
negative infinity.
The degree and the leading coefficient of a polynomial function determine the end behavior of the graph.
The leading coefficient is significant compared to the other coefficients in the function for the very large or very
small numbers. So, the sign of the leading coefficient is sufficient to predict the end behavior of the function.

Degree Leading Coefficient End Behavior Graph of the Function

Even Positive Rises on both left and
right

f(x) = x2

Even Negative Falls on both left and

right

f(x) = - x2

Odd Positive Falls on left, rises on

right

f(x) = x3

Odd Negative Rises on left, falls on

right

f(x) = - x3

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 YOUR TASKS!

Reminder: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE.

Write your answers on your answer sheet.

Enrichment Activity 1: Copy the table below on your answer sheet. Put a check on the corresponding identity of the
leading coefficient, degree and end behaviors of the graph of the given polynomial functions on the left.

Leading Degree Falls Rises

Falls Rises
Polynomial Functions coefficient on on
left, left,
both bot
rises falls
Positi Negativ Odd Eve ends h
right right
ve e n end
s
f(x) = x5 - 4x + 2

g(x) = 9 – 2x + x8 - 5x5 – x4

Enrichment Activity 2: Choose the correct answer for each question.

1. What is the graph of a quadratic function?
A. straight line B. cubic C. parabola D. quartic
2. You are sketching the graph of y = x - 1. Which of the following will be the end behavior of your graph?
3

A. The graph falls to the left and rises to the right.

B. The graph rises to both left and right.
C. The graph rises to the left and falls to the right.
D. The graph falls to both left and right.
2
3. What is the end behavior of the graph of the polynomial function P(x) = (x – 3)(-x + 3) ?
A. falls on left, rises on right C. falls on both ends
B. rises on both ends D. rises on left, falls on right
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4. Which of the following are characteristics of the graph of f(x) = -(x – 1) (x + 1)?
A. The graph crosses the x-axis at 1 and -1.
B. The graph crosses the x-axis at 1, touches the x-axis at -1, and its turning point is at x = 1.
C. The graph touches the x-axis at 1 and its turning point is at x = 1.
D. The graph crosses the x-axis at -1, touches the x-axis at 1, and its turning point is ax x = 0.
4 2
5. Which of the following end behaviors of the polynomial function f(x) = x – 3x + 2x – 16 will come up if you
use the leading coefficient test?
A. Both ends are going down.
B. Left end is going down, the right end is going up.
C.Both ends are going up.
D.Left end is going up, the right end is going down.

Performance Task #1: Determine and interpret the graph of the following polynomial functions. (15 points each)

1. f (x) = −x3 + 6x2 − 12x + 8

2. f (x) = x3 − 2x2

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The rubric below will be used for scoring:

Above Average Average Below Average

● shows complete ● shows some ● shows limited to no

understanding of the problem understanding of the problem understanding of the problem
Solution and ● performs ● performs computations ● places too much emphasis
Answer computations that contain minor to major on unrelated components of the
completely and correctly computational errors problem
(5 points) ● attempts to answer

(5 points) (3 points) (1 point)

● uses an appropriate ● shows some evidence ● uses an inappropriate

strategy that should lead to a of a strategy to solve the strategy for solving the problem
correct solution problem ● gives a minimal
● gives a complete and ● gives a partial explanation of their solution
precise explanation of their explanation of their solution strategy
Strategy solution strategy using words, strategy using words, pictures, ● provides an explanation of
and pictures, and/or symbols and/or symbols their strategies or ideas that is
Explanation ● provides a logical, ● provides an vague, disorganized, or simply
organized, and accurate explanation of their strategy restates the existing problem
(5 points) explanation of their strategy or ideas that is somewhat
and/or ideas logical, organized, and
accurate

(5 points) (3 points) (1 point)

WRAP-UP ACTIVITY

Determine which of the following illustrates a polynomial function. Write

POLY if it is, and NO if not: (5 BONUS points)
1. f(x) = √ ❑ – 9
2. g(x) = 8 + 2x6 – 4y3 + 1
3. h(x) = -7x2 + 9x7 – 7
4. a(x) = 9x-5 + x
2
5. b(x) = x 3 + 6x

REFERENCES

● Learners Module in Mathematics 10 pp. 101 – 103

● Matamis, Genaro P., 2020. SLM in Mathematics 10: Quarter 2 Module 1. Illustrations and Graphs of
Polynomial Functions. Cabanatuan City: SDO, Cabanatuan City.

This Student Learning Guide will be discussed during Online Consultation on the following schedule.
1st Week of 2nd Quarter
Wednesday & Thursday
1:00pm – 3:00pm 5
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Visit your Official Facebook Class Group.
Search MNHS (Subject Area) (Surname of your subject teacher, School Year)
Example: MNHS Mathematics 10 Sausa/Matamis/Elloraza, SY 2021-2022